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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Каледони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каледони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonii" title="Caledonii – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Caledonii" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledons" title="Caledons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caledons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledoniaid" title="Caledoniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caledoniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaledonier" title="Kaledonier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaledonier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonios_(Escocia)" title="Caledonios (Escocia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caledonios (Escocia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A9doniens" title="Calédoniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calédoniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calad%C3%B3naigh" title="Caladónaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caladónaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonii" title="Caledonii – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Caledonii" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledoni" title="Caledoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caledoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaled%C3%B3nok" title="Kaledónok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaledónok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledones" title="Caledones – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caledones" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="カレドニア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カレドニア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaledoniere" title="Kaledoniere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaledoniere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaledo%C5%84czycy" title="Kaledończycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaledończycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caled%C3%B4nios" title="Caledônios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caledônios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonieni" title="Caledonieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caledonieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Каледонцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каледонцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaledonci" title="Kaledonci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaledonci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Каледонци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каледонци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaledonci" title="Kaledonci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaledonci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Каледонії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каледонії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Iron Age & Roman era Celtic tribal historical peoples of contemporary Scotland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Caledonians_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Caledonians (disambiguation)">Caledonians (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/180px-Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/270px-Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg/360px-Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption>Peoples of Northern Britain according to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s 2nd-century <i><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_Geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy's Geography">Geography</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Caledonians</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Caledones</i> or <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Caledonii</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Καληδῶνες</span>, <i>Kalēdōnes</i>) or the <b>Caledonian Confederacy</b> were a <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic-speaking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Celtic</a>) tribal confederacy in what is now <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Britain">Iron Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> eras. The Greek form of the tribal name gave rise to the name <i><a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a></i> for their territory. The Caledonians were considered to be a group of <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later, after the Roman conquest of the southern half of Britain, the northern inhabitants were distinguished as <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, thought to be a related people who would have also spoken a <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic language</a>. The Caledonian Britons were thus enemies of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which was the state then administering most of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>. </p><p>The Caledonians, like many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a> in Britain, were <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> builders and farmers who defeated and were defeated by the Romans on several occasions. The Romans never fully occupied Caledonia, though several attempts were made. Nearly all of the information available about the Caledonians is based on predominantly Roman sources, which may be biased. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Salway" title="Peter Salway">Peter Salway</a> assumes that the Caledonians would have been Pictish tribes speaking a language closely related to <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>, or a branch of it<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> augmented by fugitive <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Brythonic</a> resistance fighters fleeing from Roman-occupied Britannia. The Caledonian tribe, after which the historical Caledonian Confederacy is named, may have been joined in conflict with Rome by tribes in northern central Scotland by this time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a> recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. The Romans reached an accommodation with Brythonic tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a> as effective <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer states</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to German linguist Stefan Zimmer, <i>Caledonia</i> is derived from the tribal name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Caledones</i></span> (a Latinization of a <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> nominative plural <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language#Nasal_stems" title="Proto-Celtic language">n-stem</a> <span title="Common Brittonic-language text"><i lang="cel">Calēdones</i></span> or <span title="Common Brittonic-language text"><i lang="cel">Calīdones</i></span>, from earlier <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">Kalē=Black River=don/Danue Goddess[i]oi</i></span>), which he etymologises as perhaps 'possessing hard feet' ("alluding to standfastness or endurance"), from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic">Proto-Celtic</a> roots <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">kal-</i></span> 'hard' and <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">pēd-</i></span> 'foot',<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">pēd-</i></span> contracting to <span title="Common Brittonic-language text"><i lang="cel">-ed-</i></span>. The singular form of the ethnic name is attested