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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English Wikipedia naming convention for geographical articles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the notability guideline on geographic features, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(geographic_features)" title="Wikipedia:Notability (geographic features)">Wikipedia:Notability (geographic features)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Blue tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_naming_conventions" title="Category:Wikipedia naming conventions">naming convention</a>.</b><br><div style="font-size: 90%;">Editors should generally follow it, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">exceptions</a> may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (geographic names)">this guideline's talk page</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NCGN"></span><span id="WP:PLACE"></span><span id="WP:NCPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCGN&redirect=no">WP:NCGN</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PLACE&redirect=no">WP:PLACE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCPLACE&redirect=no">WP:NCPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Use modern English names for titles and in articles. Historical names or names in other languages can be used in the lead if they are frequently used and important enough to be valuable to readers, and should be used in articles with caution.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint hlist" style="font-size:85%;width:23.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> All naming conventions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_naming_conventions" title="Category:Wikipedia naming conventions">Category:Wikipedia naming conventions</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Nature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(fauna)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (fauna)">Fauna (animals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(flora)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (flora)">Flora (plants)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Arts</li> <li>Entertainment</li> <li>Media</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(books)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (books)">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(broadcasting)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (broadcasting)">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(comics)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (comics)">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(films)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (films)">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(manuscripts)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (manuscripts)">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(music)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (music)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(operas)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (operas)">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(television)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (television)">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(video_games)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (video games)">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts#Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(people)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (people)">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(clergy)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (clergy)">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ethnicities_and_tribes)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ethnicities and tribes)">Ethnicities and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(royalty_and_nobility)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (royalty and nobility)">Royalty and nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(sportspeople)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (sportspeople)">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(baseball_players)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (baseball players)">Baseball players</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Science</li> <li>Technology</li> <li>Transport</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(astronomical_objects)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (astronomical objects)">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles#Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(languages)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)">Programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(aircraft)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (aircraft)">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ships)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ships)">Ships</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Government</li> <li>Politics</li> <li>Law</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(government_and_legislation)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (government and legislation)">Government and legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(political_parties)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (political parties)">Political parties</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(companies)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (companies)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Latter Day Saints)">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(sports_teams)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (sports teams)">Sports teams</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Numbers</li> <li>Dates</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(numbers_and_dates)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (numbers and dates)">Numbers and dates</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Places</li> <li>Events</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(events)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (events)">Events</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <ul><li>Lists</li> <li>Categories</li></ul></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Category_names" title="Wikipedia:Category names">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(long_lists)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (long lists)">Long lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Naming conventions">Stub sorting</a></li></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Language/country-specific</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(writing_systems)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (writing systems)">Writing systems</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(languages)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (languages)">All languages</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(country-specific_topics)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (country-specific topics)">All countries</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(ancient_Romans)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (ancient Romans)">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Armenian)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Armenian)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(places_in_Bangladesh)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places in Bangladesh)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Burmese)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Burmese)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Chinese)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese)">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany/Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Conventions">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Greek)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Greek)">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Hebrew)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Hebrew)">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Indic)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)">Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(Ireland-related_articles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Korean)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Korean)">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Mongolian)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian)">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(New_Zealand)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (New Zealand)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Norse_mythology)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Norse mythology)">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization_of_Russian" title="Wikipedia:Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Tibetan)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Tibetan)">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization_of_Ukrainian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Formatting</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(capitalization)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (capitalization)">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(use_English)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)">Use English</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(definite_or_indefinite_article_at_beginning_of_name)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (definite or indefinite article at beginning of name)">Definite or indefinite article at beginning of name</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(plurals)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (plurals)">Plurals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Acronyms_in_page_titles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">Technical restrictions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Naming_conventions" title="Template:Naming conventions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Naming_conventions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Naming conventions (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Naming_conventions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Naming conventions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page describes conventions for determining the titles of Wikipedia articles on places, and for the use of place names in Wikipedia articles. Our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AT">article title policy</a> provides that article titles should be chosen for the general reader, not for specialists. By following modern English usage, we also avoid arguments about what a place <i>ought</i> to be called, instead asking the less contentious question, what it <i>is</i> called. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Consensus"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Consensus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#General_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">General guidelines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Emphasis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Emphasis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Use_English"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Use English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Widely_accepted_name"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Widely accepted name</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#BGN"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">BGN</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Search_engine_issues"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Search engine issues</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Multiple_local_names"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Multiple local names</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Use_modern_names"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Use modern names</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Alternative_names"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative names</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Disambiguation"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Disambiguation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Order_of_names_in_title"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Order of names in title</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Names_of_classes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Names of classes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Specific_topics"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Specific topics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Administrative_subdivisions"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative subdivisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Natural_features"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Natural features</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Fictional_cities"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fictional cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Transliteration"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Transliteration</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Region-specific_guidance"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Region-specific guidance</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#East_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">East Asia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">13.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">13.1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hong Kong</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="#Macau/Macao"><span class="tocnumber">13.1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Macau/Macao</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">13.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Korea"><span class="tocnumber">13.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Korea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Mongolia"><span class="tocnumber">13.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mongolia</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Europe_and_North_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Europe and North Asia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Albania"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Albania</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Belarus"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Belarus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Belgium"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bosnia and Herzegovina</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Finland"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Finland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Isle_of_Man"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Isle of Man</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.10</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-38"><a href="#South_Tyrol"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.10.1</span> <span class="toctext">South Tyrol</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Macedonia"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.11</span> <span class="toctext">Macedonia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Poland"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.12</span> <span class="toctext">Poland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.13</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Serbia"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.14</span> <span class="toctext">Serbia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Switzerland"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.15</span> <span class="toctext">Switzerland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Ukraine"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.16</span> <span class="toctext">Ukraine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.17</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-46"><a href="#England"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.17.1</span> <span class="toctext">England</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-47"><a href="#Wales"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.17.2</span> <span class="toctext">Wales</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-48"><a href="#Scotland"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.17.3</span> <span class="toctext">Scotland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-49"><a href="#Northern_Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">13.2.17.4</span> <span class="toctext">Northern Ireland</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Latin_America"><span class="tocnumber">13.3</span> <span class="toctext">Latin America</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Argentina"><span class="tocnumber">13.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Argentina</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">13.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Mexico"><span class="tocnumber">13.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mexico</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"><span class="tocnumber">13.4</span> <span class="toctext">Northern America and the Caribbean</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#Bermuda"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bermuda</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Trinidad and Tobago</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-59"><a href="#Counties_and_parishes"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Counties and parishes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-60"><a href="#Metropolitan_areas"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Metropolitan areas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-61"><a href="#Major_cities"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Major cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-62"><a href="#New_York_City_neighborhoods"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4.4</span> <span class="toctext">New York City neighborhoods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-63"><a href="#Minor_civil_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Minor civil divisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-64"><a href="#Highways"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Highways</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-65"><a href="#States"><span class="tocnumber">13.4.4.7</span> <span class="toctext">States</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-66"><a href="#Oceania"><span class="tocnumber">13.5</span> <span class="toctext">Oceania</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-67"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">13.