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.module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:CHEM"></span><span id="WP:MOSCHEM"></span><span id="WP:CHEMMOS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CHEM&redirect=no">MOS:CHEM</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:MOSCHEM&redirect=no">WP:MOSCHEM</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CHEMMOS&redirect=no">WP:CHEMMOS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><br><div style="font-size: 90%;"> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. Any <i>substantive</i> edit to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"><br><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"></form></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid #a3b1bf;width:auto;background:#f5faff;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#cee0f2;"><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a></i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cee0f2; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemistry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Chemboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:InChI" title="Wikipedia:InChI">InChI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry)">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_safety" title="Wikipedia:Chemical safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and<br>external links</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_templates" title="Category:Chemistry templates">Templates</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry_citation_templates" title="Category:Chemistry citation templates">citation</a>)</span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>This page aims to be brief, touching on the general aspects of chemistry-related articles. In-depth guides are found in linked pages. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Scope"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Scope</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Editing_policy"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Editing policy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Article_curation_and_creation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Article curation and creation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Category_creation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Category creation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Attributions_to_people_and_places"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Attributions to people and places</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#General"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">General</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Nomenclature"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nomenclature</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Symbols"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Symbols</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Skeletal_formulas"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Skeletal formulas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Structure_drawing"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Structure drawing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sample_images"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sample images</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Safety"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Safety</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Toxicology"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Toxicology</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Current_events"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Current events</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#References_and_external_links"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">References and external links</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Article_types"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Article types</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Compounds"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Compounds</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sectioning"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sectioning</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Scope_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Scope</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Compound_classes"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Compound classes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Reactions"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Line_equations"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Line equations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sectioning_2"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sectioning</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Scope" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scope"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scope"></span>Scope<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scope"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NCHEM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NCHEM&redirect=no">WP:NCHEM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Many chemical topics are suitable for inclusion; the central criterion is that the article meets the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability#General_notability_guideline" title="Wikipedia:Notability">general notability guidelines</a>. Important topics include compounds, reactions, methods of analysis, instrumentation/apparatus, techniques, significant chemists, branches of chemistry, chemical theories, and principles which have received significant coverage in independent reliable sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editing_policy" data-mw-thread-id="h-Editing_policy-Scope"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Editing_policy-Scope"></span>Editing policy<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Editing_policy-Scope"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Editing policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The style of editing embraced by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">Wikipedia chemistry project</a> is collaborative and consensus-driven. Edits to existing articles are typically <i>incremental</i>, which allow changes to be evaluated by other editors. Long-standing or mature articles should <i>not</i> be rewritten in their entirety because such <i>large-scale changes inhibit discussion</i> and often marginalize seemingly small but significant improvements that have been hammered out by previous editors. If an editor feels that a mature article warrants a major revision, it is both customary and considerate for the revising editor to announce their intentions on the relevant talk page and to heed the consensus of the responses. Typically, responses to such announcements can take days to accumulate, so major revisions require a sense of pace and patience. </p><p>Being affiliated with or bound by no scientific organizations, the content in Wikipedia-Chemistry is not constrained by recommendations or rules, but seeks to objectively describe knowledge. For example, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) provides recommendations and definitions for nomenclature and terminology. Wikipedia editors strive to be mindful of IUPAC's advice but do not follow this advice rigidly, especially when the advice deviates from mainstream usage (see comments below on nomenclature). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_curation_and_creation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_curation_and_creation-Scope"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_curation_and_creation-Scope"></span>Article curation and creation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_curation_and_creation-Scope"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Article curation and creation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The thousands of Wikipedia articles about chemistry benefit from continuing improvements that address clarity and content. Very long articles are difficult to read and maintain, so at some stage, long articles are often <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPLIT">split</a> (subdivided into two articles). Being a consensus driven process, plans for splitting are ordinarily discussed on the talk page for the parent article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Category_creation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Category_creation-Scope"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Category_creation-Scope"></span>Category creation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Category_creation-Scope"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Category creation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Articles are placed in one or more categories to help readers and editors locate similar topics. When categories become too large to be readily searched, it is common to create subcategories. For example, <a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohols" title="Category:Alcohols">Category:Alcohols</a> has subcategories <a href="/wiki/Category:Tertiary_alcohols" title="Category:Tertiary alcohols">Category:Tertiary alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Secondary_alcohols" title="Category:Secondary alcohols">Category:Secondary alcohols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Primary_alcohols" title="Category:Primary alcohols">Category:Primary alcohols</a>. Prior to creating multiple categories, such plans are ordinarily discussed on the talk page for the parent article since they affect many articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attributions_to_people_and_places" data-mw-thread-id="h-Attributions_to_people_and_places-Scope"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Attributions_to_people_and_places-Scope"></span>Attributions to people and places<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Attributions_to_people_and_places-Scope"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attributions to people and places" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In general, descriptions of chemical knowledge do not mention who did the work or where the discoveries were made, in part because such information is available in the citations. This approach simplifies the presentation and helps readers focus on facts and explanations. The obvious exceptions to this guideline are articles or sections of articles on biographies and history. Even in regular articles, scientific advances are sometimes attributed to noteworthy individuals and institutions, especially when this information illuminates the content or enlivens the prose. Attribution to individuals and institutions is subject to guidelines on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COI" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COI">conflict of interest</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="General" data-mw-thread-id="h-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-General"></span>General<span data-mw-comment-end="h-General"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nomenclature-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nomenclature-General"></span>Nomenclature<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nomenclature-General"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nomenclature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Nomenclature">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Nomenclature</a></div> <p>Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR">WP:ENGVAR</a>, the type of English used to write an article does not matter, but it should be consistent. The following exceptions apply for chemical names, when the article itself is primarily about chemistry: </p> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>" (and related "sulfuric", etc.), "<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>" should be spelled this way regardless of the English variation used in the article, being the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC nomenclature">IUPAC names</a> for these elements;</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>" is preferred over "phosphane", being predominantly used in the chemical literature.</li></ul> <p>Systematic nomenclature, while being precise, can be cumbersome. Commonly accepted trivial or alternative names are preferred over systematic names. In particular, IUPAC recommends the use of non-systematic names for some organic compounds, and these recommendations should be followed in article titles.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/">[1]</a> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> over <i>ethanoic acid</i>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a> over <i>methylbenzene</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> over 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid. </p><p>Stock nomenclature (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">iron(III) chloride</a>): there should be no space between the words and the oxidation state in parentheses (between "iron" and (III)). The oxidation numbers are stated only for cations, not for anions. Where the oxidation number is obvious (i.e. group 1 or group 2 metals), it is not included. Compounds with a substantial degree of covalency do not use Stock nomenclature. </p><p>Isotopes should be labelled by their mass number, e.g. <sup>14</sup>C and <sup>18</sup>F. Deuterium (<sup>2</sup>H) and tritium (<sup>3</sup>H) may be labelled "D" (or "<sup>2</sup>D") and "T" (or "<sup>3</sup>T"), respectively. Deuterated solvents for NMR use are customarily described variously as: methanol-<i>d</i><sub>4</sub> for CD<sub>3</sub>OD, DMSO-<i>d</i><sub>6</sub> for CD<sub>3</sub>SOCD<sub>3</sub>, etc. These established