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<span>Plot</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plot subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Book I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Book II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_critical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_critical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary and critical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_critical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burned_in_1964_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burned_in_1964_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Burned in 1964 Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burned_in_1964_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Red and the Black</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الأحمر والأسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأحمر والأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_v%C9%99_qara" title="Qırmızı və qara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızı və qara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%96_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Чырвонае і чорнае – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чырвонае і чорнае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%96_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Чырвонае і чорнае – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чырвонае і чорнае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Червено и черно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червено и черно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_roig_i_el_negre" title="El roig i el negre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El roig i el negre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_a_%C4%8Dern%C3%BD" title="Červený a černý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Červený a černý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot_und_Schwarz" title="Rot und Schwarz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rot und Schwarz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Το Κόκκινο και το Μαύρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Το Κόκκινο και το Μαύρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojo_y_negro" title="Rojo y negro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rojo y negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ru%C4%9Do_kaj_la_Nigro" title="La Ruĝo kaj la Nigro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Ruĝo kaj la Nigro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D9%88_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="سرخ و سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخ و سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir" title="Le Rouge et le Noir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Rouge et le Noir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir" title="Le Rouge et le Noir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Le Rouge et le Noir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermello_e_negro" title="Vermello e negro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vermello e negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC_%ED%9D%91" title="적과 흑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적과 흑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%BD%D6%87%D5%A8_(%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA)" title="Կարմիրն ու սևը (վեպ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիրն ու սևը (վեպ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveno_i_crno" title="Crveno i crno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crveno i crno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_rosso_e_il_nero" title="Il rosso e il nero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il rosso e il nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="წითელი და შავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი და შავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Қызыл мен қара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қызыл мен қара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kere_is_Ebelte_(suterot)" title="Kere is Ebelte (suterot) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kere is Ebelte (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_%C3%A9s_fekete_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="Vörös és fekete (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös és fekete (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Црвено и Црно – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвено и Црно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir" title="Le Rouge et le Noir – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Le Rouge et le Noir" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E3%81%A8%E9%BB%92" title="赤と黒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤と黒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dt_og_svart" title="Rødt og svart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rødt og svart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Roge_e_lo_Negre" title="Lo Roge e lo Negre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lo Roge e lo Negre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil_va_qora" title="Qizil va qora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizil va qora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwone_i_czarne" title="Czerwone i czarne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwone i czarne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Vermelho_e_o_Negro" title="O Vermelho e o Negro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Vermelho e o Negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C8%99u_%C8%99i_negru_(roman)" title="Roșu și negru (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roșu și negru (roman)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%87%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Красное и чёрное – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красное и чёрное" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_a_%C4%8Dierny" title="Červený a čierny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červený a čierny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8De_in_%C4%8Drno" title="Rdeče in črno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeče in črno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Црвено и црно (роман) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвено и црно (роман)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Red and the Black (disambiguation)">The Red and the Black (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1830 novel by Stendhal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Red and the Black <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+and+the+Black&rft.author=%5B%5BStendhal%5D%5D+%28Henri+Beyle%29&rft.date=November+1830&rft.pub=A.+Levasseur&rft.place=France&rft.pages=2+vols.&rft_id=info:oclcnum/18684539"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:StendhalRedandBlack04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/StendhalRedandBlack04.jpg/220px-StendhalRedandBlack04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/StendhalRedandBlack04.jpg/330px-StendhalRedandBlack04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/StendhalRedandBlack04.jpg/440px-StendhalRedandBlack04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Henri Dubouchet's illustration for an 1884 edition of <i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i>, Paris: L. Conquet</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a> (Henri Beyle)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Rouge et le Noir</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">A. Levasseur</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">November 1830</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hardback and paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">2 vols.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34982-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34982-6">0-521-34982-6</a> (published before the ISBN system)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18684539">18684539</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">843/.7 19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PQ2435.R72 H35 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Le Rouge et le Noir">Le Rouge et le Noir</a></i></span> at French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black" class="extiw" title="s:The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a></i> at Wikisource</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Le Rouge et le Noir</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁuʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>l(ə)<span class="wrap"> </span>nwaʁ]</a></span>; meaning <i><b>The Red and the Black</b></i>) is a historical <a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">psychological novel</a> in two volumes by <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>, published in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-Garzanti_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garzanti-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It chronicles the attempts of a provincial young man to rise socially beyond his modest upbringing through a combination of talent, hard work, deception, and hypocrisy. He ultimately allows his passions to betray him. </p><p>The novel's full title, <i><b>Le Rouge et le Noir: Chronique du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle</b></i> (<i>The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicates its twofold literary purpose as both a psychological portrait of the romantic protagonist, Julien Sorel, and an analytic, sociological satire of the French social order under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> (1814–1830). In English, <i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i> variously is translated as <i>Red and Black</i>, <i>Scarlet and Black</i>, and <i>The Red and the Black</i>, without the subtitle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title is taken to refer to the tension between the clerical and secular <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interests of the protagonist, represented by each of the title colors, but it could also refer to the then-popular card game "rouge et noir", with the card game being the narratological leitmotiv of a novel in which chance and luck determine the fate of the main character.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other interpretations as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a> of Julien Sorel, the intelligent and ambitious protagonist. He comes from a poor family<sup id="cite_ref-Garzanti_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garzanti-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fails to understand much about the ways of the world he sets out to conquer. He harbours many romantic illusions, but becomes mostly a pawn in the political machinations of the ruthless and influential people about him. The adventures of the hero satirize early 19th-century French society, accusing the aristocracy and Catholic clergy of being hypocritical and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a>, foretelling the radical changes that will soon depose them from their leading roles in French society. </p><p>The first volume's epigraph "La vérité, l'âpre vérité" ("The truth, the harsh truth") is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a>, but like most of the chapters' epigraphs it is fictional. The title refers (among other