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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="كاميشيباي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاميشيباي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Камісібай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камісібай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami%C5%9Dibajo" title="Kamiŝibajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kamiŝibajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کامی‌شیبای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامی‌شیبای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%A7%80%EA%B1%B0" title="지지거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지지거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%99%E8%8A%9D%E5%B1%85" title="紙芝居 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紙芝居" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Камисибай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камисибай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamishibai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camichibay" title="Camichibay – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Camichibay" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1423940#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Form of Japanese street theatre and storytelling</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamishibai_Performer_In_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kamishibai_Performer_In_Japan.jpg/290px-Kamishibai_Performer_In_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kamishibai_Performer_In_Japan.jpg/435px-Kamishibai_Performer_In_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kamishibai_Performer_In_Japan.jpg/580px-Kamishibai_Performer_In_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibaiya</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> artist) in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Kamishibai</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紙芝居</span></span>, "paper play")</span> is a form of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Street_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Street theater">street theater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a> that was popular during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s and the <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">postwar period</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">advent of television</a> during the mid-20th century. <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamishibai</i></span> were performed by a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibaiya</i></span> ("<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> narrator") who travelled to street corners with sets of illustrated boards that they placed in a miniature stage-like device and narrated the story by changing each image.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamishibai</i></span> has its earliest origins in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a>, where Buddhist monks from the 8th century onward used <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">emakimono</a></i></span> ("picture scrolls") as pictorial aids for recounting their history of the monasteries, an early combination of picture and text to convey a story.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact origins of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> during the 20th century are unknown, appearing "like the wind on a street corner" in the <a href="/wiki/Shitamachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shitamachi">Shitamachi</a> section of Tokyo around 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed, however, that <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> has deep roots in Japan's <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Etoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Etoki">etoki</a></i></span> ("pictorial storytelling") art history, which can be traced back to the 12th-century <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">emaki</i></span> scrolls, such as the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dj%C5%AB-jinbutsu-giga" title="Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga">Chōjū giga</a></i></span> ("Frolicking Critters"), attributed to the priest <a href="/wiki/Toba_S%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" title="Toba Sōjō">Toba Sōjō</a> (1053–1140).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scroll depicts anthropomorphised animal caricatures that satirise society during this period but has no text, making it a pictorial aid to a story.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can therefore be considered a direct precursor of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1868), visual and performing arts flourished, particularly through the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> ("pictures of the floating world"). <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Etoki</i></span> once again became popular during the later 18th century as storytellers began to set up on street corners with an unrolled scroll hanging from a pole.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> (1868–1912), <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tachi-e</i></span> ("stand-up pictures"), similar to those in the Edo period, were told by performers who manipulated flat paper cutouts of figures mounted on wooden poles (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">shadow puppets</a> of Indonesia and Malaysia).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zen priest Nishimura is also credited to have used these pictures during sermons to entertain children.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another form of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">etoki</i></span> was the Japanese-modified <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a> imported from the Netherlands. Much smaller in size, six engravings of landscapes and everyday scenes would be placed one behind the other on top of the device and lowered when required so that the viewer, who looked at them through a lens, could experience the illusion of space created by this device.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artistic and technological developments of the Edo and Meiji periods can be linked to the establishment of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age">Golden age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Golden age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamishibai</i></span>, cartoons, and comics became substantially popular during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s and after the Japanese surrender to the Allied Forces in August 1945 at the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>" of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamishibai</i></span> produced and narrated over this period give insight into the minds of the people who lived through such a tumultuous period in history. Contrary to the hardships imposed by the Depression, in 1933 there were 2,500 <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibaiya</i></span> in Tokyo alone, who performed ten times a day for audiences of up to thirty children, equalling a total of one million children a day.