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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slivers,_tops_and_rovings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Slivers, tops and rovings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slivers,_tops_and_rovings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slivers, tops and rovings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slivers,_tops_and_rovings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grams_per_metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grams_per_metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Grams per metre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grams_per_metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Yield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yarn_and_thread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yarn_and_thread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Yarn and thread</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yarn_and_thread-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Yarn and thread subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Yarn_and_thread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Twist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twists_per_inch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twists_per_inch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Twists per inch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twists_per_inch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twists_per_metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twists_per_metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Twists per metre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twists_per_metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Linear density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Conversion table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Denier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yarn_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yarn_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Yarn length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yarn_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fabrics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fabrics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fabrics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fabrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grams_per_square_metre_(GSM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grams_per_square_metre_(GSM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Grams per square metre (GSM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grams_per_square_metre_(GSM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mommes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mommes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mommes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mommes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thread_count" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thread_count"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Thread count</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thread_count-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Industry standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_tartans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_tartans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>In tartans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_tartans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ends_per_inch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ends_per_inch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ends per inch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ends_per_inch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Picks_per_inch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Picks_per_inch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Picks per inch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Picks_per_inch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courses_and_wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courses_and_wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Courses and wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courses_and_wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_permeability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_permeability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Air permeability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_permeability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feinheit_(Textilien)" title="Feinheit (Textilien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feinheit (Textilien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidades_de_medida_de_la_industria_textil" title="Unidades de medida de la industria textil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidades de medida de la industria textil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhaireamh_(teicst%C3%ADl%C3%AD)" title="Comhaireamh (teicstílí) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhaireamh (teicstílí)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titolazione_(tessile)" title="Titolazione (tessile) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Titolazione (tessile)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80_(%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Титр (единица измерения) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титр (единица измерения)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">threads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabrics</a> are measured in a multiplicity of units. </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>, a single filament of natural material, such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, or artificial material such as <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">mineral fiber</a>, or human-made cellulosic fibre like viscose, Modal, <a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> fiber is measured in terms of <a href="/wiki/Linear_mass_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear mass density">linear mass density</a>, the weight of a given length of fiber. Various units are used to refer to the measurement of a fiber, such as: the <a href="#Denier">denier</a> and <a href="#Tex">tex</a> (linear mass density of fibers), <a href="#S_or_super_S_number">super S</a> (fineness of wool fiber), <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> count, woolen count, <a href="#Linen_count">linen count (wet spun)</a> (or Number English (Ne)), <a href="#Units">cotton count</a> (or Number English (Ne)), Number metric (Nm) and <a href="#Yield">yield</a> (the reciprocal of denier and tex).