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-68"><a href="#Hawaii"><span class="tocnumber">13.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hawaii</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-69"><a href="#Micronesia,_Federated_States_of"><span class="tocnumber">13.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Micronesia, Federated States of</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-70"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">13.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-71"><a href="#South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">13.6</span> <span class="toctext">South and Southeast Asia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-72"><a href="#Bangladesh"><span class="tocnumber">13.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bangladesh</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-73"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">13.6.2</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-74"><a href="#Indonesia"><span class="tocnumber">13.6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-75"><a href="#Malaysia"><span class="tocnumber">13.6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Malaysia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-76"><a href="#Philippines"><span class="tocnumber">13.6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Philippines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-77"><a href="#Singapore"><span class="tocnumber">13.6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-78"><a href="#Vietnam"><span class="tocnumber">13.6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Vietnam</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-79"><a href="#West_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">13.7</span> <span class="toctext">West Asia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-80"><a href="#Iran"><span class="tocnumber">13.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Iran</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-81"><a href="#Israel%E2%80%93Palestine"><span class="tocnumber">13.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Israel–Palestine</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-82"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">13.8</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-83"><a href="#Falkland_Islands"><span class="tocnumber">13.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Falkland Islands</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-84"><a href="#South_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">13.8.2</span> <span class="toctext">South Africa</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-85"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-86"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-87"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Consensus" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consensus"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consensus"></span>Consensus<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consensus"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consensus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The Wikipedia community has found it difficult to reach <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>, its preferred mode of dispute resolution, in several geographic naming debates. Two significant conflicts have been brought to Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a>: the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the island, and Ireland, the state described as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Ireland_article_names" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Ireland article names">Arbitration Committee Ireland article naming case</a>), and the distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a> (whose name was <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">disputed by Greece</a> until it was changed in 2019, to <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) and the various other uses of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia" class="mw-disambig" title="Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Macedonia_2" title="Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Macedonia 2">Arbitration Committee Macedonia case</a>). Other long-standing problems have been settled through compromise or voting. </p><p>For Ireland, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles</a>. For Macedonia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="General_guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-General_guidelines"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General_guidelines"></span>General guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General_guidelines"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General guidelines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>These are advice, intended to guide, not force, consensus; but they are derived from actual experience in move discussions. </p> <ol><li>The title: When a <i>widely accepted English name</i>, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it. This will often be a local name, or one of them; but not always. If the place does not exist anymore, or the article deals only with a place in a period when it held a different name, the widely accepted <i>historical</i> English name should be used. If neither of these English names exist, the modern official name (in articles dealing with the present) or the local historical name (in articles dealing with a specific period) should be used. All applicable names can be used in the titles of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirects</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Lead">The lead</a>: The title can be followed in the first line by a list of alternative names in <a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">parentheses</a>, e.g.: <b>Gulf of Finland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Soome laht</i>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Suomenlahti</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Финский залив</span>, <i>Finskiy zaliv</i>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Finska viken</i>) is a large bay in the easternmost arm of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. <ul><li>Any <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic names</a> in the list (including names used before the <a href="/wiki/English_orthography#History_of_the_English_spelling_system" title="English orthography">standardization of English orthography</a>) should be clearly marked as such, i.e., (<a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic:</a> name1).</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Relevant_alt_names"></span><i>Relevant</i> foreign language names (one used by at least 10% of sources in the English language or that is used by a group of people which used to inhabit this geographical place) are permitted. Local official names should be listed before other alternate names if they differ from a widely accepted English name. Other <i>relevant</i> language names may appear in alphabetic order of their respective languages – i.e., (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Soome laht</i>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Suomenlahti</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Финский залив</span>, <i>Finskiy zaliv</i>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Finska viken</i>). Separate languages should be separated by <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolons</a>.</li> <li>Alternatively, all alternative names can be listed and explained in a "Names" or "Etymology" section immediately following the lead, or a special paragraph of the lead; it is recommended to have such a section if there are at least three alternate names, or there is something notable about the names themselves. <ul><li>Where there is such a section, the article's first line should have only a link to the section, phrased, for example: "(known also by several [[#Names|alternative names]])". When there are several significant alternate names, the case for mentioning the names prominently is at least as strong as with two.</li> <li>As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be both in such separate section and in the lead, in the form "(Foreign language: <i>Local name</i>; known also by several [[#Names|alternative names]])".</li></ul></li> <li>Infoboxes should generally be headed with the article title, and include these alternate names. The formal version of a name (<i>Republic of Serbia</i> at <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> for a header) can be substituted for it; extensive historical names are often better in a second infobox, as at <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The contents (this applies to all articles using the name in question): The same name as in the title should be used consistently throughout the article, unless there is a widely accepted historical English name for a specific historical context. In cases when a widely accepted historical English name is used, it should be followed by the modern English name in parentheses on the first occurrence of the name in applicable sections of the article in the format: "historical name (modern name)". This resembles linking; it should not be done to the detriment of style. On the other hand, it is probably better to do too often than too rarely. If more than one historical name is applicable for a given historical context, the other names should be added after the modern English name, i.e.: "historical name (English name, other historical names)". <ul><li>Use of widely accepted historical names implies that names can change; we use <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in discussing the same city in different periods. Use of one name for a settlement in 2000 does not determine what name we should give the same settlement in 1900 or in 1400, nor the other way around. Many settlements, however, should keep the same name; it is a question of fact, of actual English usage, in all cases.</li></ul></li> <li>This page is a guideline; it is not intended to overrule all other guidelines. <ul><li>Where, as with <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, different national varieties of the English language spell a foreign name differently, we should also consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR">our guidance on national varieties of English</a>, which would have articles in British English call the city <i>Lyons</i>, articles in American English <i>Lyon</i>, and the article itself use either, consistently. Articles should not be moved from one national variety to the other without good reasons; our principle of most common name does not mean "use American, because there are more Americans in the English speaking world". On the other hand, especially when local usage is itself divided, we do not always follow a mere plurality of local English usage against the rest of the English-speaking world: <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>References: When referring to a place from another article (e.g. in infoboxes) note these guidelines do not prohibit, nor do they require, the suffixing of country names to the place. Both "Middletown, Connecticut, US" and "Middletown, Connecticut" are permissible. The presence of the country should not be changed arbitrarily.</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Emphasis" data-mw-thread-id="h-Emphasis"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Emphasis"></span>Emphasis<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Emphasis"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emphasis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>It is Wikipedia convention to emphasize alternative names at first use, normally in the first line. It is customary to repeat and <b>bold</b> the article title (unless it is a descriptive title, rarely the case with geographical articles), and its frequently used English-language synonyms, and to <i>italicize</i> foreign or historical names represented in Roman script. (It is technically possible to bold or italicize Greek or Cyrillic names; but there is consensus not to do so, because they are distinguishable from running text anyway.) If this produces a garish first paragraph, consider moving the discussion of names to a separate section, or deemphasizing some of them. </p><p>Names not in Roman script should be transliterated (in italics). If there are multiple frequently used transliterations (again, used by at least 10% of the English sources), include them. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Use_English" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_English"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_English"></span>Use English<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_English"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:GNUE"></span><span id="WP:UEGN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:GNUE&redirect=no">WP:GNUE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UEGN&redirect=no">WP:UEGN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>When a <i>widely accepted English name</i>, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it. This will often be identical in form to the local name (as with <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>), but in many cases it will differ (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> rather than <i>Deutschland</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> rather than <i>Roma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> rather than <i>Ha<b>nn</b>over</i>, <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a> rather than <i>Meißen</i>). If a native name is more often used in English sources than a corresponding traditional English name, then use the native name. Two examples are <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, which are now known more widely under their native names than under the older English names "Leghorn" and "Ratisbon". </p><p>If no name can be shown to be widely accepted in English, use the local name. If more than one local name exists, follow the procedure explained below under <a href="#Multiple_local_names">Multiple local names</a>. </p><p>If the place does not exist any more, or the article deals only with a place in a period when it held a different name, the widely accepted <i>historical</i> English name should be used. If there is no such name in English, use the historical name that is now used locally – for more, see <a href="#Use_modern_names">Use modern names</a>, below. </p><p>Other applicable names can be used in the titles of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">redirects</a>. They may also appear in the lead paragraph or in a special section of the article, in accordance with the advice given in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_section#Alternative_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Lead section">lead section guideline</a>. For use of names in infoboxes, see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(infoboxes)#Geographical_infoboxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (infoboxes)">infobox guideline</a>. </p><p>Within articles, places should generally be referred to by the same name as is used in their article title, or a historical name when discussing a past period. Use of one name for a settlement in 2000 does not determine what name we should give the same settlement in 1900 or in 1400, nor the other way around. Many settlements, however, should keep the same name; it is a question of fact, of actual English usage, in all cases. For example, when discussing the city now called <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Wikipedia uses <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> in ancient Greece, and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Similarly, use <i>Stalingrad</i> when discussing the city now called <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> in the context of World War II. For more details on this subject see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proper_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Proper names">Wikipedia:Proper names</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Widely_accepted_name" data-mw-thread-id="h-Widely_accepted_name"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Widely_accepted_name"></span>Widely accepted name<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Widely_accepted_name"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Widely accepted name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:WIAN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WIAN&redirect=no">WP:WIAN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>A name can be considered as widely accepted if a neutral and reliable source states: "X is the name most often used for this entity". Without such an assertion, the following sources may be helpful in establishing a widely accepted name. It is important that the sources be from the appropriate period, namely, the modern era for current names, or the relevant historical period for historical names. For modern sources, it is important to identify any recent watershed moments in the location's history (such as the fall of the Soviet Union for Eastern Europe, or other revolutions, invasions and nationality changes), and limit sources to those published after that watershed. </p> <ul><li>Disinterested, authoritative reference works are almost always reliable (assuming they are current). Examples include: <ul><li>major English-language encyclopedias (examples: <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>);</li> <li>widely used atlases (examples: <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Atlas_of_the_World" title="Times Atlas of the World">The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World</a></i>, the <i>Oxford Atlas of the World</i>);</li> <li>gazetteers (examples: <i>Cambridge World Gazetteer</i>, <i>Columbia Gazetteer of North America</i>, <i>Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America</i>);</li> <li>databases such as the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a>;</li> <li>maps (such as those from the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>), whether printed or electronic.