as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Caledo</i></span> (a Latinization of the Brittonic nominative singular n-stem *<span title="Common Brittonic-language text"><i lang="cel">Calidū</i></span>) on a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British</a> inscription from <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland during the Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgacus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/220px-Calgacus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/330px-Calgacus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Calgacus.JPG/440px-Calgacus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1670" /></a><figcaption>Illustration (18th-century) of the Caledonian leader <a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In AD 83 or 84, the Caledonians, led by <a href="/wiki/Calgacus" title="Calgacus">Calgacus</a>, were defeated at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mons_Graupius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mons Graupius">Mons Graupius</a>, as recorded by Tacitus. Tacitus avoids using terms such as <i><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">king</a></i> to describe Calgacus and it is uncertain as to whether the Caledonians had single leaders or whether they were more disparate and that Calgacus was an elected war-leader only. Tacitus records the physical characteristics of the Caledonians as red hair and long limbs. </p><p>In 122 AD construction began on <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, creating a physical boundary between Roman controlled territory, and the land the Romans deemed as Caledonia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An effort by the Romans to invade and conquer Caledonia was likely made sometime during or shortly after 139 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 142 AD, construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> roughly 100 km North of Hadrian's Wall in order to aid in the Roman push into Caledonian territory and to consolidate their conquest of southern Caledonian territory. The Romans later abandoned this wall (around 158) to return to Hadrian's Wall to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Malcolm Todd, the tribes of what is now Northern Britain and Scotland (probably including the Caledones) proved themselves to be <i>"... too warlike to be easily contained..."</i>, leading to the extensive garrisons left by the Romans to contest the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraser and Mason argue that the Caledones likely did not directly attack or harass the Romans during this time, but may have had minor conflicts with other tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 180 the Caledonians took part in an invasion of Britannia, breached Hadrian's Wall and were not brought under control for several years, eventually signing <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace treaties">peace treaties</a> with the governor <a href="/wiki/Ulpius_Marcellus" title="Ulpius Marcellus">Ulpius Marcellus</a>. This suggests that they were capable of making formal agreements in unison despite supposedly having many different chieftains. However, Roman historians used the word "Caledonius" not only to refer to the Caledones themselves, but also to any of the other tribes (both Pictish or Brythonic) living north of Hadrian's Wall, and it is uncertain whether these later were limited to individual groups or wider unions of tribes. It is possible that this was the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia</a> rather than the Caledones.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the latter half of the 2nd Century AD, the actual Caledones would have likely had the <a href="/wiki/Maeatae" title="Maeatae">Maeatae</a> peoples between themselves and the Antonine Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of Commodus, a series of regular payments appear to have been made to the Caledonians by the Romans, continuing into the first few years of Severus' reign, according to John Casey.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 197 AD <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> records that the Caledonians aided in a further attack on the Roman frontier being led by the Maeatae and the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> and probably inspired by the removal of garrisons on Hadrian's Wall by <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a>. He says the Caledonians broke the treaties they had made with Marcellus a few years earlier (Dio lxxvii, 12). </p><p>The governor who arrived to oversee the regaining of control over <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> after Albinus' defeat, <a href="/wiki/Virius_Lupus" title="Virius Lupus">Virius Lupus</a>, was obliged to buy peace from the Maeatae rather than fight them. </p><p>According to James Fraser and Roger Mason, by the end of the 2nd century, the majority of Northern tribes had been merged in the Roman consciousness into either the Caledones or the Maeatae, leaving just those two tribes as the representatives of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region itself had long been called Caledonia, and Malcolm Todd states that all residents were called Caledonians, regardless of tribal affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Caledonians are next mentioned in 209, when they are said to have surrendered to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> after he personally led a military expedition north of Hadrian's Wall, in search of a glorious military victory. <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> and Dio wrote only in passing of the campaign but describe the Caledonians ceding territory to Rome as being the result. Cassius Dio records that the Caledonians inflicted 50,000 Roman casualties due to attrition and unconventional tactics such as guerrilla warfare. Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Martin (page does not exist)">Colin Martin</a> has suggested that the Severan campaigns did not seek a battle but instead sought to destroy the fertile agricultural land of eastern Scotland and thereby bring about <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of the Caledonians through starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 210 however, the Caledonians had re-formed their alliance with the Maeatae and joined their fresh offensive. A <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> led by Severus' son, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, was sent out with the purpose of slaughtering everyone it encountered from any of the northern tribes. <a href="/wiki/David_Shotter" title="David Shotter">David Shotter</a> mentions Caracalla's dislike for the Caledonians and his wish to see them eradicated.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus meanwhile prepared for total conquest but was already ill; he died at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>) in <i>Britannia</i> in 211. Caracalla attempted to take over command but when his troops refused to recognise him as emperor, he made peace with the Caledonians and retreated south of Hadrian's Wall to press his claim for the imperial title. <a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Frere" title="Sheppard Frere">Sheppard Frere</a> suggests that Caracalla briefly continued the campaign after his father's death rather than immediately leaving, citing an apparent delay in his arrival in Rome and indirect numismatic and epigraphic factors that suggest he may instead have fully concluded the war but that Dio's hostility towards his subject led him to record the campaign as ending in a truce. <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Malcolm Todd</a> however considers there to be no evidence to support this. Peter Salway considers that the pressures on Caracalla were too high, and security of the Romans' northern frontier were secure enough to allow their departure.