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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brooklyn</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Brooklyn" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Brooklyn" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the borough in New York City. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brooklyn (disambiguation)">Brooklyn (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Brooklyn is a <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> located at the westernmost end of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a>. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelve original counties established under British rule in 1683 in the then <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>. As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusMap-1">[1]</a> the population stood at 2,736,074, making it the most populous of the five boroughs of New York City, the most populous <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)#County" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">county</a> in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Counties2020NYS-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-GR1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CensusPopulation2022-7">[7]</a> Brooklyn, at 37,339.9 inhabitants per square mile (14,417.0/km2), is the second <a href="/wiki/County_statistics_of_the_United_States#Most_densely_populated" title="County statistics of the United States">most densely populated county</a> in the U.S. after <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> (New York County), as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-CensusDensity2022-8">[8]</a> Had Brooklyn remained an independent city, it would now be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">fourth most populous</a> American city after the rest of New York City, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CensusPopulation2022-7">[7]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Brooklyn</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Kings County, New York</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Borough</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">county</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Brooklyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brooklyn skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Downtown_Brooklyn.jpg/288px-Downtown_Brooklyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Downtown_Brooklyn.jpg/432px-Downtown_Brooklyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Downtown_Brooklyn.jpg/576px-Downtown_Brooklyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="446"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Bridge_Manhattan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brooklyn Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brooklyn_Bridge_Manhattan.jpg/142px-Brooklyn_Bridge_Manhattan.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brooklyn_Bridge_Manhattan.jpg/213px-Brooklyn_Bridge_Manhattan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Brooklyn_Bridge_Manhattan.jpg/284px-Brooklyn_Bridge_Manhattan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_(June_2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coney Island beach and amusement parks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg/142px-Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg/213px-Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg/284px-Coney_Island_beach_and_amusement_parks_%28June_2016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Entrance_(52302265063).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Entrance_%2852302265063%29.jpg/137px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Entrance_%2852302265063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Entrance_%2852302265063%29.jpg/206px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Entrance_%2852302265063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Entrance_%2852302265063%29.jpg/274px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Entrance_%2852302265063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="2826"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brooklyn Borough Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG/147px-Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="147" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG/221px-Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG/294px-Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2626"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Borough_Hall" title="Brooklyn Borough Hall">Borough Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BarclayCenter-2_(48034233762).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barclays Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BarclayCenter-2_%2848034233762%29.jpg/170px-BarclayCenter-2_%2848034233762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BarclayCenter-2_%2848034233762%29.jpg/255px-BarclayCenter-2_%2848034233762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/BarclayCenter-2_%2848034233762%29.jpg/340px-BarclayCenter-2_%2848034233762%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Barclays_Center" title="Barclays Center">Barclays Center</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brooklyn College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg/114px-2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg/171px-2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg/228px-2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="3368"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brooklyn,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brooklyn"><img alt="Flag of Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg/110px-Flag_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg/165px-Flag_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg/220px-Flag_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="252"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_New_York_City" title="Flags of New York City">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Brooklyn,_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Brooklyn"><img alt="Official seal of Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Seal_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg/90px-Seal_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Seal_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg/135px-Seal_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Seal_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg/180px-Seal_of_Brooklyn%2C_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="315"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Unity_makes_strength" title="Unity makes strength">Eendraght Maeckt Maght</a> ("Unity makes strength")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays='["_00ad1d065066593f9b727923e454e0100bf95aa1"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Brooklyn&revid=1259363390&groups=_00ad1d065066593f9b727923e454e0100bf95aa1" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Brooklyn&revid=1259363390&groups=_00ad1d065066593f9b727923e454e0100bf95aa1 2x" alt="Map"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Brooklyn</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Kings_County.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brooklyn in New York State"><img alt="Brooklyn in New York State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Kings_County.svg/250px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Kings_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Kings_County.svg/375px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Kings_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Kings_County.svg/500px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Kings_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="838"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Brooklyn in New York State</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brooklyn is located in New York City"><img alt="Brooklyn is located in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/250px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/375px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/500px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="757"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.842%;left:47.41%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Brooklyn</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div>Show map of New York City</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brooklyn is located in New York"><img alt="Brooklyn is located in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/250px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/375px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/500px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1276"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.144%;left:72.406%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Brooklyn</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a></div>Show map of New York</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brooklyn is located in the United States"><img alt="Brooklyn is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.626%;left:85.741%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Brooklyn</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brooklyn is located in Earth"><img alt="Brooklyn is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.393%;left:29.447%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Brooklyn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Brooklyn</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div>Show map of Earth</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brooklyn&params=40_41_34_N_73_59_25_W_region:US-NYC_type:city">40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W / 40.69278; -73.99028</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counties in New York (state)">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kings (coterminous)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York (state)">City</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1634</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Borough</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Borough_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough President">Borough President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Reynoso" title="Antonio Reynoso">Antonio Reynoso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>) — (Borough of Brooklyn)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_District_Attorney" title="Brooklyn District Attorney">District Attorney</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Gonzalez_(lawyer)" title="Eric Gonzalez (lawyer)">Eric Gonzalez</a> (D) — (Kings County)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">97 sq mi (250 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">70.82 sq mi (183.4 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">26 sq mi (67 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">220 ft (67 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,736,074<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusMap-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">38,634/sq mi (14,917/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Brooklynite<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-bea.gov-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">US$107.274 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a> prefix</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">112</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_718,_347,_and_929" title="Area codes 718, 347, and 929">718/347/929</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_917" title="Area code 917">917</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Congressional districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="New York's 7th congressional district">7th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="New York's 8th congressional district">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="New York's 9th congressional district">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="New York's 10th congressional district">10th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="New York's 11th congressional district">11th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynbp.nyc.gov">brooklynbp.nyc.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Named after the Dutch town of <a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a> in the Netherlands, Brooklyn shares a border with the borough of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>. It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan, across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, and is connected to <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> by way of the <a href="/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge" title="Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge">Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge</a>. With a land area of 69.38 square miles (179.7 km2) and a water area of 27.48 square miles (71.2 km2), Kings County is the state of New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Brooklyn was founded by <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">the Dutch</a> in the 17th century and grew into a busy port city on <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> by the 19th century. On January 1, 1898, after a long political campaign and public-relations battle during the 1890s and despite opposition from Brooklyn residents, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed</a> (along with other areas) to form the current five-borough structure of New York City in accordance to the new municipal charter of "<a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">Greater New York</a>".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The borough continues to maintain some <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brooklyn" title="Culture of Brooklyn">distinct culture</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brooklyn_neighborhoods" title="List of Brooklyn neighborhoods">Brooklyn neighborhoods</a> are <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York City">Jews</a> forming around a quarter of its population, the borough has been described as "the most Jewish spot on Earth".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the borough seal and <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_New_York_City%27s_boroughs#Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of New York City's boroughs">flag</a>, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> as '<a href="/wiki/Unity_makes_strength" title="Unity makes strength">Unity makes strength</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Educational institutions in Brooklyn include the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers_College" title="Medgar Evers College">Medgar Evers College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_College_of_Technology" title="New York City College of Technology">College of Technology</a>. In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">hipsters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> with concomitant <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>, dramatic house-price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Since the 2010s, parts of Brooklyn have evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship, high-technology <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup firms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrooklynDesignHub-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">postmodern art</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BrooklynArt1-18">[18]</a> and design.<a href="#cite_note-BrooklynDesignHub-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Toponymy">1 Toponymy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Colonial_era">2.1 Colonial era</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#New_Netherland">2.1.1 New Netherland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Province_of_New_York">2.1.2 Province of New York</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Revolutionary_War">2.1.3 Revolutionary War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-independence_era">2.2 Post-independence era</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Urbanization">2.2.1 Urbanization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Civil_War">2.2.2 Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Twin_city">2.2.3 Twin city</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Seth_Low_as_mayor">2.2.3.1 Seth Low as mayor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Mayors_of_the_City_of_Brooklyn">2.2.3.2 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#New_York_City_borough">2.3 New York City borough</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Boroughscape">3.2 Boroughscape</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Neighborhoods">4 Neighborhoods</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Community_diversity">4.1 Community diversity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Jewish_American">4.1.1 Jewish American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Chinese_American">4.1.2 Chinese American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Caribbean_and_African_American">4.1.3 Caribbean and African American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Hispanic_American">4.1.4 Hispanic American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Russian_and_Ukrainian_American">4.1.5 Russian and Ukrainian American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Polish_American">4.1.6 Polish American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Italian_American">4.1.7 Italian American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Arab_American_&_Muslim">4.1.8 Arab American & Muslim</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Irish_American">4.1.9 Irish American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#South_Asian_American">4.1.10 South Asian American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Greek_American">4.1.11 Greek American</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#LGBTQ_community">4.1.12 LGBTQ community</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Artists-in-residence">4.1.13 Artists-in-residence</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">5.1 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Languages">5.2 Languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Cultural_venues">6.1 Cultural venues</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Media">6.2 Media</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Local_periodicals">6.2.1 Local periodicals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Ethnic_press">6.2.2 Ethnic press</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Television">6.2.3 Television</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Events">6.3 Events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Economy">7 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Parks_and_other_attractions">8 Parks and other attractions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Sports">8.1 Sports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Government_and_politics">9 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Federal_representation">9.1 Federal representation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Housing">10 Housing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Education">11 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Higher_education">11.1 Higher education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Public_colleges">11.1.1 Public colleges</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Private_colleges">11.1.2 Private colleges</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#Community_colleges">11.1.3 Community colleges</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Brooklyn_Public_Library">12 Brooklyn Public Library</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Transportation">13 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Public_transport">13.1 Public transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Roadways">13.2 Roadways</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Waterways">13.3 Waterways</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Partnerships_with_districts_of_foreign_cities">14 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Hospitals_and_healthcare">15 Hospitals and healthcare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#See_also">16 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#General_links">16.1 General links</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#History_of_neighborhoods">16.2 History of neighborhoods</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#General_history">16.3 General history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="#Notes">17 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="#References">18 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#Further_reading">19 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67"><a href="#Published_before_1941">19.1 Published before 1941</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-68"><a href="#Published_1941%E2%80%93present">19.2 Published 1941–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-69"><a href="#External_links">20 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-70"><a href="#History_2">20.1 History</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Brooklyn is derived from the original <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a>. The oldest mention of the settlement in the Netherlands is in a charter of 953 by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Otto I">Holy Roman Emperor Otto I</a> as Broecklede.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This form is made up of the words broeck, meaning bog or <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshland</a>, and lede, meaning small (dug) water stream, specifically in peat areas.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Breuckelen on the American continent was established in 1646, and the name first appeared in print in 1663.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen, and finally Breukelen.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The current name, however, is the one that best reflects its meaning.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brooklyn" title="Timeline of Brooklyn">Timeline of Brooklyn</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> The history of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European settlement</a> in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch-founded</a> town of "Breuckelen" on the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> shore of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, to form the modern City of New York. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Netherland">New Netherland</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Netherland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, an Algonquian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name "<a href="/wiki/Canarsie" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarsie">Canarsie</a>". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after <a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; it was part of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a>: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Moody" title="Deborah Moody">Deborah Moody</a>, named for <a href="/wiki/%27s-Gravenzande" title="'s-Gravenzande">'s-Gravenzande</a>, Netherlands, or <a href="/wiki/Gravesend" title="Gravesend">Gravesend</a>, England;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn">Brooklyn Heights</a>: chartered as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled <a href="/wiki/Breukelen" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a>, Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatlands,_Brooklyn" title="Flatlands, Brooklyn">Flatlands</a>: chartered as Nieuw <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a> in 1647;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a>: chartered as <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwout</a> in 1652;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Utrecht,_Brooklyn" title="New Utrecht, Brooklyn">Nieuw Utrecht</a> in 1652, named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a>, Netherlands; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick</a>: chartered as Boswijck in 1661.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dining_table_in_Brooklyn,_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG/250px-Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG/250px-Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG/375px-Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG/500px-Dining_table_in_Brooklyn%2C_c._1664_IMG_3837.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A dining table from the Dutch village of Brooklyn, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1664, in <a href="/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brooklyn Museum">The Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure></li></ul> The colony's capital of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653. The neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Marine_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Park, Brooklyn">Marine Park</a> was home to North America's first <a href="/wiki/Tide_mill" title="Tide mill">tide mill</a>. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Furman" title="Gabriel Furman">Gabriel Furman</a>'s 1824 compilation.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Province_of_New_York">Province of New York</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Province of New York" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrooklynMap1766.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BrooklynMap1766.jpg/250px-BrooklynMap1766.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1629"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BrooklynMap1766.jpg/250px-BrooklynMap1766.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BrooklynMap1766.jpg/375px-BrooklynMap1766.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BrooklynMap1766.jpg/500px-BrooklynMap1766.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766</figcaption></figure> Present-day Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> captured the <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> colony in 1664, a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James, Duke of York</a>, brother of the then monarch <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> and future king himself as <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James II</a>. Brooklyn became a part of the West Riding of <a href="/wiki/York_Shire_(Province_of_New_York)" title="York Shire (Province of New York)">York Shire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a> of nascent <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>. On November 1, 1683, Kings County was partitioned from the West Riding of York Shire, containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York#Counties" title="Province of New York">"original twelve counties"</a>. