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class="mw-page-title-main">History of Antigua and Barbuda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="অ্যান্টিগুয়া এবং বার্বুডার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টিগুয়া এবং বার্বুডার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Гісторыя Антыгуа і Барбуды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Антыгуа і Барбуды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Antigua_und_Barbudas" title="Geschichte Antigua und Barbudas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Antigua und Barbudas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Antigua_y_Barbuda" title="Historia de Antigua y Barbuda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Antigua y Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_d%27Antigua-et-Barbuda" title="Histoire d'Antigua-et-Barbuda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire d'Antigua-et-Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_di_Antigua_e_Barbuda" title="Storia di Antigua e Barbuda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia di Antigua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Antigua_en_Barbuda" title="Geschiedenis van Antigua en Barbuda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Antigua en Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Ant%C3%ADgua_e_Barbuda" title="História de Antígua e Barbuda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Antígua e Barbuda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="История Антигуа и Барбуды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Антигуа и Барбуды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Antiguas_dhe_Barbud%C3%ABs" title="Historia e Antiguas dhe Barbudës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Antiguas dhe Barbudës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Историја Антигве и Барбуде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Антигве и Барбуде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="安提瓜巴布达历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安提瓜巴布达历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%A1%E5%8F%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%81%94%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist" style="width:190px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:History of Antigua and Barbuda">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Antigua and Barbuda</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wreck_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland_Packet_on_the_Island_of_Antigua_in_a_dreadful_Hurricane_RMG_PU6379.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wreck of the Duke of Cumberland Packet"><img alt="Wreck of the Duke of Cumberland Packet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wreck_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland_Packet_on_the_Island_of_Antigua_in_a_dreadful_Hurricane_RMG_PU6379.jpg/175px-Wreck_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland_Packet_on_the_Island_of_Antigua_in_a_dreadful_Hurricane_RMG_PU6379.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wreck_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland_Packet_on_the_Island_of_Antigua_in_a_dreadful_Hurricane_RMG_PU6379.jpg/263px-Wreck_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland_Packet_on_the_Island_of_Antigua_in_a_dreadful_Hurricane_RMG_PU6379.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wreck_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland_Packet_on_the_Island_of_Antigua_in_a_dreadful_Hurricane_RMG_PU6379.jpg/350px-Wreck_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland_Packet_on_the_Island_of_Antigua_in_a_dreadful_Hurricane_RMG_PU6379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Pre-Columbian Antigua and Barbuda">Pre-Columbian period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"> <div style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;"></div> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary,_Antigua_and_Barbuda#Jolly_Beach_people" title="Saint Mary, Antigua and Barbuda">Jolly Beach people</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Twenty_Hill" title="Twenty Hill">Twenty Hill</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Barbuda#Archaic_period" title="Barbuda">Archaic period in Barbuda</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_George,_Antigua_and_Barbuda#Winthorpe's_Bay" title="Saint George, Antigua and Barbuda">Winthorpe's Bay</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary,_Antigua_and_Barbuda#Ceramic_period" title="Saint Mary, Antigua and Barbuda">Ceramic period in Saint Mary</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Barbuda#Ceramic_period" title="Barbuda">Ceramic period in Barbuda</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="British Antigua and Barbuda">Early colonisation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"> <div style="text-align:left;font-weight:bold;"></div> <a href="/wiki/Parishes_and_dependencies_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda#History" title="Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda">Administrative division</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Klaas" title="Prince Klaas">Kingdom of Antigua plot</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Beach%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach's Rebellion">Beach's Rebellion</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="British Antigua and Barbuda">Post-emancipation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1871%E2%80%931958)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1871–1958)">1871-1958</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1958%E2%80%931962)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1958–1962)">1958-1962</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1962%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1962–1967)">1962–1967</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Associated_State_of_Antigua" title="Associated State of Antigua">Associated State of Antigua</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left;"> Independence era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-left:1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda">Constitution</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/1994_Antiguan_general_election" title="1994 Antiguan general election">1994</a> & <a href="/wiki/1999_Antiguan_general_election" title="1999 Antiguan general election">1999</a> elections<br /> <a href="/wiki/Barbuda_Council#Barbuda's_secession_request" title="Barbuda Council">Barbudan secession</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/16px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/24px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Template:History of Antigua and Barbuda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Template talk:History of Antigua and Barbuda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Antigua and Barbuda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> The <b>history of Antigua and Barbuda</b> covers the period from the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic peoples</a> thousands of years ago to the present day. Prior to European colonization, the lands encompassing present-day <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> were inhabited by three successive <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> societies. The island was claimed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, who settled the islands in 1632. Under English/British control, the islands witnessed an influx of both Britons and African <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> migrate to the island. In 1981, the islands were granted independence as the modern state of Antigua and Barbuda. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history_(2900_BC–17th_century)"><span id="Early_history_.282900_BC.E2.80.9317th_century.29"></span>Early history (2900 BC–17th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history (2900 BC–17th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Pre-Columbian Antigua and Barbuda">Pre-Columbian Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Special:EditPage/History of Antigua and Barbuda">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> was first settled by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">pre-agricultural</a> Amerindians known as "Archaic People" (although they are commonly, but erroneously known in Antigua as <a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Siboney</a>, a pre-ceramic Cuban people). The earliest settlements on the island date to 2900 BC. They were succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>-using agriculturalist <a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a> people who migrated up the island chain from <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. They were later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a> speakers around 1200 AD and around 1500 by <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Island Caribs</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg/170px-Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg/255px-Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg/340px-Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of an <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> woman in 1818</figcaption></figure> <p>The Arawaks were the first well-documented group of Antiguans. They paddled to the island by canoe (piragua) from Venezuela, and were ejected by the Caribs—another people Indigenous to the area. Arawaks introduced agriculture to Antigua and Barbuda, raising, among other crops, the famous Antiguan "black" pineapple. They also cultivated various other foods including corn, sweet potatoes (white variety), guava, tobacco, and cotton. Some of the vegetables listed, such as corn and sweet potatoes, still play an important role in Antiguan cuisine. For example, a popular Antiguan dish, Ducuna (DOO-koo-NAH), is a sweet, steamed dumpling made from grated sweet potatoes, flour and spices. In addition, one of the Antiguan staple foods, fungee (FOON-ji), is a cooked paste made of cornmeal and water. </p><p>The bulk of the Arawaks left Antigua about 1100 AD. Those who remained were subsequently raided by the Caribs. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the Caribs' superior weapons and seafaring prowess allowed them to defeat most Arawak nations in the West Indies—enslaving some and cannibalising others. </p><p>The Catholic Encyclopedia does make it clear that the Spanish explorers had some difficulty identifying and differentiating between the various native peoples they encountered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, the number and types of ethnic-tribal-national groups in existence at the time may be much more varied and numerous than the two mentioned. </p><p>According to <i>A Brief History of the Caribbean</i> (Jan Rogozinski, Penguin Putnam, Inc September 2000), European and African diseases, malnutrition and slavery eventually destroyed the vast majority of the Caribbean's native population. No researcher has conclusively proven any of these causes as the real reason for the destruction of West Indian natives. Some historians believe that the psychological stress of slavery may also have played a part in the massive number of native deaths while in servitude. Others believe that the reportedly abundant, but starchy, low-protein diet may have contributed to severe malnutrition of the "Indians" who were used to a diet fortified with protein from sea-life. </p><p>The Indigenous West Indians made sea vessels that they used to sail the Atlantic and Caribbean. As a result, Caribs and Arawaks populated much of South American and the Caribbean Islands. Relatives of the Antiguan Arawaks and Caribs still live in various countries in South America, notably Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. The smaller remaining native populations in the West Indies maintain a pride in their heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_rule_(1632–1981)"><span id="British_rule_.281632.E2.80.931981.29"></span>British rule (1632–1981)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British rule (1632–1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">British Leeward Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipping_Sugar,_Antigua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Shipping_Sugar%2C_Antigua.jpg/220px-Shipping_Sugar%2C_Antigua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Shipping_Sugar%2C_Antigua.jpg/330px-Shipping_Sugar%2C_Antigua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Shipping_Sugar%2C_Antigua.jpg/440px-Shipping_Sugar%2C_Antigua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the sugar industry on Antigua in 1823</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> sighted islands in 1493 during his <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">second voyage</a> naming the larger one <i>Santa Maria de la Antigua</i>. However, early attempts by Europeans to settle the islands failed due to the Caribs' excellent defenses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> England succeeded in colonising the islands in 1632, with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Warner_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Warner (explorer)">Thomas Warner</a> as the first governor. Settlers raised tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> as cash crops. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Codrington" title="Christopher Codrington">Sir Christopher Codrington</a> established the first large sugar estate in Antigua in 1674, and leased <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> to raise provisions for his plantations. <a href="/wiki/Codrington,_Barbuda" title="Codrington, Barbuda">Barbuda's only town</a> is named after him. In the fifty years after Codrington established his initial plantation, the sugar industry became so profitable that many farmers replaced other crops with sugar, making it the economic backbone of the islands. </p><p>Slavery was common in Barbuda in the 1700s and until 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was a source of slaves for other locations, too.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan1974_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No new slaves had arrived on the island since the mid-1700s but their population grew naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimate in 1977 by Lowenthal and Clark indicated that during 1779 to 1834 the number of slaves exported totalled 172; most were taken to Antigua but 37 went to the Leeward and Windward islands and some to the southern US. Several slave rebellions took place on the island, with the most serious in 1834–5.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain emancipated slaves in most of its colonies in 1834, but that did not include Barbuda, so the island then freed its own slaves. For some years thereafter, the freed slaves had little opportunity of survival on their own because of limited agricultural land and the lack of available credit to buy some. Hence, they continued to work on the plantations for nominal wages or lived in shantytowns and worked as occasional labourers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sugar cane production remained the primary economy for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Plan_of_English_Harbour_WDL655.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_Plan_of_English_Harbour_WDL655.png/170px-A_Plan_of_English_Harbour_WDL655.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_Plan_of_English_Harbour_WDL655.png/255px-A_Plan_of_English_Harbour_WDL655.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/A_Plan_of_English_Harbour_WDL655.png/340px-A_Plan_of_English_Harbour_WDL655.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>Plan for <a href="/wiki/English_Harbour" title="English Harbour">English Harbour</a> in Antigua from 1745</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 18th century, Antigua was used as the headquarters of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> Caribbean fleet. English Harbour Dockyard, as it came to be called, a sheltered and well-protected deepwater port, was the main base and facilities there were greatly expanded during the later 18th century. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> commanded the British fleet for much of this time, and made himself unpopular with local merchants by enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation Act">Navigation Act</a>, a British ruling that only British-registered ships could trade with British colonies. As the United States were no longer British colonies, the act posed a problem for merchants, who depended on trade with the fledgling country. </p><p>As the main cash crop changed over the years, the main cash crops/products grown between 1953 and 1956 were cotton, sugar, meat, cereals, and local fruits and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the importance of crops and produce went into decline as other nations were able to sell goods at a price no longer feasible to sustain in the Antiguan economy. In more recent times, however, Antigua has developed a primarily service-based economy relying on tourism as their leading source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like other islands and nations that rely on tourism, this can become problematic as their success depends on the willingness of others to travel and explore the area. Moreover, this has tendency to follow a seasonal pattern leaving the country vulnerable at certain times in the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_development">Political development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1956%E2%80%931962).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_%281956%E2%80%931962%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_%281956%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_%281956%E2%80%931962%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_%281956%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_%281956%E2%80%931962%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_%281956%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The colonial ensign of Antigua and Barbuda from 1956 to 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with most colonies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, all slaves in Antigua were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">emancipated</a> in 1833, but remained economically dependent upon the island's white <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">plantation owners</a>. Economic opportunities for the freed population were limited by a lack of surplus farming land, no access to credit and an economy built on agriculture rather than manufacturing. Poor labour conditions persisted until 1939 when a member of a British Crown commission urged the formation of a trade union movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2005_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gold_mine_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_mine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Trades_and_Labour_Union" title="Antigua Trades and Labour Union">Antigua Trades and Labour Union</a>, formed shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Vere_Bird" title="Vere Bird">Sir Vere Cornwall Bird</a>, who became the union's president in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-gold_mine_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_mine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua Labour Party">Antigua Labour Party</a> (ALP), formed by Bird and other trade unionists, first ran candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Antiguan_general_election" title="1946 Antiguan general election">1946 elections</a> and became the majority party <a href="/wiki/1951_Antiguan_general_election" title="1951 Antiguan general election">in 1951</a>, beginning a long history of electoral victories.