</li> <li>Many governments have an agency to standardize the use of place names, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#BGN">BGN</a> below), the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada" title="Geographical Names Board of Canada">Geographical Names Board of Canada</a>, etc.</li> <li>For modern country names, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">[1]</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> is current and continuously updated.</li> <li>For spelling of place names, a good reference is <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Geographical_Dictionary" title="Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</a></i>.</li></ul></li> <li>English-language news media can also be very reliable sources. Due caution must be given to the possibility of bias in some, such as for nationalistic, religious or political reasons. However, major global sources are generally reliable, such as major authoritative English-language newspapers (examples: <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London) or wire services (examples: <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>). <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a> and <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> search results can provide a quick guide to the relative predominance of alternative names across the media as a whole, provided the search parameters are properly set, but as with all raw search numbers, they should be used with caution.</li> <li>Also generally reliable are standard histories and scientific studies of the area in question (examples: Cambridge Histories; the Library of Congress country studies; Library of Congress Subject Headings; and Oxford dictionaries). However, due caution is needed in case they are dated, not relevant to the period in question, or written by a non-native speaker of English.</li> <li>Some sources require individual analysis to be useful; these include books and articles, such as those found at Google Scholar or Google Books. They must be looked at individually for accuracy, possible bias, and appropriateness of period. Even if a book or scholarly article was written after watershed events that resulted in a name change, it may use historical place names in the context of the work.</li> <li>The Google Scholar and Google Books search engines can provide helpful results, if parameters are properly set. In particular, a <a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a> search of Google Books can provide valuable insights. But even a widely recognized name change will take time to be reflected in such searches, as they may still include references to the place name before the change. Also, relatively obscure places that have a major impact on history during a particular time period will continue to show disproportionately large search returns for the location's name during that period.</li> <li>Raw counts from Google must be considered with extreme caution, if at all.</li> <li>See also <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Search_engine_issues">Search engine issues</a> below.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BGN" data-mw-thread-id="h-BGN-Widely_accepted_name"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-BGN-Widely_accepted_name"></span>BGN<span data-mw-comment-end="h-BGN-Widely_accepted_name"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: BGN" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">United States Board on Geographic Names</a> determines official federal nomenclature for the United States. Most often, actual American usage follows it, even in such points as the omission of apostrophes, as in <a href="/wiki/St._Marys_River" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Marys River">St. Marys River</a>. However, if colloquial usage does differ, we should prefer actual American usage to the official name. Similarly, its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/">GEOnet server</a> normally presents local official usage in the country concerned (for example, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>); in a handful of cases, like <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, it has a conventional name field. Its BGN Approved is a systematic transliteration, as <a href="/wiki/Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva">Moskva</a> – Wikipedia prefers <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, which is also the BGN conventional name. <i>Where it acknowledges a conventional name</i>, it is evidence of widespread English usage; where it does not, it is not addressing our primary question. </p><p>Be aware of the conflict between what is widely accepted and what is official in several contexts. </p> <ul><li>There have been widespread efforts since the 1980s at the USBGN level and at state government level to remove racial slurs ("Jap", "Chink", "Squaw", and others) from official names, which may conflict with the widespread usage in historic documents. The most commonly-used name might not necessarily be the most up-to-date and accurate name. Or, vice versa, the official USBGN name might not yet have caught up with official state-level changes.</li> <li>For technical reasons relating to <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a>, which used to be the default encoding format for computer-readable versions of the data, GNIS records for a long time were unable to include diacritic characters. The use of the tilde in Spanish names took some years to be reflected, for example.</li> <li>Phase 2 of the GNIS data compilation set out to add names from state and local sources; and phase 3 set out to correct for differences between actual names in use and what USGS topographic maps had said prior to 1981 (the cutoff point for phase 1). Phase 3 never happened, however, and the currency of phase 2 varies as different states completed phase 2 at different points over a span of more than a decade.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Search_engine_issues" data-mw-thread-id="h-Search_engine_issues-Widely_accepted_name"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Search_engine_issues-Widely_accepted_name"></span>Search engine issues<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Search_engine_issues-Widely_accepted_name"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Search engine issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Google_searches_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Google searches and numbers">Wikipedia:Google searches and numbers</a></div> <p>Search engine tests should be used with care: in testing whether a name is widely accepted English usage, we are interested in hits which are in English, represent English usage, mean the place in question, and are not duplicates of each other or of Wikipedia. Search engine results can fail on all of these. </p><p>Google may give unreliable estimates at the onset of a search; it is often preferable to restrict the competing searches to less than 1000 hits, and examine the number of hits on the final page. Google does not return more than 1,000 actual results;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hit counts above this are estimates which cannot readily be examined, and are imperfect evidence of actual usage. Adding additional search terms may reduce the number of hits to this range, but adds additional random variance. </p> <ul><li><b>Failure to use only English sources:</b> <ul><li>Language-filtered searches include works that contain only brief English sections. These sections may not discuss the place name in question.</li> <li>Search engines will find hits when a paper in English is quoting foreign text, which may well include foreign placenames. This often occurs when citing a paper by title. For example, hits which are in fact citations of German papers which use <i><a href="/wiki/Riesengebirge" class="mw-redirect" title="Riesengebirge">Riesengebirge</a></i> are not evidence of English usage, either way.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Failure to reflect only English usage:</b> <ul><li>Google Scholar will frequently return post office addresses, especially for modern university towns. This attests to local usage, not to English usage (except of course for settlements in the English-speaking world, for which local usage <i>should</i> prevail).</li> <li>Search engines do not normally distinguish consistent <i>use</i> of a name from a single <i>mention</i>. Any good history of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> will mention <i>Venezia</i> at least once; any good history of <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> will mention <i>Pressburg</i>. But what we want is the word they consistently use to refer to the city; it is very difficult to find that with a search engine, especially when the question is: does the source call nineteenth- or eighteenth-century Bratislava something different? <ul><li>For example, hits which are of the form "X (<i>Foolanguage</i> Y)" attest to English usage of X, and Foolanguage usage of Y. The latter matters to the Foolanguage Wikipedia, not to us.</li></ul></li> <li>Please remember that Google Scholar and Google Books are imperfectly random selections out of the whole corpus of English writing. If the results could easily have arisen by chance (for example, if there are only half-a-dozen or so valid hits on all the alternatives combined), this is not a good indicator of widespread English usage.<br></li></ul></li> <li><b>Failure to be about the place under discussion:</b> <ul><li>Many names are used for several places, often several places of the same type. In addition, many placenames have become surnames, and papers which are by authors with those surnames do not establish English usage for the placename.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Failure to represent independent usage of the name:</b> <ul><li>Some websites mechanically copy and compile other websites, including Wikipedia itself. These should not be counted as separate instances of English usage, but as the same instance duplicated. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mirrors_and_forks" title="Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks">Wikipedia mirrors and forks</a>, which may also appear in Google Book or Google Scholar searches, are unacceptable sources. When using Google search results as a usage metric, always include "-wikipedia" in the search conditions. This will exclude some, although not all, Wikipedia mirrors.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Some of these problems will be lessened if the search includes an English word, like "city" or "river", as well as the placename. (If this is done with one proposed placename, it must of course be done for all competing proposals.) Another approach is to examine the first few pages of hits, and see what proportion of them are false hits. But the only certain control is to count how many hits are genuinely in English, assert English usage, and deal with the place discussed. </p><p>Another useful idea, especially when one name seems to be used often in the construct "X (also called Y)" in sources that consistently use X thereafter, is to search for "and X" against "and Y" (or "in X" versus "in Y") to see which is common in running prose. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Multiple_local_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Multiple_local_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Multiple_local_names"></span>Multiple local names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Multiple_local_names"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multiple local names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:MLN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MLN&redirect=no">WP:MLN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>There are cases in which the local authority recognizes equally two or more names from different languages, but English discussion of the place is so limited that none of the above tests indicate which of them is widely used in English; so there is no single local name, and English usage is hard to determine. </p><p>Experience shows that the straightforward solution of a double or triple name is often unsatisfactory; there are all too many complaints that one or the other name should be first. We also deprecate any discussion of which name the place <i>ought</i> to have. </p><p>We recommend choosing a single name, by some objective criterion, even a somewhat arbitrary one. Simple <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GOOGLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GOOGLE">Google tests</a> are acceptable to settle the matter, despite their problems; one solution is to follow English usage where it can be determined, and to adopt the name used by the linguistic majority where English usage is indecisive. This has been done, for example, with the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_South_Tyrol" title="Municipalities of South Tyrol">municipalities of South Tyrol</a>, based on an officially published linguistic survey of the area (see <a href="#Italy">Italy</a> below). </p><p>In some cases, a compromise is reached between editors to avoid giving the impression of support for a particular national point of view. For example, the reasonably common name <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks" title="Liancourt Rocks">Liancourt Rocks</a> has been adopted, mainly because it is neither Korean nor Japanese. Similarly, Wikipedia's version of the <a href="/wiki/Derry/Londonderry_name_dispute" title="Derry/Londonderry name dispute">Derry/Londonderry name dispute</a> has been resolved by naming the city page <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> and the county page <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>. </p><p>There are occasional exceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a>, when the double name is the overwhelmingly most common name in English (in this case, it has become most common because it is official and customary in Switzerland; the usage does not appear to be controversial). This should not be done to settle a dispute between national or linguistic points of view; it should only be done when the double name is actually what English-speakers call the place. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Use_modern_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Use_modern_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Use_modern_names"></span>Use modern names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Use_modern_names"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use modern names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:MODERNPLACENAME"></span><span id="WP:MPN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MODERNPLACENAME&redirect=no">WP:MODERNPLACENAME</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MPN&redirect=no">WP:MPN</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For an article about a place whose name has changed over time, context is important. For articles discussing the present, use the modern English name (or local name, if there is no established English name), rather than an older one. Older names should be used in appropriate historical contexts when a substantial majority of reliable modern sources do the same; this includes the names of articles relating to particular historical periods. Names have changed both because cities have been formally renamed and because cities have been taken from one state by another; in both cases, however, we are interested in what reliable English-language sources now use. </p><p>For example, we have articles called <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, these being the current names of these cities, although former names (Constantinople, Ragusa, Stalingrad, and Leningrad) are also used when referring to appropriate historical periods (if any), including such article names as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieges of Constantinople">Sieges of Constantinople</a>; not to mention separate articles on <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> on the historical cities on the site of modern Istanbul – or part of it. It is sometimes common practice in English to use name forms from different languages to indicate cultural or political dominance. For example, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> is often written as Stettin (the German name) for the period before 1945; likewise, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> is called Danzig (the detailed decisions at <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gdansk/Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Talk:Gdansk/Vote">Talk:Gdansk/Vote</a> apply to <i>that</i> dispute; they are older than this page). There are other cities for which policy is still debated, such as <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, which in various contexts is referred to as Vilnius, Wilno or Vilna. </p><p>In some cases it is not the local name but the spelling of the name in English that has changed over time. For example, <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, as the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> spelling, is used for the name of the article rather than <a href="/wiki/Nanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking">Nanking</a>. However, the article on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> spells the city as was customary in 1842, because modern English scholarship still does. </p><p>Another example is <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, which officially changed its name from Bombay in 1995. Per Wikipedia's naming policy, our choice of name does not automatically follow the official or local form, but depends on that change having become predominant in common global usage. That can be assessed by reviewing up-to-date references to the place in a modern context in reliable, authoritative sources such as news media, other encyclopedias, atlases and academic publications as well as the official publications of major English-speaking countries, for example the CIA World Factbook. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Alternative_names" data-mw-thread-id="h-Alternative_names"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Alternative_names"></span>Alternative names<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Alternative_names"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative names" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Alternative_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § Alternative names</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signpostinstrabane.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Signpostinstrabane.JPG/220px-Signpostinstrabane.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Signpostinstrabane.JPG/220px-Signpostinstrabane.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Signpostinstrabane.JPG/330px-Signpostinstrabane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Signpostinstrabane.JPG/440px-Signpostinstrabane.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Derry/Londonderry_name_dispute" title="Derry/Londonderry name dispute">some places</a>, place names may be controversial</figcaption></figure> <p>Wikipedia articles must have a single title, by the design of the system; this page is intended to help editors agree on which name of a place is to appear as the title. </p><p>Nevertheless, other names, especially those used significantly often (say, 10% of the time or more) in the available English literature on a place, past or present, should be mentioned in the article, as encyclopedic information. Two or three alternative names can be mentioned in the first line of the article; it is general Wikipedia practice to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BOLDTITLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BOLDTITLE">bold them</a> so they stand out. If there are more names than this, or the lead section is cluttered, a separate paragraph on the names of the place is often a good idea. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Disambiguation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Disambiguation"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Disambiguation"></span>Disambiguation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Disambiguation"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Disambiguation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PLACEDAB"></span><span id="WP:NCPLACEDAB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PLACEDAB&redirect=no">WP:PLACEDAB</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCPLACEDAB&redirect=no">WP:NCPLACEDAB</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>It is often the case that the same widely accepted English name will apply to more than one place, or to a place and to other things; in either case disambiguation will be necessary. For general rules about this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Wikipedia:Disambiguation</a>. </p><p>The following should be considered in disambiguating the names of places. </p> <ul><li>If a place is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC">primary topic</a> for the title that is most appropriate by these naming conventions, then its article should carry that name without disambiguation tag (for example, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>). However, if idiom or specific naming conventions indicate a different article title as more appropriate, then a redirect should be created to that article from the term for which it is the primary topic. For example, <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> redirects to the article named <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> redirects to <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>.</li> <li>When there are conventional means of disambiguation in standard English, use them, as in <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River of the North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River of the South</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York <i>City</i></a> (to distinguish from the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">state of New York</a>).</li> <li>Rivers, lakes and mountains often include the word <i>River</i>, <i>Lake</i> or <i>Mount</i> in the name; national conventions and idiom should be followed in this matter. For example, rivers in the UK and Ireland follow the pattern <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, while those in the United States follow <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. For many countries the additional word is used when needed for disambiguation purposes, but is otherwise omitted: compare <a href="/wiki/Jade_(river)" title="Jade (river)">Jade (river)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Achelous_River" title="Achelous River">Achelous River</a> (which require disambiguation) with <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (which does not). See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Rivers#Naming" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Rivers">Wikipedia:WikiProject Rivers § Naming</a>.</li></ul> <p>In some cases, the article title should include additional text, such as a country name or province name, for example, <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Maine" title="Paris, Maine">Paris, Maine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Victoria)" title="Red River (Victoria)">Red River (Victoria)</a>. The additional text is called a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation tag">disambiguation tag</a>. The disambiguation tag provides context to the reader, and helps uniquely identify places when multiple places share the same name. The following general principles apply to such tags: </p> <ul><li>Places are often disambiguated by the country in which they lie. If using the country name would still lead to ambiguity, use the name of a smaller administrative division (such as a state or province) instead.</li> <li>However, for some countries specific naming conventions recommend using a sub-national entity (state, province, county, prefecture or similar) as the disambiguation tag. See <a href="#Region-specific_guidance">§ Region-specific guidance</a> below.</li> <li>In some cases, including most settlements in the United States, the title should include state name as a comma-separated tag, even when it is not needed for disambiguation.</li> <li>With the names of cities, towns, villages and other <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlements</a>, the tag is normally preceded by a comma, as in <a href="/wiki/Hel,_Poland" title="Hel, Poland">Hel, Poland</a>. This is often applied to low-level administrative units as well (<a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Tennessee" title="Polk County, Tennessee">Polk County, Tennessee</a>), but less so for larger subdivisions or historical regions (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia (Spain)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord (French department)</a>). Any specific national convention takes precedence though.</li> <li>With natural features, the tag normally appears in parentheses, as in <a href="/wiki/Eagle_River_(Colorado)" title="Eagle River (Colorado)">Eagle River (Colorado)</a>. Specific national conventions may take precedence though.</li> <li>Rivers can also be disambiguated by the body of water into which they flow.</li> <li>Generic parenthetical disambiguating tags as used for most Wikipedia articles are used only occasionally for geographic names (as in <a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Wolin (town)</a>, where no regional tag would be sufficient to distinguish the town from the island of <a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wolin</a>).</li></ul> <p>If specific disambiguation conventions apply to places of a particular type or in a particular country, then it is important to follow these. Such conventions (or links to them) can be found in the section below titled <a href="#Specific_topics">Specific topics</a>. If a country has no convention listed, and there is a clear pattern among the articles on places in that country, follow it. Please note any such pattern here, as a proposed national convention. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Order_of_names_in_title" data-mw-thread-id="h-Order_of_names_in_title"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Order_of_names_in_title"></span>Order of names in title<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Order_of_names_in_title"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Order of names in title" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>Where multiple geographic names occur in a title, the names should be placed in alphabetical order unless there is a clear reason for another order. Examples: <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France–United States relations</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a> (both established names). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Names_of_classes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Names_of_classes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Names_of_classes"></span>Names of classes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Names_of_classes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Names of classes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <p>If a place belongs to a class, and the class is conventionally capitalized as part of the proper name of the place, then Wikipedia capitalizes that class name (conversely, lowercase otherwise) whether the name appears in a sentence or a heading or a title; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a> and not "Buenos Aires province", <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> not "Mississippi river". </p><p>Some class names are not considered parts of proper names, but rather descriptors, as in <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of India">districts of India</a>; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon_district" title="Bongaigaon district">Bongaigaon district</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Bongaigaon_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongaigaon District">Bongaigaon District</a>. As usual, we look to sources to determine what is conventionally capitalized. </p><p>When the class name appears in a disambiguator, it is generally lowercase; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro (state)</a> not "Rio de Janeiro (State)", <a href="/wiki/Pegnitz_(river)" title="Pegnitz (river)">Pegnitz (river)</a> not "Pegnitz (River)". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Specific_topics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Specific_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Specific_topics"></span>Specific topics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Specific_topics"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Specific topics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_subdivisions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Administrative_subdivisions-Specific_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Administrative_subdivisions-Specific_topics"></span>Administrative subdivisions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Administrative_subdivisions-Specific_topics"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative subdivisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NCCS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCCS&redirect=no">WP:NCCS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Names of <i>classes</i> of places follow the same guidance: do what English does. For example, we write of Russian <i>oblasts</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>), but of Chinese and Roman <i>provinces</i>, not <i>sheng</i> or <i>provinciae</i>, since that is the prevalent usage in English. However, English usage is sometimes inconsistent or too small, in which case the naming is a matter of editorial decision; for example, we have <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_gminas" title="List of Polish gminas">gminas</a> (rather than <i>municipalities</i>) of Poland but <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">municipalities</a> (rather than <i>comuni</i>) of Italy. </p><p>It is useful for all divisions of the same type in a country to share the same article title format (for example, nearly all <a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_of_Italy" title="Category:Provinces of Italy">provinces of Italy</a> have the format "Province of X"), so if one district has its article renamed from <i>X</i> to <i>X District</i>, it is worth discussing whether the same should be done with all districts in the country. But titles should not be forced into uniformity when this would be a violation of idiom or otherwise inappropriate (for example, when the administrative unit is coterminous with an island and covered in the same article); it should be decided in each case on its merits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_features" data-mw-thread-id="h-Natural_features-Specific_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Natural_features-Specific_topics"></span>Natural features<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Natural_features-Specific_topics"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>For further guidance on the naming of articles about lakes, mountains and rivers, see: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lakes#Naming" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lakes">Wikipedia:WikiProject Lakes § Naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Mountains#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Mountains">Wikipedia:WikiProject Mountains § Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Rivers#Naming" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Rivers">Wikipedia:WikiProject Rivers § Naming</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_cities" data-mw-thread-id="h-Fictional_cities-Specific_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Fictional_cities-Specific_topics"></span>Fictional cities<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Fictional_cities-Specific_topics"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fictional cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles about fictional cities or localities are located at [[Placename]], regardless of any naming convention for the country in which the locality is set. For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnydale" title="Sunnydale">Sunnydale</a>, not "Sunnydale, California" (<i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawaka" title="Manawaka">Manawaka</a>, not "Manawaka, Manitoba" (in <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Laurence" title="Margaret Laurence">Margaret Laurence</a> stories)</li></ul> <p>When necessary to disambiguate with other articles, preference is given to using the author's name (literature), the name of the work (television or movies), or other connective quality. For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(Stephen_King)" title="Castle Rock (Stephen King)">Castle Rock (Stephen King)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunwich_(Lovecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunwich (Lovecraft)">Dunwich (H. P. Lovecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_(The_Simpsons)" title="Springfield (The Simpsons)">Springfield (<i>The Simpsons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(comics)" title="Metropolis (comics)">Metropolis (comics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration" data-mw-thread-id="h-Transliteration-Specific_topics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Transliteration-Specific_topics"></span>Transliteration<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Transliteration-Specific_topics"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transliteration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>For a list of pages dealing with the transliteration of names from other writing systems into the Latin alphabet, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization" title="Wikipedia:Romanization">Wikipedia:Romanization</a>. Transliteration issues are discussed further at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility">Wikipedia:Accessibility</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Region-specific_guidance" data-mw-thread-id="h-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Region-specific_guidance"></span>Region-specific guidance<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Region-specific guidance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <p>Where there is no Wikipedia convention on a specific country and disambiguation is necessary, it is generally reasonable to use [[placename, nation]], as in <a href="/wiki/Shire,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire, Ethiopia">Shire, Ethiopia</a>. </p><p>When naming topics related to some specific country, prefer the form "(Item) of (Country)" over forms with adjectives (for example, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History of Japan</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese history">Japanese history</a>). See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(country-specific_topics)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (country-specific topics)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (country-specific topics)</a>. </p><p>The pages and categories below represent what discussion and opinions have actually taken place in Wikipedia. Their force consists of the force of their arguments and the extent of the consensus that backs them; listing here does not warrant either virtue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia" data-mw-thread-id="h-East_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-East_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span>East Asia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-East_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: East Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China" data-mw-thread-id="h-China-East_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-China-East_Asia"></span>China<span data-mw-comment-end="h-China-East_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Chinese)#Places" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Chinese) § Places</a>. Use provinces or similar units for disambiguation. </p><p>See also <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hong_Kong">Hong Kong conventions</a>, below; and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hong_Kong" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hong_Kong-China"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Hong_Kong-China"></span>Hong