systems are all acceptable, but should remain consistent within an article. </p><p>For organic radicals denoted by "R", indices used for numbering must be superscript: R<sup>1</sup>−CH<sub>2</sub>−R<sup>2</sup> (not <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">R<sub>1</sub>−CH<sub>2</sub>−R<sub>2</sub></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symbols" data-mw-thread-id="h-Symbols-Nomenclature"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Symbols-Nomenclature"></span>Symbols<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Symbols-Nomenclature"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Chem" title="Template:Chem">Template:Chem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Chem2" title="Template:Chem2">Template:Chem2</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Chemical symbols</a> shall be <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) and may not be italicized by any means, neither wiki syntax nor <a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" title="Help:Displaying a formula"><math> tag</a>. Notation of atomic <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shells, subshells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">orbitals</a> (1s, 2p, 3d, ...) also shall be Roman. Numerals (1, 2, 3, ...) shall invariably be Roman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skeletal_formulas" data-mw-thread-id="h-Skeletal_formulas-Nomenclature"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Skeletal_formulas-Nomenclature"></span>Skeletal formulas<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Skeletal_formulas-Nomenclature"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Skeletal formulas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In prose, <i>carbon–carbon bond</i> uses an <a href="/wiki/En_dash" class="mw-redirect" title="En dash">en dash</a> (&ndash;), as is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E2%80%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:–">normal for such compound terms</a>. However, for <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">skeletal formulas</a>, the mathematical symbols <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triple_bar" title="Triple bar">identity</a> are used to represent the bonds: </p> <dl><dt>Single bond</dt> <dd>C−C (C&minus;C or C{{subst:<a href="/wiki/Template:Minus" title="Template:Minus">minus</a>}}C)</dd> <dt>Double bond</dt> <dd>C=C (equal sign)</dd> <dt>Triple bond</dt> <dd>C≡C</dd></dl> <p>This style is selected because in most professional fonts only the minus sign <span class="nowrap">⟨−⟩</span> matches the double bond <span class="nowrap">⟨=⟩</span> and triple bond <span class="nowrap">⟨≡⟩</span> in width, so an en dash would look out of place in a skeletal formula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etymology" data-mw-thread-id="h-Etymology-Nomenclature"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Etymology-Nomenclature"></span>Etymology<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Etymology-Nomenclature"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Many chemical terms have interesting <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> that merits description. Since focus of the articles and the readership is on technical aspects, sections on etymology are ordinarily placed near the end of the article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_drawing" data-mw-thread-id="h-Structure_drawing-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Structure_drawing-General"></span>Structure drawing<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Structure_drawing-General"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Structure drawing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">WP:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing</a></div> <p>Appropriate formats are <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a> and <a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a>. ACS settings have been adopted as the convention. Images should be legible at 450 pixels wide, to avoid interference from the chembox on the right. </p><p>Hydrogens should be implied (hidden), except for the benefit of the target audience. The use of <i>Me</i> to denote <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a> may be confusing. The use of <i>Et</i>, <i>Pr</i>, etc., is discouraged. When <i>Ph</i> is used to denote <a href="/wiki/Phenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenyl">phenyl</a> and <i>X</i> for <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> or any atom, it should be clearly defined within the image. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Reactions">§ Reactions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sample_images-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sample_images-General"></span>Sample images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sample_images-General"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sample images" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Images of chemical compounds or their solutions are useful to readers. Most useful are colored compounds but even colorless/white samples/solutions can be useful. The provenance of these images is however impossible to verify. The following images provide some guidance. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B12_methylcobalamin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Methylcobalamin: the adjacent labeled vial strengthens verisimilitude or reliability. Presentation of the solution is helpful for this deeply colored compound."><noscript><img alt="Methylcobalamin: the adjacent labeled vial strengthens verisimilitude or reliability. Presentation of the solution is helpful for this deeply colored compound." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B12_methylcobalamin.jpg/90px-B12_methylcobalamin.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B12_methylcobalamin.jpg/90px-B12_methylcobalamin.jpg" data-alt="Methylcobalamin: the adjacent labeled vial strengthens verisimilitude or reliability. Presentation of the solution is helpful for this deeply colored compound." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B12_methylcobalamin.jpg/135px-B12_methylcobalamin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/B12_methylcobalamin.jpg/180px-B12_methylcobalamin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Methylcobalamin: the adjacent labeled vial strengthens verisimilitude or reliability. Presentation of the solution is helpful for this deeply colored compound.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetic_acid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Acetic acid: label provides verifiability and bottle gives scale reference. Even for a colorless liquid, some insight is provided into its refractive index."><noscript><img alt="Acetic acid: label provides verifiability and bottle gives scale reference. Even for a colorless liquid, some insight is provided into its refractive index." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Acetic_acid.jpg/73px-Acetic_acid.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="986"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 73px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Acetic_acid.jpg/73px-Acetic_acid.jpg" data-alt="Acetic acid: label provides verifiability and bottle gives scale reference. Even for a colorless liquid, some insight is provided into its refractive index." data-width="73" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Acetic_acid.jpg/109px-Acetic_acid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Acetic_acid.jpg/145px-Acetic_acid.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Acetic acid: label provides verifiability and bottle gives scale reference. Even for a colorless liquid, some insight is provided into its <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AnthraceneInBottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthracene crystals: label aids verifiability assuming good faith and container gives some scale"><noscript><img alt="Anthracene crystals: label aids verifiability assuming good faith and container gives some scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AnthraceneInBottle.JPG/108px-AnthraceneInBottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 108px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AnthraceneInBottle.JPG/108px-AnthraceneInBottle.JPG" data-alt="Anthracene crystals: label aids verifiability assuming good faith and container gives some scale" data-width="108" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AnthraceneInBottle.JPG/162px-AnthraceneInBottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AnthraceneInBottle.JPG/215px-AnthraceneInBottle.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthracene crystals: label aids verifiability <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGF" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGF">assuming good faith</a> and container gives some scale</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample of EDTA disodium salt but poorly verifiable (without even a label on bottle) and inappropriate in a chembox for the acid EDTA."><noscript><img alt="Sample of EDTA disodium salt but poorly verifiable (without even a label on bottle) and inappropriate in a chembox for the acid EDTA." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg/94px-Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg/94px-Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg" data-alt="Sample of EDTA disodium salt but poorly verifiable (without even a label on bottle) and inappropriate in a chembox for the acid EDTA." data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg/141px-Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg/188px-Sample_of_Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid_disodium_salt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sample of EDTA disodium salt but poorly verifiable (without even a label on bottle) and inappropriate in a chembox for the acid EDTA.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhCl3(H2O)3sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample of rhodium(III) chloride. The compound is so intensely colored that it would be helpful to have an image of a solution (with concentration and solvent specified)."><noscript><img alt="Sample of rhodium(III) chloride. The compound is so intensely colored that it would be helpful to have an image of a solution (with concentration and solvent specified)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg/120px-RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="1462"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg/120px-RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg" data-alt="Sample of rhodium(III) chloride. The compound is so intensely colored that it would be helpful to have an image of a solution (with concentration and solvent specified)." data-width="120" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg/180px-RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg/240px-RhCl3%28H2O%293sample.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sample of <a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_chloride" title="Rhodium(III) chloride">rhodium(III) chloride</a>. The compound is so intensely colored that it would be helpful to have an image of a solution (with concentration and solvent specified).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample of sodium hexachloroplatinate with labeled sample vial. This format is sufficient for most colored samples."><noscript><img alt="Sample of sodium hexachloroplatinate with labeled sample vial. This format is sufficient for most colored samples." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg/90px-Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg/90px-Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg" data-alt="Sample of sodium hexachloroplatinate with labeled sample vial. This format is sufficient for most colored samples." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg/135px-Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg/180px-Na2PtCl6aq6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sample of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Sodium hexachloroplatinate">sodium hexachloroplatinate</a> with labeled sample vial. This format is sufficient for most colored samples.</div> </li> </ul> <p>All images must follow the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IUP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IUP">image use policy</a>, be of the chemical subject of the article, and should be uploaded to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Upload"> Wikimedia Commons</a> whenever licensing allows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety" data-mw-thread-id="h-Safety-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Safety-General"></span>Safety<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Safety-General"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Safety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety</a></div> <p>The majority of compounds are described by a long list of potential hazards as well as <a href="/wiki/H_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="H phrases">H-</a> and <a href="/wiki/P-phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="P-phrases">P-phrases</a>. Wikipedia does <i>not</i> aspire to be an MSDS. The hazards associated with a chemical compound should ordinarily be described in the Chembox (via GHSPictograms, GHSSignalWord, NFPA, or MainHazard parameters; further elaborated in H- and P-phrases). The information in the Chembox is sufficient for most compounds. News reports of routine accidents, even though they may be tragic, are usually not relevant. </p><p>Three main points: </p> <ul><li>If the hazards are relatively obvious (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hexafluorophosphoric_acid" title="Hexafluorophosphoric acid">hexafluorophosphoric acid</a> is a strong acid, and should not be stored with bases and reactive metals), do not create a separate sub-section here.