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a>, a spun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agglomeration" class="extiw" title="wikt:agglomeration">agglomeration</a> of fibers used for <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a>, is measured in terms of cotton count and yarn density. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thread2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thread2.jpg/180px-Thread2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Thread2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Thread made from two threads plied together, each consisting of three yarns</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Thread, usually consisting of multiple yarns <a href="/wiki/Plied" class="mw-redirect" title="Plied">plied</a> together producing a long, thin strand used in sewing or weaving, is measured in the same units as yarn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">Fabric</a>, material typically produced by weaving, knitting or knotting textile fibers, yarns or threads, is measured in units such as the <a href="#Momme">momme</a>, thread count (a measure of the coarseness or fineness of fabric), <a href="#Ends_per_inch">ends per inch (e.p.i)</a> and <a href="#Picks_per_inch">picks per inch (p.p.i)</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fibers">Fibers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fibers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micronaire">Micronaire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Micronaire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Micronaire</b> is a measure of the <a href="/wiki/Air_permeability" class="mw-redirect" title="Air permeability">air permeability</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cotton_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton fiber">cotton fiber</a> and is an indication of fineness and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_maturity" title="Cotton maturity">maturity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Micronaire affects various aspects of cotton processing.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micron">Micron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Micron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">Micrometre</a></div> <p>One millionth of a <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a>, or one thousandth of a millimetre; about one-fourth the width of a strand of <a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">spider silk</a>. </p><p><b>Cotton Bale Size</b> </p><p>Cotton lint is usually measured in <a href="/wiki/Cotton_bale" title="Cotton bale">bales</a>, although there is no standard and the bale size may vary country to country. For example, in the United States it measures approximately 0.48 cubic metres (17 cu ft) and weighs 226.8 kg (500 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, a bale equals 170 kg (370 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S_or_super_S_number">S or super S number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: S or super S number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S_number_(wool)" title="S number (wool)">S number (wool)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wool_measurement" title="Wool measurement">Wool measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staple_(wool)" title="Staple (wool)">Staple (wool)</a></div> <p>Not a true unit of measure, S or super S number is an index of the fineness of wool fiber and is most commonly seen as a label on wool apparel, fabric, and yarn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slivers,_tops_and_rovings"><span id="Slivers.2C_tops_and_rovings"></span>Slivers, tops and rovings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slivers, tops and rovings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Garenspinnerij_TMnr_20018521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Garenspinnerij_TMnr_20018521.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Garenspinnerij_TMnr_20018521.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Garenspinnerij_TMnr_20018521.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Garenspinnerij_TMnr_20018521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Garenspinnerij_TMnr_20018521.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Garenspinnerij_TMnr_20018521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Yarn spinning factory</figcaption></figure> <p>Slivers, tops and rovings are terms used in the worsted process. The sliver come off the card, tops come after the comb, <a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">rovings</a> come before a yarn, and all have a heavier <a href="/wiki/Linear_density" title="Linear density">linear density</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grams_per_metre">Grams per metre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grams per metre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the metric system is in use the linear density of slivers and tops is given in grams per metre. Tops destined for machine processing are typically 20 grams per metre. Hobby spinners typical use a little heavier top. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yield">Yield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to tex and denier, yield is a term that helps describe the <a href="/wiki/Linear_density" title="Linear density">linear density</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">roving</a> of fibers. However, unlike tex and denier, yield is the inverse of <a href="/wiki/Linear_density" title="Linear density">linear density</a> and is usually expressed in yards per pound (yd/lb). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tex (g/km) </th> <th>Yield (yd/lb) </th></tr> <tr> <td>550 </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>735 </td> <td>675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,100 </td> <td>450 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,200 </td> <td>413 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,000 </td> <td>250 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,200 </td> <td>225 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,400 </td> <td>207 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4,400 </td> <td>113 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yarn_and_thread">Yarn and thread</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Yarn and thread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twist">Twist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Twist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TwistPerInch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/TwistPerInch2.jpg/220px-TwistPerInch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/TwistPerInch2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Image showing how to determine the number of twists per inch in a piece of yarn</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twists_per_inch">Twists per inch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Twists per inch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number of twists per inch.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twists_per_metre">Twists per metre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Twists per metre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Number of twists per metre.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_density">Linear density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Linear density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two systems used for presenting linear density, direct and indirect. When the direct method is used, the length is fixed and the weight of yarn is measured; for example, tex gives the weight in grams of one thousand metres of yarn. An indirect method fixes the weight and gives the length of yarn created. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Units">Units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The textile industry has a long history and there are various units in use. Tex is more likely to be used in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, while denier remains more common in the United States. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ne"></span> </p> <ul><li><b>tex</b>: Grams per 1,000 metres of yarn. Tex is a direct measure of linear density.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>den</b> (denier): Grams per 9,000 metres of yarn. Den is a direct measure of linear density.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>dtex</b> (deci-tex): Grams per 10,000 metres of yarn. Dtex is a direct measure of linear density.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>gr/yard:</b> Grains per yard of yarn. Gr/yard is a direct measure of linear density, but is rarely used in the modern textile industry.</li> <li><b>ECC</b> or <b>NeC</b> or <b>Ne</b> (English Cotton Count): The number of 840 yd lengths per pound. ECC is an indirect measure of linear density. It is the number of hanks of skein material that weighs 1 lb. Under this system, the higher the number, the finer the yarn. In the United States cotton counts between 1 and 20 are referred to as coarse counts.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>NeK</b> or <b>NeW</b> (Worsted Count): The number of 560 yd lengths per 1 lb of yarn. NeK is an indirect measure of linear density.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NeK is also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_count" title="Spinning count">spinning count</a>.</li> <li><b>NeL</b> or <b>Lea</b> (Linen Count): The number of 300 yd lengths per 1 lb of yarn. NeL is an indirect measure of linear density.</li> <li><b>NeS</b> (Woollen Count or Yorkshire Skeins Woollen): The number of 256 yd lengths per 1 lb of yarn. NeS is an indirect measure of linear density. One of the best known of the many different woolen yarn counts.<sup id="cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_table">Conversion table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conversion table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table summarizes several measures of linear density and gives equivalences. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>tex </th> <th>dtex </th> <th>den </th> <th>(gr/yd) </th> <th>NeL or Lea </th> <th>Nm </th> <th>NeC or Ne </th> <th>NeK or NeW </th> <th>NeS </th> <th>metric or imperial </th></tr> <tr> <th>tex </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">tex </td> <td>dtex ÷ 10 </td> <td>den ÷ 9 </td> <td>(gr/yd) × 70.86 </td> <td>1,653.5 ÷ NeL </td> <td>1,000 ÷ Nm </td> <td>590.5 ÷ NeC </td> <td>885.5 ÷ NeK </td> <td>1,937.7 ÷ NeS </td> <td>grams per 1 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>dtex </th> <td>tex × 10 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">dtex </td> <td>den ÷ 0.9 </td> <td>(gr/yd) × 708.6 </td> <td>16,535 ÷ NeL </td> <td>10,000 ÷ Nm </td> <td>5,905.4 ÷ NeC </td> <td>8,855.8 ÷ NeK </td> <td>19,377 ÷ NeS </td> <td>grams per 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>den </th> <td>tex × 9 </td> <td>dtex × 0.9 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">den </td> <td>(gr/yd) × 637.7 </td> <td>14,882 ÷ NeL </td> <td>9,000 ÷ Nm </td> <td>5,314.9 ÷ NeC </td> <td>7,972.3 ÷ NeK </td> <td>17,439 ÷ NeS </td> <td>grams per 9,000 m </td></tr> <tr> <th>gr/yd </th> <td>tex ÷ 70.86 </td> <td>dted ÷ 708.6 </td> <td>den ÷ 673.7 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">gr/yd </td> <td>23.33 ÷ NeL </td> <td>14.1 ÷ Nm </td> <td>8.33 ÷ NeC </td> <td>12.5 ÷ NeK </td> <td>27.34 ÷ NeS </td> <td>grains per yard </td></tr> <tr> <th>NeL </th> <td>1,653.5 ÷ tex </td> <td>16,535 ÷ dtex </td> <td>14,882 ÷ den </td> <td>23.33 ÷ (gr/yd) </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">NeL </td> <td>Nm × 1.6535 </td> <td>NeC × 2.8 </td> <td>NeK × 1.87 </td> <td>NeS × 0.8533 </td> <td>300 yards per lb </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nm </th> <td>1,000 ÷ tex </td> <td>10,000 ÷ dtex </td> <td>9,000 ÷ den </td> <td>14.1 ÷ (gr/yd) </td> <td>NeL ÷ 1.6535 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Nm </td> <td>NeC × 1.6934 </td> <td>NeK × 1.13 </td> <td>NeS × 0.516 </td> <td>1,000 m per kg </td></tr> <tr> <th>NeC </th> <td>590.5 ÷ tex </td> <td>5,905.4 ÷ dtex </td> <td>5,314.9 ÷ den </td> <td>8.33 ÷ (gr/yd) </td> <td>NeL ÷ 2.8 </td> <td>Nm ÷ 1.6934 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">NeC </td> <td>NeK ÷ 1.5 </td> <td>NeS ÷ 3.28 </td> <td>840 yards per lb </td></tr> <tr> <th>NeK </th> <td>885.8 ÷ tex </td> <td>8,858 ÷ dtex </td> <td>7,972.3 ÷ den </td> <td>12.5 ÷ (gr/yd) </td> <td>NeL ÷ 1.87 </td> <td>Nm ÷ 1.13 </td> <td>NeC × 1.5 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">NeK </td> <td>NeS ÷ 2.187 </td> <td>560 yards per lb </td></tr> <tr> <th>NeS </th> <td>1,937.7 ÷ tex </td> <td>19,377 ÷ dtex </td> <td>17,439 ÷ den </td> <td>27.34 ÷ (gr/yd) </td> <td>NeL ÷ 0.8533 </td> <td>Nm ÷ 0.516 </td> <td>NeC × 3.28 </td> <td>NeK × 2.187 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">NeS </td> <td>256 yards per lb </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denier">Denier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Denier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Denier</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>den</b> (abbreviated <b>D</b>), a unit of measure for the <a href="/wiki/Linear_mass_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear mass density">linear mass density</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibers">fibers</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> per 9,000 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> of the fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Age,_Denier_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Age,_Denier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denier is based on a natural reference: a single strand of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> is approximately one denier; a 9,000-metre strand of silk weighs about one gram. The term <i>denier</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">French denier</a>, a coin of small value (worth <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Sou_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sou (coin)">sou</a></i>). Applied to <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a>, a denier was held to be equal in weight to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">24</span></span> ounce (1.2 g). </p><p>There is a difference between <i>filament</i> and <i>total</i> measurements in deniers. Both are defined as above, but the first relates to a single filament of fiber (commonly called <i>denier per filament</i> (<i>DPF</i>)), whereas the second relates to a yarn. </p><p>Broader terms, such as <i>fine</i> may be applied, either because the overall yarn is fine or because fibers within this yarn are thin. A 75-denier yarn is considered fine even if it contains only a few fibers, such as thirty 2.5-denier fibers; but a heavier yarn, such as 150 denier, is considered fine only if its fibers are individually as thin as one denier.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_Age,_Denier_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_Age,_Denier-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following relationship applies to straight, uniform filaments: </p> <dl><dd>DPF = total denier / quantity of uniform filaments</dd></dl> <p>The denier system of measurement is used on two- and single-filament fibers. Some common calculations are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>1 denier</td> <td>= 1 g / 9,000 m </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>= 0.11 mg/m </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In practice, measuring 9,000 m (30,000 ft) is both time-consuming and unrealistic. Generally a sample of 900 metres is weighed, and the result is multiplied by ten to obtain the denier weight. </p> <ul><li>A fiber is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">microfiber</a> if it is one denier or less.</li> <li>A one-denier <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> fiber has a <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of about ten micrometres.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">tights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">pantyhose</a>, the linear density of yarn used in the manufacturing process determines the opacity of the article in the following categories of commerce: ultra sheer (below 10 denier), sheer (10 to 30 denier), semi-opaque (30 to 40 denier), opaque (40 to 70 denier) and thick opaque (70 denier or higher).