Kong<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Hong_Kong-China"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> use [[Placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, [[Placename, Hong Kong]] is used. Thus <a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bay" title="Quarry Bay">Quarry Bay</a> but <a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Hong_Kong" title="Stanley, Hong Kong">Stanley, Hong Kong</a>. In some cases, nevertheless, [[Placename, Kowloon]], [[Placename, New Kowloon]], etc., may be necessary for several locations within Hong Kong bearing the same name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Macau/Macao" data-mw-thread-id="h-Macau/Macao-China"><span id="Macau.2FMacao"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Macau/Macao-China"></span>Macau/Macao<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Macau/Macao-China"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Macau/Macao" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> is spelled idiomatically either with a "u" or an "o" as last letter. For consistency on Wikipedia, title articles using the "u" spelling unless a proper name in English uses the "o" spelling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Japan-East_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Japan-East_Asia"></span>Japan<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Japan-East_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(Japan-related_articles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Japan-related articles)">Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Japan-related articles)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea" data-mw-thread-id="h-Korea-East_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Korea-East_Asia"></span>Korea<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Korea-East_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Korea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Korean)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Korean)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Korean)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongolia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mongolia-East_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mongolia-East_Asia"></span>Mongolia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mongolia-East_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mongolia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Mongolian)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Mongolian)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_North_Asia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Europe_and_North_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Europe_and_North_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span>Europe and North Asia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Europe_and_North_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Europe and North Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania" data-mw-thread-id="h-Albania-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Albania-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Albania<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Albania-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Albania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>For places in Albania, use the <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">indefinite</a> Albanian name (e.g. "Vlorë", "Durrës"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belarus" data-mw-thread-id="h-Belarus-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Belarus-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Belarus<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Belarus-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Belarus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Major cities (<a href="/wiki/Voblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Voblast">voblast</a> capitals) are named according to the most common English usage. All other settlements are named according to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BELARUSIANNAMES" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BELARUSIANNAMES">Belarus naming conventions</a> (exceptions may be discussed case by case). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium" data-mw-thread-id="h-Belgium-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Belgium-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Belgium<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Belgium-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Belgium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Native English names for places should be used, but the local language's name if there isn't one. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Belgium/Brussels_naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Belgium/Brussels naming conventions">Brussels naming conventions</a> should be used for articles related to Brussels. For castles or stately homes, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Belgium/Castle,_country_house,_ch%C3%A2teau_and_kasteel_naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Belgium/Castle, country house, château and kasteel naming conventions">these naming conventions</a> should be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Bosnia and Herzegovina<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of populated places in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Populated places</a> use undisambiguated title, where applicable. </p><p>Geographic names are generally subject to standard rules from <a href="#Disambiguation">§ Disambiguation</a>, however, because many of the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina">municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> predate the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Entities_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina">entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, they are often used in village name disambiguation, instead of higher-level administrative units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Finland-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Finland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Finland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Finland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Finland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Toponyms_of_Finland" title="Toponyms of Finland">Toponyms of Finland</a>. </p><p>Article titles should be in the majority language (Finnish or Swedish) of the province, municipality, region or sub-region, unless there is a well-established name in English. The minority language of the area should be mentioned in the lead in italics. Any second name needs to be referenced by a reliable secondary source; often the best will be recognition by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Languages_of_Finland" title="Institute for the Languages of Finland">Institute for the Languages of Finland</a> (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenskaortnamn/?a=abc">a list of Swedish-language placenames</a>). </p><p>The secondary names of municipalities should not be mentioned in other articles than the article about the municipality itself. For instance, "Helsinki (Swedish: Helsingfors)" should not be used anywhere else than in the lead section of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, unless it is of a special interest in some context. </p><p>For places in the <a href="/wiki/Sami_Domicile_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami Domicile Area">Sami Domicile Area</a>, the name in the <a href="/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> should be mentioned in the article's lead in italics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France" data-mw-thread-id="h-France-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-France-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>France<span data-mw-comment-end="h-France-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France_and_French-related" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France and French-related">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France and French-related</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany" data-mw-thread-id="h-Germany-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Germany-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Germany<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Germany-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany/Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Conventions">Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Conventions</a></div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> use [[placename]] unless there is a common English name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>). Where disambiguation is required, follow the official disambiguation system which may take 3 forms: </p> <ul><li>Part of the official name itself often using a river, nearby settlement, region or state. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_bei_Coburg" title="Neustadt bei Coburg">Neustadt bei Coburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernau_bei_Berlin" title="Bernau bei Berlin">Bernau bei Berlin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zell_im_Fichtelgebirge" title="Zell im Fichtelgebirge">Zell im Fichtelgebirge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eschenbach_in_der_Oberpfalz" title="Eschenbach in der Oberpfalz">Eschenbach in der Oberpfalz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_in_Sachsen" title="Neustadt in Sachsen">Neustadt in Sachsen</a>.</li> <li>In brackets after the name, based on the local district, river, settlement, region or state. The brackets are often an official part of the name and appear on road signs. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Velden_(Pegnitz)" title="Velden (Pegnitz)">Velden (Pegnitz)</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/River_Pegnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="River Pegnitz">River Pegnitz</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kempten_(Allg%C3%A4u)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempten (Allgäu)">Kempten (Allgäu)</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u" title="Allgäu">Allgäu</a> region).</li> <li>After a forward slash (noting that this is currently deprecated. Brackets may be used instead). Example: <a href="/wiki/Neustadt/Harz" title="Neustadt/Harz">Neustadt/Harz</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/Harz_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz mountains">Harz mountains</a>).</li></ul> <p>For further guidance on German placenames, including geographical and man-made features, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany/Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Conventions">Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Conventions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ireland-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ireland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Ireland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ireland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ireland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles</a></div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in Ireland use [[placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, [[placename, County x]] is used. Thus <a href="/wiki/Castlebar" title="Castlebar">Castlebar</a> but <a href="/wiki/Westport,_County_Mayo" title="Westport, County Mayo">Westport, County Mayo</a>. This same convention applies to both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. For further guidance see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(Ireland-related_articles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)">Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isle_of_Man" data-mw-thread-id="h-Isle_of_Man-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Isle_of_Man-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Isle of Man<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Isle_of_Man-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Isle of Man" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places on the Isle of Man use [[placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, [[placename, Isle of Man]] is used. Thus <a href="/wiki/Onchan" title="Onchan">Onchan</a> but <a href="/wiki/Peel,_Isle_of_Man" title="Peel, Isle of Man">Peel, Isle of Man</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy" data-mw-thread-id="h-Italy-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Italy-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Italy<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Italy-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> use [[placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, places in Italy are disambiguated using the "comma convention" by the larger of the region, province or municipality needed to identify it uniquely, as appropriate, not as <i>Placename, Italy</i>. The autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> are treated like <i>de facto</i> regions. Places in those provinces that require disambiguation take the form <i>Placename, South Tyrol</i> or <i>Placename, Trentino</i> respectively. </p><p>Articles previously used the two-letter abbreviations for the provinces: these should no longer be used. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Two locations in different regions: <a href="/wiki/Castro,_Apulia" title="Castro, Apulia">Castro, Apulia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Castro,_Lombardy" title="Castro, Lombardy">Castro, Lombardy</a>;</li> <li>Two locations in the same province: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronchi,_Bra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronchi, Bra (page does not exist)">Ronchi, Bra</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronchi,_Cuneo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronchi, Cuneo (page does not exist)">Ronchi, Cuneo</a> (both in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Cuneo" title="Province of Cuneo">Province of Cuneo</a>);</li> <li>Two locations in the same region, and a third in a different region: <a href="/wiki/Manciano,_Arezzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manciano, Arezzo">Manciano, Arezzo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manciano,_Grosseto" class="mw-redirect" title="Manciano, Grosseto">Manciano, Grosseto</a> (both in the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Region of Tuscany</a>), but <a href="/wiki/Manciano,_Umbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Manciano, Umbria">Manciano, Umbria</a>.</li></ul> <p>The region containing the autonomous provinces of <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a> and South Tyrol is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Tyrol" data-mw-thread-id="h-South_Tyrol-Italy"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-South_Tyrol-Italy"></span>South Tyrol<span data-mw-comment-end="h-South_Tyrol-Italy"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: South Tyrol" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NBZ"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NBZ&redirect=no">WP:NBZ</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, the local authority recognizes equally two or more names from different languages, and English discussion is often so limited that none of the above tests indicate which of them is widely used in English. However, there is an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astat.provinz.bz.it/downloads/mit38_2012.pdf">official linguistic survey of the area</a>, by municipality, which has the following advantages: </p> <ul><li>It is available on-line, and officially published.</li> <li>The proportions of the various language groups are fairly stable.</li> <li>Most municipalities have a large majority, often a 90% majority, of one language group.</li> <li>In the few cases where there is a widely used English name, it is usually that of the majority language group.</li></ul> <p>Therefore, articles about locations in South Tyrol are placed according to the language of the linguistic majority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macedonia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Macedonia-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Macedonia-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Macedonia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Macedonia-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Macedonia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>For the name of the country and the homonymous region, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Poland-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Poland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Poland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Poland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Poland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Russia-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Russia-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Russia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Russia-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:RUSPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:RUSPLACE&redirect=no">WP:RUSPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>This naming convention covers all <a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">types of inhabited localities in Russia</a>: cities/towns, urban-type settlements, and all kinds of rural localities. </p><p>When a place does not have a <a href="#Widely_accepted_name">§ Widely accepted name</a>, use the romanized Russian name, as per the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RUS#Default_romanization_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RUS">WP:RUS default romanization guidelines</a>. </p> <ul><li>When the name of the locality is not unique within Russia, use the comma-separated name of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subject</a> on the territory of which the locality is situated (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Oktyabrsky,_Republic_of_Bashkortostan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan">Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan</a>). If the name of the locality is not unique within a federal subject, precede the federal subject disambiguator with the name of the district on the territory of which the locality is situated (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mrakovo,_Kugarchinsky_District,_Republic_of_Bashkortostan" title="Mrakovo, Kugarchinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan">Mrakovo, Kugarchinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan</a>). If the title is still ambiguous, lower levels of administrative divisions and/or parenthesized locality type can be used for further disambiguation.