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity. Lacking the <a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">patroon</a> and tenant farmer system established along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson River Valley</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">slaves</a> among the population in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">"Original Thirteen Colonies"</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revolutionary War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg/250px-Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg/250px-Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg/375px-Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg/500px-Battle-of-Long-Island-Map-sml.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> was fought across Kings County.</figcaption></figure> On August 27, 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a> (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn') was fought, the first major engagement fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> after <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">independence was declared</a>, and the largest of the entire conflict. <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British troops</a> forced <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> troops under <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> off the heights near the modern sites of <a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza" title="Grand Army Plaza">Grand Army Plaza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough,_David_2005-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a>, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the <a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Canal" title="Gowanus Canal">Gowanus Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Brooklyn)" title="Old Stone House (Brooklyn)">Old Stone House</a> from atop a hill near the west end of present-day <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Avenue (Brooklyn)">Atlantic Avenue</a>, was reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day lose!".<a href="#cite_note-McCullough,_David_2005-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortified</a> American positions at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn">Brooklyn Heights</a> consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the <a href="/wiki/Tactical_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical withdrawal">tactical withdrawal</a> of all his troops and supplies across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.<a href="#cite_note-McCullough,_David_2005-32">[32]</a> The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">North America</a> for the remainder of the conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> residents largely fled or were cleared from the area, and afterward the British generally enjoyed a dominant <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Patriot intelligence network</a>, headed by Washington himself. The British set up a system of <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">prison ships</a> off the coast of Brooklyn in <a href="/wiki/Wallabout_Bay" title="Wallabout Bay">Wallabout Bay</a>. More American <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a> died there than <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">in combat</a> on all the battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. One result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783 was the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">evacuation of the British from New York City</a>, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_era">Post-independence era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-independence era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urbanization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3204"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Francis_Guy_-_Winter_Scene_in_Brooklyn_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Winter Scene in Brooklyn, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1819–20, by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Guy" title="Francis Guy">Francis Guy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Naval_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Naval Shipyard">New York Navy Yard</a> operated in <a href="/wiki/Wallabout_Bay" title="Wallabout Bay">Wallabout Bay</a> (border between Fort Greene and Williamsburg) during the 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century. The first center of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1816. Reliable steam <a href="/wiki/List_of_ferries_across_the_East_River" title="List of ferries across the East River">ferry service</a> across the East River to <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Ferry,_Brooklyn" title="Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn">Fulton Landing</a> converted <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn">Brooklyn Heights</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">commuter town</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Street_(Brooklyn)" title="Fulton Street (Brooklyn)">Fulton Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/East_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="East New York">East New York</a>. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburgh</a> in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_deconcentration" title="Industrial deconcentration">Industrial deconcentration</a> in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems. However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburg; it, along with its Town of <a href="/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick</a> hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1855, subsequently dropping the 'h' from its name.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> By 1841, with the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle" title="Brooklyn Eagle">The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat</a> published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> baseball team, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> in 1957. Agitation against <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. After the war the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher_Monument" title="Henry Ward Beecher Monument">Henry Ward Beecher Monument</a> was built downtown to honor a famous local <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza" title="Grand Army Plaza">Grand Army Plaza</a>. The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The city's population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The best-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the <a href="/wiki/14th_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Brooklyn">14th Brooklyn</a> "Red Legged Devils". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> called them into service, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by the French <a href="/wiki/Chasseur" title="Chasseur">Chasseurs</a>, a light infantry used for quick assaults. As a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">Monitor</a> was built in Brooklyn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twin_city">Twin city</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Twin city" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "<a href="/wiki/The_New_Colossus" title="The New Colossus">The New Colossus</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a>, which appears on a plaque inside the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival. During this period, the affluent, contiguous districts of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene,_Brooklyn" title="Fort Greene, Brooklyn">Fort Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Clinton Hill, Brooklyn">Clinton Hill</a> (then characterized collectively as The Hill) were home to such notable figures as <a href="/wiki/Astral_Oil_Works" title="Astral Oil Works">Astral Oil Works</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pratt" title="Charles Pratt">Charles Pratt</a> and his children, including local civic leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Millard_Pratt" title="Charles Millard Pratt">Charles Millard Pratt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> co-founders <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pfizer" title="Charles Pfizer">Charles Pfizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Erhart" title="Charles F. Erhart">Charles F. Erhart</a>. Brooklyn Heights remained one of the New York metropolitan area's most august patrician redoubts into the early 20th century under the aegis of such figures as abolitionist clergyman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologians</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Abbott" title="Lyman Abbott">Lyman Abbott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newell_Dwight_Hillis" title="Newell Dwight Hillis">Newell Dwight Hillis</a> (who followed Beecher as the second and third pastors of <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Church_(Brooklyn)" title="Plymouth Church (Brooklyn)">Plymouth Church</a>, respectively), financier <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Pierrepont" title="John Jay Pierrepont">John Jay Pierrepont</a> (a grandson of founding Heights resident <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_Pierrepont" title="Hezekiah Pierrepont">Hezekiah Pierrepont</a>), banker/art collector <a href="/wiki/David_Leavitt_(banker)" title="David Leavitt (banker)">David Leavitt</a>, educator/politician <a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a>, merchant/banker <a href="/wiki/Horace_Brigham_Claflin" title="Horace Brigham Claflin">Horace Brigham Claflin</a>, attorney <a href="/wiki/William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">William Cary Sanger</a> (who served for two years as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">United States Assistant Secretary of War</a> under Presidents <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>) and publisher <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Smith_Barnes" title="Alfred Smith Barnes">Alfred Smith Barnes</a>. Contiguous to the Heights, the less exclusive <a href="/wiki/South_Brooklyn" title="South Brooklyn">South Brooklyn</a> was home to longtime civic leader <a href="/wiki/James_S._T._Stranahan" title="James S. T. Stranahan">James S. T. Stranahan</a>, who became known (often derisively) as the "<a href="/wiki/Georges-Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann" title="Georges-Eugène Haussmann">Baron Haussmann</a> of Brooklyn" for championing <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a> and other public works. Economic growth continued, propelled by <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from <a href="/wiki/Gowanus,_Brooklyn" title="Gowanus, Brooklyn">Gowanus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint</a> was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the <a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Canal" title="Gowanus Canal">Gowanus Canal</a> and the canalized <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Creek" title="Newtown Creek">Newtown Creek</a>. <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS Monitor</a> was the most famous product of the large and growing <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipbuilding industry">shipbuilding industry</a> of Williamsburg. After the <a href="/wiki/US_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="US Civil War">Civil War</a>, trolley lines and other transport brought <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> beyond Prospect Park (completed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Vaux" title="Calvert Vaux">Calvert Vaux</a> in 1873 and widely heralded as an improvement upon the earlier <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>) into the center of the county, as evinced by gradual settlement in the comparatively rustic villages of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Terrace,_Brooklyn" title="Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn">Windsor Terrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Brooklyn" title="Kensington, Brooklyn">Kensington</a> in the Town of Flatbush. By century's end, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Alvord" title="Dean Alvord">Dean Alvord</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_South" title="Prospect Park South">Prospect Park South</a> development (adjacent to the village of Flatbush) would serve as the template for contemporaneous "<a href="/wiki/Victorian_Flatbush" title="Victorian Flatbush">Victorian Flatbush</a>" micro-neighborhoods and the post-consolidation emergence of outlying districts, such as <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Park, Brooklyn">Marine Park</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, it also presaged the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">automobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a>-driven vogue for more remote prewar suburban communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey" title="Montclair, New Jersey">Montclair, New Jersey</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg/250px-Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7948" data-file-height="5707"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg/250px-Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg/375px-Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg/500px-Currier_and_Ives_Brooklyn_Bridge2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> in 1883, by <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a></figcaption></figure> The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks, including the <a href="/wiki/Ridgewood_Reservoir" title="Ridgewood Reservoir">Ridgewood Reservoir</a>. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Fire_Department" title="Brooklyn Fire Department">Brooklyn Fire Department</a> (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District. Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway" title="History of the New York City Subway">rail links</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/BMT_Brighton_Line" title="BMT Brighton Line">Brighton Beach Line</a> in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation. <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Brooklyn" title="Sports in Brooklyn">Sports in Brooklyn</a> became a business. The Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of <a href="/wiki/Park_Slope,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Slope, Brooklyn">Park Slope</a> and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to <a href="/wiki/Ebbets_Field" title="Ebbets Field">Ebbets Field</a>, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beach_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach resort">beach resorts</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach" title="Brighton Beach">Brighton Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg/250px-Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8635" data-file-height="5927"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg/250px-Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg/375px-Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg/500px-Currier_%26_Ives_Brooklyn2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a> print of Brooklyn, 1886</figcaption></figure> Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Park Slope was rapidly urbanized, with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city's third "Gold Coast" district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill; notable residents of the era included <a href="/wiki/American_Chicle_Company" title="American Chicle Company">American Chicle Company</a> co-founder Thomas Adams Jr. and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a> executive Clinton L. Rossiter. East of The Hill, <a href="/wiki/Bedford-Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn">Bedford-Stuyvesant</a> coalesced as an upper middle class enclave for lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German and Irish descent (notably exemplified by John C. Kelley, a water meter magnate and close friend of President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>), with nearby <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the city's Jewish population as development continued through the early 20th century. Northeast of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick (by now a working class, predominantly German district) established a considerable <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a> industry; the so-called "Brewer's Row" encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14-block area in 1890. On the southwestern waterfront of Kings County, railroads and industrialization spread to <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a> (then coterminous with the city's sprawling, sparsely populated Eighth Ward) and adjacent <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn" title="Bay Ridge, Brooklyn">Bay Ridge</a> (hitherto a resort-like subsection of the Town of <a href="/wiki/New_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="New Utrecht">New Utrecht</a>). Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of <a href="/wiki/New_Lots,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="New Lots, Brooklyn">New Lots</a> in 1886; the Towns of <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a> and New Utrecht in 1894; and the Town of <a href="/wiki/Flatlands,_Brooklyn" title="Flatlands, Brooklyn">Flatlands</a> in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Seth_Low_as_mayor">Seth Low as mayor</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seth Low as mayor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Low's time in office from 1882 to 1885 was marked by a number of reforms:<a href="#cite_note-Kurland-42">[42]</a> <ul><li>Secured a degree of "home rule" of the city. Previously, the State Government dictated city policies, hiring, salaries, and other affairs. Low managed to secure an unofficial veto over all Brooklyn bills in the State Assembly.</li> <li>Instituted a number of educational reforms. He was the first to integrate Brooklyn schools. He introduced free textbooks for all students, not just those who had taken a pauper's oath. He instituted a competitive examination for hiring teachers, instead of giving teaching jobs to pay political debts. He set aside $430,000 (equivalent to $13,576,138 in 2023) for the construction of new schools to accommodate 10,000 new students.</li> <li>Introduced Civil Service Code to all city employees, eliminating patronage jobs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> wanted to enjoy their local beer gardens on the Sabbath, in violation of state "dry" laws and the demands of local puritanical clergy. Low's compromise solution was that saloons could stay open as long as they were orderly. At the first sign of rowdiness, they would be closed.</li> <li>Served as a member of the board of the New York Bridge Company, the company that built the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>, and led an unsuccessful effort to remove <a href="/wiki/Washington_Roebling" title="Washington Roebling">Washington Roebling</a> as the chief engineer on that project.<a href="#cite_note-GreatBridge-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Raised the tax rate from 2.33% of $100 assessed valuation in 1881 to 2.59% in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-Kurland-42">[42]</a> He also went after property owners who had not paid back taxes. This increase in city revenue enabled him to reduce the city's debt and increase services. However, raising taxes proved extremely unpopular.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mayors_of_the_City_of_Brooklyn">Mayors of the City of Brooklyn</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mayors of the City of Brooklyn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City" title="List of mayors of New York City">List of mayors of New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_President#Brooklyn_Borough_Presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough President">Brooklyn borough presidents</a></div> Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until 1898, after which it was consolidated into the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">City of Greater New York</a>, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a <a href="/wiki/Borough_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough President">Borough President</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Mayors of the City of Brooklyn<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mayor </th> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th style="border-left-style:hidden;padding:0.1em 0em">Party </th> <th>Start year </th> <th>End year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Hall_(Brooklyn)" title="George Hall (Brooklyn)">George Hall</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#008000"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> </td> <td>1834 </td> <td>1834 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trotter" title="Jonathan Trotter">Jonathan Trotter</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1835 </td> <td>1836 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Johnson_(mayor)" title="Jeremiah Johnson (mayor)">Jeremiah Johnson</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F0C862"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> </td> <td>1837 </td> <td>1838 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_P._Smith" title="Cyrus P. Smith">Cyrus P. Smith</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F0C862"> </td> <td>Whig </td> <td>1839 </td> <td>1841 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Murphy" title="Henry C. Murphy">Henry C. Murphy</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1842 </td> <td>1842 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sprague" title="Joseph Sprague">Joseph Sprague</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1843 </td> <td>1844 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Talmage" title="Thomas G. Talmage">Thomas G. Talmage</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1845 </td> <td>1845 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Stryker" title="Francis B. Stryker">Francis B. Stryker</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F0C862"> </td> <td>Whig </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>1848 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Copland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Copland (page does not exist)">Edward Copland</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F0C862"> </td> <td>Whig </td> <td>1849 </td> <td>1849 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(mayor_of_Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Smith (mayor of Brooklyn)">Samuel Smith</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1850 </td> <td>1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conklin_Brush" title="Conklin Brush">Conklin Brush</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#F0C862"> </td> <td>Whig </td> <td>1851 </td> <td>1852 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Lambert" title="Edward A. Lambert">Edward A. Lambert</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1853 </td> <td>1854 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Hall_(Brooklyn)" title="George Hall (Brooklyn)">George Hall</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#D99FE8"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing Party">Know Nothing</a> </td> <td>1855 </td> <td>1856 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Powell" title="Samuel S. Powell">Samuel S. Powell</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1857 </td> <td>1860 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kalbfleisch" title="Martin Kalbfleisch">Martin Kalbfleisch</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_M._Wood" title="Alfred M. Wood">Alfred M. Wood</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E81B23"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td>1864 </td> <td>1865 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Booth_(politician)" title="Samuel Booth (politician)">Samuel Booth</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E81B23"> </td> <td>Republican </td> <td>1866 </td> <td>1867 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kalbfleisch" title="Martin Kalbfleisch">Martin Kalbfleisch</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1868 </td> <td>1871 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Powell" title="Samuel S. Powell">Samuel S. Powell</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1872 </td> <td>1873 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hunter" title="John W. Hunter">John W. Hunter</a> </td> <td bgcolor="(#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1874 </td> <td>1875 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Schroeder" title="Frederick A. Schroeder">Frederick A. Schroeder</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E81B23"> </td> <td>Republican </td> <td>1876 </td> <td>1877 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Howell_(Brooklyn_Politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Howell (Brooklyn Politician)">James Howell</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1878 </td> <td>1881 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E81B23"> </td> <td>Republican </td> <td>1882 </td> <td>1885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Whitney" title="Daniel D. Whitney">Daniel D. Whitney</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1886 </td> <td>1887 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Chapin" title="Alfred C. Chapin">Alfred C. Chapin</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1888 </td> <td>1891 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_A._Boody" title="David A. Boody">David A. Boody</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#3333FF"> </td> <td>Democratic </td> <td>1892 </td> <td>1893 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Schieren" title="Charles A. Schieren">Charles A. Schieren</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E81B23"> </td> <td>Republican </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1895 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Wurster" title="Frederick W. Wurster">Frederick W. Wurster</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#E81B23"> </td> <td>Republican </td> <td>1896 </td> <td>1897 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_City_borough">New York City borough</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New York City borough" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%E2%80%931945)" title="History of New York City (1898–1945)">History of New York City (1898–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg/250px-1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="3084"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg/250px-1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg/375px-1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg/500px-1897_Brooklyn_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Brooklyn in 1897</figcaption></figure> In 1883, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened. The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of <a href="/wiki/Richmond_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond County, New York">Richmond</a> and the western portion of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens County</a>, and the county of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a>, which by then already included <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Haswell_Green" title="Andrew Haswell Green">Andrew Haswell Green</a> and other progressives said yes, and eventually, they prevailed against the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle" title="Brooklyn Eagle">Daily Eagle</a> and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the "Great Mistake of 1898", and the phrase still elicits Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg/220px-New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1978"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg/220px-New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg/330px-New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg/440px-New_York_City_location_Brooklyn.