things--see meanings in previous section) to the contrasting uniforms of the army and the church. Accordingly, early in the story, Julien Sorel observes that under the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> it is impossible for a man of his <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> class to distinguish himself in the (red-uniformed) army (as he might have done under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>), hence only a (black-uniformed) church career offers social advancement and glory. </p><p>In complete editions, the first book ("Livre premier", ending after Chapter XXX) concludes with the quotation "To the Happy Few" from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Wakefield" title="The Vicar of Wakefield">The Vicar of Wakefield</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, parts of which Stendhal had memorized in the course of teaching himself English. In <i>The Vicar</i>, "the happy few" read the title character's obscure and pedantic treatise on monogamy—alone.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In two volumes, <i>The Red and the Black: A Chronicle of the 19th Century</i> tells the story of Julien Sorel's life in France's rigid social structure restored after the disruptions of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the reign of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_I">Book I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Book I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Julien Sorel, the ambitious son of a carpenter in the fictional village of Verrières, in <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>, France, would rather read and daydream about the glorious victories of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s long-disbanded army than work in his father's timber business with his brothers, who beat him for his intellectual pretensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Garzanti_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garzanti-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He becomes an acolyte of the <a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9" title="Abbé">Abbé</a> Chélan, the local Catholic prelate, who secures for Julien a job tutoring the children of Monsieur de Rênal, the mayor of Verrières. Although representing himself as a pious, austere cleric, Julien is uninterested in religious studies beyond the Bible's literary value and his ability to use memorized Latin passages to impress his social superiors. </p><p>He begins a love affair with Monsieur de Rênal's wife, which ends when her chambermaid, Elisa, who is also in love with Julien, makes it known to the village. The Abbé Chélan orders Julien to a seminary in <a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>, which he finds intellectually stifling and populated by social cliques. The initially cynical seminary director, the Abbé Pirard, likes Julien and becomes his protector. When the Abbé, a <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist</a>, leaves the seminary, he fears Julien will suffer for having been his protégé and recommends Sorel as private secretary to the diplomat Marquis de la Mole, a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">legitimist</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_II">Book II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Book II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG/220px-Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG/330px-Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Le_rouge_et_le_noir_1831.JPG 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>The second volume of the 1831 edition of <i>The Red and the Black</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, Julien Sorel lives in Paris as an employee of the de la Mole family. Despite his sophistication and intellect, Julien is condescended to as an uncouth plebeian by the de la Moles and their friends. Meanwhile, Julien is acutely aware of the materialism and hypocrisy that permeate the Parisian elite and that the counterrevolutionary temper of the time renders it impossible for even well-born men of superior intellect and aesthetic sensibility to participate in the nation's public affairs. </p><p>Julien accompanies the Marquis de la Mole to a secret meeting, then is dispatched on a dangerous mission to communicate a letter from memory to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">the Duc d'Angoulême</a>, who is exiled in England; but the callow Julien is distracted by an unrequited love affair and learns the message only by rote, missing its political significance as part of a legitimist plot. Unwittingly, he risks his life in service to the monarchists he most opposes; to himself, he rationalises these actions as merely helping the Marquis, his employer, whom he respects. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Marquis's languorous daughter, Mathilde de la Mole, has become emotionally torn between her romantic attraction to Julien for his admirable personal and intellectual qualities and her revulsion at becoming sexually intimate with a lower-class man. At first Julien finds her unattractive, but his interest is piqued by her attentions and the admiration she inspires in others; twice, she seduces and rejects him, leaving him in a miasma of despair, self-doubt, and happiness (for having won her over her aristocratic suitors). Only during his secret mission does he learn the key to winning her affections: a cynical <i>jeu d'amour</i> (game of love) taught to him by Prince Korasoff, a Russian man-of-the-world. At great emotional cost, Julien feigns indifference to Mathilde, provoking her jealousy with a sheaf of love letters meant to woo Madame de Fervaques, a widow in the social circle of the de la Mole family. Consequently, Mathilde sincerely falls in love with Julien, eventually