</li> <li>When the name of the locality is unique within Russia, but conflicts with the name of another locality in a different country, disambiguate the name with "Russia" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Russia" title="Dimitrovgrad, Russia">Dimitrovgrad, Russia</a>).</li> <li>When the name of the locality is unique, but conflicts with the name of a different concept, use the parenthesized locality type as disambiguator (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dikson_(urban-type_settlement)" title="Dikson (urban-type settlement)">Dikson (urban-type settlement)</a>).</li></ul> <p>Titles of articles about the administrative divisions follow the same principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Serbia-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Serbia-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Serbia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Serbia-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Serbia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SRBPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SRBPLACE&redirect=no">WP:SRBPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Serbia" title="List of populated places in Serbia">Populated places</a> use undisambiguated title, where applicable. When disambiguation is needed, follow the convention: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Serbia">Municipality seats</a> (towns) are disambiguated using standard rules: <a href="/wiki/Bor,_Serbia" title="Bor, Serbia">Bor, Serbia</a>, distinguishes from numerous other toponyms called <a href="/wiki/Bor" class="mw-disambig" title="Bor">Bor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raška (town)">Raška (town)</a> is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(river)" title="Raška (river)">Raška (river)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka_(region)" title="Raška (region)">Raška (region)</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Villages are always (regardless of reason) disambiguated using municipality name, for consistency: <a href="/wiki/Crna_Bara_(Aleksinac)" title="Crna Bara (Aleksinac)">Crna Bara (Aleksinac)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C5%A1a_Tomi%C4%87,_Se%C4%8Danj" title="Jaša Tomić, Sečanj">Jaša Tomić, Sečanj</a> etc.</li></ul> <p>Other geographic names are subject to standard rules from <a href="#Disambiguation">§ Disambiguation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Switzerland-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Switzerland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Switzerland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Switzerland-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Switzerland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Swiss_municipalities/Article_title_conventions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Swiss municipalities/Article title conventions">Wikipedia:WikiProject Swiss municipalities/Article title conventions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ukraine-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ukraine-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>Ukraine<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ukraine-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Ukrainian_places)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Ukrainian places)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Ukrainian places)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_Kingdom-Europe_and_North_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_Kingdom-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span>United Kingdom<span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_Kingdom-Europe_and_North_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:UKPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:UKPLACE&redirect=no">WP:UKPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(UK_Parliament_constituencies)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (UK Parliament constituencies)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (UK Parliament constituencies)</a></div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in the United Kingdom use [[placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, a different system is used in each of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. </p><p>If disambiguation is required, and the place is in the same local government district as a larger settlement <i>and</i> it is unambiguously within that larger settlement itself, [[placename, town/city]] should be used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bradwell,_Milton_Keynes" title="Bradwell, Milton Keynes">Bradwell, Milton Keynes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sailortown,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailortown, Belfast">Sailortown, Belfast</a>. </p><p>Disambiguation should not normally be to England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, and <b>never</b> to <a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">post town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_postal_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Former postal county">former postal county</a> or postcode district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="England" data-mw-thread-id="h-England-United_Kingdom"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-England-United_Kingdom"></span>England<span data-mw-comment-end="h-England-United_Kingdom"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: England" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ENGPLACE"></span><span id="WP:ENGLANDPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ENGPLACE&redirect=no">WP:ENGPLACE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ENGLANDPLACE&redirect=no">WP:ENGLANDPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_London/Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject London/Naming conventions">Wikipedia:WikiProject London/Naming conventions</a></div> <p>Where disambiguation is required, [[placename, <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a>]] is normally used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Halling,_Kent" title="Halling, Kent">Halling, Kent</a>. </p><p>When the city and county use variants of the same name, disambiguate with <i>England</i> for clarity throughout the English-speaking world; thus <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln, England</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln, Lincolnshire</a>. </p><p>For locations within Greater London, [[placename, London]] should be used. </p><p>When further disambiguation is required, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">districts</a> should be used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Sutton" title="Belmont, Sutton">Belmont, Sutton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Harrow" title="Belmont, Harrow">Belmont, Harrow</a>; both in London. </p><p>If there are multiple places of the same name within the same district, then <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">parishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the United Kingdom">wards</a>, or lowercase <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">compass directions</a> should be used as appropriate to identify the relative locations. For example, <a href="/wiki/Woolston,_north_Shropshire" title="Woolston, north Shropshire">Woolston, north Shropshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woolston,_south_Shropshire" title="Woolston, south Shropshire">Woolston, south Shropshire</a>; both in Shropshire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wales" data-mw-thread-id="h-Wales-United_Kingdom"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Wales-United_Kingdom"></span>Wales<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Wales-United_Kingdom"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Wales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where disambiguation is required [[placename, <a href="/wiki/Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Principal areas of Wales">principal area</a>]] is normally used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Queensferry,_Flintshire" title="Queensferry, Flintshire">Queensferry, Flintshire</a>. </p><p>Following <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:Welsh_Wikipedians%27_notice_board&oldid=288875457#Renaming_of_key_Welsh_county_articles">discussion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Welsh_Wikipedians%27_notice_board" title="Wikipedia talk:Welsh Wikipedians' notice board">Wikipedia talk:Welsh Wikipedians' notice board</a> it was agreed that where a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a> is to be disambiguated, it should go under [[Placename County Borough]]. Thus <i>Conwy County Borough</i>, not <i>County Borough of Conwy</i>, <i>Conwy (county borough)</i> or <i>Conwy county borough</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scotland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scotland-United_Kingdom"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scotland-United_Kingdom"></span>Scotland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scotland-United_Kingdom"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Scotland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SCOTLANDPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SCOTLANDPLACE&redirect=no">WP:SCOTLANDPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Where disambiguation is required [[placename, <a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">council area</a>]] is normally used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cullen,_Moray" title="Cullen, Moray">Cullen, Moray</a>. </p><p>When disambiguation is required for a settlement on a Scottish Island, [[placename, island/island chain]] is used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tarbert,_Harris" title="Tarbert, Harris">Tarbert, Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balfour,_Orkney" title="Balfour, Orkney">Balfour, Orkney</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harris" title="Lewis and Harris">Lewis and Harris</a> are treated as separate islands for this purpose. </p><p>If further disambiguation is required, then another form of natural and recognisable disambiguation should be used, such as traditional regions, committee areas etc. For example, <a href="/wiki/Kinnaird,_Gowrie" title="Kinnaird, Gowrie">Kinnaird, Gowrie</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Kinnaird,_Atholl" title="Kinnaird, Atholl">Kinnaird, Atholl</a>; both in Scotland and in Perth and Kinross. </p><p>Exceptions include: </p> <ul><li>The number of larger settlements or islands that are likely to be well known outside of the region, that also require disambiguation such as <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth, Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura, Scotland</a>.</li> <li>Settlements in Argyll and Bute. Mainland Argyll settlements should be styled [[placename, Argyll]]. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tarbet,_Argyll" title="Tarbet, Argyll">Tarbet, Argyll</a>.</li> <li>Settlements in the Highland council area. Where disambiguation is required, [[placename, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Districts_of_the_Highland_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Districts of the Highland region (page does not exist)">District</a>]] should be used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Wick,_Caithness" title="Wick, Caithness">Wick, Caithness</a>. However, mainland Skye and Lochalsh settlements should be styled [[placename, Lochalsh]].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Northern_Ireland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Northern_Ireland-United_Kingdom"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Northern_Ireland-United_Kingdom"></span>Northern Ireland<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Northern_Ireland-United_Kingdom"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where disambiguation is required, [[placename, <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Counties of Northern Ireland">County x</a>]] is normally used. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor, County Down</a>. For further guidance see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(Ireland-related_articles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)">Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="USA"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America" data-mw-thread-id="h-Latin_America-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Latin_America-Region-specific_guidance"></span>Latin America<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Latin_America-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Latin America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Latin America a lot of entities have the same names, therefore some coordination is done for toponyms from this region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina" data-mw-thread-id="h-Argentina-Latin_America"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Argentina-Latin_America"></span>Argentina<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Argentina-Latin_America"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Argentina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> use [[Placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, [[Placename, Argentina]] is used. See <a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Argentina" title="Category:Populated places in Argentina">Category:Populated places in Argentina</a> and its subcategories. For the South Atlantic islands, see the <a href="#Falkland_Islands">§ Falkland Islands</a> section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil" data-mw-thread-id="h-Brazil-Latin_America"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Brazil-Latin_America"></span>Brazil<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Brazil-Latin_America"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on cities in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> use [[Cityname]]. Where disambiguation is required, [[Cityname, Brazil]] is used. An exception applies when the city name and the state name are the same: <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro (state)</a>; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo (state)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico" data-mw-thread-id="h-Mexico-Latin_America"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Mexico-Latin_America"></span>Mexico<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Mexico-Latin_America"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> use [[Placename]]: <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>. Where disambiguation is required, [[Placename, Statename]], is used (the "comma convention", as in <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a>, or <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Veracruz" title="Córdoba, Veracruz">Córdoba, Veracruz</a>). The cities that share names with states have been placed at [[Placename City]], with the state taking the [[Placename]] location: for example, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca City</a> (city) and <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> (state). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean" data-mw-thread-id="h-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean-Region-specific_guidance"></span>Northern America and the Caribbean<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Northern America and the Caribbean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bermuda" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bermuda-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bermuda-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span>Bermuda<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bermuda-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bermuda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>All geographic articles relating to places in Bermuda have titles in the form <i>XXX, Bermuda</i>, irrespective of the type of landform the article's subject is, and irrespective of whether disambiguation is necessary. Thus, for example, the article on Perot Island is at <a href="/wiki/Perot_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Perot Island, Bermuda">Perot Island, Bermuda</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Perot_Island_(Bermuda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perot Island (Bermuda)">Perot Island (Bermuda)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perot_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Perot Island">Perot Island</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada" data-mw-thread-id="h-Canada-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Canada-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span>Canada<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Canada-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(Canada-related_articles)#Article_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Canada-related articles)">Wikipedia:Manual of Style (Canada-related articles) § Article names</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago" data-mw-thread-id="h-Trinidad_and_Tobago-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Trinidad_and_Tobago-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span>Trinidad and Tobago<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Trinidad_and_Tobago-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trinidad_and_Tobago_Wikipedians%27_notice_board/Style_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Trinidad and Tobago Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide">Wikipedia:Trinidad and Tobago Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_States-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_States-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span>United States<span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_States-Northern_America_and_the_Caribbean"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the guideline for stylizing abbreviations for the United States itself, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#US_and_U.S." title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § US and U.S.