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless the Caledonians did retake their territory and pushed the Romans back to Hadrian's Wall. </p><p>In any event, there is no further historical mention of the Caledonians for a century save for a c. AD 230 inscription from <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> which records a dedication by a man calling himself the nephew (or grandson) of "Uepogenus, [a] Caledonian".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be because Severus' campaigns were so successful that the Caledonians were wiped out; however this is highly unlikely. In 305, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> re-invaded the northern lands of Britain although the sources are vague over their claims of penetration into the far north and a great victory over the "Caledones and others" (<a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a> Vetares, VI (VII) vii 2). The event is notable in that it includes the first recorded use of the term 'Pict' to describe the tribes of the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> in his <i>Agricola</i>, chapter XI (c. 98 AD) described the Caledonians as <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">red haired</a> and large limbed, which he considered features of Germanic origin: "The reddish (<i>rutilae</i>) hair and large limbs of the Caledonians proclaim a German origin". <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i> wrote something similar: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...The inhabitants of Caledonia have reddish hair and large loose-jointed bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Eumenius" title="Eumenius">Eumenius</a>, the panegyrist of Constantine Chlorus, wrote that both the Picts and Caledonians were red haired (<i>rutilantia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene" title="William Forbes Skene">William Forbes Skene</a> noted that this description matches <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' description of the Caledonians as red haired in his <a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James E. Fraser argues that Tacitus and other Romans were aware of methods of Caledonians dyeing their hair in order to achieve the stereotypical red colour, and that it was likely misinterpreted as an ethnic identifier.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fraser also mentions that the pressure put on the Northern tribes, forcing them to move, may have led to the creation of identifiers specific to certain tribes, such as clothing or jewellery;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the earliest examples of such identifiers include armlets, earrings, and button covers, as well as decorated weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></div> <p>There is little direct evidence of a Caledonian <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> but it is possible to describe the settlements in their territory during their existence. </p><p>The majority of Caledonians north of the Firth of Forth would likely have lived in villages without fortifications in houses of timber or stone, while those living nearer to the Western coast would have more likely been using a form of <a href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Malcolm Todd, "...'substantial houses' of the North may be over-represented in the archaeological record, by reason of their ability to more successfully survive as recognisable structures."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hillforts</a> that stretched from the <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> are evidence of a distinctive character emerging in northern Great Britain from the Middle Iron Age onwards. They were much smaller than the hillforts further south, often less than 10,000 square metres in area (one hectare, about 2.47 acres), and there is no evidence that they were extensively occupied or defended by the Caledonians, who appear to generally have had a dispersed settlement pattern. </p><p>By the time of the Roman invasion there had been a move towards less heavily fortified but better sheltered farmsteads surrounded by earthwork enclosures. Individual family groups likely inhabited these new fortified farmsteads, linked together with their neighbours through intermarriage. </p><p>The reason for this change from hilltop fortresses to farms amongst the Caledonians and their neighbours is unknown. <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> considers that the importance of demonstrating an impressive residence became less significant by the second century because of falling competition for resources due to advances in food production or a population decline. Alternatively, finds of Roman material may mean that social display became more of a matter of personal adornment with imported exotica rather than building an impressive dwelling. </p><p>Anne Robertson suggests that the Roman objects and materials (including relative finery and currency) found within many Caledonian structures indicates a trade network between the two cultures from as early as the first century AD, continuing until at least the fourth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruthin" title="Cruthin">Cruthin</a> (In Ireland; possible descendants, predecessors or relatives of the Caledonians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicalydones" title="Dicalydones">Dicalydones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mark_of_the_Horse_Lord" title="The Mark of the Horse Lord">The Mark of the Horse Lord</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/monsgraupius/monsgraupius.html">Encyclopaedia Romana.</a> University of Chicago. accessed March 1, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson 1926; Jackson 1955; Koch 1983; Smyth 1984; Forsyth 1997; Price 2000; Forsyth 2006; Woolf 2007; Fraser 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmer, Stefan (2006) [2004]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4135527/2006_Some_Names_and_Epithets_in_Culhwch_ac_Olwen">"Some Names and Epithets in 'Culhwch ac Olwen'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Studi Celtici</i>. <b>3</b>. pp. 163–179 (pp. 1–4 in online copy).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+Celtici&rft.atitle=Some+Names+and+Epithets+in+%27Culhwch+ac+Olwen%27&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=pp.+163-179+%28pp.+1-4+in+online+copy%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4135527%2F2006_Some_Names_and_Epithets_in_Culhwch_ac_Olwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a>, ed. (2006). "Caledones". <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094455" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094455"><bdi>9781851094455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caledones&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851094455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2000" class="citation book cs1">Breeze, David John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43376232"><i>Hadrian's Wall</i></a>. Brian Dobson (4th ed.). London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027182-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027182-1"><bdi>0-14-027182-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43376232">43376232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43376232&rft.isbn=0-14-027182-1&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43376232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For quote, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span> For garrison information, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. pp. <span