</li> <li>The description of hazards should avoid speculation. This recommendation is partly an extension of Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">NPOV</a> policy, but not entirely. There is no need to include a section which merely states "all chemical compounds should be treated with the utmost precaution"; such a section tells the reader nothing. If hazards are unknown, there is nothing for Wikipedia to say.</li> <li>The description of hazards should avoid hyperbole. The role of Wikipedia is to give balanced and accurate information, to allow its readers to reach their own conclusions.</li></ul> <p>Descriptions of hazards should, as far as possible, be based on published, peer-reviewed sources (which should, of course, be cited at the appropriate point in the article). A list of resources for chemical safety information is given in the external links section of these guidelines. </p><p>In general a safety section should only be used when it <i>adds something</i> to an article, and should be based (where at all possible) on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">peer-reviewed or otherwise highly reliable sources</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Current_events">§ Current events</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toxicology" data-mw-thread-id="h-Toxicology-Safety"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Toxicology-Safety"></span>Toxicology<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Toxicology-Safety"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Toxicology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Depending on the extent and nature of the information, toxicological content may be incorporated into the Safety section or it may be separate. If the compound is a drug, follow <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Drugs">Wikipedia:WikiProject Drugs</a>' recommendations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_events" data-mw-thread-id="h-Current_events-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Current_events-General"></span>Current events<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Current_events-General"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOT#JOURNALISM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOT">WP:NOT#JOURNALISM</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Journalism. Wikipedia should not offer first-hand news reports on breaking stories. Wikipedia is not a primary source. However, our sister project Wikinews does exactly that, and is intended to be a primary source. Wikipedia does have many encyclopedia articles on topics of historical significance that are currently in the news, and can be updated with recently verified information.</p></blockquote> <p>Accidents and incidents occur all the time. While their scale and magnitude may merit inclusion in Wikipedia on grounds of notability, that such an accident has occurred is not sufficient justification for inclusion in the context of an article about chemicals. Wikipedia does not attempt to dispense advise on what to do in the event of a (...) incident, either. (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTGUIDE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTGUIDE">WP:NOTGUIDE</a>) Historic accidents and incidents may only be contextualized in the discussion on the specific hazards of certain chemicals, without serving as case studies in itself. To reiterate, if such accidents are sufficiently notable, they should have their own article (e.g. discussion in <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a>, not in <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">methyl isocyanate</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_and_external_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-References_and_external_links-General"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References_and_external_links-General"></span>References and external links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References_and_external_links-General"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References and external links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links</a></div> <p>Claims and statements in articles should mainly be supported by references to textbooks, monographs, and related book series. In many cases, especially for historic purposes, the primary literature (journals) are used. Intermediate between journal articles, which are often highly specialized, and books, which are not always available, are review series (e.g. Chemical Reviews, Advances in Enzymology, etc.). Patents, which are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_source_examples#Are_patents_reliable_sources?" title="Wikipedia:Reliable source examples">considered self-published and primary sources for Wikipedia's purposes</a>, are sometimes cited, especially for historic purposes, but they are less useful because they are not vetted on scholarly basis, they are sometimes not very readable, and often they are not very available. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Article_types" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_types"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_types"></span>Article types<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_types"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Article types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds" data-mw-thread-id="h-Compounds-Article_types"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Compounds-Article_types"></span>Compounds<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Compounds-Article_types"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Compounds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals</a></div> <p>All articles on chemicals, real or hypothetical, should have a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Chembox</a>. Formulae should be readily available, variables like <i>n</i>, <i>x</i>, or <i>y</i> are permissible for substances of variable composition such as polymers. For compounds of defined composition, the molar masses should be available as well. The article should cover these aspects as appropriate: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sectioning" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sectioning-Compounds"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sectioning-Compounds"></span>Sectioning<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sectioning-Compounds"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sectioning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The following list is a synopsis of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals</a>. It explains the article layout (i.e., structure). </p> <ul><li>Introductory paragraph (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lede" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Lede">WP:lede</a>)</li> <li>Properties (optional), the physical appearance of the material (at <a href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">STP</a>) Often this content is included in the lede. Unless notable, properties listed in the ChemBox are not repeated.