</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:USPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:USPLACE&redirect=no">WP:USPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>According to the <b>comma convention</b>, articles about populated places of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are typically titled <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Placename, State"</span> when located in a US state or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Placename, Territory"</span> when located in US territories. A placename that needs additional disambiguation should include its <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">county</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parish</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Lancaster_County,_South_Carolina" title="Elgin, Lancaster County, South Carolina">Elgin, Lancaster County, South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Kershaw_County,_South_Carolina" title="Elgin, Kershaw County, South Carolina">Elgin, Kershaw County, South Carolina</a>). If more than one place <i>within the same county</i> has the same name, specify the type of local government unit in parentheses before the comma, for any article that is not the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation#Primary_topic" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">primary topic</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Callicoon_(CDP),_New_York" title="Callicoon (CDP), New York">Callicoon (CDP), New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Callicoon_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Callicoon (town), New York">Callicoon (town), New York</a>, but not "Callicoon, New York (CDP)"). A small number of <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated communities</a> bear two states' names due to their peculiar locations across state lines (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glenrio,_New_Mexico_and_Texas" title="Glenrio, New Mexico and Texas">Glenrio, New Mexico and Texas</a>). </p><p>Articles on US cities should <i>never</i> be titled <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"City, Country"</span> (e.g., "Detroit, United States") or <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">"City, State, Country"</span> (e.g., "Kansas City, Missouri, US") because that is contrary to general American usage. Postal abbreviations (such as <i>CA</i> or <i>Calif.</i> for California) are never used in article titles. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(For postal abbreviations in articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations#Special_considerations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Special considerations</a>.)</span> </p><p>Articles titled in the <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"City, State"</span> format should also have a stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REDIRECT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REDIRECT">redirect</a> pointing to the full-name article. In many cases, such as for <a href="/wiki/Paris,_Texas" title="Paris, Texas">Paris, Texas</a>, that will be impossible, because the base name may have <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">other uses</a>, in which case a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect,_DAB_entry_or_hatnote_needed" title="Wikipedia:Redirect, DAB entry or hatnote needed">DAB entry or hatnote</a> should be used. When weighing a US city against other possible <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC">primary topics</a>, the US city should never be considered a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PTM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PTM">partial title match</a> if the base name of the city is the same as the term being considered. For example, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, includes the state name in its title and is also the primary topic for "<a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>" alone, which redirects to the city's page. </p><p>When a place-name title continues <i>past</i> the state name (other than with a parenthetical), for example <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania,_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in the American Civil War">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in the American Civil War</a>, a comma is included before <i>and</i> after the state name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see also <a href="/wiki/MOS:COMMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:COMMA">MOS:COMMA</a>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Counties_and_parishes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Counties_and_parishes-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Counties_and_parishes-United_States"></span>Counties and parishes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Counties_and_parishes-United_States"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Counties and parishes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Articles on counties and parishes themselves are typically titled <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"X County, State"</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"X Parish, State"</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Metropolitan_areas" data-mw-thread-id="h-Metropolitan_areas-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Metropolitan_areas-United_States"></span>Metropolitan areas<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Metropolitan_areas-United_States"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Metropolitan areas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Articles on metropolitan areas may take one of the following titles: </p> <ul><li>A commonly used name; for example, <a href="/wiki/Central_Arkansas" title="Central Arkansas">Central Arkansas</a> is the metropolitan area centered on <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>.</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"[city name] metropolitan area"</span> (omitting the state name), if there is no other metropolitan area with this name; this applies even if the city's own article has a state name; for example, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento metropolitan area</a> is the metropolitan area centered on <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>.</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"[city name] metropolitan area, [state name]"</span> if disambiguation is needed; for example, <a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester metropolitan area, New York</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Major_cities" data-mw-thread-id="h-Major_cities-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Major_cities-United_States"></span>Major cities<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Major_cities-United_States"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Major cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Cities listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></i> as not requiring the state modifier in newspaper articles<sup id="cite_ref-AP_Stylebook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_Stylebook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have their articles named <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"City"</span> unless they are not the primary topic for that name.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, this guideline recommends following the "comma convention" as described above.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_York_City_neighborhoods" data-mw-thread-id="h-New_York_City_neighborhoods-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-New_York_City_neighborhoods-United_States"></span>New York City neighborhoods<span data-mw-comment-end="h-New_York_City_neighborhoods-United_States"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: New York City neighborhoods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NYCPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NYCPLACE&redirect=no">WP:NYCPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Neighborhoods within <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> are identified by the standard <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">"Neighborhood, Borough"</span> when not at the base name, where "Borough" is one of the <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">five boroughs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> or <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Minor_civil_divisions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Minor_civil_divisions-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Minor_civil_divisions-United_States"></span>Minor civil divisions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Minor_civil_divisions-United_States"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Minor civil divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump_(proposals)/Archive_203#Shortening_US_Township_names" title="Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 203">a successful 2023 Village Pump proposal</a>, minor civil divisions, such as townships, the name of a minor civil division should follow the convention of Division, State, only including the relevant county of a division in between division and state if there are multiple divisions of the same name in a state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Highways" data-mw-thread-id="h-Highways-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Highways-United_States"></span>Highways<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Highways-United_States"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Highways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>US highways should be listed as is found in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(U.S._state_and_territory_highways)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (U.S. state and territory highways)">WP:Naming conventions (U.S. state and territory highways)</a>. </p><p>Hawaii has different conventions per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="States" data-mw-thread-id="h-States-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-States-United_States"></span>States<span data-mw-comment-end="h-States-United_States"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The common names of states are just the state name, with disambiguation needed for <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York (state)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington (state)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia (U.S. state)</a>. When referring to U.S. states in prose: </p> <ul><li>An ambiguous state name is OK when clear from context or previous disambiguation e.g. "Washington" the article <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington (state)</a>.</li> <li><span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">New York State</span> is acceptable, but for other states, use the short name or "State of" or "Commonwealth of" to name the state or its government, always capitalized if matching the formal name. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">State of New York</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Commonwealth of Massachusetts</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">state of Massachusetts</span>, <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Montana state budget</span>. This avoids confusion with state universities and sports teams like <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona State">Arizona State</a> (which redirects to <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>). <a href="/wiki/Washington_State" class="mw-disambig" title="Washington State">Washington State</a> is a disambiguation page; it is especially important to use <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">State of Washington</span> for the state and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Washington State University</span> or <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">WSU</span> for the university.</li> <li>Appending "State" is OK when it appears in proper names like <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Corrections" title="Washington State Department of Corrections">Washington State Department of Corrections</a></span>.</li></ul> <p>The above is meant to be descriptive of common practices, not prescriptive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania" data-mw-thread-id="h-Oceania-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Oceania-Region-specific_guidance"></span>Oceania<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Oceania-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Oceania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Australia-Oceania"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Australia-Oceania"></span>Australia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Australia-Oceania"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NCAUST"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCAUST&redirect=no">WP:NCAUST</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Most Australian settlement articles are at <i>Town, State/Territory</i>; however, the name of a city or town may be used alone if the place is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC">primary or only topic</a> for that name (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> rather than [[Sydney, New South Wales]]). Note cases such as <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle, New South Wales</a>, which needs to be disambiguated from its namesake in the UK. State/territory names should <i>not</i> be abbreviated in article titles. </p><p>Localities (other than suburbs) and places such as train stations, parks, etc., may be disambiguated, where necessary, by reference to city rather than state (e.g., <a href="/wiki/The_Rocks,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rocks, Sydney">The Rocks, Sydney</a>, rather than [[The Rocks, New South Wales]]). </p><p>Local government areas are at their official name. Where further disambiguation is required, the local government area name is used in parentheses following the state name: [[Town, State (Local Government Area)]] (such as <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Victoria_(Macedon_Ranges)" title="Springfield, Victoria (Macedon Ranges)">Springfield, Victoria (Macedon Ranges)</a>). </p><p>For Australian roads, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Australian_roads)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Australian roads)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Australian roads)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaii" data-mw-thread-id="h-Hawaii-Oceania"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Hawaii-Oceania"></span>Hawaii<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Hawaii-Oceania"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Hawaii" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Micronesia,_Federated_States_of" data-mw-thread-id="h-Micronesia,_Federated_States_of-Oceania"><span id="Micronesia.2C_Federated_States_of"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Micronesia,_Federated_States_of-Oceania"></span>Micronesia, Federated States of<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Micronesia,_Federated_States_of-Oceania"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Micronesia, Federated States of" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>When referring to the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, the long-form is preferred. There is no official short-form name for the country. The use of simply "<a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>" can be seen as inaccurate and ambiguous, since this name primarily refers to a geographic region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand" data-mw-thread-id="h-New_Zealand-Oceania"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-New_Zealand-Oceania"></span>New Zealand<span data-mw-comment-end="h-New_Zealand-Oceania"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(New_Zealand)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (New Zealand)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (New Zealand)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_Southeast_Asia" data-mw-thread-id="h-South_and_Southeast_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-South_and_Southeast_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span>South and Southeast Asia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-South_and_Southeast_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: South and Southeast Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bangladesh-South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bangladesh-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>Bangladesh<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bangladesh-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Bangladesh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A guideline in conjunction with this convention is adopted and described at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(places_in_Bangladesh)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places in Bangladesh)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places in Bangladesh)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India" data-mw-thread-id="h-India-South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-India-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>India<span data-mw-comment-end="h-India-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NCIND"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCIND&redirect=no">WP:NCIND</a></span></li></ul></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles</a></div> <p>Levels below the country level are used in cases where disambiguation is needed. This means one would start with either the state/territory or the district. Most Indian place names have serious spelling issues because of their local language origin. But district names have more uniformly accepted names and they can be checked at <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">List of districts in India</a>. So