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Depression years were the most prosperous and vibrant for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span>: with 1.5 million unemployed in Tokyo in 1930, it provided a great job opportunity for many people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early postwar period was particularly hard on the citizens of Japan who wanted to rebuild their lives in a rapidly changing environment. Comics became popular in newspapers and magazines, depicting scenes of everyday life injected with humour.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A strong publishing industry emerged from the demand for comics, but outside of this industry, the desire for cheap entertainment further stimulated the demand for <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five million children and adults were entertained across Japan daily during the postwar period.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamishibai_artist_at_kyomizudera_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kamishibai_artist_at_kyomizudera_1.jpg/220px-Kamishibai_artist_at_kyomizudera_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kamishibai_artist_at_kyomizudera_1.jpg/330px-Kamishibai_artist_at_kyomizudera_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kamishibai_artist_at_kyomizudera_1.jpg/440px-Kamishibai_artist_at_kyomizudera_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> storyteller at <a href="/wiki/Kiyomizu-dera" title="Kiyomizu-dera">Kiyomizu-dera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gaito kamishibaiya</i></span> ("street-corner <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> storyteller") parked their bicycle at a familiar intersection and banged their <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dshigi" title="Hyōshigi">hyōshigi</a></i></span> ("clapping sticks") together to announce their presence and create anticipation for the show. When the audience arrived they would sell sweets to the children as a fee for the show, which was their main source of income. They would then unfold a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">butai</i></span>, a miniature wooden <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium</a> which held the illustrated boards for the narrator to change as he narrated (and provided sound effects for) the unscripted story.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> True artists only used hand-painted original art, not the mass-produced kind found in schools or for other communication purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamishibai kashimoto</i></span> (dealers) were sought to commission and rent artwork to narrators for a small fee.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of these boards was similar to that of an American comic book company, with each person separately doing the colouring of a panel. The principal illustrator would make pencil sketches that were then done over with thick brushes of India ink. Watercolour paint was then applied to delineate the background and foreground, an opaque tempera paint was then added on top and lastly a coat of lacquer to give it shine and protect it from the elements.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mix of "trashy pop culture" and fine artistry, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> blended the traditional linear style of Japanese painting with the heavy <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a> of Western painting, contrasting light and dark to give the figures depth and dynamism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were a variety of popular stories and themes in <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span>, which are now seen in contemporary manga and anime, including one of the first illustrated costume <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superheroes</a> in the world, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgon_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōgon Bat">Ōgon Bat</a></i></span> ("Golden Bat") in 1931, superheroes with secret identities like Prince Ganma (whose alter ego was a street urchin) and the popular genre of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">gekiga</a></i></span> or "drama pictures".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many prolific manga artists, like <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Mizuki" title="Shigeru Mizuki">Shigeru Mizuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanpei_Shirato" title="Sanpei Shirato">Sanpei Shirato</a>, were once <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> artists before the medium went out of vogue in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimizu_Taemon_died_at_his_post_Kamishibai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shimizu_Taemon_died_at_his_post_Kamishibai.jpg/220px-Shimizu_Taemon_died_at_his_post_Kamishibai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shimizu_Taemon_died_at_his_post_Kamishibai.jpg/330px-Shimizu_Taemon_died_at_his_post_Kamishibai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Shimizu_Taemon_died_at_his_post_Kamishibai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Boards for the story "Shimizu Taemon Died at his Post"</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kamishibai</i></span> was also utilized as a source of communication to the masses, an "evening news" for adults during the Second World War and the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation of Japan">Allied Occupation</a> (1945–1953). There are theories about the acceptance of drawing as a means to communicate in Asian nations more so than in Western nations which can be linked to the different printing technologies utilized in each regions histories. In the West, text and image eventually became separated because of the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a> method of <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">moveable type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was much easier to employ woodblock printing to depict the complex characters of the Japanese language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such use was often related to <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Japan_during_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War_and_World_War_II" title="Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II">propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The popularity of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> declined at the end of the Allied Occupation and the introduction of television, known originally as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">denki kamishibai</i></span> ("electric <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span>") in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With television bringing larger access to a variety of entertainment, many <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> artists and narrators lost their work, with the former turning to drawing <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gekiga</i></span>, bringing new talent and narrative to this growing genre.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this Japanese art form has largely disappeared, its significance and contributions have allowed <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> to be attributed as an origin for manga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/220px--Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm/Kamishibai_performance_-_2022_April_23_-_Asakusa_Tokyo.