revealing to him that she carries his child; nevertheless, while he is on diplomatic mission in England, she becomes officially engaged to Monsieur de Croisenois, an amiable and wealthy young noble, heir to a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a>. </p><p>Learning of Julien's liaison with Mathilde, the Marquis de la Mole is angered, but he relents before her determination and his affection for Julien and bestows upon Julien an income-producing property attached to an aristocratic title as well as a military commission in the army. Although ready to bless their marriage, the marquis changes his mind after receiving a character-reference letter about Julien from the Abbé Chélan, Julien's previous employer in Verrières. Written by Madame de Rênal at the urging of her confessor priest, the letter warns the marquis that Julien is a social-climbing cad who preys upon emotionally vulnerable women. </p><p>On learning that the marquis now withholds his blessing of his marriage, Julien Sorel returns with a gun to Verrières and shoots Madame de Rênal during Mass in the village church; she survives, but Julien is imprisoned and sentenced to death. Mathilde tries to save him by bribing local officials, and Madame de Rênal, still in love with him, refuses to testify and pleads for his acquittal, aided by the priests who have looked after him since his early childhood. Yet Julien is determined to die, for the materialistic society of Restoration France has no place for a low-born man, whatever his intellect or sensibilities. </p><p>Meanwhile, Monsieur de Croisenois, the presumptive duke and one of the fortunate few of Bourbon France, is killed in a duel over a slur upon the honour of Mathilde de la Mole. Her undiminished love for Julien, his imperiously intellectual nature and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> exhibitionism render Mathilde's prison visits to him a duty to endure and little more. </p><p>When Julien learns that Madame de Rênal survived her gunshot wound, his authentic love for her is resurrected, having lain dormant throughout his Parisian sojourn, and she continues to visit him in jail. After he is guillotined, Mathilde de la Mole reenacts the cherished 16th-century French tale of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Queen Margot</a>, who visited her dead lover, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boniface_de_La_Mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Boniface de La Mole">Joseph Boniface de La Mole</a>, to kiss the forehead of his severed head. Mathilde then erects a shrine at Julien's tomb in the Italian fashion. Madame de Rênal, more quietly, dies in the arms of her children only three days later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_themes">Structure and themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure and themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i> is set in the latter years of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> (1814–1830) and the days of the 1830 <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> that established the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">Kingdom of the French</a> (1830–1848). Julien Sorel's worldly ambitions are motivated by the emotional tensions between his idealistic <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republicanism</a> and his nostalgic allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and the realistic politics of <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolutionary</a> conspiracy by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a>-supported legitimists, notably the Marquis de la Mole, whom Julien serves for personal gain. Presuming a knowledgeable reader, Stendhal only alludes to the historical background of <i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i>—yet did subtitle the novel <i>Chronique de 1830</i> ("Chronicle of 1830"). Similarly, the historical background is depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Leuwen" title="Lucien Leuwen">Lucien Leuwen</a></i> (1834), one of Stendhal's unfinished novels, posthumously published in 1894. Erich Auerbach in <i><a href="/wiki/Mimesis:_The_Representation_of_Reality_in_Western_Literature" title="Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature">Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature</a></i> sees this use of specific historical context as something entirely new in literature: "So logically and systematically to situate the tragically conceived life of a man of low social position (as here that of Julien Sorel) within the most concrete kind of contemporary history and to develop it therefrom— this is an entirely new and highly significant phenomenon."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stendhal repeatedly questions the possibility and the desirability of "sincerity" because most of the characters, especially Julien Sorel, are acutely aware of having to play a role to gain social approval. In that 19th-century context, the word "hypocrisy" denoted the affectation of high religious sentiment; in <i>The Red and the Black</i> it connotes the contradiction between thinking and feeling. </p><p>In <i>Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque</i> (<i>Deceit, Desire and the Novel</i>, 1961), philosopher and critic <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a> identifies in <i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i> the triangular structure he denominates as <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard#His_thought" title="René Girard">"mimetic desire"</a>; that is, one desires a person only when he or she is desired by someone else. Girard's proposition is that a person's desire for another always is mediated by a third party. This triangulation thus accounts for the perversity of the Mathilde–Julien relationship, which is most