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For single fibers, instead of weighing, a machine called a <a href="/wiki/Vibroscope" title="Vibroscope">vibroscope</a> is used. A known length of the fiber (usually 20 mm) is set to vibrate, and its fundamental frequency measured, allowing the calculation of the mass and thus the <a href="/wiki/Linear_density" title="Linear density">linear density</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yarn_length">Yarn length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yarn length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the linear density and weight the yarn length can be calculated; for example: </p><p><span class="texhtml"><i>l</i>/m = 1693 × <i>l<sub>m</sub></i>/Nec × <i>m</i>/kg</span>, where <span class="texhtml"><i>l</i>/m</span> is the yarn length in metres, <span class="texhtml"><i>l<sub>m</sub></i>/Nec</span> is the English cotton count and <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i>/kg</span> is the yarn weight in kilograms. </p><p>The following length units are defined. </p> <ul><li><b>Bundle</b>: usually 10 lb (4.5 kg)</li> <li><b>Thread</b>: a length of 54 in (1.4 m)—the circumference of a warp beam</li> <li><b>Lea</b>: 120 yd (110 m)</li> <li><b>Hank:</b> a length of 7 leas or 840 yd (770 m)</li> <li><b>Spyndle:</b> 14,400 yd (13,200 m)—used in the English rope industry</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fabrics">Fabrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fabrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grams_per_square_metre_(GSM)"><span id="Grams_per_square_metre_.28GSM.29"></span>Grams per square metre (GSM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grams per square metre (GSM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Fabric weight</b> is measured in grams per square metre or g/m<sup>2</sup> (also abbreviated as GSM). GSM is the metric measurement of the weight of a fabric—it is a critical <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">parameter</a> for any textile product. The weight may affect density, thickness and many physical properties of the fabric, such as strength. GSM is accountable for the linear metres and specific use of the fabric. The fabric weight is measured in grams. In the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>, the mass per unit area of all types of textiles is expressed in grams per square metre (g/m<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>The <b>gram</b> (alternative spelling: <b>gramme</b>; <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> unit symbol: <b>g</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical unit">unit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>. A gram is defined as one thousandth of the <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> base unit, the <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>, or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup> kg</span>. Square metre (alternative spelling: square meter; SI unit symbol: m<sup>2</sup>) is a superficial area equal to that of a square whose sides' lengths are each one metre. </p><p>Typically a cheap T-shirt fabric is approximately 150 g/m<sup>2</sup>. GSM of fabric helps in determining the consumption, cost and application. The more the gsm transposes to thicker and heavy construction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mommes"><span class="anchor" id="Momme"></span> Mommes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mommes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Mommes</b> (mm), traditionally used to measure <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> fabrics, the weight in <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> of a piece of fabric <i>if</i> it were sized 45 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a> by 100 <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yards</a> (1.2 m by 90 m). One momme = 4.340 g/m<sup>2</sup>; 8 mommes is approximately 1 ounce per square yard or 35 g/m<sup>2</sup>. </p><p>The momme is based on the standard width of silk of 45 inches (1.1 m) wide (though silk is regularly produced in 55-inch (1.4 m) widths and uncommonly in larger widths). </p><p>The usual range of momme weight for different weaves of silk are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a>—5 to 16 mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a>—6 to 8 mm (can be made in double thickness, i.e. 12 to 16 mm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crepe_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepe de Chine">Crepe de Chine</a>—12 to 16 mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a>—3 to 5 mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw silk">Raw silk</a>—35 to 40 mm (heavier silks appear more "wooly")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a>—4 to 6 mm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a>—12 to 30 mm</li></ul> <p>The higher the weight in mommes, the more durable the weave and the more suitable it is for heavy-duty use. Also, the heavier the silk, the more opaque it becomes. This can vary even within the same weave of silk: for example, lightweight charmeuse is translucent when used in clothing, but 30-momme charmeuse is opaque. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thread_count">Thread count</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Thread count"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Thread count</b>, also called <b>threadcount</b> or <b>threads per inch</b> (<b>TPI</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-Schwalbe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwalbe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a measure of the coarseness or fineness of fabric. It is measured by counting the number of threads contained in one square inch of fabric or one square centimetre, including both the length (<a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a>) and width (<a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a>) threads. The thread count is the number of threads counted along two sides (up and across) of the square inch, added together. It is used especially with cotton <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bed_sheet" title="Bed sheet">bed sheets</a>, and has been known to be used in the classification of towels. </p><p>There is a common misconception that thread count is an important consideration when purchasing bedding. However, linen experts claim that beyond a thread count of 400, there is no difference in quality. They further highlight that sheet material is of greater importance than thread count.