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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Antiguans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Antiguans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Antiguans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Antiguans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horatio,_Lord_Nelson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horatio,_Lord_Nelson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Horatio, Lord Nelson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horatio,_Lord_Nelson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918_labour_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918_labour_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1918 labour unrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918_labour_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._government_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>U.S. government presence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government_presence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Census data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_gambling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_gambling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Online gambling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_gambling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antigua</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="أنتيغوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتيغوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যান্টিগুয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টিগুয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Антыгуа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыгуа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_d%27Antigua" title="Illa d'Antigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa d'Antigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Island_(pulo_sa_Antigwa_ug_Barbuda)" title="Antigua Island (pulo sa Antigwa ug Barbuda) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Antigua Island (pulo sa Antigwa ug Barbuda)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigwa_(ynys)" title="Antigwa (ynys) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antigwa (ynys)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(Kleine_Antillen)" title="Antigua (Kleine Antillen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antigua (Kleine Antillen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1" title="Αντίγκουα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντίγκουα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Antigua" title="Isla Antigua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Antigua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigvo" title="Antigvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antigvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(uhartea)" title="Antigua (uhartea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antigua (uhartea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A2" title="آنتیگوآ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتیگوآ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(%C3%AEle)" title="Antigua (île) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antigua (île)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Antiga" title="Illa Antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa Antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%ED%8B%B0%EA%B0%80%EC%84%AC" title="앤티가섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤티가섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1_(%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB)" title="Անտիգուա (կղզի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտիգուա (կղզի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86" title="अण्टीगुआ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अण्टीगुआ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(isola)" title="Antigua (isola) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antigua (isola)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="אנטיגואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיגואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ანტიგუა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტიგუა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_(insula)" title="Antiqua (insula) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiqua (insula)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(Kleng_Antillen)" title="Antigua (Kleng Antillen) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antigua (Kleng Antillen)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigva" title="Antigva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antigva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Антигва – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антигва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="अँटिगा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँटिगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ანტიგუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანტიგუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(eiland)" title="Antigua (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antigua (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E5%B3%B6" title="アンティグア島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンティグア島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Антигуа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Антигуа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiigua_(Eilun)" title="Antiigua (Eilun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antiigua (Eilun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(isla)" title="Antigua (isla) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Antigua (isla)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgua" title="Antígua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antígua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Антигуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антигуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(Litje_Antillen)" title="Antigua (Litje Antillen) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Antigua (Litje Antillen)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Антигва (острво) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антигва (острво)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="அண்டிக்குவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அண்டிக்குவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Антигуа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антигуа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Антигуа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антигуа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7" title="اینٹیگوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینٹیگوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_(%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o)" title="Antigua (đảo) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antigua (đảo)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antigua" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E5%B2%9B" title="安提瓜岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安提瓜岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nt%C3%ADg%C3%BA%C3%A0" title="Ántígúà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ántígúà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E7%93%9C%E5%B3%B6" title="安提瓜島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安提瓜島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%A1%E5%B3%B6" title="安地卡島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安地卡島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316390#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antigua&params=17_05_06_N_61_48_00_W_region:AG_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°05′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.08500°N 61.80000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.08500; -61.80000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in Antigua and Barbuda</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the island. For the sovereign state that includes the island, see <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>. For other places named Antigua, see <a href="/wiki/Antigua_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antigua (disambiguation)">Antigua (disambiguation)</a>. For the Guatemalan city, see <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a>. For the associated state, see <a href="/wiki/Associated_State_of_Antigua" title="Associated State of Antigua">Associated State of Antigua</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Antigua</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native"><a href="/wiki/English_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="English creole">Native name</a>: <div class="nickname"><i>Waladli</i> or <i>Wadadli</i></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antigua.