class="nowrap">138–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2820-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107">319892107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland+%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319892107&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2820-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F319892107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2820-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107">319892107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland+%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319892107&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2820-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F319892107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2820-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107">319892107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland+%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319892107&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2820-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F319892107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Casey, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41725163">"Who Built Carpow? A Review of Events in Britain in the Reigns of Commodus and Septimius Severus"</a>. <i>Britannia</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">225–</span>235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068113X10000073">10.1017/S0068113X10000073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-113X">0068-113X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41725163">41725163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161815830">161815830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Who+Built+Carpow%3F+A+Review+of+Events+in+Britain+in+the+Reigns+of+Commodus+and+Septimius+Severus&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0068-113X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161815830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41725163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068113X10000073&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41725163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2820-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107">319892107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland+%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319892107&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2820-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F319892107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2820-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107">319892107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland+%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319892107&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2820-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F319892107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115055356/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba6/ba6feat.html#martin">"British Archaeology, no 6, July 1995: Features"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba6/ba6feat.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Archaeology%2C+no+6%2C+July+1995%3A+Features&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britarch.ac.uk%2Fba%2Fba6%2Fba6feat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Shotter, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437061089"><i>Roman Britain</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-62292-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-62292-6"><bdi>978-0-203-62292-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/437061089">437061089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F437061089&rft.isbn=978-0-203-62292-6&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F437061089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalway2000" class="citation book cs1">Salway, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52644638"><i>Roman Britain : a very short introduction</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285404-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285404-6"><bdi>0-19-285404-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52644638">52644638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain+%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52644638&rft.isbn=0-19-285404-6&rft.aulast=Salway&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52644638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heatherrosejones.com/names/pictish/">medievalscotland.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harbornet.com/folks/theedrich/Goths/Goths1.htm#II">"Jordanes - Latin & English - First half"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordanes+-+Latin+%26+English+-+First+half&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harbornet.com%2Ffolks%2Ftheedrich%2FGoths%2FGoths1.htm%23II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The early chronicles relating to Scotland being the Rhind lectures in archaeology for 1912 in connection with the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</i>, published 1912 by J. Maclehose in Glasgow, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban</i>, William Forbes Skene, Forgotten Books, p. 94, footnote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2820-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107">319892107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland+%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319892107&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2820-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F319892107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2009" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, James E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107"><i>From Caledonia to Pictland : Scotland to 795</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2820-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2820-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319892107">319892107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland+%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319892107&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2820-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F319892107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamRitchie1991" class="citation book cs1">Graham; Ritchie, Anna (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrnd4"><i>Scotland: Archaeology and Early History</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0291-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-0291-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrnd4">10.3366/j.ctvxcrnd4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+Archaeology+and+Early+History&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrnd4%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0291-9&rft.au=Graham&rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrnd4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2007" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Malcolm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636"><i>A companion to Roman Britain</i></a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5681-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5681-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212410636">212410636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212410636&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5681-3&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F212410636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1970" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Anne (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/525841">"Roman Finds from Non-Roman Sites in Scotland: More Roman 'Drift' in