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder yellow)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg/220px-NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7409" data-file-height="8874"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg/220px-NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg/330px-NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg/440px-NY_Brooklyn_20190925_TM.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> map of Brooklyn (2019)</figcaption></figure> Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City's boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest <a href="/wiki/County_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (New York)">county</a> by land area and third-smallest by total area.<a href="#cite_note-GR1-6">[6]</a> Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip. Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay" title="Jamaica Bay">Jamaica Bay</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Narrows" title="The Narrows">The Narrows</a>, separating Brooklyn from the borough of <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> in New York City and crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge" title="Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge">Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Upper_New_York_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper New York Bay">Upper New York Bay</a>, separating Brooklyn from <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey" title="Bayonne, New Jersey">Bayonne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn-Battery_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg Bridge</a>, and numerous routes of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> in that borough's <a href="/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens" title="Jamaica, Queens">Jamaica</a> neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a> neighborhood. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Brooklyn experiences a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cfa),<a href="#cite_note-Peel,_M._C.;_Finlayson,_B._L.;_McMahon,_T._A-47">[47]</a> with partial shielding from the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and moderating influences from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Brooklyn lies in the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">plant hardiness zone 7b</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">JFK Airport</a>, New York (normals 1981–2010,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> extremes 1948–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 (22) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 (22) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 (29) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90 (32) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90 (32) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77 (25) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 (24) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104 (40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.9 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1 (25.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.9 (29.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.1 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.7 (33.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 (30.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0 (25.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1 (20.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.1 (15.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">96.6 (35.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.1 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.8 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.0 (9.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.0 (15.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.0 (25.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.2 (28.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.9 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.5 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 (12.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.0 (6.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.6 (16.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3 (−3.2) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (−2.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.5 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.8 (11.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8 (19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8 (16.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.6 (9.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.7 (4.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (−0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.3 (8.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 (−12.3) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (−10.3) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1 (−7.2) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.6 (5.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.7 (11.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.7 (15.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6 (14.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2 (9.6) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (−8.7) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.5 (−13.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2 (−19) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2 (−19) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (−16) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (−7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 (7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 (13) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 (8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (−1) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (−7) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (−17) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2 (−19) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.16 (80) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.59 (66) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.78 (96) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.87 (98) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.94 (100) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.86 (98) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.08 (104) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.68 (93) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.50 (89) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.62 (92) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.30 (84) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.39 (86) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.77 (1,086) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6.3 (16) </td> <td style="background: #0000A6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.3 (21) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (8.9) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.51) </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.7 (12) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.8 (60) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) </th> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #8B8BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">119.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) </th> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.9 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.4 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.4 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-NWS_Upton,_NY_(OKX)-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_JFK_txt-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_RH_JFK-53">[53]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Brooklyn, New York City (Avenue V) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.7 (4.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.4 (5.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7 (9.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.5 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.3 (26.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.8 (29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.3 (28.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5 (24.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.0 (18.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 (12.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.5 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62.5 (16.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (−2.5) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (−1.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8 (7.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.4 (12.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.0 (17.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3 (21.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.9 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2 (10.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.4 (5.2) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (0.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48.5 (9.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.53 (90) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.97 (75) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.37 (111) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.85 (98) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.03 (102) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.44 (113) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.85 (123) </td> <td style="background: #69FF69; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.92 (100) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.92 (100) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.02 (102) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.23 (82) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.00 (102) </td> <td style="background: #67FF67; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.13 (1,197) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">6.5 (17) </td> <td style="background: #000096; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.5 (22) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.4 (11) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.51) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">4.3 (11) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.5 (62) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-54">[54]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boroughscape">Boroughscape</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Boroughscape" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Skyline_(9910358874).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪ The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013. ‬"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg/1200px-Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8894" data-file-height="1793"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1200px;height: 242px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg/1200px-Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1200" data-height="242" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg/1800px-Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg/2400px-Brooklyn_Skyline_%289910358874%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Skyline_(9910358874).jpg" title="File:Brooklyn Skyline (9910358874).jpg"> </a></div><div align="center">The <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a> skyline, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan Bridge</a> (far left), and the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> (near left) are seen across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> at sunset in 2013.</div></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Brooklyn skyline from the Gowanus Canal in 2021"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg/700px-Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13580" data-file-height="5820"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 700px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg/700px-Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="700" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg/1050px-Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg/1400px-Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Street_Gowanus_New_York_October_2021_panorama_2.jpg" title="File:Union Street Gowanus New York October 2021 panorama 2.jpg"> </a></div>View of the Brooklyn skyline from the <a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Canal" title="Gowanus Canal">Gowanus Canal</a> in 2021</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brooklyn_neighborhoods" title="List of Brooklyn neighborhoods">List of Brooklyn neighborhoods</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves" title="New York City ethnic enclaves">New York City ethnic enclaves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenpoint_Houses.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greenpoint_Houses.JPG/250px-Greenpoint_Houses.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greenpoint_Houses.JPG/250px-Greenpoint_Houses.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greenpoint_Houses.JPG/375px-Greenpoint_Houses.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Greenpoint_Houses.JPG/500px-Greenpoint_Houses.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street, in <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint Historic District</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Slope_Houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Park_Slope_Houses.jpg/220px-Park_Slope_Houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Park_Slope_Houses.jpg/220px-Park_Slope_Houses.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Park_Slope_Houses.jpg/330px-Park_Slope_Houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Park_Slope_Houses.jpg/440px-Park_Slope_Houses.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Park_Slope,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Slope, Brooklyn">Park Slope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg/220px-Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg/220px-Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg/330px-Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg/440px-Willow_Street_Brooklyn_Heights_2006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>150–159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal Style</a> houses in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a></figcaption></figure> Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville</a> had a majority of <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York City">Jewish</a> residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood</a> during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a>, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a> enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Gibson2005-55">[55]</a> The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_California,_racial_breakdown-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_diversity">Community diversity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Community diversity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg/220px-Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg/220px-Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg/330px-Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg/440px-Imatra_Society%27s_summer_festival.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imatra_Society" title="Imatra Society">Imatra Society</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish immigrants</a>, celebrating its summer festival in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton" title="Fort Hamilton">Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn</a>, in 1894</figcaption></figure> Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">domiciliary partnership</a>. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_American">Jewish American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jewish American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg/220px-Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="2378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg/220px-Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg/330px-Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg/440px-Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The world's largest metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jewish</a> community resides in Brooklyn.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in New York City">Jews in New York City</a></div> Over 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a>, have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood</a>, where there are many <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> restaurants, as well as a variety of Jewish businesses. Adjacent to Borough Park, the <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Brooklyn" title="Kensington, Brooklyn">Kensington</a> area housed a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Jews</a> (under the aegis of such nationally prominent midcentury rabbis as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bosniak" title="Jacob Bosniak">Jacob Bosniak</a> and Abraham Heller)<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> when it was still considered to be a subsection of Flatbush; many of their defunct facilities have been repurposed to serve extensions of the Borough Park Hasidic community. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include <a href="/wiki/Canarsie,_Brooklyn" title="Canarsie, Brooklyn">Canarsie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_Gate,_Brooklyn" title="Sea Gate, Brooklyn">Sea Gate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> world headquarters. Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include central Flatbush, East Flatbush, Brownsville, East New York, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay (particularly its Madison subsection). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including <a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Medical_Center" title="Maimonides Medical Center">Maimonides Medical Center</a> in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> According to the American Jewish Population Project in 2020, Brooklyn was home to over 480,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/UJA-Federation_of_New_York" title="UJA-Federation of New York">UJA-Federation of New York</a> estimated that Brooklyn is home to 462,000 Jews, a large decrease compared to the 561,000 estimated in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The predominantly Jewish, Crown Heights (and later East Flatbush)-based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough's primary "clubhouse" political venue for decades until the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Meade_Esposito" title="Meade Esposito">Meade Esposito</a>'s rival, Canarsie-based Thomas Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s, playing an integral role in the rise of such figures as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker of the New York State Assembly</a> <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Steingut" title="Irwin Steingut">Irwin Steingut</a>; his son, fellow Speaker <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Steingut" title="Stanley Steingut">Stanley Steingut</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Mayor">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a>; real estate developer <a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a>; Democratic district leader Beadie Markowitz; and political fixer Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum. Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a> of Jewish cultural heritage) are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Ditmas_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Ditmas Park, Brooklyn">Ditmas Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Park_Slope,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Slope, Brooklyn">Park Slope</a>, with smaller observant and culturally Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_American">Chinese American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chinese American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Chinatown.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/220px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/220px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/330px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brooklyn_Chinatown.png/440px-Brooklyn_Chinatown.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Avenue_(Brooklyn)#Chinatown" title="Eighth Avenue (Brooklyn)">8th Avenue</a> in Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a> Chinatown</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">Chinatowns in Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">Chinese people in New York City</a></div> Over 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">Chinese Americans</a> live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, primarily concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homecrest,_Brooklyn" title="Homecrest, Brooklyn">Homecrest</a>. Brooklyn is the borough that is home to the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_the_Americas#New_York_City" title="Chinatowns in the Americas">Chinatowns in New York City</a>. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which has become known for its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese culture</a> since the opening of the now-defunct Winley Supermarket in 1986 spurred widespread settlement in the area. It is called <a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">"Brooklyn's Chinatown"</a> and originally it was a small Chinese enclave with <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> speakers being the main <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> population during the late 1980s and 1990s, but since the 2000s, the Chinese population in the area dramatically shifted to majority <a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a>, which contributed immensely to expanding this Chinatown, and bestowing the nicknames "<a href="/wiki/Chinatowns_in_Brooklyn#Fuzhou_Town,_Brooklyn" title="Chinatowns in Brooklyn">Fuzhou Town</a> (福州埠), Brooklyn" or the "<a href="/wiki/Little_Fuzhou" title="Little Fuzhou">Little Fuzhou</a> (小福州)" of Brooklyn. Many <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese restaurants</a> can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> celebration. Since the 2000s going forward, the growing concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> speaking population in Brooklyn have dramatically shifted to Bensonhurst/Gravesend and Homecrest creating newer Chinatowns of Brooklyn and these newer Brooklyn Chinatowns are known as "Brooklyn's Little Hong Kong/Guangdong" due to their Chinese populations being overwhelmingly Cantonese populated.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean_and_African_American">Caribbean and African American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Caribbean and African American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_immigration_to_New_York_City" title="Caribbean immigration to New York City">Caribbean immigration to New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg/220px-West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg/220px-West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg/330px-West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg/440px-West_Indian_Day_Parade_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Day_Parade" title="West Indian Day Parade">West Indian Day Parade</a> marching by the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_people" title="Caribbean people">Caribbean</a> communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/West_Indian" title="West Indian">West Indian</a> community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, <a href="/wiki/East_Flatbush,_Brooklyn" title="East Flatbush, Brooklyn">East Flatbush</a>, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to the largest community of West Indians outside of the Caribbean. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican American">Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitians</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">West Indian immigrants</a> from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Started by natives of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Day_Parade" title="West Indian Day Parade">West Indian Labor Day Parade</a> takes place every Labor Day on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> also holds the <a href="/wiki/DanceAfrica" title="DanceAfrica">DanceAfrica</a> festival in late May, featuring street vendors and dance performances showcasing food and culture from all parts of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Since the opening of the <a href="/wiki/IND_Fulton_Street_Line" title="IND Fulton Street Line">IND Fulton Street Line</a> in 1936, <a href="/wiki/Bedford-Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn">Bedford-Stuyvesant</a> has been home to one of the most famous African American communities in the United States. Working-class communities remain prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Coney Island, Brooklyn">Coney Island</a>, while remnants of similar communities in <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Prospect Heights, Brooklyn">Prospect Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene,_Brooklyn" title="Fort Greene, Brooklyn">Fort Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Clinton Hill, Brooklyn">Clinton Hill</a> have endured amid widespread gentrification. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hispanic_American">Hispanic American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hispanic American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_New_York_City" title="Puerto Ricans in New York City">Puerto Ricans in New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyorican</a></div> In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> initiatives that decimated longtime Manhattan enclaves (most notably on the <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a>), Puerto Rican migrants began to settle in such waterfront industrial neighborhoods as <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gowanus,_Brooklyn" title="Gowanus, Brooklyn">Gowanus</a>, near the shipyards and factories where they worked. The borough's Hispanic population diversified after the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Hart-Cellar_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hart-Cellar Act">Hart-Cellar Act</a> loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin America. <a href="/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick</a> has since emerged as the largest hub of Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic American</a> community. Like other Hispanic neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> presence, along with an influx of many <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexicans</a>. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Hispanic, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Hispanic, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Hispanic groups are Puerto Ricans, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexicans</a>, Dominicans and <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorians</a>; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>'s South Side and East New York. Mexicans (especially from the state of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>) now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood's once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. Save for <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook</a> (which remained roughly one-fifth Hispanic American as of the 2010 Census), the South Side and Sunset Park, similar postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods—including western Park Slope, the north end of Greenpoint,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boerum_Hill" title="Boerum Hill">Boerum Hill</a>, long considered the northern subsection of Gowanus—largely disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors, including deindustrialization, ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. A Panamanian enclave exists in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_and_Ukrainian_American">Russian and Ukrainian American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russian and Ukrainian American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="Russian Americans in New York City">Russian Americans in New York City</a></div> Brooklyn is also home to many <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton Beach, Brooklyn">Brighton Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay,_Brooklyn" title="Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn">Sheepshead Bay</a>. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans_in_New_York_City#Russiantownscape" title="Russian Americans in New York City">Little Russia</a> and Little <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, respectively. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jewry Movement">Soviet Jews won the right to immigrate</a>, and many ended up in Brighton Beach. In recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown, and the area is now home to a diverse collection of immigrants from across the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet States">former USSR</a>. Smaller concentrations of Russian and Ukrainian Americans are scattered elsewhere in south Brooklyn, including Bay Ridge, Bensonhurst, Homecrest, Coney Island, and <a href="/wiki/Mill_Basin,_Brooklyn" title="Mill Basin, Brooklyn">Mill Basin</a>. A growing community of <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a> have settled alongside them in recent years due to their ability to speak <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish_American">Polish American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Polish American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/Polish-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Americans">Polish</a> inhabitants are historically concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint</a>, home to <a href="/wiki/Little_Poland,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Poland, Brooklyn">Little Poland</a>. Other longstanding settlements in <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a> have endured, while more recent immigrants are scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn alongside the Russian and Ukrainian American communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_American">Italian American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Italian American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_York_City" title="Italians in New York City">Italians in New York City</a></div> Despite widespread migration to <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> and more suburban areas in metropolitan New York throughout the postwar era, notable concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> continue to reside in the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bensonhurst">Bensonhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyker_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Dyker Heights, Brooklyn">Dyker Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn" title="Bay Ridge, Brooklyn">Bay Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Bath Beach, Brooklyn">Bath Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a>. Less perceptible remnants of older communities have persisted in <a href="/wiki/Cobble_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Cobble Hill, Brooklyn">Cobble Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Gardens,_Brooklyn" title="Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn">Carroll Gardens</a>, where the homes of the remaining Italian Americans can often be contrasted with more recent <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a> residents through the display of small <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a> statues, the retention of plastic-metal stoop awnings and the use of <a href="/wiki/Formstone" title="Formstone">Formstone</a> in house cladding. All of the aforementioned neighborhoods have retained Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes and social clubs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_American_&_Muslim">Arab American & Muslim</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Arab American & Muslim" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the early 20th century, many <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syrian Christians</a> settled around <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(New_York_City)" title="Atlantic Avenue (New York City)">Atlantic Avenue</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue" title="Flatbush Avenue">Flatbush Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boerum_Hill" title="Boerum Hill">Boerum Hill</a>; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. More recent, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab immigrants</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a>, have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn" title="Bay Ridge, Brooklyn">Bay Ridge</a>, where many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal grocers, Islamic shops and mosques line the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street. Brighton Beach is home to a growing <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani American</a> community, while Midwood is home to Little <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> along <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Avenue" title="Coney Island Avenue">Coney Island Avenue</a> (recently co-named <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> Way). Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, Kensington is one of New York's several emerging <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi</a> enclaves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irish_American">Irish American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Irish American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a> can be found throughout Brooklyn, with moderate concentrations[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] enduring in the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Terrace,_Brooklyn" title="Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn">Windsor Terrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_Slope,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Slope, Brooklyn">Park Slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn" title="Bay Ridge, Brooklyn">Bay Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Park, Brooklyn">Marine Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerritsen_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn">Gerritsen Beach</a>. Historical communities also existed in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Vinegar Hill, Brooklyn">Vinegar Hill</a> and other waterfront industrial neighborhoods, such as Greenpoint and Sunset Park. Paralleling the Italian American community, many moved to Staten Island and suburban areas in the postwar era. Those that stayed engendered close-knit, stable working-to-middle class communities through employment in the civil service (especially in law enforcement, transportation, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a>) and the building and construction trades, while others were subsumed by the <a href="/wiki/Professional-managerial_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional-managerial class">professional-managerial class</a> and largely shed the Irish American community's distinct cultural traditions (including continued worship in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and other social activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Irish stepdance</a> and frequenting Irish American bars).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asian_American">South Asian American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South Asian American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While not as extensive as the <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_the_New_York_City_metropolitan_area#New_York_City_boroughs" title="Indians in the New York City metropolitan area">Indian American</a> population in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Temple_Society_of_North_America" title="Hindu Temple Society of North America">Queens</a>, younger professionals of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Indian</a> origin are finding Brooklyn to be a convenient alternative to Manhattan to find housing. Nearly 30,000 Indian Americans call Brooklyn home.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Brighton Beach is home to a growing <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani American</a> community, while Midwood is home to <a href="/wiki/Little_Pakistan" title="Little Pakistan">Little Pakistan</a> along <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Avenue" title="Coney Island Avenue">Coney Island Avenue</a> recently renamed <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> way. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Independence Day">Pakistan Independence Day</a> is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Brooklyn" title="Kensington, Brooklyn">Kensington</a> is one of New York's several emerging <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> enclaves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_American">Greek American</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Greek American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a> live throughout the borough. A historical concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas, where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools, businesses and cultural institutions. Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. As in much of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>, Greek-owned diners are found throughout the borough. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBTQ_community">LGBTQ community</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: LGBTQ community" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City#Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">LGBT culture in New York City § Brooklyn</a></div> Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York" title="Same-sex marriage in New York">Same-sex marriages in New York</a> were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Park_Slope,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Slope, Brooklyn">Park Slope</a> neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Prospect Heights, Brooklyn">Prospect Heights</a> has an LGBT residential presence.<a href="#cite_note-RosenbergDunfordp379-79">[79]</a> Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">transgender-rights</a> demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020, stretching from <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza" title="Grand Army Plaza">Grand Army Plaza</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene,_Brooklyn" title="Fort Greene, Brooklyn">Fort Greene</a>, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artists-in-residence">Artists-in-residence</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Artists-in-residence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">hipsters</a> to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, <a href="/wiki/Dumbo,_Brooklyn" title="Dumbo, Brooklyn">DUMBO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook</a>, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for <a href="/wiki/Artists-in-residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artists-in-residence">artists-in-residence</a>. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brooklyn" title="Demographics of Brooklyn">Demographics of Brooklyn</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1731</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,150</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1756</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,707</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1771</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,623</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1786</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,966</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,549</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,740</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,303</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,187</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+34.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,535</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+83.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">47,613</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+131.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">138,822</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+191.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">279,122</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+101.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">419,921</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">599,495</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">838,547</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+39.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,166,582</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+39.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,634,351</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+40.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,018,356</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,560,401</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,698,285</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,738,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,627,319</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,602,012</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,230,936</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−14.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,300,664</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,465,326</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,504,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,736,074</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:center">1731–1786<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> 1790–1960<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> 1900–1990<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> 1990–2000<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> 2010<a href="#cite_note-BrooklynQuickFacts-88">[88]</a> 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusMap-1">[1]</a> Source: <div style="text-align: center;">U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-89">[89]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="float:center; text-align:right; font-size:85%; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9" style="background-color:tan;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header">New York City's <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">five boroughs</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NYC_boroughs" title="Template:NYC boroughs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NYC_boroughs" title="Template talk:NYC boroughs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NYC_boroughs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NYC boroughs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#dedebb;"> <th colspan="2" style="background: transparent">Jurisdiction </th> <th style="background: transparent">Population </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: transparent">Land area </th> <th colspan="2" style="background: transparent">Density of population </th> <th style="background: transparent"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#efefcc; font-style: italic"> <th style="font-weight:normal; background: transparent">Borough</th> <th style="font-weight:normal; background: transparent">County</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">Census (2020)</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">square miles</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">square km</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">people/ sq. mile</th> <th style="font-weight: normal; background: transparent">people/ sq. km</th> <th style="font-weight:normal; background: transparent">billions (2022 US$) 2 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="ee5555"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Bronx</div> </td> <td>1,472,654 </td> <td>42.2 </td> <td>109.2 </td> <td>34,920 </td> <td>13,482 </td> <td>51.574 </td></tr> <tr style="background:lemonchiffon;"> <td bgcolor="crimson"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brooklyn</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="ffee88"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Kings</div> </td> <td>2,736,074 </td> <td>69.4 </td> <td>179.7 </td> <td>39,438 </td> <td>15,227 </td> <td>125.867 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="lightgreen"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> New York</div> </td> <td>1,694,251 </td> <td>22.7 </td> <td>58.7 </td> <td>74,781 </td> <td>28,872 </td> <td>885.652 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="orange"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Queens</div> </td> <td>2,405,464 </td> <td>108.7 </td> <td>281.6 </td> <td>22,125 </td> <td>8,542 </td> <td>122.288 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f9f9f9;"> <td bgcolor="plum"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a></div> </td> <td bgcolor="f9f9f9"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Richmond</div> </td> <td>495,747 </td> <td>57.5 </td> <td>149.0 </td> <td>8,618 </td> <td>3,327 </td> <td>21.103 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ddd;" class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">City of New York</a></div></td> <td>8,804,190</td> <td>300.5</td> <td>778.2</td> <td>29,303</td> <td>11,314</td> <td>1,206.484 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;" class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a></div></td> <td>20,201,249</td> <td>47,123.6</td> <td>122,049.5</td> <td>429</td> <td>166</td> <td>2,163.209 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="9" align="center">Sources:<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and see individual borough articles. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition</th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-Gibson2005-55">[55]</a></th> <th>1950<a href="#cite_note-Gibson2005-55">[55]</a></th> <th>1900<a href="#cite_note-Gibson2005-55">[55]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td> <td>37.6%</td> <td>42.8%</td> <td>46.9%</td> <td>92.2%</td> <td>98.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td> —Non-Hispanic</td> <td>35.4%</td> <td>35.7%</td> <td>40.1%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a></td> <td>26.7%</td> <td>34.3%</td> <td>37.9%</td> <td>7.6%</td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>18.9%</td> <td>19.8%</td> <td>20.1%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>13.6%</td> <td>10.5%</td> <td>4.8%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td> <td>8.7%</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> At the 2020 census, 2,736,074 people lived in Brooklyn. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> had estimated Brooklyn's population increased by 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State's population of 19,542,209.<a href="#cite_note-:1-96">[96]</a> In 2020, the government of New York City projected Brooklyn's population at 2,648,403.<a href="#cite_note-NYC_Open-97">[97]</a> The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958,567 households with an average of 2.66 persons per household.<a href="#cite_note-:3-98">[98]</a> There were 1,065,399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of $1,426. Citing growth, Brooklyn gained 9,696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates program.<figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="304" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="5000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 304px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png" data-width="330" data-height="304" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png/495px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png/660px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Brooklyn.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Brooklyn</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ancestry in Brooklyn Borough (2014–2018)<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>]</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Origin</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> (Does not include West Indian or African)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:dodgerblue; width:16.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indian American">West Indian American</a> (Except Hispanic Groups)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightblue; width:11.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian American">East Asian American</a> (Includes Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc.)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:8.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English American</a> (*Includes <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">"American" ancestry</a>)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:7.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.6%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican American">Puerto Rican American</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkred; width:5.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:4.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Russian and Eastern European (Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Soviet Union, etc.)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:4.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Central European (Includes Slovakian, Slovenian, Slavic, Czech, etc.) </td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:4.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican American</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:4.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:3.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Dominican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican American">Dominican American</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightred; width:3.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:2.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian American">South Asian American</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:2.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South American</a> (Includes Peruvian, Ecuadorian, Argentinian, etc.)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:white; width:2.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American">Central American</a> (Includes Honduran, Salvadoran, Costa Rican, etc.)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other<a href="#cite_note-102">[a]</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:14.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.7%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div>The 2020 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of Brooklyn was 35.4% <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic white</a>, 26.7% <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a>, 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian or Alaska Native</a>, 13.6% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander</a>, 4.1% <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">two or more races</a>, and 18.9% <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latin American</a> of any race.