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Kamishibai performance in <a href="/wiki/Asakusa" title="Asakusa">Asakusa</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Production_System" title="Toyota Production System">Toyota Production System</a>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> boards are used as a visual control for performing audits within a manufacturing process. A series of cards are placed on a board and selected at random or according to schedule by supervisors and managers of the area. This ensures safety and cleanliness of the workplace is maintained and that quality checks are being performed.<sup id="cite_ref-ONEPOINT_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONEPOINT-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> storytelling was being conducted as part of an ongoing campaign to promote world peace. Maki Saji (a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist nun">Buddhist nun</a>) created a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> based on the story of one of the many children, <a href="/wiki/Sadako_Sasaki" title="Sadako Sasaki">Sadako Sasaki</a>, who suffered as a result of the atomic bomb raid on Hiroshima in 1945. In May 2010, she was a delegate at a Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in New York, where she performed to promote a world in harmony and free of nuclear arms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of manga and anime have been produced that borrow from or call back to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> tropes and presentation. These include <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_Tsubaki" title="Shōjo Tsubaki">Shōjo Tsubaki</a></i></span>, an <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">ero guro</a></i></span> manga by <a href="/wiki/Suehiro_Maruo" title="Suehiro Maruo">Suehiro Maruo</a> based around the titular <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> character archetype,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yamishibai:_Japanese_Ghost_Stories" title="Yamishibai: Japanese Ghost Stories">Yamishibai</a></i></span>, an anime that uses a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> style to tell myths and urban legends.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some older works that would later become popular manga or anime, such as <i><a href="/wiki/GeGeGe_no_Kitaro" class="mw-redirect" title="GeGeGe no Kitaro">GeGeGe no Kitaro</a></i>, originally started as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamishibai</i></span> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantastoria" title="Cantastoria">Cantastoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">Light novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raree_show" title="Raree show">Raree show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_show" title="Slide show">Slide show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_theater" title="Toy theater">Toy theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual novel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. (1997). <i>Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%21+Manga%21+The+World+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schodt&rft.aufirst=Frederik+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyama-Richard2007" class="citation book cs1">Koyama-Richard, Brigitte (2007). <i>One Thousand Years of Manga</i>. Paris: Flammarion. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Thousand+Years+of+Manga&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Koyama-Richard&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoyama-Richard2007" class="citation book cs1">Koyama-Richard, Brigitte (2007). <i>One Thousand Years of Manga</i>. Paris: Flammarion. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Thousand+Years+of+Manga&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Koyama-Richard&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. (1997). <i>Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%21+Manga%21+The+World+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schodt&rft.aufirst=Frederik+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. pp. 15 & 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15+%26+18&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. (1997). <i>Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%21+Manga%21+The+World+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schodt&rft.aufirst=Frederik+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. pp. 77–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. pp. 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. (1997). <i>Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%21+Manga%21+The+World+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schodt&rft.aufirst=Frederik+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1996" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. (1996). <i>Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga</i>. 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(1997). <i>Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%21+Manga%21+The+World+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schodt&rft.aufirst=Frederik+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONEPOINT-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONEPOINT_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Jon (July 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517010620/http://www.gembapantarei.com/2009/07/one_point_lesson_kamishibai.html">"One Point Lesson: Kamishibai"</a>. Gemba Panta Rei. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gembapantarei.com/2009/07/one_point_lesson_kamishibai.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Point+Lesson%3A+Kamishibai&rft.pub=Gemba+Panta+Rei&rft.date=2009-07-06&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gembapantarei.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fone_point_lesson_kamishibai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331010731/http://www.sajimaki.com/default.html">"ホーム Home"</a>. 佐治妙心(佐治麻希) Myoshin Saji (Maki). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sajimaki.com/default.html">the original</a> on March 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0+Home&rft.pub=%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E5%A6%99%E5%BF%83%28%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E9%BA%BB%E5%B8%8C%29+Myoshin+Saji+%28Maki%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sajimaki.com%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-02-11/midori-shojo-tsubaki-horror-manga-gets-live-action-film-starring-risa-nakamura/.98570">"Midori/Shōjo Tsubaki Horror Manga Gets Live-Action Film Starring Risa Nakamura"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i>. February 11, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316233852/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-02-11/midori-shojo-tsubaki-horror-manga-gets-live-action-film-starring-risa-nakamura/.98570">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=Midori%2FSh%C5%8Djo+Tsubaki+Horror+Manga+Gets+Live-Action+Film+Starring+Risa+Nakamura&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2016-02-11%2Fmidori-shojo-tsubaki-horror-manga-gets-live-action-film-starring-risa-nakamura%2F.98570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.at-x.com/program/detail/4857">"闇芝居番組 AT-X ワンランク上のアニメ専門チャンネル"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/AT-X_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-X (company)">AT-X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%97%87%E8%8A%9D%E5%B1%85+%E7%95%AA%E7%B5%84+AT-X+%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB&rft.pub=AT-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.at-x.com%2Fprogram%2Fdetail%2F4857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKada2004" class="citation book cs1">Kada, Koji (2004). <i>紙芝居昭和史</i>. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4006030967" title="Special:BookSources/4006030967"><bdi>4006030967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B4%99%E8%8A%9D%E5%B1%85%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B2&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=4006030967&rft.aulast=Kada&rft.aufirst=Koji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKamishibai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamishibai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kamishibai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atelier-kamishibai.deviantart.com">Atelier Kamishibai Artist Community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831100243/http://murderofcrows.org/kamiforum/">Official Kamishibai Artist Forums</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zirkusofia.com">ZiRKUSOFiA</a> Cuentos y Talleres de Kamishibai.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615213152/http://www.doshinsha.co.jp/kamishibai.html">Doshin-sha kammishibai books</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kamishibai-ikaja.com/en/">The International Kamishibai Association of Japan (IKAJA)</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamishibai.com">Kamishibai for Kids</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storycardtheater.com">Storycard Theater</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kreashibai.de">Kreashibai website and shop</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/112894-manga-kamishibai-the-art-of-japanese-paper-theater-by-eric-p.-nash/">Review of Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theater on PopMatters.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kamishibai">Entry</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-nov-29-la-ca-magna29-2009nov29-story.html">Manga's story starts with kamishibai</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrative" title="Template:Narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrative" title="Template talk:Narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Character_(arts)" title="Character (arts)">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_arc" title="Character arc">Character arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_flaw" title="Character flaw">Character flaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidant" title="Confidant">Confidant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteragonist" title="Deuteragonist">Deuteragonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_protagonist" title="False protagonist">False protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_character" title="Focal character">Focal character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">Foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_double" title="Gothic double">Gothic double</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">Hamartia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Anti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">Protagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporting_character" title="Supporting character">Supporting character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_character" title="Title character">Title character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritagonist" title="Tritagonist">Tritagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">Plot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_ovo" title="Ab ovo">Ab ovo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_(narrative)" title="Action (narrative)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">Origin story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekhov%27s_gun" title="Chekhov's gun">Chekhov's gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">Cliffhanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(narrative)" title="Conflict (narrative)">Conflict</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">Deus ex machina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_in_writing" title="Dialogue in writing">Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Dramatic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshadowing" title="Foreshadowing">Foreshadowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">Flashback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashforward" title="Flashforward">Flashforward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">Frame story</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%8Dtenketsu" title="Kishōtenketsu">Kishōtenketsu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_(narrative)" title="Pace (narrative)">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">Plot device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_twist" title="Plot twist">Plot twist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reveal_(narrative)" title="Reveal (narrative)">Reveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-insertion" title="Self-insertion">Self-insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story" title="Shaggy dog story">Shaggy dog story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_arc" title="Story arc">Story arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subplot" title="Subplot">Subplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">Setting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstory" title="Backstory">Backstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_location" title="Fictional location">Fictional location</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional city">city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_country" title="Fictional country">country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">Worldbuilding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">Theme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">Motif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Conflict between good and evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Style</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathos" title="Bathos">Bathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">Comic relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">Diction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagery" title="Imagery">Imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(literature)" title="Mode (literature)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(literature)" title="Mood (literature)">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Narrative techniques</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_hook" title="Narrative hook">Hook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show,_don%27t_tell" title="Show, don't