evident when Julien begins courting the widow Mme de Fervaques to pique Mathilde's jealousy, and it accounts for Julien's fascination with and membership in the high society he simultaneously desires and despises. To help achieve a literary effect, Stendhal wrote most of the epigraphs—literary, poetic, historic quotations—that he attributed to others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_critical_significance">Literary and critical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary and critical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> stated that <i>The Red and the Black</i> was a novel ahead of its time, that it was a novel for readers in the 20th century. In Stendhal's time, prose novels included dialogue and descriptions from omniscient narrator; Stendhal's great contribution to literary technique was the describing of the psychologies (emotions, thoughts, and interior monologues) of the characters. As a result, he is considered the creator of the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_fiction" title="Psychological fiction">psychological novel</a>. </p><p>In Jean-Paul Sartre's play <i><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Hands" title="Dirty Hands">Les Mains sales</a></i> (1948), the protagonist Hugo Barine suggests pseudonyms for himself, including Julien Sorel, whom he resembles. </p><p>In the afterword to her novel <i><a href="/wiki/Them_(novel)" title="Them (novel)">them</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> wrote that she had titled the manuscript <i>Love and Money</i> as a nod to classic 19th-century novels, among them <i>The Red and the Black</i>, "whose class-conscious hero Julien Sorel is less idealistic, greedier, and crueler than Jules Wendall but is clearly his spiritual kinsman."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A passage describing Julien Sorel's sexual indifference is deployed as the epigraph to Paul Schrader's screenplay of <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gigolo" title="American Gigolo">American Gigolo</a></i>, whose protagonist is named Julien: "The idea of a duty to be performed, and the fear of making himself ridiculous if he failed to perform it, immediately removed all pleasure from his heart."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> named <i>The Red and the Black</i> as his favorite book.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPo_Kurtz_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPo_Kurtz-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><i>Le Rouge et le Noir</i>, Chronique du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle</b> (1830) first was translated into English ca. 1900; the best-known translation, <i><b>The Red and the Black</b></i> (1926) by <a href="/wiki/C._K._Scott_Moncrieff" title="C. K. Scott Moncrieff">C. K. Scott Moncrieff</a>, has been, like his other translations, characterised as one of his "fine, spirited renderings, not entirely accurate on minor points of meaning...Scott Moncrieff's versions have not really been superseded."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The version by Robert M. Adams for the Norton Critical Editions series is highly regarded; it "is more colloquial; his edition includes an informative section on backgrounds and sources, and excerpts from critical studies."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other translators include Margaret R. B. Shaw (as <i>Scarlet and Black</i> for Penguin Classics, 1953), Lowell Blair (Bantam Books, 1959), Lloyd C. Parks (New York, 1970), Catherine Slater (Oxford World's Classics, 1991), Roger Gard (Penguin Classics, 2002), and Raymond N. MacKenzie (University of Minnesota Press, 2022). </p><p>The 2006 translation by <a href="/wiki/Burton_Raffel" title="Burton Raffel">Burton Raffel</a> for the Modern Library edition generally earned positive reviews, and Salon.com stated "[Burton Raffel's] exciting new translation of <i>The Red and the Black</i> blasts Stendhal into the twenty-first century." Michael Johnson for <i>The New York Times</i> wrote "Now <i>The Red and the Black</i> is getting a new lease on life with an updated English-language version by the renowned translator Burton Raffel. His version has all but replaced the decorous text produced in the 1920s by the Scottish-born writer-translator C.K. Scott-Moncrieff".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burned_in_1964_Brazil">Burned in 1964 Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burned in 1964 Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a>, General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Justino_Alves_Bastos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Justino Alves Bastos (page does not exist)">Justino Alves Bastos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Justino_Alves_Bastos" class="extiw" title="pt:Joaquim Justino Alves Bastos">pt</a>]</span>, commander of the Third Army, ordered, in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, the burning of all "subversive books." Among the books he branded as subversive was <i>The Red and the Black</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_geheime_Kurier" class="mw-redirect" title="Der geheime Kurier">Der geheime Kurier</a></i> (<i>The Secret Courier</i>) is a silent 1928 German film by <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Righelli" title="Gennaro Righelli">Gennaro Righelli</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mosjoukine" title="Ivan Mosjoukine">Ivan Mosjoukine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Dagover" title="Lil Dagover">Lil Dagover</a>, and Valeria Blanka.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier_of_the_King" title="The Courier of the King">Il Corriere del re</a></i> (<i>The Courier of the King</i>) is a 1947 Italian film adaptation of the story directed by Gennaro Righelli. It features <a href="/wiki/Rossano_Brazzi" title="Rossano Brazzi">Rossano Brazzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Cortese" title="Valentina Cortese">Valentina Cortese</a>, and Irasema Dilián.