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of thread that can fit into a square inch of fabric is limited, suggesting that bedding beyond 400 count is likely a marketing strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inflated thread counts are usually the result of including the number of strands in a twisted yarn in the claimed thread count.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industry_standard">Industry standard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Industry standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thread count is often used as a measure of fabric quality, thus "standard" cotton thread counts are around 150 while "good-quality" sheets start at 180 and a count of 200 or higher is considered "<a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">percale</a>". Some (but not all) extremely high thread counts (typically over 500) mislead as they usually count the individual threads in "<a href="/wiki/Plying" title="Plying">plied</a>" yarns (a yarn that is made by twisting together multiple finer threads). For marketing purposes, a fabric with 250 two-ply yarns in both the vertical and horizontal direction could have the component threads counted to a 1,000 thread count although according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Textile_Association" title="National Textile Association">National Textile Association</a> (NTA),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which cites the international standards group ASTM International, accepted industry practice is to count each thread as one, even threads spun as two- or three-ply yarn. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> in an August 2005 letter to the NTA agreed that consumers "could be deceived or misled" by inflated thread counts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, ASTM proposed a definition for "thread count"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has been called "the industry's first formal definition for thread count".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of the ASTM committee argued for the higher yarn count number obtained by counting each single yarn in a plied yarn and cited as authority the provision relating to woven fabric in the <i>Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States</i>, which states each ply should be counted as one using the "average yarn number."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Federal Trade Commission issued a General Exclusion Order barring entry of woven textile fabrics and products marked with inflated thread counts. The inflated thread counts were deemed false advertising under section 43 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. 1125(a)(1)(B).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_tartans">In tartans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In tartans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tartan#Weaving_construction" title="Tartan">Tartan § Weaving construction</a></div> <p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartans</a>, thread counts are used not for determining coarseness, but rather for recording and reliably repeating the cross-striped pattern of the cloth. Such a thread count (which for the typical <a href="/wiki/Worsted_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Worsted wool">worsted woollen</a> cloth used for a kilt must in total be divisible by 4) is given as a series of colour-code and thread-count pairs. Sometimes, with typical symmetrical (reflective) tartans, slash (/ ) markup at the ends is used to indicate whether (and how much of) a "pivot" colour is to be repeated when the design is mirrored and repeated backwards. For example, <samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">B/24 W4 B24 R2 K24 G24 W/2</samp> calls for a pattern of (left to right) blue, white, blue, red, black, green, and white, and indicates that when mirrored the two white threads (going one direction) or 24 blue threads (going the other) are repeated after mirroring, resulting in a total of 4 white going rightward and 48 blue heading left. This is known as a <i>half-count at pivot</i> thread count. The same <a href="/wiki/Sett_(tartans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sett (tartans)">sett</a> (technically a half-sett) could also be represented <samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">/B48 W4 B24 R2 K24 G24 W4/</samp>, in a <i>full-count at pivot</i> thread count; this indicates that after the four white threads, the pattern resumes backwards with 24 green without repetition of any of the white count.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old style, without slash markup—<samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">B48 W4 B24 R2 K24 G24 W4</samp>—is considered ambiguous, but is most often interpreted as a full count. The comparatively rare non-symmetrical tartans are given in full setts and are simply repeated without mirroring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ends_per_inch">Ends per inch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ends per inch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ends per inch</b> (EPI or e.p.i.) is the number of <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> threads per inch of woven fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwalbe_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwalbe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_1921_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_1921-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the higher the ends per inch, the finer the fabric is. </p><p>Ends per inch is very commonly used by weavers who must use the number of ends per inch in order to pick the right <a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)">reed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weave</a> with. The number of ends per inch varies on the pattern to be woven and the thickness of the thread. The number of times the thread can