tell">Show, don't tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistic_device" title="Stylistic device">Stylistic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_disbelief" title="Suspension of disbelief">Suspension of disbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(literature)" title="Tone (literature)">Tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_(drama)" title="Act (drama)">Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic structure">Act structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-act_structure" title="Three-act structure">Three-act structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freytag%27s_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Freytag's Pyramid">Freytag's Pyramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a>/<a href="/wiki/Protasis" title="Protasis">Protasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitasis" title="Epitasis">Rising action/Epitasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">Climax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">Peripeteia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastasis" title="Catastasis">Falling action/Catastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(drama)" title="Catastrophe (drama)">Denouement/Catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative structure">Linear narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">Nonlinear narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_films" title="List of nonlinear narrative films">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonlinear_narrative_television_series" title="List of nonlinear narrative television series">television series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premise_(narrative)" title="Premise (narrative)">Premise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_fiction_with_multiple_endings" title="Types of fiction with multiple endings">Types of fiction with multiple endings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_forms" title="List of narrative forms">Form</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabliau" title="Fabliau">Fabliau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_tale" title="Tall tale">Tall tale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">Gamebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignette_(literature)" title="Vignette (literature)">Vignette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">Genre</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">Action fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">Epistolary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_fiction" title="Western fiction">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoid_fiction" title="Paranoid fiction">Paranoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picaresque_novel" title="Picaresque novel">Picaresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_fiction" title="Political fiction">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspirational_fiction" title="Inspirational fiction">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">Prose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">Theological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fiction" title="Urban fiction">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_novel" title="Non-fiction novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Creative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">Narration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-person narrative">Second-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person narrative">Third-person</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_omniscient_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person omniscient narrative">Third-person omniscient narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narration#Subjective_or_objective" title="Narration">Subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">Unreliable narrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">Multiple narrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness" title="Stream of consciousness">Stream of consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_of_unconsciousness" title="Stream of unconsciousness">Stream of unconsciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_narrative" title="Dominant narrative">Dominant narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retcon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_novel" title="Parallel novel">Parallel novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">Prequel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">Sequel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genres" title="List of genres">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_identity" title="Narrative identity">Narrative identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_paradigm" title="Narrative paradigm">Narrative paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_therapy" title="Narrative therapy">Narrative therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narratology" title="Narratology">Narratology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">Metafiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_narrative" title="Political narrative">Political narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms" title="Glossary of rhetorical terms">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Works_series" title="Template:Works series">Series of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellability" title="Tellability">Tellability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">Verisimilitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superhero_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_novels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superhero novels (page does not exist)">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superhero_television&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superhero television (page does not exist)">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superhero_television_series" title="List of superhero television series">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_superhero_TV_shows" title="List of American superhero TV shows">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kamishibai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plot elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_(ability)" title="Superpower (ability)">Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_identity" title="Secret identity">Secret identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">Alter ego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_death" title="Comic book death">Comic book death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continuity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)" title="Continuity (fiction)">Continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(fiction)" title="Canon (fiction)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroactive_continuity" title="Retroactive continuity">Retroactive continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">Reboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Superhero_fiction" title="Category:Superhero fiction">Superhero fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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