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir_(1954_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Rouge et le Noir (1954 film)">Another film adaptation</a> of the novel was released in 1954, directed by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Autant-Lara" title="Claude Autant-Lara">Claude Autant-Lara</a>. It stars <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Philipe" title="Gérard Philipe">Gérard Philipe</a>, Antonella Lualdi, and <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Darrieux" title="Danielle Darrieux">Danielle Darrieux</a>. It won the <a href="/wiki/French_Syndicate_of_Cinema_Critics" title="French Syndicate of Cinema Critics">French Syndicate of Cinema Critics</a> award for the best film of the year.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir_(1961_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Rouge et le Noir (1961 film) (page does not exist)">Le Rouge et le Noir</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir_(t%C3%A9l%C3%A9film,_1961)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Rouge et le Noir (téléfilm, 1961)">fr</a>]</span></i> is a 1961 French TV film directed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardinal" title="Pierre Cardinal">Pierre Cardinal</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Etcheverry" title="Robert Etcheverry">Robert Etcheverry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micheline_Presle" title="Micheline Presle">Micheline Presle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Lafor%C3%AAt" title="Marie Laforêt">Marie Laforêt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Roger_Caussimon" title="Jean-Roger Caussimon">Jean-Roger Caussimon</a>.</li> <li>A BBC TV miniseries in five episodes, <i>The Scarlet and the Black</i>, was made in 1965, starring John Stride, June Tobin, and Karin Fernald. It is unknown if the serial still exists as it has not been seen or documented in decades.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krasnoe_i_chyornoe_(1976_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krasnoe i chyornoe (1976 film) (page does not exist)">Красное и чёрное (Krasnoe i čërnoe)</a></i> (<i>Red and Black</i>) is a 1976 Soviet film version, directed by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Gerasimov_(film_director)" title="Sergei Gerasimov (film director)">Sergei Gerasimov</a>, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Yeryomenko_Ml&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Yeryomenko Ml (page does not exist)">Nikolai Yeryomenko Ml</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natalya_Bondarchuk" title="Natalya Bondarchuk">Natalya Bondarchuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natalya_Belokhvostikova" title="Natalya Belokhvostikova">Natalya Belokhvostikova</a>.</li> <li>Another BBC TV miniseries titled <i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_and_Black_(TV_series)" title="Scarlet and Black (TV series)">Scarlet and Black</a></i> was broadcast in 1993, starring <a href="/wiki/Ewan_McGregor" title="Ewan McGregor">Ewan McGregor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Weisz" title="Rachel Weisz">Rachel Weisz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Johns" title="Stratford Johns">Stratford Johns</a> as the Abbé Pirard. A notable addition to the plot was the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Fulford" title="Christopher Fulford">Christopher Fulford</a>), who advises Sorel (McGregor) through his rise and fall.</li> <li>A TV film of the novel titled <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black_(1997_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Red and the Black (1997 film) (page does not exist)">The Red and the Black</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir_(t%C3%A9l%C3%A9film,_1997)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Rouge et le Noir (téléfilm, 1997)">fr</a>]</span> was broadcast in 1997 by Koch Lorber Films, starring <a href="/wiki/Kim_Rossi_Stuart" title="Kim Rossi Stuart">Kim Rossi Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carole_Bouquet" title="Carole Bouquet">Carole Bouquet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Godr%C3%A8che" title="Judith Godrèche">Judith Godrèche</a>; it was directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Daniel_Verhaeghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe (page does not exist)">Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Daniel_Verhaeghe" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe">fr</a>]</span>. This version is available on DVD.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A Japanese musical <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.takawiki.com/tiki-index.php?page=The%20Red%20and%20The%20Black%20/%20Image%20(Moon%201975-76)"><i>The Red and the Black</i></a> (赤と黒). The first adaptation by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazuo_Kikuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazuo Kikuta (page does not exist)">Kazuo Kikuta</a> was produced by all-female theater troupe <a href="/wiki/Takarazuka_Revue" title="Takarazuka Revue">Takarazuka Revue</a> in <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a> and starred Hanayo Sumi, Kaoru Yodo, and Yachiyo Ootori. Since then it has been performed in 1975, 1989, 2008 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>A French musical <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir_-_L%27op%C3%A9ra_rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Rouge et le Noir - L'opéra rock (page does not exist)">Le Rouge et le Noir - L'opéra