</li> <li>Occurrence. Usually occurrence refers natural products, compounds or ions that exist naturally.</li> <li>Structure. The structures of many organic compounds are obvious, but inorganic and metal-containing compounds often adopt nonintuitive structures. When possible, their structures should be described, ideally based on crystallographic or related techniques.</li> <li>Preparation. It is our tradition to cite the first preparation of a compound. For commercially important compounds, it is often useful to distinguish reactions used in industrial production separately from "laboratory routes". For natural products, the biosynthesis is described.</li> <li>Uses. Although compounds can be used for diverse and weird ways, this section emphasizes, hierarchically, substantial commercial applications and laboratory uses.</li> <li>Reactions. All chemical compounds undergo many reactions, so these reactions are expected to have applicability.</li> <li>History. Often this section would be superfluous to mention of the first preparation, but some compounds, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>, have rich history.</li> <li>Safety</li> <li>Toxicology. Often this section is blended with safety. Ideally, the <a href="/wiki/LD50" class="mw-redirect" title="LD50">LD<sub>50</sub></a> would be mentioned.</li> <li><s>Suppliers</s> should not be listed unless the compound is rare and only available from one or two suppliers</li> <li>References</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scope_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Scope_2-Compounds"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Scope_2-Compounds"></span>Scope<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Scope_2-Compounds"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scope" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Ordinarily, compounds that differ in terms of their solvent of crystallization or <a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">hydration</a> are described in a single article. The discussion that led to this consensus is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Copper(II)_sulfate#Merge_from_copper(II)_sulfate_pentahydrate" title="Talk:Copper(II) sulfate">here</a>. For example, several different hydrates are known for copper(II) sulfate as well as the anhydrous form. All of these compounds are discussed in a single article, <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">copper(II) sulfate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_classes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Compound_classes-Article_types"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Compound_classes-Article_types"></span>Compound classes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Compound_classes-Article_types"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Compound classes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes</a></div> <p>These articles belong to one of these categories: </p> <ul><li>monoatomic ions (chloride, bromide; oxide, sulfide)</li> <li>polyatomic ions (nitrates, perchlorates, triflates, tetrafluoroborates)</li> <li>functional groups (alcohols, aldehydes, acids, nitriles)</li> <li>"backbone" moieties, both organic and inorganic</li> <li>classes of organic compounds (including many biochemicals): steroids, aldohexoses, terpenes</li> <li>classes of inorganic and coordination compounds: metal oxo compounds, metal carbonyl compounds, metal clusters</li> <li>elements are handled under a separate Wikiproject with guidelines, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements/Guidelines" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements/Guidelines">Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements/Guidelines</a></li></ul> <p>Where a compound class does not have sufficient detail to merit a full article, it should be merged to the parent article (usually that of the acid). Articles named after a parent compound should generally appear at the plural of the parent compound. </p><p>Aspects to be covered include: </p> <ul><li>Nomenclature</li> <li>Structure and bonding, including illustrative bond distance and angles.</li> <li>Properties</li> <li>Characterization, discussing spectroscopic tools and illustrative data</li> <li>Applications, in order of the scale or impact of the application</li> <li>Occurrence, usually involving natural occurrence as in nature or the mineral kingdom</li> <li>Preparation, ordinarily distinguishing between technical methods and those used in the laboratory</li> <li>Reactions, if extensive, these entries should be aggregated thematically</li> <li>History</li> <li>Safety</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reactions-Article_types"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reactions-Article_types"></span>Reactions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reactions-Article_types"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reactions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Simple <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> can be typed out in text. Reactions should be indented using a colon (:), and not centered. Separate the number of molecules from the molecule symbol by a space (i.e. 3 H<sub>2</sub> instead of 3H<sub>2</sub>). For example: </p> <dl><dd>2 Na + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 NaOH + H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Reactions in the form of images should also be indented using a colon: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of a Grignard reaction"><noscript><img alt="An example of a Grignard reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png/500px-Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="559"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 86px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png/500px-Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png" data-alt="An example of a Grignard reaction" data-width="500" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png/750px-Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png/1000px-Grignard_Reaction_Scheme.