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Antigua.JPG/260px-Antigua.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Antigua.JPG/390px-Antigua.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Antigua.JPG/520px-Antigua.JPG 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="398" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of Antigua</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antigua in Antigua and Barbuda.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Antigua_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/260px-Antigua_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Antigua_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/390px-Antigua_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Antigua_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/520px-Antigua_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="994" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Antigua showing the <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parishes</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map_Topographic.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Antigua is located in Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Antigua is located in Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map_Topographic.png/260px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map_Topographic.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map_Topographic.png/390px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map_Topographic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map_Topographic.png/520px-Antigua_and_Barbuda_location_map_Topographic.png 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.144%;left:78.844%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antigua"><img alt="Antigua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Antigua</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Antigua and Barbuda</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Antigua is located in Lesser Antilles"><img alt="Antigua is located in Lesser Antilles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png/260px-Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png/390px-Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png/520px-Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="578" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.263%;left:76.316%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antigua"><img alt="Antigua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Antigua</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lesser Antilles</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La2-demis-caribbean.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Antigua is located in Caribbean"><img alt="Antigua is located in Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/La2-demis-caribbean.png/260px-La2-demis-caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/La2-demis-caribbean.png/390px-La2-demis-caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/La2-demis-caribbean.png/520px-La2-demis-caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.976%;left:89.143%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Antigua"><img alt="Antigua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Antigua</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Caribbean</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antigua&params=17_05_06_N_61_48_00_W_region:AG_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°05′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°48′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.08500°N 61.80000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.08500; -61.80000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">281 km<sup>2</sup> (108 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">87 km (54.1 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">402 m (1319 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boggy_Peak" title="Boggy Peak">Boggy Peak</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda">St. John's</a> (pop. 22,000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Magistrate for Districts "A" and "B"</th><td class="infobox-data">Carden Conliffe Clarke</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">95,882 (July 2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">285.2/km<sup>2</sup> (738.7/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data">87.12% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Antiguan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Antiguan">Black</a>, 3.86% Other Mixed Race, 100% <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>, 5.64% Other<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG/220px-TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG/330px-TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG/440px-TurnerBeachAntigua.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="1915" /></a><figcaption>Turner Beach in Antigua</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Antigua</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ann-<span style="font-size:90%">TEE</span>-gə</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Waladli</b> or <b>Wadadli</b> by the local population, is an island in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> region and the most populous island of the country of <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>. Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> on 1 November 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island's <a href="/wiki/Perimeter" title="Perimeter">perimeter</a> is roughly 87 km (54 mi) and its area 281 km<sup>2</sup> (108 sq mi). Its <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> was 83,191 (at the 2011 Census).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy is mainly reliant on tourism, with the agricultural sector serving the domestic market. </p><p>Over 22,000 people live in the capital city, <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda">St. John's</a>. The capital is situated in the north-west and has a deep harbour which is able to accommodate large cruise ships. Other leading population settlements are <a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="All Saints, Antigua and Barbuda">All Saints</a> (3,412) and <a href="/wiki/Liberta,_Antigua" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberta, Antigua">Liberta</a> (2,239), according to the 2001 census. </p><p><a href="/wiki/English_Harbour" title="English Harbour">English Harbour</a> on the south-eastern coast provides one of the largest deep water, protected harbors in the Eastern Caribbean. It is the site of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Dockyard" title="Nelson's Dockyard">Nelson's Dockyard</a>, a restored British colonial naval station named after <a href="/wiki/Vice-Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Admiral (Royal Navy)">Vice-Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English Harbour and the neighbouring village of <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Falmouth, Antigua and Barbuda">Falmouth</a> are yachting and sailing destinations and provisioning centres. During <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Sailing_Week" title="Antigua Sailing Week">Antigua Sailing Week</a>, at the end of April and beginning of May, an annual regatta brings a number of sailing vessels and sailors to the island to take part in sporting events. Every December for the past 60 years, Antigua has been home to one of the largest charter yacht shows, welcoming <a href="/wiki/Superyacht" title="Superyacht">super-yachts</a> from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Antigua</i> means "ancient" or "old" in Spanish. In 1493, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, sailing for Spain, named the island <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Antigua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa María de la Antigua (page does not exist)">Santa María de la Antigua</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgen_de_la_Antigua" class="extiw" title="es:Virgen de la Antigua">es</a>]</sup>. Some sources claim Napoleon named the island after a church in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> called <i>Santa María de la Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> However, there is no church by that name in Seville. Columbus may have actually named the island in honor of the <i>Santa María de la Antigua</i> chapel in <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more specifically in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">iconic</a> mural <i>Virgen de la Antigua</i> (or <i>Santa María de la Antigua</i>) in Seville Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Waladli</i><sup id="cite_ref-Reg_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes from the island's indigenous inhabitants and means approximately "our own".