Caledonia"</a>. <i>Britannia</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">198–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F525841">10.2307/525841</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/525841">525841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162745606">162745606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Roman+Finds+from+Non-Roman+Sites+in+Scotland%3A+More+Roman+%27Drift%27+in+Caledonia&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162745606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F525841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F525841&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F525841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaledonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, B</a>, <i>Iron Age Britain</i>, Batsford, London, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8839-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-8839-5">0-7134-8839-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Frere" title="Sheppard Frere">Frere, S</a>, <i>Britannia</i>, Routledge, London, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1215-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-1215-1">0-7102-1215-1</a></li> <li>Moffat, Alistair (2005) <i>Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History</i>. London. Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05133-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05133-X">0-500-05133-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Salway" title="Peter Salway">Salway, P</a>, <i>Roman Britain</i>, OUP, Oxford, 1986</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, M</a>, <i>Roman Britain</i>, Fontana, London, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-686064-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-686064-8">0-00-686064-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caledonians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=40522005">The Scotsman - Mons Graupius, where the Romans defeated the Caledonii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rampantscotland.com/famous/blfamgalgacus.htm">Famous Scots - Galgacus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Scotland-History/RomansinScotland.htm">Historic UK - Romans in Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028202945/http://www.historyscotland.com/aboutus.html">History Scotland Magazine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Template:Prehistoric Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Scotland173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#Prehistory" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmartin_Glen" title="Kilmartin Glen">Kilmartin Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides#Prehistory" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_prehistoric_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Scotland" title="Hillforts in Scotland">Hillforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">Wheelhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artefacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art_in_the_Prehistoric_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish art in the Prehistoric era">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Agriculture in prehistoric Scotland">Agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caereni" title="Caereni">Caereni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnonacae" title="Carnonacae">Carnonacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cat" title="Kingdom of Cat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Caithness)" title="Cornovii (Caithness)">Cornovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creones" title="Creones">Creones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantae" title="Decantae">Decantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugi" title="Lugi">Lugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeatae" title="Maeatae">Maeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a> (83 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burnswark" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Burnswark">Siege of Burnswark</a> (140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a> (367–368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistoric_Scotland" title="Timeline of prehistoric Scotland">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Iron_Age" title="Scotland in the Iron Age">Scotland in the Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Interlude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Template:Iron Age tribes in Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Template talk:Iron Age tribes in Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron Age tribes in Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_tribes_in_Britain" title="Iron Age tribes in Britain">Iron Age tribes in Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caereni" title="Caereni">Caereni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caledonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantiaci" title="Cantiaci">Cantiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnonacae" title="Carnonacae">Carnonacae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvetii" title="Carvetii">Carvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corieltauvi" title="Corieltauvi">Coritani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corionototae" title="Corionototae">Corionototae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Midlands)" title="Cornovii (Midlands)">Cornovii <small>(Central)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornovii_(Caithness)" title="Cornovii (Caithness)">Cornovii <small>(Northern)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creones" title="Creones">Creones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnonii" title="Damnonii">Damnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantae" title="Decantae">Decantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetae" title="Demetae">Demetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobunni" title="Dobunni">Dobunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumnonii" title="Dumnonii">Dumnonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durotriges" title="Durotriges">Durotriges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidii" title="Epidii">Epidii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrantovices" title="Gabrantovices">Gabrantovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopocares" title="Lopocares">Lopocares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugi" title="Lugi">Lugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novantae" title="Novantae">Novantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordovices" title="Ordovices">Ordovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisi_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisi (Yorkshire)">Parisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regni" title="Regni">Regni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selgovae" title="Selgovae">Selgovae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setantii" title="Setantii">Setantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smertae" title="Smertae">Smertae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taexali" title="Taexali">Taexali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textoverdi" title="Textoverdi">Textoverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacomagi" title="Vacomagi">Vacomagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venicones" title="Venicones">Venicones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votadini" title="Votadini">Votadini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes in Europe</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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