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 United States census</a>, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn has a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_diversity_index" title="Linguistic diversity index">linguistic diversity</a>. As of 2010, 54.1% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at home as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a>, while 17.2% (393,340) spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, 6.5% (148,012) <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, 5.3% (121,607) <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, 3.5% (79,469) <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, 2.8% (63,019) <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a>, 1.4% (31,004) <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, 1.2% (27,440) <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, 1.0% (23,207) <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, 1.0% (22,763) <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, 1.0% (21,773) <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, 0.9% (19,388) <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">various Indic languages</a>, 0.7% (15,936) <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a> were spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Main_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Main language">main language</a> by 0.5% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.9% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> other than English.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brooklyn" title="Culture of Brooklyn">Culture of Brooklyn</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_York_City" title="Culture of New York City">Culture of New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City#Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">LGBT culture in New York City § Brooklyn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_of_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of New York City">Media of New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="431"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_Front_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_to_Eden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/220px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/220px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/330px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bridge_to_Eden.jpg/440px-Bridge_to_Eden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg/220px-The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg/220px-The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg/330px-The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg/440px-The_Soldiers_and_Sailors_Memorial_Arch_at_Grand_Army_Plaza.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Arch" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch">Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch</a> at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza" title="Grand Army Plaza">Grand Army Plaza</a></figcaption></figure> Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture, including literature, cinema, and theater. <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">Brooklyn's accent</a> has often been portrayed as "the typical New Yorker accent" in American media, although this accent and its stereotypes are supposedly diminishing in currency.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_venues">Cultural venues</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cultural venues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Philharmonic" title="Brooklyn Philharmonic">Brooklyn Philharmonic</a>, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Children%27s_Museum" title="Brooklyn Children's Museum">Brooklyn Children's Museum</a>, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the <a href="/wiki/American_Alliance_of_Museums" title="American Alliance of Museums">American Alliance of Museums</a>, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens. The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art-house BAM Rose Cinemas. <a href="/wiki/Bargemusic" title="Bargemusic">Bargemusic</a> and St. Ann's Warehouse are on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the <a href="/wiki/DUMBO" class="mw-redirect" title="DUMBO">DUMBO</a> arts district. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Technical_High_School" title="Brooklyn Technical High School">Brooklyn Technical High School</a> has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a>), with a <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> of over 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_periodicals">Local periodicals</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Local periodicals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle" title="Brooklyn Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Currents" title="Bay Currents">Bay Currents</a> (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, <a href="/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Paper" title="The Brooklyn Paper">The Brooklyn Paper</a>, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a>, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>. Several others are now defunct, including the Brooklyn Union (1867–1937),<a href="#cite_note-nysl.nysed.gov/nysnp/all/424-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-brooklyn-union/12381-111">[110]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Times">Brooklyn Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nysl.nysed.gov/nysnp/all/424-110">[109]</a> The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Rail">Brooklyn Rail</a>, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet (magazine)">Cabinet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hello_Mr." title="Hello Mr.">Hello Mr.</a> is also published in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnic_press">Ethnic press</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ethnic press" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. <a href="/wiki/El_Diario_La_Prensa" title="El Diario La Prensa">El Diario La Prensa</a>, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 <a href="/wiki/MetroTech_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroTech Center">MetroTech Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">downtown Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper <a href="/wiki/The_Tablet_(Diocese_of_Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tablet (Diocese of Brooklyn)">The Tablet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamodia" title="Hamodia">Hamodia</a>, an Orthodox Jewish daily, and <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a>, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them is the quarterly <a href="/wiki/L%27Idea" title="L'Idea">L'Idea</a>, a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as <a href="/wiki/Gleaner_Company" title="Gleaner Company">The Daily Gleaner</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Jamaica_Star" title="The Jamaica Star">The Star</a> of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Our_Time_Press" title="Our Time Press">Our Time Press</a>, published weekly by DBG Media, covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of "The Local Paper with the Global View". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Television" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The City of New York has an official television station, run by <a href="/wiki/NYC_Media" title="NYC Media">NYC Media</a>, which features programming based in Brooklyn. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Community_Access_Television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Community Access Television (page does not exist)">Brooklyn Community Access Television</a> is the borough's <a href="/wiki/Public_access_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Public access television">public access channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Its studios are at the <a href="/wiki/BRIC_Arts_Media" title="BRIC Arts Media">BRIC Arts Media</a> venue, called BRIC House, located on <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Street_(Brooklyn)" title="Fulton Street (Brooklyn)">Fulton Street</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Greene">Fort Greene</a> section of the borough.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>The annual <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Mermaid_Parade" title="Coney Island Mermaid Parade">Coney Island Mermaid Parade</a> (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade.<a href="#cite_note-Ward,_Nathan-116">[115]</a></li> <li>Coney Island also hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Nathan%27s_Hot_Dog_Eating_Contest" title="Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest">Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest</a> (July 4).<a href="#cite_note-Ward,_Nathan-116">[115]</a></li> <li>The annual <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Day Carnival">Labor Day Carnival</a> (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>.</li> <li>The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_City" title="Economy of New York City">Economy of New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg/220px-The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg/220px-The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg/330px-The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg/440px-The_Brooklyn_Tower_010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Tower" title="The Brooklyn Tower">The Brooklyn Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Brooklyn" title="List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn">tallest building in Brooklyn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City" title="List of tallest buildings in New York City">tallest in New York State outside Manhattan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.<a href="#cite_note-report-118">[117]</a> Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.<a href="#cite_note-report-118">[117]</a> Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial <a href="/wiki/Back_office" title="Back office">back office</a> operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> and entertainment economy in <a href="/wiki/DUMBO,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="DUMBO, Brooklyn">DUMBO</a>, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.<a href="#cite_note-report-118">[117]</a> Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a> was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns in packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> First established as a <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> facility in 1801, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a> employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">Missouri</a>, the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Maine (ACR-1)">Maine</a>, whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">Monitor</a> was built in Greenpoint. From 1968 to 1979 <a href="/wiki/Seatrain_Lines" title="Seatrain Lines">Seatrain Shipbuilding</a> was the major employer.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest-growing sectors.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> As of August 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit">[update]</a>, the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Brooklyn is also home to many banks and <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit unions</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">rezoning</a> of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a> has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Start-up_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Start-up company">start-up companies</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Alley" title="Silicon Alley">Silicon Alley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for New York City's <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_ecosystem" title="Entrepreneurship ecosystem">entrepreneurship ecosystem</a>, has expanded from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> into Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Parks_and_other_attractions">Parks and other attractions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Parks and other attractions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_York_City" title="Tourism in New York City">Tourism in New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg/250px-Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg/250px-Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg/375px-Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg/500px-Bbg_cherry_esplande.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prunus_serrulata" title="Prunus serrulata">Kwanzan Cherries</a> in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg/250px-Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg/250px-Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg/375px-Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg/500px-Coney_Island_Beach-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Astroland" title="Astroland">Astroland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Brooklyn Botanic Garden</a>: adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a <a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">bonsai</a> tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a> developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Cyclone" title="Coney Island Cyclone">Cyclone rollercoaster</a>, built-in 1927, is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field" title="Floyd Bennett Field">Floyd Bennett Field</a>: the first municipal airport in New York City and long-closed for operations, is now part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Park System">National Park System</a>. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a> and a restored area of <a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">shortgrass prairie</a> that was once widespread on the <a href="/wiki/Hempstead_Plains" title="Hempstead Plains">Hempstead Plains</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a>, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early <a href="/wiki/Rural_cemetery" title="Rural cemetery">Rural cemetery</a>. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge">Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge</a>: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of <a href="/wiki/Gateway_National_Recreation_Area" title="Gateway National Recreation Area">Gateway National Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Transit_Museum" title="New York Transit Museum">New York Transit Museum</a> displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former <a href="/wiki/Independent_Subway_System" title="Independent Subway System">Independent Subway System</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IND_Fulton_Street_Line" title="IND Fulton Street Line">Fulton Street Line</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a> is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km2).<a href="#cite_note-parkstat-129">[128]</a> The park was designed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Vaux" title="Calvert Vaux">Calvert Vaux</a>, who created Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; <a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Villa" title="Litchfield Villa">Litchfield Villa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_Zoo" title="Prospect Park Zoo">Prospect Park Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boathouse_on_the_Lullwater_of_the_Lake_in_Prospect_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Boathouse on the Lullwater of the Lake in Prospect Park">Boathouse</a>, housing a visitors center and the first urban <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">Audubon Center</a>;<a href="#cite_note-auduboncenter-130">[129]</a> Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene Park</a> is a public park in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene,_Brooklyn" title="Fort Greene, Brooklyn">Fort Greene</a> Neighborhood. The park contains the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park#Prison_Ship_Martyrs'_Monument" title="Fort Greene Park">Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument</a>, a monument to American prisoners during the Revolutionary War.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brooklyn" title="Wildlife of Brooklyn">Wildlife of Brooklyn</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Brooklyn" title="Sports in Brooklyn">Sports in Brooklyn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg/250px-Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg/250px-Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg/375px-Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg/500px-Barclays_Center_Rain_Night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Barclays Center in <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Pacific Park, Brooklyn">Pacific Park</a> within <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Prospect Heights, Brooklyn">Prospect Heights</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets" title="Brooklyn Nets">Nets</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Liberty" title="New York Liberty">Liberty</a></figcaption></figure> Brooklyn's major professional sports team is the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Nets" title="Brooklyn Nets">Brooklyn Nets</a>. The Nets moved into the borough in 2012, and play their home games at <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Center" title="Barclays Center">Barclays Center</a> in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in <a href="/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York" title="Uniondale, New York">Uniondale, New York</a> and in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Liberty" title="New York Liberty">New York Liberty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/WNBA" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBA">WNBA</a> were sold to the Nets' owners and moved their home venue from <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> to the Barclays Center. Barclays Center was also the home arena for the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York_Islanders" title="New York Islanders">New York Islanders</a> full-time from 2015 to 2018, then part-time from 2018 to 2020 (alternating with <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Veterans_Memorial_Coliseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum">Nassau Coliseum</a> in Uniondale). The Islanders had originally played at Nassau Coliseum full-time since their inception until 2015 when their lease at the venue expired and the team moved to Barclays Center. In 2020, the team returned to Nassau Coliseum full-time for one season before moving to the <a href="/wiki/UBS_Arena" title="UBS Arena">UBS Arena</a> in Elmont, New York in 2021. Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi" title="Vince Lombardi">Vince Lombardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Torre" title="Joe Torre">Joe Torre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Koufax" title="Sandy Koufax">Sandy Koufax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Cunningham" title="Billy Cunningham">Billy Cunningham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitas_Gerulaitis" title="Vitas Gerulaitis">Vitas Gerulaitis</a>. Basketball legend <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a> was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is now <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene Park</a> on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_of_Brooklyn" title="Excelsior of Brooklyn">Excelsiors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Atlantics" title="Brooklyn Atlantics">Atlantics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eckford_of_Brooklyn" title="Eckford of Brooklyn">Eckfords</a> were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at <a href="/wiki/Mapleton,_Brooklyn" title="Mapleton, Brooklyn">Mapleton Oval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BrooklynBallParks.com-132">[131]</a> During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first <a href="/wiki/Fastball" title="Fastball">fastball</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Changeup" title="Changeup">changeup</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)" title="Batting average (baseball)">batting average</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Triple_play" title="Triple play">triple play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Creighton" title="Jim Creighton">first pro baseball player</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Union_Grounds" title="Union Grounds">enclosed ballpark</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Baseball_scorekeeping" title="Baseball scorekeeping">scorecard</a>, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>, named for "trolley dodgers" played at <a href="/wiki/Ebbets_Field" title="Ebbets Field">Ebbets Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> In 1947 <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> for Brooklyn against their rival <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. <a href="/wiki/Walter_O%27Malley" title="Walter O'Malley">Walter O'Malley</a>, the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club. After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Cyclones" title="Brooklyn Cyclones">Brooklyn Cyclones</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minor_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor league baseball">minor league</a> team that plays in <a href="/wiki/MCU_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="MCU Park">MCU Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>. They are an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a>. The minor-league <a href="/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_(2010)" title="New York Cosmos (2010)">New York Cosmos</a> soccer club played its home games at MCU Park in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_FC_(USL)" title="Brooklyn FC (USL)">Brooklyn FC</a> will begin play in 2024, fielding a women's team in the first-division <a href="/wiki/USL_Super_League" title="USL Super League">USL Super League</a> and a men's team in the second-division <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a> beginning in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Brooklyn once had a <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> team named the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Lions">Brooklyn Lions</a> in 1926, who played at <a href="/wiki/Ebbets_Field" title="Ebbets Field">Ebbets Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_United_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby United New York">Rugby United New York</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">Major League Rugby</a> in 2019 and played their home games at MCU Park through the 2021 season. Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_and_politics_in_Brooklyn" title="Government and politics in Brooklyn">Government and politics in Brooklyn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG/220px-Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2626"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG/220px-Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG/330px-Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG/440px-Bk_Boro_Hall_summer_dusk_jeh.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Borough_Hall" title="Brooklyn Borough Hall">Brooklyn Borough Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Each of New York City's five counties (coterminous with each <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">borough</a>) has its own criminal court system and <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="District Attorney">District Attorney</a>, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. The Brooklyn Borough Government includes a borough government president as well as a court, library, borough government board, head of borough government, deputy head of borough government and deputy borough government president. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid <a href="/wiki/Community_boards_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Community boards in New York City">community board</a> with advisory powers under the city's <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Land_Use_Review_Procedure" title="Uniform Land Use Review Procedure">Uniform Land Use Review Procedure</a>. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. The <a href="/wiki/Kings_County_Democratic_County_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings County Democratic County Committee">Kings County Democratic County Committee</a> (aka the Brooklyn Democratic Party) is the county committee of the Democratic Party in Brooklyn. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> operates post offices in Brooklyn. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Building_and_Post_Office_(Brooklyn)" title="Federal Building and Post Office (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn Main Post Office</a> is located at 271 <a href="/wiki/Cadman_Plaza" title="Cadman Plaza">Cadman Plaza</a> East in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 95%;"> <caption>United States presidential election results for Kings County, New York<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCBOEPOTUS-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYSBOEPOTUS-145">[144]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party(ies)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2024 United States presidential election in New York">2024</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">219,335 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">27.84% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">551,633 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">70.03% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">16,741 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2020 United States presidential election in New York">2020</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">202,772 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22.14% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">703,310 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76.78% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">9,927 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2016 United States presidential election in New York">2016</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">141,044 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">17.51% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">640,553 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.51% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">24,008 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2012 United States presidential election in New York">2012</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">124,551 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">16.90% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">604,443 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">82.02% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,988 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2008 United States presidential election in New York">2008</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">151,872 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.99% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">603,525 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.43% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,451 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2004 United States presidential election in New York">2004</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">167,149 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">24.30% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">514,973 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">74.86% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,762 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2000 United States presidential election in New York">2000</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">96,609 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.65% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">497,513 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">80.60% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">23,115 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1996 United States presidential election in New York">1996</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">81,406 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.08% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">432,232 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">80.07% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">26,195 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1992 United States presidential election in New York">1992</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">133,344 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22.93% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">411,183 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">70.70% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">37,067 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1988 United States presidential election in New York">1988</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">178,961 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">32.60% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">363,916 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">66.28% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,142 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1984 United States presidential election in New York">1984</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">230,064 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">38.29% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">368,518 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">61.34% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,189 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1980 United States presidential election in New York">1980</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">200,306 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">38.44% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">288,893 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55.44% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">31,893 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1976 United States presidential election in New York">1976</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">190,728 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31.08% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">419,382 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">68.34% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,533 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.58% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1972 United States presidential election in New York">1972</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">373,903 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">48.96% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">387,768 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">50.78% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,949 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1968 United States presidential election in New York">1968</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">247,936 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31.99% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">489,174 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">63.12% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">37,859 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States presidential election in New York">1964</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">229,291 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25.05% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">684,839 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">74.80% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,373 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1960 United States presidential election in New York">1960</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">327,497 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">33.51% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">646,582 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">66.16% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,227 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1956 United States presidential election in New York">1956</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">460,456 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.23% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">557,655 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">54.77% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1952 United States presidential election in New York">1952</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">446,708 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.82% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">656,229 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58.50% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">18,765 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1948 United States presidential election in New York">1948</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">330,494 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">30.49% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">579,922 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53.51% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">173,401 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">16.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1944 United States presidential election in New York">1944</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">393,926 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">34.01% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">758,270 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">65.46% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,168 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1940 United States presidential election in New York">1940</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">394,534 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">34.44% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">742,668 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">64.83% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,365 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1936 United States presidential election in New York">1936</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">212,852 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">21.85% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">738,306 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">75.78% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">23,143 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1932 United States presidential election in New York">1932</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">192,536 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25.04% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">514,172 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">66.86% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">62,300 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1928 United States presidential election in New York">1928</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">245,622 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">36.13% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">404,393 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">59.48% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">29,822 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1924 United States presidential election in New York">1924</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">236,877 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47.50% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">158,907 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">31.87% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">102,903 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">20.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1920 United States presidential election in New York">1920</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">292,692 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">63.32% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">119,612 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">25.88% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">49,944 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1916 United States presidential election in New York">1916</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">120,752 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46.90% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">125,625 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48.79% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">11,080 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1912 United States presidential election in New York">1912</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">51,239 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20.94% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">109,748 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44.86% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">83,676 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">34.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1908 United States presidential election in New York">1908</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">119,789 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">50.64% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">96,756 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.90% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">20,025 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1904 United States presidential election in New York">1904</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">113,246 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">48.12% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">111,855 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">47.53% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10,216 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1900 United States presidential election in New York">1900</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">108,977 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">49.57% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">106,232 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48.32% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,639 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1896 United States presidential election in New York">1896</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">109,135 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56.35% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76,882 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39.70% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,659 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.95% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1892 United States presidential election in New York">1892</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">70,505 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.97% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100,160 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">56.78% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,720 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1888 United States presidential election in New York">1888</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">70,052 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.49% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">82,507 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53.58% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,430 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1884 United States presidential election in New York">1884</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">53,516 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.37% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">69,264 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">54.83% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,541 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1880 United States presidential election in New York">1880</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">51,751 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">45.66% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">61,062 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53.88% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">516 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1876 United States presidential election in New York">1876</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39,066 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">40.41% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57,556 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">59.53% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">62 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1872 United States presidential election in New York">1872</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">33,369 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46.68% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">38,108 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53.31% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1868 United States presidential election in New York">1868</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">27,707 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">41.02% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39,838 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">58.98% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1864 United States presidential election in New York">1864</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20,838 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">44.75% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">25,726 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55.25% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1860 United States presidential election in New York">1860</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15,883 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">43.56% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">20,583 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">56.44% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1856 United States presidential election in New York">1856</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7,846 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25.58% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">14,174 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">46.22% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">8,647 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">28.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1852 United States presidential election in New York">1852</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">8,496 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">43.97% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">10,628 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55.00% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">199 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1848 United States presidential election in New York">1848</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">7,511 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">56.59% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">4,882 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">36.78% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">879 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1844 United States presidential election in New York">1844</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">5,107 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">51.94% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">4,648 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">47.27% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0C862"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1840 United States presidential election in New York">1840</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">3,293 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">50.86% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">3,157 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">48.76% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">24 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1836 United States presidential election in New York">1836</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">1,868 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">44.59% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">2,321 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55.41% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1832 United States presidential election in New York">1832</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">1,264 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">42.06% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1,741 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57.94% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1828 United States presidential election in New York">1828</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">1,053 </td> <td style="background-color:#F0C862">43.84% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">1,349 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">56.16% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> </tbody></table> As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> in a national <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential election</a> since <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="1924 United States presidential election in New York">1924</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2008 United States presidential election in New York">2008 presidential election</a>, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> received 20.0%. In <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York" title="2012 United States presidential election in New York">2012</a>, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s 16.9%. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_representation">Federal representation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Federal representation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of 2023, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough.<a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-146">[145]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">Nydia Velázquez</a> (first elected in 1992) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="New York's 7th congressional district">New York's 7th congressional district</a>, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Boerum_Hill" title="Boerum Hill">Boerum Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Gardens,_Brooklyn" title="Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn">Carroll Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobble_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Cobble Hill, Brooklyn">Cobble Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumbo,_Brooklyn" title="Dumbo, Brooklyn">Dumbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="East Williamsburg, Brooklyn">East Williamsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gowanus,_Brooklyn" title="Gowanus, Brooklyn">Gowanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>. The district also covers a small portion of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (first elected in 2012) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="New York's 8th congressional district">New York's 8th congressional district</a>, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Bedford-Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn">Bedford-Stuyvesant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Bergen Beach, Brooklyn">Bergen Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach" title="Brighton Beach">Brighton Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canarsie,_Brooklyn" title="Canarsie, Brooklyn">Canarsie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Clinton Hill, Brooklyn">Clinton Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flatbush,_Brooklyn" title="East Flatbush, Brooklyn">East Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene,_Brooklyn" title="Fort Greene, Brooklyn">Fort Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerritsen_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn">Gerritsen Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Park, Brooklyn">Marine Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mill_Basin,_Brooklyn" title="Mill Basin, Brooklyn">Mill Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Ocean Hill, Brooklyn">Ocean Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheepshead_Bay,_Brooklyn" title="Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn">Sheepshead Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Creek,_Brooklyn" title="Spring Creek, Brooklyn">Spring Creek</a>. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.<a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Clarke" title="Yvette Clarke">Yvette Clarke</a> (first elected in 2006) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="New York's 9th congressional district">New York's 9th congressional district</a>, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flatbush,_Brooklyn" title="East Flatbush, Brooklyn">East Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park_Slope" title="Park Slope">Park Slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Prospect Heights, Brooklyn">Prospect Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Lefferts_Gardens" title="Prospect Lefferts Gardens">Prospect Lefferts Gardens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Terrace,_Brooklyn" title="Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn">Windsor Terrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Goldman" title="Dan Goldman">Dan Goldman</a> (first elected in 2022) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="New York's 10th congressional district">New York's 10th congressional district</a>, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Brooklyn" title="Kensington, Brooklyn">Kensington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mapleton,_Brooklyn" title="Mapleton, Brooklyn">Mapleton</a>. The district also covers the <a href="/wiki/West_Side_(Manhattan)" title="West Side (Manhattan)">West Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malliotakis" title="Nicole Malliotakis">Nicole Malliotakis</a> (first elected in 2020) represents <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="New York's 11th congressional district">New York's 11th congressional district</a>, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, <a href="/wiki/Bath_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Bath Beach, Brooklyn">Bath Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge,_Brooklyn" title="Bay Ridge, Brooklyn">Bay Ridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dyker_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Dyker Heights, Brooklyn">Dyker Heights</a>. The district also covers all of <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govtrack.us_2018-146">[145]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;"> <caption>Party affiliation of Brooklyn registered voters (relative percentages) </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey; text-align:center;"> <th>Party </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>1999 </th> <th>1998 </th> <th>1997 </th> <th>1996 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#B0CEFF;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> </td> <td>69.7 </td> <td>69.2 </td> <td>70.0 </td> <td>70.1 </td> <td>70.6 </td> <td>70.3 </td> <td>70.7 </td> <td>70.8 </td> <td>70.8 </td> <td>71.0 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFB6B6;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>10.1 </td> <td>10.2 </td> <td>10.5 </td> <td>10.9 </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>11.3 </td> <td>11.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Other </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:white;"> <td align="left">No affiliation </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td>16.9 </td> <td>16.1 </td> <td>16.2 </td> <td>16.3 </td> <td>16.5 </td> <td>15.9 </td> <td>15.5 </td> <td>15.4 </td> <td>15.