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiguashoreline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Antiguashoreline.jpg/220px-Antiguashoreline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Antiguashoreline.jpg/330px-Antiguashoreline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Antiguashoreline.jpg/440px-Antiguashoreline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption>Rocky shoreline near St. John's</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dickinson_bay_beach_antigua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dickinson_bay_beach_antigua.jpg/220px-Dickinson_bay_beach_antigua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dickinson_bay_beach_antigua.jpg/330px-Dickinson_bay_beach_antigua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dickinson_bay_beach_antigua.jpg/440px-Dickinson_bay_beach_antigua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>Dickenson Bay beach, Antigua</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Antiguans">Early Antiguans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Antiguans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first inhabitants were the <a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanahatabey people">Guanahatabey people</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawak</a> migrated from the mainland, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Carib</a>. Prior to European colonization, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> was the first European to visit Antigua, in 1493.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arawak were the first well-documented group of indigenous people to settle Antigua. They paddled to the island by canoe (<i>piragua</i>) from present-day <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, pushed out by the Carib, another indigenous people. The Arawak introduced agriculture to Antigua and Barbuda. Among other crops, they cultivated the Antiguan "black" pineapple. They also grew <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a> (white with firmer flesh than the bright orange "sweet potato" grown in the United States), <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, tobacco, and cotton. </p><p>Some of the vegetables listed, such as corn and sweet potatoes, continue to be staples of Antiguan cuisine. Colonists took them to Europe, and from there, they spread around the world. For example, a popular Antiguan dish, <i>dukuna</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈduːkuːnɑː/</span>), is a sweet, steamed dumpling made from grated sweet potatoes, flour and spices. Another staple, <i>fungi</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfuːndʒi/</span>), is a cooked paste made of cornmeal and water. </p><p>Most of the Arawak left Antigua about A.D. 1100. Those who remained were raided by the Carib coming from Venezuela. According to <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, the Caribs' superior weapons and seafaring prowess allowed them to defeat most Arawak nations in the West Indies. They enslaved some and cannibalised others.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watson points out that the Caribs had a much more warlike culture than the Arawak.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indigenous people of the West Indies built excellent sea vessels, which they used to sail the Atlantic and Caribbean resulting in much of the South American and the Caribbean islands being populated by the Arawak and Carib. Their descendants live throughout South America, particularly Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. According to <i>A Brief History of the Caribbean</i>, infectious diseases introduced from Europe, high rates of malnutrition and enslavement led to a rapid population decline among the Caribbean's native population. There are some differences of opinions as to the relative importance of these causes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jolly_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jolly_Harbour.jpg/220px-Jolly_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jolly_Harbour.jpg/330px-Jolly_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jolly_Harbour.jpg/440px-Jolly_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Jolly_Harbour" title="Jolly Harbour">Jolly Harbour</a> on the western coast of Antigua</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> named the island "Antigua" in 1493 in honour of the "Virgin of the Old Cathedral"<sup id="cite_ref-LaAntig_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaAntig-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">La Virgen de la Antigua</i>) found in <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a> in southern Spain. On his 1493 voyage, honouring a vow, he named many islands after different aspects of <a href="/wiki/St._Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary">St. Mary</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>. </p><p>In 1632, a group of English colonists left <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">St Kitts</a> to settle on Antigua. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Codrington_(colonial_administrator)" title="Christopher Codrington (colonial administrator)">Christopher Codrington</a>, an Englishman, established the first permanent English settlement on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigua rapidly developed as a profitable sugar colony. For a large portion of Antigua's history, the island was considered Britain's "Gateway to the Caribbean". It was on the major sailing routes among the region's resource-rich colonies. Lord <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, a major figure in Antigua's history, arrived in the late 18th century to defend the island's commercial shipping prowess. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digging_the_Cane-holes_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_(1823),_plate_II_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Digging_the_Cane-holes_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_II_-_BL.jpg/220px-Digging_the_Cane-holes_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_II_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Digging_the_Cane-holes_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_II_-_BL.jpg/330px-Digging_the_Cane-holes_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_II_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Digging_the_Cane-holes_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_II_-_BL.jpg/440px-Digging_the_Cane-holes_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_II_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Slaves planting and tilling, 1823</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_boiling_house_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_(1823),_plate_VI_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_boiling_house_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_VI_-_BL.jpg/220px-The_boiling_house_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_VI_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_boiling_house_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_VI_-_BL.jpg/330px-The_boiling_house_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_VI_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_boiling_house_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_VI_-_BL.jpg/440px-The_boiling_house_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_VI_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>Slaves