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-europa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voted out of office in the <a href="/wiki/1971_Antiguan_general_election" title="1971 Antiguan general election">1971 general elections</a> that swept the progressive labour movement into power, Bird and the ALP returned to office in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-DN_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1958, Antigua and Barbuda were part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">British Leeward Islands</a>. From 1958 to 1962, Antigua and Barbuda were part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_class_and_ethnic_composition">Social class and ethnic composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social class and ethnic composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of social class of Antigua and Barbuda primarily occurred during the <a href="/wiki/British_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="British Antigua and Barbuda">colonial era</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">immigration of British colonists</a> (and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">importation of African slaves</a>) created a strict hierarchy based both on race and class; Antigua and Barbuda has been described as "a classic case of the superimposition of race on class and vice versa." Both before and after the abolition of slavery in 1833, the two islands were dominated by a small minority of white plantation owners who constituted the colonial <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>. Beneath them were the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean population</a>, who "constituted the subordinate <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>." In between these two groups were several <a href="/wiki/Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">middlemen minorities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian immigrants</a>, who dominated the professions of law, medicine, and architecture "and the white-collar positions in banks, businesses, and the civil service."<sup id="cite_ref-gold_mine_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gold_mine-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1847 and 1852, 2,500 Portuguese immigrants from the island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> emigrated to Antigua due to a severe <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. There, they established numerous <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small businesses</a> and quickly joined the ranks of the colonial middle class, which up until then had been dominated by the island's <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> population. As noted by historian Jo-Anne Ferreira, following "the abolition of slavery, post-abolition migration became a matter of economic survival for many plantation owners, because of the impending labor problems. There was an increasing interest in and desire for European labor, so the Portuguese, among others, were imported throughout the West Indies to increase the European population <i>vis-à-vis</i> the African population."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the Portuguese, Syrian immigrants to Antigua and Barbuda did not start arriving until the 1950s, and "are primarily involved in the import business and have managed to establish themselves in academic professions." As of 2008, there were approximately 475 to 500 permanent residents of Antigua and Barbuda who are of Syrian descent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> first came to Antigua either as <a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">indentured servants</a> or merchants; Irish indentured servants were primarily transported to Antigua during the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>. As increasing numbers of African slaves were transported to Antigua, the island's Irish population began to leave in search of opportunities in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> or in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">Britain's North American colonies</a>. Numerous Irish merchants in Antigua belonged to business families from <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>, and several Irish-Antiguans formed relationships with <a href="/wiki/Irish_immigration_to_Montserrat" title="Irish immigration to Montserrat">Irish servants in Montserrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Afro-Caribbean inhabitants of Antigua and Barbuda, who "account for about 91% of the country’s population", are primarily descended from African slaves who were transported from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> during the slave trade, in regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra" title="Bight of Biafra">Bight of Biafra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a>. 4.4% of the Black Antiguan and Barbudan population are <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">mixed-raced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1981–present)"><span id="Independent_Antigua_and_Barbuda_.281981.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Independent Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Prime_Minister_Honourable_Lester_B._Bird_speak_to_the_audience.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Former_Prime_Minister_Honourable_Lester_B._Bird_speak_to_the_audience.jpg/170px-Former_Prime_Minister_Honourable_Lester_B._Bird_speak_to_the_audience.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Former_Prime_Minister_Honourable_Lester_B._Bird_speak_to_the_audience.jpg/255px-Former_Prime_Minister_Honourable_Lester_B._Bird_speak_to_the_audience.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Former_Prime_Minister_Honourable_Lester_B._Bird_speak_to_the_audience.jpg/340px-Former_Prime_Minister_Honourable_Lester_B._Bird_speak_to_the_audience.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lester_Bird" title="Lester Bird">Lester Bird</a> in 2016. He served as the second prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1994 to 2004.</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands achieved<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> independence from the United Kingdom in 1981, becoming the nation of <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>. However, it remains part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and remains a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with the first <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Antigua and Barbuda">Queen of Antigua and Barbuda</a> was <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>. The monarch remains represented by <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda">Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bird" title="Lester Bird">Lester Bird</a> announced that a group of ecologically sensitive islands just off Antigua's northeastern coast, previously proposed for national park status, were being turned over to Malaysian developers. The Guiana Island Development Project deal, calling for a 1,000-room hotel, an 18-hole golf course and a world-class casino, sparked widespread criticism by environmentalists, minority members in parliament and the press. The issue came to a head when a local resident shot the PM's brother. Today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the