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Housing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Brooklyn offers a wide array of private housing, as well as public housing, which is administered by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority" title="New York City Housing Authority">New York City Housing Authority</a> (NYCHA). Affordable rental and co-operative housing units throughout the borough were created under the <a href="/wiki/Mitchell%E2%80%93Lama_Housing_Program" title="Mitchell–Lama Housing Program">Mitchell–Lama Housing Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> There were 1,101,441 housing units in 2022<a href="#cite_note-BrooklynQuickFacts-88">[88]</a> at an average density of 15,876 units per square mile (6,130/km2). Public housing administered by NYCHA accounts for more than 100,000 residents in nearly 50,000 units in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_City" title="Education in New York City">Education in New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of high schools in New York City">List of high schools in New York City</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg/200px-Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1203"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg/200px-Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg/300px-Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg/400px-Bklyn_Tech_HS_from_Ashland_jeh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Brooklyn Tech as seen from Ashland Place in Fort Greene</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg/200px-2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="3368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg/200px-2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg/300px-2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg/400px-2016_Brooklyn_College_Library.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Brooklyn College library, part of the original campus laid out by Randolph Evans, now known as "East Quad"</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg/150px-Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2666"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg/150px-Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg/225px-Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg/300px-Brooklyn_Law_School_Fell_Hall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Law_School" title="Brooklyn Law School">Brooklyn Law School</a>'s 1994 <a href="/wiki/New_Classical_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="New Classical Architecture">new classical</a> "Fell Hall" tower, by architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._M._Stern" title="Robert A. M. Stern">Robert A. M. Stern</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg/200px-Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1182"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg/200px-Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg/300px-Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg/400px-Wunsch_building_among_MetroTech.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Tandon_School_of_Engineering" title="New York University Tandon School of Engineering">NYU Tandon</a> Wunsch Building</figcaption></figure> Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Non-charter public schools in the borough are managed by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City Department of Education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> the largest public school system in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Technical_High_School" title="Brooklyn Technical High School">Brooklyn Technical High School</a> (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene Park</a>. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6 million and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Higher education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_colleges">Public colleges</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Public colleges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> is a senior college of the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>, and was the first public coeducational <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts college</a> in New York City. The college ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Review">Princeton Review</a>'s 2006 guidebook, America's Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second-generation Americans. Founded in 1970, <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers_College" title="Medgar Evers College">Medgar Evers College</a> is a senior college of the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>. The college offers programs at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as adult and continuing education classes for central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>. CUNY's <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_College_of_Technology" title="New York City College of Technology">New York City College of Technology</a> (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_College_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY Downstate College of Medicine">SUNY Downstate College of Medicine</a>, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_colleges">Private colleges</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Private colleges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_University" title="Adelphi University">Adelphi University</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City</a>, moved its Manhattan Campus in 2023 to a new location on Livingston Street in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a>. The move marks a return to Brooklyn for the university, which originated on Adelphi Street with the Adelphi Academy. The facility is shared with <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_College" title="St. Francis College">St. Francis College</a>, which has created a new campus at 179 Livingston Street.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Law_School" title="Brooklyn Law School">Brooklyn Law School</a> was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Leiter" title="Brian Leiter">Brian Leiter</a>, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_University" title="Long Island University">Long Island University</a> is a private university headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Brookville,_New_York" title="Brookville, New York">Brookville</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, with a campus in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a> with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels. <a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute" title="Pratt Institute">Pratt Institute</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hill,_Brooklyn" title="Clinton Hill, Brooklyn">Clinton Hill</a>, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">official landmarks</a>. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Tandon_School_of_Engineering" title="New York University Tandon School of Engineering">New York University Tandon School of Engineering</a>, the United States' second oldest private <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">institute of technology</a>, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's <a href="/wiki/MetroTech_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroTech Center">MetroTech Center</a>, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> (NYU).<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_College" title="St. Francis College">St. Francis College</a> is a Catholic college in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a> founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine and U.S. News & World Report.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesDiversity-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes.com-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-USNWR-161">[160]</a> Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's College (New York)">Saint Joseph's College</a> in Clinton Hill and <a href="/wiki/Boricua_College" title="Boricua College">Boricua College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community_colleges">Community colleges</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Community colleges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Kingsborough_Community_College" title="Kingsborough Community College">Kingsborough Community College</a> is a junior college in the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn">Manhattan Beach</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Brooklyn_Public_Library">Brooklyn Public Library</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Brooklyn Public Library" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG/220px-Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG/220px-Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG/330px-Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG/440px-Brooklyn_Public_Library_by_DS.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza</figcaption></figure> As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Public_Library" title="Brooklyn Public Library">Brooklyn Public Library</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_Plaza" title="Grand Army Plaza">Grand Army Plaza</a>. There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Public transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City">Transportation in New York City</a></div> About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg/250px-Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg/250px-Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg/375px-Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg/500px-Coney_Island-Stillwell_Avenue_Terminus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue subway station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg/220px-Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg/220px-Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg/330px-Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg/440px-Atlantic_Terminal_LIRR_and_Subway_entrances.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Atlantic Terminal is a major hub in Brooklyn.</figcaption></figure> Brooklyn features extensive <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit</a>. Nineteen <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> services, including the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Avenue_Shuttle" title="Franklin Avenue Shuttle">Franklin Avenue Shuttle</a>, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact some neighborhoods like <a href="/wiki/Flatlands,_Brooklyn" title="Flatlands, Brooklyn">Flatlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_Park,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Park, Brooklyn">Marine Park</a> are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_stations_in_Brooklyn" title="List of New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn">170 currently in Brooklyn</a>, include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue%E2%80%93Barclays_Center_station" title="Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station">Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Junction_station" title="Broadway Junction station">Broadway Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_Avenue_station_(BMT_lines)" title="DeKalb Avenue station (BMT lines)">DeKalb Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Street%E2%80%93MetroTech_station" title="Jay Street–MetroTech station">Jay Street–MetroTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island%E2%80%93Stillwell_Avenue_station" title="Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station">Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li></ul> Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park,<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> as well as a subway line to <a href="/wiki/Spring_Creek,_Brooklyn" title="Spring Creek, Brooklyn">Spring Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Brooklyn was once served by <a href="/wiki/List_of_streetcar_lines_in_Brooklyn" title="List of streetcar lines in Brooklyn">an extensive network of streetcars</a>, but many were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Brooklyn" title="List of bus routes in Brooklyn">public bus network</a> that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: <a href="/wiki/East_New_York_(LIRR_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="East New York (LIRR station)">East New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nostrand_Avenue_(LIRR_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostrand Avenue (LIRR station)">Nostrand Avenue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Terminal" title="Atlantic Terminal">Atlantic Terminal</a>, the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Branch" title="Atlantic Branch">Atlantic Branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a>. The terminal is near the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_%E2%80%93_Barclays_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center">Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center</a> subway station, with ten connecting subway services. In February 2015, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a> announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called <a href="/wiki/NYC_Ferry" title="NYC Ferry">NYC Ferry</a> to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.<a href="#cite_note-:0-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcny-hornblower-170">[169]</a> The ferry opened in May 2017,<a href="#cite_note-nydailynews.com-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-172">[171]</a> with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the <a href="/wiki/East_River_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="East River Ferry">East River Ferry</a> serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Army_Terminal" title="Brooklyn Army Terminal">Brooklyn Army Terminal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-173">[172]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a> line, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens_Connector" title="Brooklyn–Queens Connector">Brooklyn–Queens Connector</a>, was proposed by the city in February 2016,<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadways">Roadways</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Roadways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn streets">Brooklyn streets</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_lettered_Brooklyn_avenues" title="List of lettered Brooklyn avenues">List of lettered Brooklyn avenues</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_(Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway)_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn,_New_York_City,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-2024-05-22_12_33_13_View_east_along_Interstate_278_%28Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Sackett_Street_in_Brooklyn%2C_New_York_City%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The BQE between Red Hook and Brooklyn Heights</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg/400px-Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg/400px-Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg/600px-Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Marine_Parkway_Bridge_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Parkway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Parkway Bridge">Marine Parkway Bridge</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg/400px-Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="474"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 119px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg/400px-Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="119" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg/600px-Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg/800px-Williamsburg_Bridge_from_Gowanus_Bay_jeh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Wallabout_Bay" title="Wallabout Bay">Wallabout Bay</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint</a> and Long Island City in background</figcaption></figure> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">limited-access expressways and parkways</a> are in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn, where the borough's two <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">interstate highways</a> are located; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_278" title="Interstate 278">Interstate 278</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Gowanus_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowanus Expressway">Gowanus Expressway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn-Queens Expressway">Brooklyn-Queens Expressway</a>, traverses <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Interstate_478" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 478">Interstate 478</a> is an unsigned route designation for the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Battery_Tunnel" title="Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel</a>, which connects to Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Other prominent roadways are the <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Expressway">Prospect Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27" title="New York State Route 27">New York State Route 27</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Belt_Parkway" title="Belt Parkway">Belt Parkway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Parkway" title="Jackie Robinson Parkway">Jackie Robinson Parkway</a> (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of <a href="/wiki/I-78" class="mw-redirect" title="I-78">I-78</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Major thoroughfares include <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue_(New_York_City)" title="Atlantic Avenue (New York City)">Atlantic Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" title="Fourth Avenue (Brooklyn)">Fourth Avenue</a>, 86th Street, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Highway_(Brooklyn)" title="Kings Highway (Brooklyn)">Kings Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Parkway_(Brooklyn)" title="Bay Parkway (Brooklyn)">Bay Parkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Parkway_(Brooklyn)" title="Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)">Ocean Parkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linden_Boulevard" title="Linden Boulevard">Linden Boulevard</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGuinness_Boulevard" title="McGuinness Boulevard">McGuinness Boulevard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatbush_Avenue" title="Flatbush Avenue">Flatbush Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Brooklyn)" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Brooklyn)">Pennsylvania Avenue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nostrand_Avenue" title="Nostrand Avenue">Nostrand Avenue</a>. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but <a href="/wiki/Park_Slope" title="Park Slope">Park Slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Ridge">Bay Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bensonhurst">Bensonhurst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a> and the other western sections have <a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_Brooklyn_streets" title="List of numbered Brooklyn streets">numbered streets</a> running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A–Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as <a href="/wiki/Plumb_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumb Beach">Plumb Beach</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paerdegat_Basin" title="Paerdegat Basin">Paerdegat Basin</a>. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg Bridge</a>; a vehicular tunnel, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Battery_Tunnel" title="Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel</a> (also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The <a href="/wiki/Verrazzano-Narrows_Bridge" title="Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge">Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge</a> links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_Bridge" title="Pulaski Bridge">Pulaski Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint_Avenue_Bridge" title="Greenpoint Avenue Bridge">Greenpoint Avenue Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_Bridge" title="Kosciuszko Bridge">Kosciuszko Bridge</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn-Queens_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn-Queens Expressway">Brooklyn-Queens Expressway</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Street_Bridge" title="Grand Street Bridge">Grand Street Bridge</a>, all of which carry traffic over <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Creek" title="Newtown Creek">Newtown Creek</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Parkway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Parkway Bridge">Marine Parkway Bridge</a> connecting Brooklyn to the <a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockaway Peninsula">Rockaway Peninsula</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Waterways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Army_Terminal" title="Brooklyn Army Terminal">Brooklyn Army Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bush_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush Terminal">Bush Terminal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Sunset Park, Brooklyn">Sunset Park</a>. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Cruise_Terminal" title="Brooklyn Cruise Terminal">Brooklyn Cruise Terminal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook</a> is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_2" title="Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cruise_ships" title="List of largest cruise ships">world's largest ocean liners</a>, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-auto-173">[172]</a> The Brooklyn waterfront formerly employed tens of thousands of borough residents and acted as an incubator for industries across the entire city, and the decline of the port exacerbated Brooklyn's decline in the second half of the 20th century. In February 2015, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a> announced that the city government would begin <a href="/wiki/NYC_Ferry" title="NYC Ferry">NYC Ferry</a> to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:0-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcny-hornblower-170">[169]</a> The ferry opened in May 2017,<a href="#cite_note-nydailynews.com-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-172">[171]</a> offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The <a href="/wiki/East_River_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="East River Ferry">East River Ferry</a> serves points in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_City" title="Long Island City">Long Island City</a>, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Ferries to Coney Island are also planned.<a href="#cite_note-auto-173">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/NY_Waterway" title="NY Waterway">NY Waterway</a> offers tours and charters. <a href="/wiki/SeaStreak" class="mw-redirect" title="SeaStreak">SeaStreak</a> also offers a weekday ferry service between the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Army_Terminal" title="Brooklyn Army Terminal">Brooklyn Army Terminal</a> and the Manhattan ferry slips at <a href="/wiki/Pier_11/Wall_Street" title="Pier 11/Wall Street">Pier 11/Wall Street</a> downtown and <a href="/wiki/East_34th_Street_Ferry_Landing" title="East 34th Street Ferry Landing">East 34th Street Ferry Landing</a> in midtown. A <a href="/wiki/Cross-Harbor_Rail_Tunnel" title="Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel">Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel</a>, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then-new <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Authority of New York">Port Authority of New York</a> is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area.