be wrapped around a ruler in adjacent turns over an inch is called the <i>wraps per inch</i>. <a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weaves</a> generally use half the number of wraps per inch for the number of ends per inch, whereas denser weaves like a twill weave will use a higher ratio like two-thirds of the number of wraps per inch. Finer threads require more threads per inch than thick ones and thus result in a higher number of ends per inch. </p><p>The number of ends per inch in a piece of woven cloth varies depending on the stage of manufacture. Before the cloth is woven, the warp has a certain number of ends per inch, which is directly related to the size <a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)">reed</a> being used. After weaving, the number of ends per inch will increase, and it will increase again after being washed. This increase in the number of ends per inch (and picks per inch) and <a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">shrinkage</a> in the size of the fabric is known as the <b>take-up</b>. The take-up depends on many factors, including the material and how tightly the cloth is woven. Tightly woven fabric shrinks more (and thus the number of ends per inch increases more) than loosely woven fabric, as do more elastic yarns and fibers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Picks_per_inch">Picks per inch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Picks per inch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Picks per inch</b> (or p.p.i.) is the number of <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a> threads per inch of woven fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_1921_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_1921-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pick is a single weft thread,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence the term. In general, the higher the picks per inch, the finer is the fabric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses_and_wales">Courses and wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Courses and wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Loops are the building blocks of <a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">knitted fabrics</a>, and courses and wales in knitted fabrics are importantly similar to ends and pick in woven fabrics. The knitting structure is formed by intermeshing<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the loops in consecutive rows. </p> <ul><li><b>Courses</b> are the total number of horizontal rows measured in per inch or per centimetre. The course is a horizontal row of loops formed by all the adjacent needles during one revolution. Course length is obtained by multiplying loop length with the number of needles involved in the production of the course.</li> <li><b>Wales</b> are the number of vertical columns measured in per inch or per centimetre.</li> <li>Because the number of courses and wales per inch or per centimetre infers (more or less) the tight and loose knitting. <b>Stitch or loop density</b> is the total number of loops in a unit area such as per square centimetre or per square inch.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Stitch/loop length</b> is a major factor in a knitted fabric's overall quality, affecting dimensional stability, drape and appearance, etc. Loop length is the length of yarn contained to form a loop.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_permeability">Air permeability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Air permeability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Air permeability</b> is a measure of the ability of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> to pass through a fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air permeability is defined as "the volume of air in cubic centimetres (cm<sup>3</sup>) which is passed through in one second through 100 cm<sup>2</sup> of the fabric at a pressure difference of 10 cm head of water",<sup id="cite_ref-ait_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ait-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gurley_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurley unit">Gurley unit</a>. It is standardized by, among others, norm <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astm.org/Standards/D737.htm">ASTM D737-18</a> and norm <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/16869.html">ISO 9237-1995</a>. </p><p>Factors that affect air permeability include <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>, fabric thickness and construction, yarn density, twist, <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(wool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimp (wool)">crimp</a>, layering, and moisture within the fabric. </p><p>The concept of air permeability is important for the design of <a href="/wiki/Active_wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Active wear">active wear</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Insect_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect netting">insect netting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ait_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ait-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cottoninc.com/fiber/quality/Crop-Quality-Reports/Crop-Quality-Legend/Fiber-Properties/">"Fiber Properties"</a>. <i>cottoninc.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Incorporated" title="Cotton Incorporated">Cotton Incorporated</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cottoninc.com&rft.atitle=Fiber+Properties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cottoninc.com%2Ffiber%2Fquality%2FCrop-Quality-Reports%2FCrop-Quality-Legend%2FFiber-Properties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cottonguide.org/cotton-guide/cotton-value-addition/micronaire/">"Cotton value addition – The impact of cotton fibre properties on textile"</a>. <i>CottonGuide.