proposed development is mired in lawsuits and politics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Labour_Party" title="Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party">Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party</a> (ABLP) won renewed mandates in the general elections in 1984 and 1989. In the 1989 elections, the ruling ABLP won all but two of the 17 seats. During elections in March 1994, power passed from Vere Bird to his son, <a href="/wiki/Lester_Bird" title="Lester Bird">Lester Bird</a>, but remained within the ABLP which won 11 of the 17 parliamentary seats. The <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Party_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda)">United Progressive Party</a> won the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_legislative_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua and Barbuda legislative election, 2004">elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Spencer_(politician)" title="Baldwin Spencer (politician)">Baldwin Spencer</a> became Prime Minister, removing from power the longest-serving elected government in the Caribbean. Baldwin was the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda</a> from 2004 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party regained power from a massive win with the leader being the "World Boss", <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Gaston A. Browne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A snap election was called three years later, and the Antigua and Barbuda Labour Party led by the incumbent Prime Minister Hon. Gaston Browne dominated the <a href="/wiki/2018_Antiguan_general_election" title="2018 Antiguan general election">elections</a> with a landslide victory of 15-1-1. General elections were held in Antigua and Barbuda on 18 January 2023 to elect members of the House of Representatives. The Labour Party (ABLP) has held an absolute majority of 15 seats in the House of Representatives after the 2018 general election, with Gaston Browne remaining as prime minister. Browne initiated a constitutional referendum after the 2018 election, which was rejected by voters, and following the death of Elizabeth II in 2022, he announced his intention to organise a referendum for the transition of Antigua and Barbuda to a republican system. Besides ABLP, the United Progressive Party (UPP), Democratic National Alliance, Barbuda People's Movement (BPM), and three independent politicians filed candidacies for the 2023 general election. </p><p>During the election campaign, UPP proposed to raise the minimum wage and expressed support for small businesses, while ABLP pledged to construct more homes and open two polyclinics. ABLP retained its majority in the House of Representatives, although it won a reduced 9 seats, while UPP won 6 seats. Trevor Walker, the leader of the BPM, retained his seat in Barbuda, while Asot Michael, an independent politician and former member of ABLP, won his seat in the St. Peter constituency. Browne was sworn in for his third consecutive term as prime minister a day after the election.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Antigua Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Americas" title="History of the Americas">History of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="History of the British West Indies">History of the British West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">History of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Politics of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prime ministers of Antigua and Barbuda">List of prime ministers of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrocker1968" class="citation news cs1">Crocker, John (28 January 1968). "Barbuda Eyes Statehood and Tourists". <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. E11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Barbuda+Eyes+Statehood+and+Tourists&rft.pages=E11&rft.date=1968-01-28&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleck2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Fleck, Bryan (31 October 2004). "Discover Unspoiled: Barbuda". <i>Everybody's Brooklyn</i>. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Everybody%27s+Brooklyn&rft.atitle=Discover+Unspoiled%3A+Barbuda&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2004-10-31&rft.aulast=Fleck&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheridan1974-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan1974_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1974" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Richard B. (1974). <i>Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775</i>. Canoe Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUV98bwrqscC&pg=PA185">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-7681-2513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-7681-2513-2"><bdi>978-9-7681-2513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+and+Slavery%3A+An+Economic+History+of+the+British+West+Indies%2C+1623-1775&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Canoe+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-9-7681-2513-2&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2005_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2005_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2005_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2005" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Thomas M. (27 October 2005). <i>Encyclopedia of the Developing World</i>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&pg=PA56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5795-8388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5795-8388-0"><bdi>978-1-5795-8388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Developing+World&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005-10-27&rft.isbn=978-1-5795-8388-0&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706115402/https://www.barbudaful.net/barbudaful-history.html">"History"</a>. <i>Barbudaful</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbudaful.net/barbudaful-history.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbudaful&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbudaful.net%2Fbarbudaful-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Loughlin1959" class="citation journal cs1">O'Loughlin, Carleen (1959). "The Economy of Antigua". <i>Social and Economic Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3). University of a West Indies & Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies: 229–264. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27851220">27851220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+and+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Economy+of+Antigua&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-264&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27851220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=O%27Loughlin&rft.aufirst=Carleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Denise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrywatch.com/intelligence/cwtopic?type=text&countryid=6&topic=APCRD&global=true">"Antigua: Economic Overview"</a>. <i>Country Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Watch&rft.atitle=Antigua%3A+Economic+Overview&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrywatch.com%2Fintelligence%2Fcwtopic%3Ftype%3Dtext%26countryid%3D6%26topic%3DAPCRD%26global%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gold_mine-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gold_mine_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold_mine_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gold_mine_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerleant-SchillerLowesBenjamin1995" class="citation book cs1">Berleant-Schiller, Riva; Lowes, Susan; Benjamin, Milton (1995). <i>Antigua and Barbuda</i>. World Bibliographical Series. Clio press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8510-9228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-8510-9228-5"><bdi>1-8510-9228-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.series=World+Bibliographical+Series&rft.pub=Clio+press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-8510-9228-5&rft.aulast=Berleant-Schiller&rft.aufirst=Riva&rft.au=Lowes%2C+Susan&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunsonChamberlainThompson1991" class="citation book cs1">Gunson, Phil; Chamberlain, Greg; Thompson, Andrew (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qF4OAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Central America and the Caribbean</i></a>. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4150-2445-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-4150-2445-5"><bdi>0-4150-2445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Politics+of+Central+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-4150-2445-5&rft.aulast=Gunson&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+Greg&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqF4OAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europa-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-europa_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WoTSOaHOj0C"><i>The Europa World Year Book 2004</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+in+Antigua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejourneyhomegenealogy.com%2Fthe-irish-in-antigua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-antigua-and-barbuda.html">"Ethnic Composition of Antigua and Barbuda"</a>. 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Composition+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-antigua-and-barbuda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128175618/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/ag/education/country_profile.asp">"Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile"</a>. <i>Caribbean Elections</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Elections&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda+Country+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fag%2Feducation%2Fcountry_profile.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225020401/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/biography/bios/spencer_baldwin.asp">"Biography: Winston Baldwin Spencer"</a>. <i>Caribbean Elections</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Elections&rft.atitle=Biography%3A+Winston+Baldwin+Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeanelections.com%2Fknowledge%2Fbiography%2Fbios%2Fspencer_baldwin.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caricom.org/antigua-and-barbuda-elects-a-new-government-gaston-browne-is-prime-minister-elect/">"Antigua and Barbuda Elects a New Government: Gaston Browne is Prime Minister Elect"</a>. <i>CARICOM</i>. 13 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CARICOM&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda+Elects+a+New+Government%3A+Gaston+Browne+is+Prime+Minister+Elect&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaricom.org%2Fantigua-and-barbuda-elects-a-new-government-gaston-browne-is-prime-minister-elect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2021/06/12/speculation-about-early-election-in-antigua/">"Speculation about early election in Antigua"</a>. <i>Barbados Today</i>. 12 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barbados+Today&rft.atitle=Speculation+about+early+election+in+Antigua&rft.date=2021-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2021%2F06%2F12%2Fspeculation-about-early-election-in-antigua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/"><i>U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Bilateral+Relations+Fact+Sheets&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fcountries-areas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyde2000" class="citation book cs1">Dyde, Brian (2000). <i>A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle</i>. London: Macmillan Caribbean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Antigua%3A+The+Unsuspected+Isle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Caribbean&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dyde&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1991" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Desmond V. (1991). <i>Antigua, Barbuda, and Redonda: A Historical Sketch</i>. St. Johns, Antigua: Antigua and Barbuda Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antigua%2C+Barbuda%2C+and+Redonda%3A+A+Historical+Sketch&rft.place=St.+Johns%2C+Antigua&rft.pub=Antigua+and+Barbuda+Museum&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Desmond+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Template talk:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_North_America_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of North America by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">History of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize" title="History of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Costa_Rica" title="History of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuba" title="History of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras" title="History of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamaica" title="History of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Panama" title="History of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Lucia" title="History of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anguilla" title="History of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="History of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="History of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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