<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park"><noscript><img alt="Manhattan Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG/1500px-Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="1500" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="12416" data-file-height="1856"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1500px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG/1500px-Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG" data-alt="Manhattan Bridge" data-width="1500" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG/2250px-Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG/3000px-Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan_Bridge_Panorama.JPG" title="File:Manhattan Bridge Panorama.JPG"> </a></div>Manhattan Bridge seen from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park" title="Brooklyn Bridge Park">Brooklyn Bridge Park</a></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Partnerships_with_districts_of_foreign_cities">Partnerships with districts of foreign cities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Partnerships with districts of foreign cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_York_City#Sister_cities" title="New York City">New York City § Sister cities</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio, Lazio</a>, Italy (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, Vietnam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Poland (since 1991)<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Beşiktaş">Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province</a>, Turkey (since 2005)<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldstadt" title="Leopoldstadt">Leopoldstadt, Vienna</a>, Austria (since 2007)<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Lambeth" title="London Borough of Lambeth">London Borough of Lambeth</a>, United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, Israel<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konak,_%C4%B0zmir" title="Konak, İzmir">Konak, İzmir</a>, Turkey (since 2010)<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoyang_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoyang District, Beijing">Chaoyang District, Beijing</a>, China (since 2014)<a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Borough_President-187">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a>, China (since 2014)<a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn_Borough_President-187">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a>, Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Hospitals_and_healthcare">Hospitals and healthcare</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Hospitals and healthcare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Brooklyn" title="List of hospitals in Brooklyn">List of hospitals in Brooklyn</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brookdale_University_Hospital_and_Medical_Center" title="Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center">Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County_Hospital_Center" title="Kings County Hospital Center">Kings County Hospital Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides_Medical_Center" title="Maimonides Medical Center">Maimonides Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Brooklyn)" title="Mount Sinai Hospital (Brooklyn)">Mount Sinai Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Community_Hospital" title="New York Community Hospital">New York Community Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYC_Health_%2B_Hospitals/Kings_County" class="mw-redirect" title="NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County">NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Langone_Hospital_%E2%80%93_Brooklyn" title="NYU Langone Hospital – Brooklyn">NYU Langone Hospital – Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUNY_Downstate_Medical_Center" title="SUNY Downstate Medical Center">SUNY Downstate Medical Center</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 22%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_links">General links</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: General links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Brooklyn" title="List of people from Brooklyn">List of people from Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Brooklyn" title="List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn">List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kings_County,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York">National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Brooklyn" title="USS Brooklyn">USS Brooklyn</a>, 3 ships</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 22%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_neighborhoods">History of neighborhoods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: History of neighborhoods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedford%E2%80%93Stuyvesant,_Brooklyn#History" title="Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn">Bedford–Stuyvesant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn#History" title="Bushwick, Brooklyn">Bushwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarsie#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarsie">Canarsie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island#History" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn#History" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Williamsburg,_Brooklyn#History" title="East Williamsburg, Brooklyn">East Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn#History" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn#History" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Utrecht,_Brooklyn#History" title="New Utrecht, Brooklyn">New Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Slope#History" title="Park Slope">Park Slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn#History" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 22%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_history">General history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: General history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Visual_Heritage" title="Brooklyn Visual Heritage">Brooklyn Visual Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_municipalities_in_New_York_City" title="List of former municipalities in New York City">List of former municipalities in New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brooklyn_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Brooklyn history">Timeline of Brooklyn history</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Mostly <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Multiracial American</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> or other <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European ancestry</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusMap-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusMap_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusMap_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusMap_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtgis-portal.geo.census.gov/arcgis/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7">"2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer"</a>. US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+Demographic+Data+Map+Viewer&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmtgis-portal.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Fapps%2FMapSeries%2Findex.html%3Fappid%3D2566121a73de463995ed2b2fd7ff6eb7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_Hill_(Brooklyn)" title="Battle Hill (Brooklyn)">Battle Hill</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Moynihan, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/nyregion/fyi-530409.html">"F.Y.I."</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites, and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?" </li> <li id="cite_note-bea.gov-4"><a href="#cite_ref-bea.gov_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/lagdp1223.pdf">"Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022"</a> (PDF). www.bea.gov. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bea.gov&rft.atitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+by+County+and+Metropolitan+Area%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-12%2Flagdp1223.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Counties2020NYS-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Counties2020NYS_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/2020/table02.htm">Table 2: Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State - 2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Health" title="New York State Department of Health">New York State Department of Health</a>. Accessed January 2, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-GR1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR1_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/county_sub_list_36.txt">2010 Gazetteer for New York State</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Accessed September 18, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusPopulation2022-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CensusPopulation2022_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CensusPopulation2022_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=populous">Most Populaous States, Counties and Cities (2022)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Accessed January 2, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusDensity2022-8"><a href="#cite_ref-CensusDensity2022_8-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density">Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022)</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Accessed January 2, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_counties_36.txt">2020 Census Gazetteer for New York State</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Accessed January 2, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/consolidation-of-the-five-borough-city">Consolidation of the Five-Borough City: 1898</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a>. Accessed January 18, 2024. "On January 1, 1898, the separate jurisdictions of New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis: the City of Greater New York..... Resistance was strongest among residents of Brooklyn, who did not want to see their city’s independent identity smothered by New York and their Republican government swamped by the huge numbers of Democrats in Manhattan. The question was put to a public referendum and in the end, the Greater New York movement won by a razor thin margin – 64,744 votes for consolidation, 64,467 against." </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanailova2018" class="citation web cs1">Danailova, Hilary (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/">"Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Magazine" title="Hadassah Magazine">Hadassah Magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brooklyn%2C+the+Most+Jewish+Spot+on+Earth&rft.pub=Hadassah+Magazine&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Danailova&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadassahmagazine.org%2F2018%2F01%2F11%2Fbrooklyn-jewish-spot-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Sherman, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bkmag.com/2014/08/06/why-is-brooklyns-flag-so-lame/">"Why Is Brooklyn's Flag So Lame?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Magazine" title="Brooklyn Magazine">Brooklyn Magazine</a>, August 6, 2014. Accessed January 18, 2024. "If you aren’t familiar, Brooklyn has a flag. And it’s a bummer. It’s plain white, first of all, with a sort of wonky blue oval shape at the center. Inside the oval is a bored-looking woman in a yellow robe, carrying a fasces, a symbol of unity. The oval is ringed with a motto, in Dutch, Een Draght Maekt Maght ('Unity Makes Strength'), and the words Borough of Brooklyn." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Alford2013" class="citation news cs1">Henry Alford (May 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html">"How I Became a Hipster"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502021525/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2013. 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Vol. 1. Brooklyn : The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+and+Brooklyn%3A+the+record+of+the+progress+of+the+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.pub=Brooklyn+%3A+The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ward+Beecher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924092229339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Williams1850" class="citation cs2">W. Williams (1850), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/appletonsnorther00willuoft#page/136/mode/2up">"Brooklyn"</a>, Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide, New York: D. Appleton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brooklyn&rft.btitle=Appleton%27s+northern+and+eastern+traveller%27s+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1850&rft.au=W.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fappletonsnorther00willuoft%23page%2F136%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Reed_Stiles1867" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Reed_Stiles" title="Henry Reed Stiles">Henry Reed Stiles</a> (1867), A history of the city of Brooklyn, Brooklyn: Pub. by subscription, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14012527M">14012527M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+city+of+Brooklyn&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pub=Pub.+by+subscription&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14012527M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Henry+Reed+Stiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/appletonsillustr00newy#page/20/mode/2up">"Brooklyn"</a>, Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brooklyn&rft.btitle=Appleton%27s+Illustrated+Hand-Book+of+American+Cities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fappletonsillustr00newy%23page%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Daily_Eagle1898" class="citation book cs1">Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brooklyndailyea01unkngoog">Almanac: 1898</a> (2nd ed.). Brooklyn: [S.l. : s.n.], Brooklyn Daily Eagle).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanac%3A+1898&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=%5BS.l.+%3A+s.n.%5D%2C+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle%29&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrooklyndailyea01unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington_Putnam1899" class="citation cs2">Harrington Putnam (1899), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historictownsmi00powegoog#page/n255/mode/2up">"Brooklyn"</a>, in Lyman P. Powell (ed.), Historic towns of the middle states, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/248109">248109</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brooklyn&rft.btitle=Historic+towns+of+the+middle+states&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F248109&rft.au=Harrington+Putnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistorictownsmi00powegoog%23page%2Fn255%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Ingersoll1906" class="citation cs2">Ernest Ingersoll (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/randmcnallycosha1906inge#page/158/mode/2up">"Greater New York: Brooklyn"</a>, Rand, McNally & Co.'s handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city (20th ed.), Chicago: Rand, McNally, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29277709">29277709</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greater+New+York%3A+Brooklyn&rft.btitle=Rand%2C+McNally+%26+Co.%27s+handy+guide+to+New+York+City%2C+Brooklyn%2C+Staten+Island%2C+and+other+districts+included+in+the+enlarged+city&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=Rand%2C+McNally&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29277709&rft.au=Ernest+Ingersoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frandmcnallycosha1906inge%23page%2F158%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Hungerford1913" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hungerford_(author)" title="Edward Hungerford (author)">Edward Hungerford</a> (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/personalityofame00hungrich#page/61/mode/2up">"Across the East River"</a>, The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Across+the+East+River&rft.btitle=The+Personality+of+American+Cities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McBride%2C+Nast+%26+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Edward+Hungerford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpersonalityofame00hungrich%23page%2F61%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brooklyn">"Brooklyn" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–649.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brooklyn&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=647-649&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015008915889?urlappend=%3Bseq=343">"New York City: Brooklyn"</a>. New York: a Guide to the Empire State. <a href="/wiki/American_Guide_Series" title="American Guide Series">American Guide Series</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015008915889?urlappend=%3Bseq=343">2027/mdp.39015008915889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+York+City%3A+Brooklyn&rft.btitle=New+York%3A+a+Guide+to+the+Empire+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=American+Guide+Series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015008915889%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D343&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015008915889%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrooklyn" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_1941–present">Published 1941–present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Published 1941–present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Berner, Thomas F. The Brooklyn Navy Yard (Arcadia, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HEHt7obvosEC&dq=+%22Brooklyn+Navy+Yard%22+&pg=PA6">online</a>.</li> <li>Carbone, Tommy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obcTtwEACAAJ">Growing Up Greenpoint – A Kid's Life in 1970s Brooklyn</a>. (Burnt Jacket Publishing, 2018).</li> <li>Carroll, James T. "Neighbors to the East of the River: Cast of Leaders in the Diocese of Brooklyn, 1920–1960." Catholic Historical Review 108.2 (2022): 267–286.</li> <li>Curran, Winifred. "Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Environment And Planning A. 36 (2004): 1243–1258.</li> <li>Curran, Winifred. "'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Urban Studies (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427–1440.</li> <li>Edwards, Maurice. How music grew in Brooklyn: a biography of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra (Scarecrow Press, 2006).</li> <li>Gallagher, John J. Battle Of Brooklyn 1776 (Da Capo Press, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0KcOdML0UHcC&dq=Brooklyn&pg=PR9">online</a>.</li> <li>Golenbock, Peter. Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Courier, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wz0UPMaCYPgC&dq=Brooklyn&pg=PA1">online</a></li> <li>Harris, Lynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/fashion/18slope.html">"Park Slope: Where Is the Love?"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> May 18, 2008</li> <li>Haw, Richard. "American History/American Memory: Reevaluating Walt Whitman's Relationship with the Brooklyn Bridge." Journal of American Studies 38.1 (2004): 1-22.</li> <li>Henke, Holger, The West Indian Americans (Greenwood Press: 2001).</li> <li>Hughes, Evan. Literary Brooklyn: The writers of Brooklyn and the story of American city life (Holt, 2011).</li> <li>Kranzler, George. Hasidic Williamsburg: A contemporary American Hasidic community (Jason Aronson, 1995).</li> <li>Kurland, Gerald. Seth Low: The Reformer in an Urban and Industrial Age (Ardent Media, 1971); he was mayor of Brooklyn from 1881 to 1885.</li> <li>Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994)</li> <li>McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. Brooklyn...and How It Got That Way (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos</li> <li>McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (2001)</li> <li>McNamara, Patrick. " 'Catholic Journalism With Its Sleeves Rolled Up': Patrick F. Scanlan and the Brooklyn Tablet, 1917-1968." US Catholic Historian 25.3 (2007): 87–107.</li> <li>Ment, David. The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/16/article/490394/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Moore, Deborah Dash. At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews (Columbia University Press, 1981).</li> <li>Podair, Jerald E. The strike that changed New York: Blacks, whites and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville crisis (Yale University Press, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gEEA0RxSR3EC&dq=Brownsville&pg=PR7">online</a></li> <li>Pritchett, Wendell E. Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews, and the changing face of the ghetto (University of Chicago Press, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeuimfpD1BYC&dq=Brownsville&pg=PR5">online</a>.</li> <li>Robbins, Michael W., ed. Brooklyn: A State of Mind. (Workman Publishing, 2001).</li> <li>Shepard, Benjamin Heim / Noonan, Mark J.: Brooklyn Tides. The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough (transcript Verlag, 2018)</li> <li>Smith, Betty. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1943) a semi-autobiographical novel set in the <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a> slums of Brooklyn, from 1902 to 1919.</li> <li>Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. Brooklyn!: an illustrated history (Temple University Press, 2004)</li> <li>Sparr, Arnold. "Looking for Rosie: Women Defense Workers in the Brooklyn Navy Yard, 1942-1946." New York History 81.3 (2000): 313–340. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23182271">online</a></li> <li>Trachtenberg, Alan. Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol (University of Chicago Press, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brooklynbridgefa00trac/page/n9/mode/2up">online dissertation version</a></li> <li>Warf, Barney. "The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn." Environment and Planning D (1990) 8#1 pp: 73–96.</li> <li>Weld, Ralph Foster. Brooklyn is America (Columbia University Press, 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.544119">online</a></li> <li>Wellman, Judith. Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York (2014)</li> <li>Wilder, Craig Steven. A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636–1990 (Columbia University Press, 2013)</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Brooklyn at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brooklyn,_New_York_City" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Brooklyn, New York City">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Brooklyn" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/">Official website of the Brooklyn Borough President</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Digital Public Library of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dp.la/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&page_size=100&q=brooklyn">Items related to Brooklyn</a>, various dates.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019230402/http://www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/">The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online, 1841–1902</a> (from the Brooklyn Public Library)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/Classic%20Poems/Whitman/crossing_brooklyn_ferry.htm">Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/30/">Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island. (1824) An Online Electronic Text Edition.</a> by Gabriel Furman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/50345398/">"Becoming Wards One By One"</a> The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (May 4, 1894). p. 12.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&oldid=1259363390">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&oldid=1259363390</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 19:45 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" title="Brooklyn, New York – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brooklyn, New York" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocoland" title="Brocoland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brocoland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروكلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروكلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruklin" title="Bruklin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bruklin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بروکلین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بروکلین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্রুকলিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রুকলিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бруклін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бруклін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бруклін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бруклін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Brooklyn (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Brooklyn (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Μπρούκλιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπρούκλιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broklino" title="Broklino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Broklino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بروکلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بروکلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8A%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%8A%DB%8C%D8%A4%D8%B1%DA%A9)" title="برۊکلين (نيۊیؤرک) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="برۊکلين (نيۊیؤرک)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%B0" title="브루클린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브루클린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բրուքլին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրուքլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रुकलीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रुकलीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" title="Brooklyn, New York – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brooklyn, New York" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF,_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="কিংস কাউন্টি, নিউ ইয়র্ক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কিংস কাউন্টি, নিউ ইয়র্ক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ברוקלין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברוקלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" title="Brooklyn, New York – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Brooklyn, New York" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბრუკლინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრუკლინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklynium" title="Brooklynium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Brooklynium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruklina" title="Bruklina – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bruklina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruklinas" title="Bruklinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bruklinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബ്രൂക്ലിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രൂക്ലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="ब्रुकलिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रुकलिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბრუკლინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრუკლინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروكلين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروكلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3k-g%C3%AC-l%C4%81ng" title="Bók-gì-lāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bók-gì-lāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_(New_York)" title="Brooklyn (New York) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brooklyn (New York)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%8C%BA" title="ブルックリン区 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルックリン区" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruklin" title="Bruklin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bruklin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="بروکلن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بروکلن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucculinu" title="Brucculinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Brucculinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بڕۆکلین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕۆکلین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="புரூக்ளின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரூக்ளின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бруклин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бруклин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="บรุกลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรุกลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Бруклін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бруклін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86%D8%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="بروکلن، نیویارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بروکلن، نیویارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%BA" title="布鲁克林区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布鲁克林区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ברוקלין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברוקלין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%A2%8C%E5%B4%99" title="布碌崙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布碌崙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Brooklyn" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%BA" title="布鲁克林区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布鲁克林区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> 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