working in the boiling house, 1823</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar-Hogsheads_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_(1823),_plate_X_-_BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sugar-Hogsheads_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_X_-_BL.jpg/220px-Sugar-Hogsheads_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_X_-_BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sugar-Hogsheads_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_X_-_BL.jpg/330px-Sugar-Hogsheads_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_X_-_BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sugar-Hogsheads_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_X_-_BL.jpg/440px-Sugar-Hogsheads_-_Ten_Views_in_the_Island_of_Antigua_%281823%29%2C_plate_X_-_BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1855" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Slaves loading barrels into a boat, 1823</figcaption></figure> <p>Sugar became Antigua's main crop in about 1674, when <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Codrington_(died_1698)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Codrington (died 1698)">Christopher Codrington</a> (c. 1640–1698) settled at <a href="/wiki/Betty%27s_Hope" title="Betty's Hope">Betty's Hope</a> plantation. He came from Barbados, bringing the latest sugar technology with him. Betty's Hope, Antigua's first full-scale sugar plantation, was so successful that other planters turned from tobacco to sugar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This resulted in their importing <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> to work the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> crops.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>A Brief History of the Caribbean</i>, many West Indian colonists initially tried to use locals as slaves. These groups succumbed easily to disease and/or malnutrition, and died by the thousands. The enslaved Africans adapted better to the new environment and thus became the number-one choice of unpaid labour; they also provided medical services and skilled labour, including carpentry, for their masters. However, the West African slave population in the Caribbean also had a high mortality rate, which was offset by regular imports of very high numbers of new slaves from West and Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-notreb?_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notreb?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sugar cane was one of the most gruelling and dangerous crops slaves were forced to cultivate. Harvesting cane required backbreaking long days in sugar cane fields under the hot island sun. Sugar cane spoiled quickly after harvest, and the milling process was slow and inefficient, forcing the mill and boiling house to operate 24 hours a day during harvest season.<sup id="cite_ref-nml_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nml-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sugar mills and <a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">boiling houses</a> were two of the most dangerous places for slaves to work on sugar plantations. In mills wooden or metal rollers were used to crush cane plants and extract the juices. Slaves were at risk of getting their limbs stuck and ripped off in the machines.<sup id="cite_ref-nml_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nml-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in sugar boiling houses slaves worked under extremely high temperatures and at the risk of being burned in the boiling sugar mixture or getting their limbs stuck.<sup id="cite_ref-nml_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nml-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, collectors prize the uniquely designed colonial furniture built by West Indian slaves. Many of these works feature what are now considered "traditional" motifs, such as pineapples, fish and stylized serpents. </p><p>By the mid-1770s, the number of slaves had increased to 37,500, up from 12,500 in 1713. The white population, in contrast, had fallen from 5,000 to below 3,000.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slaves lived in wretched and overcrowded conditions and could be mistreated or even killed by their owners with impunity. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_Act_of_1723&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave Act of 1723 (page does not exist)">Slave Act of 1723</a> made arbitrary murder of slaves a crime, but did not do much to ease their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unrest against enslavement among the island's enslaved population became increasingly common. In 1729, a man named Hercules was <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hung, drawn and quartered</a> and three others were burnt alive, for conspiring to kill the slave owner Nathaniel Crump and his family. In 1736, an enslaved man called "Prince Klaas" (whose <a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">slave name</a> was Court) allegedly planned to incite a <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a> on the island. Court was crowned "King of the <a href="/wiki/Coromantees" class="mw-redirect" title="Coromantees">Coromantees</a>" in a pasture outside the capital of St. John's. The coronation appeared to be just a colourful spectacle but was, for the enslaved people, a ritual declaration of war on the colonists. From information obtained from other slaves, the colonists discovered the plot and implemented a brutal crackdown on suspected rebels. Prince Klaas and four accomplices were caught and executed on the <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a>. (However, some doubts exist about Court's guilt.)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-notreb?_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notreb?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the rebels were hanged in chains and starved to death, and another 58 were <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burnt at the stake</a>. The site of these executions is now the Antiguan Recreation Ground.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-notreb?_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notreb?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a> in the late 18th century disrupted the Caribbean sugar trade. At the same time, public opinion in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> gradually turned against slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Traveling ... at slavery's end, [Joseph] Sturge and [Thomas] Harvey (1838 ...) found few married slaves residing together or even on the same estate. Slaveholders often counted as 'married' only those slaves with mates on the estate."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807, and all existing slaves were <a href="/wiki/Emancipated" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipated">emancipated</a> in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horatio,_Lord_Nelson"><span id="Horatio.2C_Lord_Nelson"></span>Horatio, Lord Nelson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Horatio, Lord Nelson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> (who was created 1st Viscount Nelson in 1801) was Senior Naval Officer of the Leeward Islands from 1784 to 1787 on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Boreas_(1774)" title="HMS Boreas (1774)">HMS <i>Boreas</i></a>. During his tenure, he tried to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>. These acts prohibited trade with the newly formed United States of America. Most of the merchants in Antigua depended upon <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">trading with the USA</a>, so many of them despised Captain Nelson. As a result, he was unable to get a promotion for some time after his stint on the island. </p><p>Unlike the Antiguan merchants, Nelson had a positive view of the controversial Navigation Acts:<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Americans were at this time trading with our islands, taking advantage of the register of their ships, which had been issued while they were British subjects. Nelson knew that, by the Navigation Act, no foreigners, directly or indirectly, are permitted to carry on any trade with these possessions. He knew, also, that the Americans had made themselves foreigners with regard to England; they had disregarded the ties of blood and language when they acquired the independence which they had been led on to claim, unhappily for themselves, before they were fit for it; and he was resolved that they should derive no profit from those ties now. Foreigners they had made themselves, and as foreigners they were to be treated.