rock</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir_(com%C3%A9die_musicale)" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Rouge et le Noir (comédie musicale)">fr</a>]</span></i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cohen_(producer)" title="Albert Cohen (producer)">Albert Cohen</a> and directed by François Chouquet and Laurent Seroussi; it starred <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Côme (page does not exist)">Côme</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4me" class="extiw" title="fr:Côme">fr</a>]</span>, Haylen and Yoann Launay among others. After its premier in 2016, the show went on a tour in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also performed by <a href="/wiki/Takarazuka_Revue" title="Takarazuka Revue">Takarazuka Revue</a> in 2023 <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was staged in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Metropolitan_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Theater (page does not exist)">Tokyo Metropolitan Theater</a> in 2023 and <a href="/wiki/Umeda_Arts_Theater" title="Umeda Arts Theater">Umeda Arts Theater</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/48px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/64px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Garzanti-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garzanti_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garzanti_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garzanti_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarzanti1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Garzanti" title="Aldo Garzanti">Garzanti, Aldo</a> (1974) [1972]. <i>Enciclopedia Garzanti della letteratura</i> (in Italian). Milan: Garzanti. p. 874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Garzanti+della+letteratura&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=874&rft.pub=Garzanti&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Garzanti&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Red and the Black</i>, by Stendhal, C. K. Scott-Moncrief, trans., 1926, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Benét's Reader's Encyclopedia</i>, Fourth Edition, (1996) p. 859.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119120148/http://www.nytheatre.com/Review/lynn-marie-macy-2013-1-24-the-red-and-the-black">"The Red and The Black"</a>. <i>www.nytheatre.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytheatre.com/Review/lynn-marie-macy-2013-1-24-the-red-and-the-black">the original</a> on 19 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nytheatre.com&rft.atitle=The+Red+and+The+Black&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytheatre.com%2FReview%2Flynn-marie-macy-2013-1-24-the-red-and-the-black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubrich2015" class="citation book cs1">Lubrich, Naomi (2015). <i>«Wie kleidet sich ein Künstler?», in: KulturPoetik 14:2, 2014, 182–204; Naomi Lubrich, Die Feder des Schriftstellers. Mode im Roman des französischen Realismus</i>. Aisthesis. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C2%ABWie+kleidet+sich+ein+K%C3%BCnstler%3F%C2%BB%2C+in%3A+KulturPoetik+14%3A2%2C+2014%2C+182%E2%80%93204%3B+Naomi+Lubrich%2C+Die+Feder+des+Schriftstellers.+Mode+im+Roman+des+franz%C3%B6sischen+Realismus&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Aisthesis&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lubrich&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redandblack.stendhalforever.com/redandblack.html">"Red and Black?"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Brian Joseph. <i>Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth- Century France</i>. UPNE, 2011, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auerbach, Erich <i>Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature</i>, 1953, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates2018" class="citation book cs1">Oates, Joyce Carol (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs5FDwAAQBAJ&q=Joyce+Carol+Oates+them+the+red+and+the+black&pg=PR24"><i>them</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525512561" title="Special:BookSources/9780525512561"><bdi>9780525512561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=them&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.isbn=9780525512561&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHs5FDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DJoyce%2BCarol%2BOates%2Bthem%2Bthe%2Bred%2Band%2Bthe%2Bblack%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schrader, Paul. <i>Collected Screenplays 1</i>. Faber and Faber, 2002, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo_Kurtz-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_Kurtz_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz2000" class="citation news cs1">Kurtz, Howard (12 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/technology/2000/09/12/a-moment-of-clarity-on-candidates-status/26a06cb8-6ba0-4a9c-bfc0-df04d09f64c6/">"A Moment of Clarity on Candidates' Status"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Moment+of+Clarity+on+Candidates%27+Status&rft.date=2000-09-12&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2F2000%2F09%2F12%2Fa-moment-of-clarity-on-candidates-status%2F26a06cb8-6ba0-4a9c-bfc0-df04d09f64c6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation</i>, by Peter France, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stendhal: the red and the black</i>, by Stirling Haig, Cambridge University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34982-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34982-6">0-521-34982-6</a>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34982-6">978-0-521-34982-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Michael (11 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/11/opinion/11iht-edjohnson.1.16071404.html">"Opinion | Stendhal at his best: A 'worthless' historian"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Stendhal+at+his+best%3A+A+%27worthless%27+historian&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F11%2Fopinion%2F11iht-edjohnson.1.16071404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LK86lhgcrikC&q=red+and+the+black&pg=PA546">E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, Columbia University Press, 1993, p. 451.