the solution for spelling issues is to disambiguate smaller places by adding the name of the <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of India">district</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur, Malappuram</a> is more suitable than <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanur, India">Tanur, India</a> as <b> Tanur</b> can appear in different parts of India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Indonesia-South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Indonesia-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>Indonesia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Indonesia-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Indonesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles</a></div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> use [[Placename]]. Where disambiguation with a place outside of Indonesia is required, [[Placename, Indonesia]] is used, if disambiguation between two places in Indonesia is required, [[Placename, Province]] is used. </p><p>Names of places should generally use the English name, unless it is more commonly known in English sources by the local name. For example, mountains should be titled [[Name Mountain]] rather than [[Gunung Name]], rivers should be titled [[Name River]] rather than [[Sungai Name]], and islands should be titled [[Name Island]] rather than [[Pulau Name]]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Malaysia-South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Malaysia-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>Malaysia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Malaysia-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Malaysia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> use [[Placename]]. Where disambiguation with a place outside of Malaysia is required, [[Placename, Malaysia]] is used, if disambiguation between two places in Malaysia is required, [[Placename, Statename]] is used. </p><p>Districts are given in the form [[Placename District]]. </p><p>Names of places should generally use the English name, unless it is more commonly known in English sources by the local name. For example, mountains should be titled [[Name Mountain]] rather than [[Gunung Name]], rivers should be titled [[Name River]] rather than [[Sungai Name]], and islands should be titled [[Name Island]] rather than [[Pulau Name]]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Philippines-South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Philippines-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>Philippines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Philippines-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Philippines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NCPHILIPPINE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCPHILIPPINE&redirect=no">WP:NCPHILIPPINE</a></span></li></ul></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippine-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippine-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippine-related articles</a></div> <p>Where possible, articles on cities use [[Cityname]] (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dumaguete" title="Dumaguete">Dumaguete</a>). Where disambiguation is required, city articles go under [[Cityname, Provincename]] (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Bukidnon" title="Valencia, Bukidnon">Valencia, Bukidnon</a>) or [[Cityname, Philippines]] (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Angeles,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Angeles, Philippines">Angeles, Philippines</a>). Municipality articles follow the format [[Municipalityname]], and if disambiguation is needed or is necessary, [[Municipalityname, Provincename]] (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baganga" title="Baganga">Baganga</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Pascual,_Masbate" title="San Pascual, Masbate">San Pascual, Masbate</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore" data-mw-thread-id="h-Singapore-South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Singapore-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>Singapore<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Singapore-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Singapore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam" data-mw-thread-id="h-Vietnam-South_and_Southeast_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Vietnam-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span>Vietnam<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Vietnam-South_and_Southeast_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Vietnam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:VIETPLACE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:VIETPLACE&redirect=no">WP:VIETPLACE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Where possible, articles on cities (<i>thành phố</i>) and towns (<i>thị xã</i>) use [[Placename]]. Urban districts (<i>quận</i>) and rural districts (<i>huyện</i>) are given in the form [[Placename District]]. Provinces (<i>tỉnh</i>) are given in the form [[Placename Province]]. </p><p>Where disambiguation is required, the "Provincename" and the comma convention is used, thus [[Cityname, Provincename]] or for districts [[Placename District, Provincename]]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asia" data-mw-thread-id="h-West_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-West_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span>West Asia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-West_Asia-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: West Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran" data-mw-thread-id="h-Iran-West_Asia"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Iran-West_Asia"></span>Iran<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Iran-West_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in Iran use [[Placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, name of the highest available administrative subdivision is used (but its level is not included in the title): thus <a href="/wiki/Tidar,_Lorestan" title="Tidar, Lorestan">Tidar, Lorestan</a> and not <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidar,_Lorestan_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidar, Lorestan Province (page does not exist)">Tidar, Lorestan Province</a>. The two places called Tidar in Hormozgan Province can be found at <a href="/wiki/Tidar,_Bashagard" title="Tidar, Bashagard">Tidar, Bashagard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidar,_Hajjiabad" title="Tidar, Hajjiabad">Tidar, Hajjiabad</a> (not at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidar,_Bashagard,_Hormozgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidar, Bashagard, Hormozgan (page does not exist)">Tidar, Bashagard, Hormozgan</a>, or some such, unless disambiguation of Tidar in Bashagard is needed - which should be quite uncommon). </p><p><i>Ostan</i> is translated as "Province"; <i>Shahrestan</i> is translated as "County"; <i>Bakhsh</i> is translated as "District"; and <i>Dehestan</i> is translated as "Rural District"; and these translations are used throughout. Generic geographic terms such as "river", "mountain", "island", "castle", and modifiers such as "north", "old", "new", "red", should be translated except when in names of populated places: thus <a href="/wiki/Qaleh_Sorkh" class="mw-disambig" title="Qaleh Sorkh">Qaleh Sorkh</a>, not "Sorkh Castle" or "Red Castle". If no common English usage is found, use the official name, including <i>Shahrak</i> ("town") and <i>Deh</i> ("village") – as these terms often distinguish the place from another place of similar or identical name. Inclusion of spaces in place names should follow English sources, if available, or official usage. </p><p>Places with the same Persian name should generally be spelled the same in English, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hajjiabad" class="mw-disambig" title="Hajjiabad">Hajjiabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajiabad" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hajiabad">Hajiabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haji_Abad" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Haji Abad">Haji Abad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Abad" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hajji Abad">Hajji Abad</a>, and various should all be "Hajjiabad" as that is the dominant transliteration, unless another form for a particular Hajjiabad is used in a majority of sources. Linking from a disambiguation page is required for all deviant spellings to enable a user to find the Hajjiabad in question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel–Palestine" data-mw-thread-id="h-Israel–Palestine-West_Asia"><span id="Israel.E2.80.93Palestine"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Israel–Palestine-West_Asia"></span>Israel–Palestine<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Israel–Palestine-West_Asia"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Israel–Palestine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(West_Bank)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (West Bank)">Naming conventions (West Bank)</a> </p><p><i>A convention was under discussion at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Israel/Archive_2#Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(settlements)" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Israel/Archive 2">Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Israel/Archive 2 § Wikipedia:Naming conventions (settlements)</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other-Region-specific_guidance"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other-Region-specific_guidance"></span>Other<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other-Region-specific_guidance"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falkland_Islands" data-mw-thread-id="h-Falkland_Islands-Other"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Falkland_Islands-Other"></span>Falkland Islands<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Falkland_Islands-Other"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Falkland Islands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NCFALKLAND"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCFALKLAND&redirect=no">WP:NCFALKLAND</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The predominant usage in English is <i>Falkland Islands</i>, but the name <i>Malvinas</i> is encyclopedic information, of particular importance with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">disputed</a> Argentine territorial claim. </p> <ul><li>Geographical articles include both the English and Spanish names of the locality in the lead, but continue with the English name only. Articles on individual islands also note the Spanish name in the infobox.</li> <li>Articles that directly relate to the dispute include a translation involving <i>Malvinas</i> directly after the first instance of the word <i>Falkland</i>, but use <i>Falkland</i> alone thereafter. For example, "Falkland Islands (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Islas Malvinas</i>)" or "Falklands War (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Guerra de Malvinas</i>)".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa" data-mw-thread-id="h-South_Africa-Other"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-South_Africa-Other"></span>South Africa<span data-mw-comment-end="h-South_Africa-Other"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Where possible, articles on places in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> use [[placename]]. Where disambiguation is required, [[Placename, South Africa]] is used. Where there are multiple South African places with the same name, then [[Placename, Province]] is used (e.g. <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Heidelberg, Gauteng</span> and <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);">Heidelberg, Western Cape</span>). Suburbs and neighbourhoods are sometimes also disambiguated using [[Suburb, City]] although this convention is not consistently applied. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Compass_points" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Compass points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters#Place_names" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters § Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Seven_rules_of_place_naming" title="Wikipedia:Seven rules of place naming">Wikipedia:Seven rules of place naming</a> (humorous)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country names in various languages">List of country names in various languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_with_alternative_names" title="List of European regions with alternative names">List of European regions with alternative names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_geographic_scope" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope">Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope</a>, for articles tagged as needing editing to conform to naming conventions</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AP_Stylebook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP_Stylebook_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The cities listed in the <i>AP Stylebook</i> are <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—although Washington, D.C., does have a territorial qualifier and New York is naturally disambiguated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primary topic should be judged against all encyclopedic usages of a name; thus, for example, Phoenix is considered not primary because of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">mythological Phoenix</a>, Washington is not because of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and New York isn't primary because of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">state</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using disambiguation by state in cases where it is not necessary has the advantage of providing consistent article titles for places in the United States (a majority of which are ambiguous and so require disambiguation anyway), but the disadvantage of inconsistency with titles used for articles on places in most other countries (where redundant disambiguation is <i>not</i> used), as well as a loss of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Deciding_an_article_title" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">conciseness</a>. Current convention is to omit the state only with the well-known cities which the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> lists as not requiring the state qualifier in a journalistic context, unless they, like <a href="/wiki/Phoenix" class="mw-disambig" title="Phoenix">Phoenix</a>, conflict with another non-geographic article; the <i>AP Stylebook</i> is a reliable source, written in American English.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/support/forum/p/customsearch/thread?tid=0bddff0080c09c88&hl=en">"How can I see more than 1000 results in google ?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+can+I+see+more+than+1000+results+in+google+%3F&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsupport%2Fforum%2Fp%2Fcustomsearch%2Fthread%3Ftid%3D0bddff0080c09c88%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANaming+conventions+%28geographic+names%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrokeBrattonGrossMcMillan2022" class="citation book cs1">Froke, Paula; Bratton, Anna Jo; Gross, Andale; McMillan, Jeff; Sarkar, Pia; Schwartz, Jeff; Vadarevu, Raghuram, eds. (2022). <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook"><i>The Associated Press Stylebook</i></a> (56th ed.). Associated Press. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B72HTS37">B0B72HTS37</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Associated+Press+Stylebook&rft.edition=56th&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANaming+conventions+%28geographic+names%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pol%C3%ADtica_sobre_toponimia" title="Wikipedia:Política sobre toponimia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wikipedia:Política sobre toponimia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедия:Мәҡәләләргә исем биреү/Топонимика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Мәҡәләләргә исем биреү/Топонимика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Γεωγραφικά ονόματα λημμάτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Γεωγραφικά ονόματα λημμάτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Top%C3%B3nimos_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Wikipedia:Topónimos de España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Topónimos de España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C)" title="ویکی‌پدیا:قواعد نام‌گذاری (اسامی جغرافیایی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:قواعد نام‌گذاری (اسامی جغرافیایی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Toponimia" title="Wikipedia:Toponimia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wikipedia:Toponimia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_penamaan/Lokasi_geografis" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman penamaan/Lokasi geografis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Pedoman penamaan/Lokasi geografis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Maqolalarni_nomlash_(jug%CA%BBrofiy_nomlar)" title="Vikipediya:Maqolalarni nomlash (jugʻrofiy nomlar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Maqolalarni nomlash (jugʻrofiy nomlar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomoc:Nazewnictwo_geograficzne" title="Pomoc:Nazewnictwo geograficzne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pomoc:Nazewnictwo geograficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия:Именование статей/Географические названия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Именование статей/Географические названия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Geografiska_namn" title="Wikipedia:Geografiska namn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Geografiska namn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B8)" title="Вікіпедія:Іменування статей (топоніми) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Іменування статей (топоніми)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 10:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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