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nelson said: "The Antiguan Colonists are as great rebels as ever were in America, had they the power to show it."<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A dockyard started in 1725, to provide a base for a squadron of British ships whose main function was to patrol the West Indies and thus maintain Britain's sea power, was later named "Nelson's Dockyard" in his honour. </p><p>While Nelson was stationed on Antigua, he frequently visited the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a>, where he met and married a young widow, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Nelson" title="Frances Nelson">Fanny Nisbet</a>, who had previously married the son of a plantation family on Nevis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918_labour_unrest">1918 labour unrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1918 labour unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Ulotrichian_Universal_Union" title="Ulotrichian Universal Union">Ulotrichian Universal Union</a>, a friendly society which acted as a trade union (which were banned), the sugar cane workers were ready to confront the plantation owners when they slashed their wages. The cane workers went on strike and rioted when their leaders were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967, with <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> and the tiny island of <a href="/wiki/Redonda" title="Redonda">Redonda</a>, Antigua became an associated state of the Commonwealth, and in November 1981 it was disassociated from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._government_presence">U.S. government presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: U.S. government presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commissioned, 9 August 1956, the Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Antigua was one of the shore terminal stations that were part of the <a href="/wiki/SOSUS" title="SOSUS">Sound Surveillance System</a> (SOSUS) and the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS), which were used to track Soviet submarines. NAVFAC Antigua was decommissioned 4 February 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1958 through 1960 the United States installed the <a href="/wiki/Missile_Impact_Location_System" title="Missile Impact Location System">Missile Impact Location System</a> (MILS) in the Atlantic Missile Range, later the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a>, to localize the splashdowns of test missile nose cones. MILS was developed and installed by the same entities that had completed the first phase of the Atlantic SOSUS system. A MILS installation consisting of both a target array for precision location and a broad ocean area system for good positions outside the target area was installed at Antigua, 1,300 nmi (1,500 mi; 2,400 km) downrange. The island was the second downrange MILS installation with the furthest being 4,400 nmi (5,100 mi; 8,100 km) downrange at <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until July 7, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> maintained a small base near the airport, designated Detachment 1, 45th Operations Group, <a href="/wiki/45th_Space_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Space Wing">45th Space Wing</a> (known as Antigua Air Station). The mission provided high rate telemetry data for the Eastern Range and its space launches. The unit was deactivated due to US government budget cuts and the property given to the Antiguan Government.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_data">Census data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Census data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These figures <b>do not</b> include the island of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Barbuda">Barbuda.</a> </p><p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Q48 Ethnic </th> <th>Counts </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>African descendent </td> <td>72,473 </td> <td>87.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caucasian/White </td> <td>1,396 </td> <td>1.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Indian/India </td> <td>940 </td> <td>1.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed (Black/White) </td> <td>740 </td> <td>0.89% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed (Other) </td> <td>3,209 </td> <td>3.86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic </td> <td>2,323 </td> <td>2.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syrian/Lebanese </td> <td>568 </td> <td>0.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>795 </td> <td>0.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don't know/Not stated </td> <td>749 </td> <td>0.90% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>83,191 </th> <th>100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Q58. Country of birth </th> <th>Counts </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa </td> <td>296 </td> <td>0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Latin or North American countries </td> <td>164 </td> <td>0.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antigua and Barbuda </td> <td>56,620 </td> <td>68.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Caribbean countries </td> <td>765 </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>350 </td> <td>0.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Asian countries </td> <td>389 </td> <td>0.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other European countries </td> <td>301 </td> <td>0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominica </td> <td>3,629 </td> <td>4.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominican Republic </td> <td>2,076 </td> <td>2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana </td> <td>5,993 </td> <td>7.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>4,408 </td> <td>5.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montserrat </td> <td>628 </td> <td>0.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Kitts and Nevis </td> <td>360 </td> <td>0.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Lucia </td> <td>597 </td> <td>0.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Vincent and the Grenadines </td> <td>662 </td> <td>0.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syria </td> <td>296 </td> <td>0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago </td> <td>499 </td> <td>0.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>835 </td> <td>1.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td>USA </td> <td>2,590 </td> <td>3.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>USVI United States Virgin Islands </td> <td>394 </td> <td>0.47% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not Stated </td> <td>1,337 </td> <td>1.61% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>83,191 </th> <th>100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Q71 Country of Citizenship 1 </th> <th>Counts </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Antigua and Barbuda </td> <td>67,569 </td> <td>81.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Caribbean countries </td> <td>547 </td> <td>0.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>195 </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Asian and Middle Eastern countries </td> <td>422 </td> <td>0.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominica </td> <td>1,754 </td> <td>2.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominican Republic </td> <td>1,342 </td> <td>1.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana </td> <td>3,674 </td> <td>4.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>3,316 </td> <td>3.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montserrat </td> <td>261 </td> <td>0.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Lucia </td> <td>326 </td> <td>0.