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.takawiki.com/tiki-index.php?page=Red+and+the+Black+Cast+Lists">"The Red and the Black Casts"</a>. <i>TAKAWIKI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TAKAWIKI&rft.atitle=The+Red+and+the+Black+Casts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.takawiki.com%2Ftiki-index.php%3Fpage%3DRed%2Band%2Bthe%2BBlack%2BCast%2BLists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baguetteonbroadway.com/en/fiche/le-rouge-et-le-noir/">"The Red and the Black"</a>. <i>Baguette on Broadway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baguette+on+Broadway&rft.atitle=The+Red+and+the+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baguetteonbroadway.com%2Fen%2Ffiche%2Fle-rouge-et-le-noir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kageki.hankyu.co.jp/revue/2023/lerougeetlenoir/index.html">"『Le Rouge et le Noir　～赤と黒～』"</a>. <i>Takarazuka Revue Official Website</i>. Hankyu Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Takarazuka+Revue+Official+Website&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8ELe+Rouge+et+le+Noir%E3%80%80%EF%BD%9E%E8%B5%A4%E3%81%A8%E9%BB%92%EF%BD%9E%E3%80%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkageki.hankyu.co.jp%2Frevue%2F2023%2Flerougeetlenoir%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umegei.com/rouge-noir2023/#intro">"赤と黒"</a>. <i>Umeda Arts Theater</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Umeda+Arts+Theater&rft.atitle=%E8%B5%A4%E3%81%A8%E9%BB%92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umegei.com%2Frouge-noir2023%2F%23intro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt,_Daniel_S.2003" class="citation book cs1">Burt, Daniel S. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/novel100rankingo0000burt"><i>The Novel 100</i></a></span>. Checkmark Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4558-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4558-5"><bdi>0-8160-4558-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Novel+100&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8160-4558-5&rft.au=Burt%2C+Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnovel100rankingo0000burt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Red+and+the+Black" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_and_the_Black&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Red_and_the_Black" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:The Red and the Black">The Red and the Black</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_Rouge_et_le_Noir" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Le Rouge et le Noir"><i>The Red and the Black</i></a></li></ul> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/798">Le Rouge et Le Noir</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Red+and+the+Black&author=Stendhal&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Red and the Black</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Le+Rouge+et+le+noir&author=Stendhal&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Le Rouge et le noir</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stendhal" title="Template:Stendhal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stendhal" title="Template talk:Stendhal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stendhal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stendhal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Stendhal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Life_of_Napoleon" title="A Life of Napoleon">A Life of Napoleon</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armance_(novel)" title="Armance (novel)">Armance</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanina_Vanini" title="Vanina Vanini">Vanina Vanini</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Red and the Black</a></i> (1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_an_Egotist" title="Memoirs of an Egotist">Memoirs of an Egotist</a></i> (1832)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Leuwen" title="Lucien Leuwen">Lucien Leuwen</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Henry_Brulard" title="The Life of Henry Brulard">The Life of Henry Brulard</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_and_the_Green" title="The Pink and the Green">The Pink and the Green</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charterhouse_of_Parma" title="The Charterhouse of Parma">The Charterhouse of Parma</a></i> (1839)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Red_and_the_Black" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Red and the Black"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stendhal&#039;s_The_Red_and_the_Black_(1830)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Red and the Black</a></i> (1830)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Courier" title="The Secret Courier">The Secret Courier</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier_of_the_King" title="The Courier of the King">The Courier of the King</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Black_(1954_film)" title="The Red and the Black (1954 film)">The Red and the Black</a></i> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_and_Black_(TV_series)" title="Scarlet and Black (TV series)">Scarlet and Black</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192649#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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