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CottonGuide.org&rft.atitle=Cotton+value+addition+%E2%80%93+The+impact+of+cotton+fibre+properties+on+textile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cottonguide.org%2Fcotton-guide%2Fcotton-value-addition%2Fmicronaire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotton.org/tech/bale/bale-description.cfm">"U.S. Cotton Bale Dimensions"</a>. <i>cotton.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cotton.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+Cotton+Bale+Dimensions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cotton.org%2Ftech%2Fbale%2Fbale-description.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514160733/http://farmhub.textileexchange.org/learning-zone/glossary/measurements">"Measurements - The Farm Hub - Textile Exchange"</a>. <i>farmhub.textileexchange.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farmhub.textileexchange.org/learning-zone/glossary/measurements">the original</a> on 2021-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=farmhub.textileexchange.org&rft.atitle=Measurements+-+The+Farm+Hub+-+Textile+Exchange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarmhub.textileexchange.org%2Flearning-zone%2Fglossary%2Fmeasurements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Textiles_for_modern_Living-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textiles_for_modern_Living_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohlVilensky1990" class="citation book cs1">Gohl, Erhard; Vilensky, Leo (1990). 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CRC Press. 6 October 1995. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566763400" title="Special:BookSources/9781566763400"><bdi>9781566763400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+Sears+Handbook+of+Industrial+Textiles&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1995-10-06&rft.isbn=9781566763400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK8uCgQD7oNAC%26dq%3DCourse%3A%2BIn%2Bloop%2Bof%2Bknitted%2Bfabric%2Bthe%2Btotal%2Bamount%2Bof%2Bhorizontal%2Brows%2Bis%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bcourse.%2BWale%3A%2BIn%2Bloop%2Bof%2Bknitted%2Bfabric%2Bthe%2Btotal%2Bamount%2Bof%2Bvertical%2Brows%2Bis%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bwale.%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1M6jBQAAQBAJ&dq=loop+length+in+knitting&pg=PA245"><i>Knitting Technology</i></a>. Elsevier. 20 May 2014. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483182230" title="Special:BookSources/9781483182230"><bdi>9781483182230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knitting+Technology&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft.isbn=9781483182230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1M6jBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dloop%2Blength%2Bin%2Bknitting%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensFuller2015" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, K; Fuller, M (2015). "Thermoregulation and clothing comfort". <i>Textile-Led Design for the Active Ageing Population</i>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-85709-538-1.00009-2">10.1016/B978-0-85709-538-1.00009-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857095381" title="Special:BookSources/9780857095381"><bdi>9780857095381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thermoregulation+and+clothing+comfort&rft.btitle=Textile-Led+Design+for+the+Active+Ageing+Population&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-85709-538-1.00009-2&rft.isbn=9780857095381&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Fuller%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ait-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ait_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ait_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acadiantextiles.com/news/air-permeability/">"What Is Air Permeability?"</a>. Acadian Industrial Textiles. 19 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Air+Permeability%3F&rft.pub=Acadian+Industrial+Textiles&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facadiantextiles.com%2Fnews%2Fair-permeability%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1970" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Ann M (1970). <i>A Handbook of Textiles</i>. Pergamon Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4"><bdi>0-08-018057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Textiles&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-08-018057-4&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Ann+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1921" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, H P (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneguyfrombarlick.co.uk/viewtopic.php?f=58&t=7122"><i>Glossary of Textile Terms</i></a>. Arthur Roberts Black Book. Manchester: Marsden & Company, Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Textile+Terms&rft.series=Arthur+Roberts+Black+Book&rft.pub=Manchester%3A+Marsden+%26+Company%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=H+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneguyfrombarlick.co.uk%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D58%26t%3D7122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnits+of+textile+measurement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textilesintelligence.com/glo/">Textiles Intelligence Glossary</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&oldid=1268175861">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Units_of_textile_measurement&oldid=1268175861</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textiles" title="Category:Textiles">Textiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Units_of_measurement" title="Category:Units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from December 2016">Articles prone to spam from December 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 January 2025, at 13:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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