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Vincent and the Grenadines </td> <td>319 </td> <td>0.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago </td> <td>194 </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>442 </td> <td>0.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td>USA </td> <td>1,322 </td> <td>1.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other countries </td> <td>494 </td> <td>0.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not Stated </td> <td>1,015 </td> <td>1.22% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>83,191 </th> <th>100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Q71 Country of Citizenship 2 (Country of Second/Dual Citizenship) </th> <th>Counts </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other Caribbean countries </td> <td>858 </td> <td>6.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>451 </td> <td>3.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Asian and Middle Eastern countries </td> <td>238 </td> <td>1.86% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominica </td> <td>1,898 </td> <td>14.87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominican Republic </td> <td>729 </td> <td>5.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana </td> <td>2,257 </td> <td>17.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>1,103 </td> <td>8.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montserrat </td> <td>345 </td> <td>2.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Lucia </td> <td>273 </td> <td>2.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>St. Vincent and the Grenadines </td> <td>348 </td> <td>2.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago </td> <td>317 </td> <td>2.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>981 </td> <td>7.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td>USA </td> <td>2,560 </td> <td>20.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other countries </td> <td>391 </td> <td>3.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not Stated </td> <td>11 </td> <td>0.08% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>12,759 </th> <th>100.00% </th></tr> <tr> <th>NotApp : </th> <th>70,432 </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Employment status </th> <th>Counts </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Employed </td> <td>38,534 </td> <td>60.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployed </td> <td>4,435 </td> <td>7.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inactive </td> <td>19,780 </td> <td>31.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not stated </td> <td>504 </td> <td>0.80% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>63,253 </th> <th>100.00% </th></tr> <tr> <th>NotApp : </th> <th>19,938 </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Q55 Internet Use </th> <th>Counts </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yes </td> <td>40,429 </td> <td>48.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td>41,238 </td> <td>49.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Don't know/Not stated </td> <td>1,524 </td> <td>1.83% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>83,191 </th> <th>100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg/220px-Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg/330px-Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg/440px-Stjohnscathedralantigua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="St. John's Cathedral (Antigua and Barbuda)">St John's Cathedral, Antigua</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigua2021OSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antigua2021OSM.png/220px-Antigua2021OSM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antigua2021OSM.png/330px-Antigua2021OSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antigua2021OSM.png/440px-Antigua2021OSM.png 2x" data-file-width="6608" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption>Enlargeable, detailed map of Antigua</figcaption></figure> <p>Located in the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a>, Antigua has an area of 281 km<sup>2</sup> (108 sq mi) with 87 km (54 mi) of coastline. The island is reputed to possess 365 beaches, one for every day of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-SE_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antig_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antig-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheAntig_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheAntig-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest elevation on the island is 402 m (1,319 ft). </p><p>Various natural points, capes, and beaches around the island include: Boon Point, Beggars Point, Parham, Willikies, Hudson Point, English Harbour Town, Old Road Cape, Johnson's Point, Ffryes Point, Jennings, Five Islands, and Yepton Beach, and Runaway Beach. </p><p>Several natural harbours are formed by these points and capes, including: Fitches Creek Bay, between Beggars Point and Parham; Nonsuch Bay between Hudson Point and Willikies; Willoughby Bay, between Hudson Point and English Harbour Town; English Harbour leading into English Harbour Town; Falmouth Harbour recessing into Falmouth; Rendezvous Bay between Falmouth and Old Road Cape; Five Islands Harbour, between Jennings and Five Islands; and Green Bay, the main harbour at St. John's, between Yepton Beach and Runaway Beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Antiguan_racer" title="Antiguan racer">Antiguan racer</a> is among the rarest snakes in the world. The Lesser Antilles are home to four species of racers. All four have undergone severe range reductions; at least two subspecies are extinct and another, <i>Alsophis antiguae</i>, now occupies only 0.1 per cent of its historical range.<sup id="cite_ref-Sajdaka_&_Henderson_1991_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sajdaka_&_Henderson_1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Griswold%27s_ameiva" title="Griswold's ameiva">Griswold's ameiva</a> (<i>Ameiva griswoldi</i>) is a species of lizard in the genus <a href="/wiki/Ameiva" title="Ameiva">Ameiva</a>. It is endemic to Antigua and <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>. It is found on both islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The island is divided into six civil <a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">parishes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">St. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Philip,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Saint Philip, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Parish,_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda">Saint John</a>. The parishes have no type of local government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Economy of Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <p>The country's official currency is the <a href="/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="East Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar</a>. Given the dominance of tourism, many prices in tourist-oriented businesses are shown in US dollars. The EC dollar is pegged to the US dollar at a varied rate and averages about US$1 = EC$2.7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antigua's economy relies largely on tourism, and the island is promoted as a luxury Caribbean escape. Many hotels and resorts are located around the coastline. The island's single airport, <a href="/wiki/VC_Bird_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="VC Bird International Airport">VC Bird Airport</a>, is served by several major airlines, including <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Airlines" title="Caribbean Airlines">Caribbean Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JetBlue" title="JetBlue">JetBlue</a>. There is regular air service to Barbuda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Education in Antigua and Barbuda</a></div> <p>Antigua has two international primary/secondary schools: CCSET International, which offers the Ontario Secondary School Diploma, and Island Academy, which offers the International Baccalaureate. There are also many other private schools but these institutions tend to follow the same local curriculum (CXCs) as government schools. </p><p>The island of Antigua currently has two foreign-owned <a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">for-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_medical_school" title="Offshore medical school">offshore medical schools</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Antigua,_College_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="American University of Antigua, College of Medicine">American University of Antigua</a> (AUA),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 2004, and The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Health_Sciences_Antigua" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Health Sciences Antigua">University of Health Sciences Antigua</a> (UHSA),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1982. The island's medical schools cater mostly to foreign students but contribute to the local economy and health care. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_gambling">Online gambling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Online gambling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antigua was one of the first nations to legalize, license, and regulate online gambling and is a primary location for incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">online gambling</a> companies. Some countries, most notably the United States, argue that if a particular gambling transaction is initiated outside the country of Antigua and Barbuda, then that transaction is governed by the laws of the country where the transaction was initiated. This argument was brought before the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> and was deemed incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the United States Congress voted to approve the <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Internet_Gambling_Enforcement_Act_of_2006" title="Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006">Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act</a> which criminalized the operations of offshore gambling operators which take wagers from American-based gamblers. This was a <i>prima facie</i> violation of the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">GATS</a> treaty obligations enforced by the WTO, resulting in a series of rulings unfavourable to the US. </p><p>On 21 December 2007, an Article 22 arbitration panel ruled that the United States' failure to comply with WTO rules would attract a US$21 million sanction.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WTO ruling was notable in two respects: </p><p>First, although technically a victory for Antigua, the $21 million was far less than the US$3.5 billion which had been sought; one of the three arbitrators was sufficiently bothered by the propriety of this that he issued a <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a>. </p><p>Second, a rider to the arbitration ruling affirmed the right of Antigua to take retaliatory steps in view of the prior failure of the US to comply with GATS. These included the rare, but not unprecedented, right to disregard intellectual property obligations to the US.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antigua's obligations to the US in respect of patents, copyright, and trademarks are affected. In particular, Berne Convention copyright is in question, and also material not covered by the Berne convention, including <a href="/wiki/Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights">TRIPS</a> accord obligations to the US. Antigua may thus disregard the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization_Copyright_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty">WIPO treaty</a> on intellectual property rights, and therefore the US implementation of that treaty (the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>, or DMCA)—at least up to the limit of compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since there is no appeal to the WTO from an Arbitration panel of this kind, it represents the last legal word from the WTO on the matter. Antigua is therefore able to recoup some of the claimed loss of trade by hosting (and taxing) companies whose business model depends on immunity from TRIPS provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Software company <a href="/wiki/SlySoft" class="mw-redirect" title="SlySoft">SlySoft</a> was based in Antigua, allowing it to avoid nations with laws that are tough on anti-circumvention of technological copyright measures, in particular the DMCA in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-slysoft.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slysoft.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swiss American Bank Ltd., later renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_American_Bank_Ltd.,&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swiss American Bank Ltd., (page does not exist)">Global Bank of Commerce, Ltd</a>, was formed in April 1983 and became the first offshore international financial institution governed by the International Business Corporations, Act of 1982 to become a licensed bank in Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank was later sued by the United States for failure to release forfeited funds from one of its account holders.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swiss American Bank was founded by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Rappaport" title="Bruce Rappaport">Bruce Rappaport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established in June 1994 as the East European International Bank, the European Union Bank (EUB) (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Банк Европейского Союза (БЕС)</span>), which was Antigua's first internet bank and was associated with <a href="/wiki/Alex_Konanykhin" title="Alex Konanykhin">Alex Konanykhin</a>, who had business interests with numerous senior <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> officials,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was shut down in 1996 by Antiguan authorities because the bank had failed to file its 1994 audit and was placed in receivership on 8 August 1997 with two Russians listed as bank directors, Vitali Papsuev (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Виталий Папсуев</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sergei Ushakov (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Сергей Ушаков</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ProfileKonanykhine_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProfileKonanykhine-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KOgazpromDaughter_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KOgazpromDaughter-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vedomosti18022003_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedomosti18022003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gztRU19022003_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gztRU19022003-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stanford_International_Bank" title="Stanford International Bank">Stanford International Bank</a> was formed by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Stanford" title="Allen Stanford">Allen Stanford</a> in 1986 in <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> where it was called Guardian International Bank. On 17 February 2009, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> charged Allen Stanford, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Pendergest-Holt" title="Laura Pendergest-Holt">Laura Pendergest-Holt</a> and James Davis with fraud<sup id="cite_ref-reutersvianz2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersvianz2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Driver_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driver-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-forbes_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in connection with the bank's US$8 billion <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_deposit" title="Certificate of deposit">certificate of deposit</a> (CD) investment scheme that offered "improbable and unsubstantiated high interest rates".<sup id="cite_ref-Goldfarb_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldfarb-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led the federal government to freeze the assets of the bank and other Stanford entities.