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Although many organometallic reagents have complex structures involving solvation or clusters, these reagents are ordinarily depicted in simplified structures (RMgX with two-coordinate Mg, BuLi with one-coordinate Li, etc.). To facilitate sharing of drawings between different language wikis, reagents above and below arrows should consist of formulas, not words. Experimental conditions are ordinarily omitted from equations. The prose can comment on conditions, yields, and other details. Equations are ordinarily not numbered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Line_equations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Line_equations-Reactions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Line_equations-Reactions"></span>Line equations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Line_equations-Reactions"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Line equations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Do <i>not include phase definitions unless they are absolutely essential</i> (an example is given below). Modern textbooks and journals do not use them, so Wikipedia should not pioneer a new way of describing chemical reactions. They confuse readers trying to understand basics, since stoichiometry is conflated with phase information. </p><p>Avoid the use of <code class="nowrap"><<a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Chemistry" title="Help:Displaying a formula">chem</a>></code> and <code class="nowrap"><<a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Math">math</a> chem></code> markup notations: the plain-text character set is adequate for most chemical equations; the change in size and font form is jarring to the reader. The <code class="nowrap"><<a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Chemistry" title="Help:Displaying a formula">ce</a>></code> tag is a deprecated synonym for <code class="nowrap"><<a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Chemistry" title="Help:Displaying a formula">chem</a>></code>; see <a href="/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula#Chemistry" title="Help:Displaying a formula">Help:Displaying a formula#Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ionic_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic equation">Ionic equations</a> are preferred to the molecular form. State symbols are <i>omitted</i> unless they are relevant (e.g. thermochemistry, to illustrate precipitation for chemical separation). "Heat" should not be a reaction product; stating Δ<sub>r</sub><i>H</i>, or giving its sign is preferable (note that the use of phase information is essential for evaluating the thermodynamics): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1.5em;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH(g) + 3 O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) (Δ<sub>r</sub><i>H</i> = −1409 kJ/mol)</div> <p>instead of: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1.5em;">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → 2 CO<sub>2</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O + heat</div> <p>A comma, period or other punctuation is not required at the end of a line equation. </p><p>Compounds and atoms in reactions should not be wikilinked. These links should be in the surrounding text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sectioning_2" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sectioning_2-Reactions"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sectioning_2-Reactions"></span>Sectioning<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sectioning_2-Reactions"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sectioning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Each reaction article should include the following sections: </p> <ul><li>A brief overview</li></ul> <dl><dd>This section should include a broad description of the reaction in both text and reaction scheme. References to review articles are preferred. References to the discovery of the reaction is also welcome.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Reaction mechanism</li></ul> <dl><dd>Reaction mechanisms often include mention of stereochemistry, order of reaction, and, for inorganics, electron count and configuration. <a href="/wiki/Arrow_pushing" title="Arrow pushing">Arrow pushing</a> is helpful in organic chemistry.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Scope (optional)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Side reactions and exceptions might be included. If the outcome of the reaction is affected by small changes, such descriptions should go in this section.</dd></dl> <ul><li>See also (optional)</li></ul> <dl><dd>In this section, not related reactions that are not mentioned in the above text.</dd></dl> <ul><li>References</li></ul> <dl><dd>This entire section should only be the following text: <dl><dd>==References==<br>{{reflist}}</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Additional notes: </p> <ul><li>Avoid language in schemes, which makes the images more versatile. Descriptions belong in the caption, which are readily edited.</li> <li>Reaction schemes are best aligned left without borders as follows:</li></ul> <dl><dd>[[File:Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction Example.png|350px|The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction]]</dd></dl> <p>Result being: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction"><noscript><img alt="The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png/350px-Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png/350px-Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png" data-alt="The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction" data-width="350" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png/525px-Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png/700px-Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons_Reaction_Example.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></dd></dl> <p>(Taken from the <a href="/wiki/Horner%E2%80%93Wadsworth%E2%80%93Emmons_reaction" title="Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction">Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction</a>, which is a good example of a quality organic reaction article.) </p> <ul><li>Follow the <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_reactions" title="Category:Chemical reactions">reaction category hierarchy</a> and categorize the article appropriately.</li> <li>Upload all images to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="commons:">Wikimedia Commons</a>, so other language Wikipedias can use the same images.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stand-alone_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">By topic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Search</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-wide-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="e.g. image placement" size="25" dir="ltr"></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"><input type="hidden" value="Search" 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minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="ElectronCompound" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729927391"> <span>Last edited on 26 October 2024, at 07:23</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Richtlinien_Chemie" title="Wikipedia:Richtlinien Chemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia:Richtlinien Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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