<sup id="cite_ref-reutersvianz2009_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersvianz2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 February 2009, Pendergest-Holt was arrested by federal agents in connection with the alleged fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-LPH_arrest_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPH_arrest-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that day, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a> said that Stanford and his accomplices operated a "massive <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a>", misappropriated billions of investors' money and falsified the Stanford International Bank's records to hide their fraud. "Stanford International Bank's financial statements, including its investment income, are fictional," the SEC said.<sup id="cite_ref-Driver_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Driver-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wsj0227_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj0227-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua_Overseas_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antigua Overseas Bank (page does not exist)">Antigua Overseas Bank</a> (AOB) was part of the ABI Financial Group and was a licensed bank in Antigua. On 13 April 2012, AOB was placed into receivership by the government of Antigua.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 November 2018, <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank" title="Scotiabank">Scotiabank</a>, the leading commercial bank on the island, announced plans to sell its banking operations in Antigua and 9 other non-core Caribbean markets to Republic Financial Holdings Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major Antiguan sport is <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Viv_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Viv Richards">Vivian ("Viv") Richards</a> is one of the most famous Antiguans, who played for, and captained, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team" title="West Indies cricket team">West Indies cricket team</a>. Richards scored the fastest Test century at the <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Recreation_Ground" title="Antigua Recreation Ground">Antigua Recreation Ground</a>. What's more <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lara" title="Brian Lara">Brian Lara</a> twice broke the world record for an individual Test innings at the ARG, scoring 375 in 1993/94 and 400 not out in 2003/04. The ARG was replaced by a new cricketing arena, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Vivian_Richards_Stadium" title="Sir Vivian Richards Stadium">Sir Vivian Richards Stadium</a>, constructed in time for the <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007 Cricket World Cup</a>. Both football (soccer) and basketball are becoming popular among the island youth. There are several golf courses in Antigua. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bailey" title="Daniel Bailey">Daniel Bailey</a> was the first athlete to win a global world medal at the <a href="/wiki/2010_IAAF_World_Indoor_Championships" title="2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships">2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships</a>. </p><p>Being surrounded by water, sailing is one of the most popular sports with Antigua Sailing Week and Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta being two of the region's most reputable sailing competitions. Hundreds of yachts from around the world compete around Antigua each year. Sport fishing is also a very popular sport with several big competitions held yearly. Windsurfing was very popular until kite-surfing came to the island. Kitesurfing or kite-boarding is very popular at Jabbawock Beach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtly_Ambrose" title="Curtly Ambrose">Curtly Ambrose</a>, West-Indian cricketer<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Puff Daddy</a>, American rapper and producer moved to Antigua in 2024<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Armani" title="Giorgio Armani">Giorgio Armani</a>, Italian fashion designer; owns a home near Deep Bay<sup id="cite_ref-urlSUN_Weekend_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlSUN_Weekend-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ayre" title="Calvin Ayre">Calvin Ayre</a>, billionaire founder of internet gambling company Bodog Entertainment Group<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, former Italian Prime Minister<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> mogul<sup id="cite_ref-urlAntigua_and_Barbuda:_Murder_rate_higher_than_in_New_York_–_Scotsman.com_News_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAntigua_and_Barbuda:_Murder_rate_higher_than_in_New_York_–_Scotsman.com_News-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehul_Choksi" title="Mehul Choksi">Mehul Choksi</a>, an Indian alleged scamster, diamond merchant and owner of <a href="/wiki/Gitanjali_Group" title="Gitanjali Group">Gitanjali Jewelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, established an <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Centre" title="Crossroads Centre">Antiguan drug treatment centre</a>; has a home on the south of the island<sup id="cite_ref-urlEric_Clapton_to_auction_guitars_to_benefit_drug_recovery_cente_–_Aggielife_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlEric_Clapton_to_auction_guitars_to_benefit_drug_recovery_cente_–_Aggielife-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Claxton" title="Melvin Claxton">Melvin Claxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning journalist<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dalton" title="Timothy Dalton">Timothy Dalton</a>, actor of James Bond fame<sup id="cite_ref-urlAntigua_recaptures_its_reputation_for_chic_–_International_Herald_Tribune_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAntigua_recaptures_its_reputation_for_chic_–_International_Herald_Tribune-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Doram" title="Heather Doram">Heather Doram</a>, artist, activist and educator, who designed the Antiguan and Barbudan national costume.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_the_Needle_(novel)" title="Eye of the Needle (novel)">Eye of the Needle</a></i>, owns a house on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Long Island (Antigua and Barbuda)">Jumby Bay</a><sup id="cite_ref-urlAntigua_recaptures_its_reputation_for_chic_–_International_Herald_Tribune_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAntigua_recaptures_its_reputation_for_chic_–_International_Herald_Tribune-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Elena_John" title="Marie-Elena John">Marie-Elena John</a>, Antiguan writer and former <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="African Development Foundation">African Development Foundation</a> specialist. Her debut novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i>, was selected Best Debut of 2006 by <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Issues_Book_Review" title="Black Issues Book Review">Black Issues Book Review</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-url_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._D._Jones" title="S. D. Jones">S. D. Jones</a>, professional wrestler known as "Special Delivery Jones" in the <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a> in the 1970s and 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Keoghan" title="Phil Keoghan">Phil Keoghan</a>, host of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_(American_TV_series)" title="The Amazing Race (American TV series)">The Amazing Race</a></i>, lived here during part of his childhood<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Kincaid" title="Jamaica Kincaid">Jamaica Kincaid</a>, novelist famous for her writings about life on Antigua. Her 1988 book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Small_Place" title="A Small Place">A Small Place</a></i> was banned under the Vere Bird administration<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Leach" title="Robin Leach">Robin Leach</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lifestyles_of_the_Rich_and_Famous" title="Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous">Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous</a> fame.<sup id="cite_ref-urlU.S._probes_Cuban_dolphin_deals_/_The_Miami_Herald_–_Cuba_News_/_Noticias_–_CubaNet_News_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlU.S._probes_Cuban_dolphin_deals_/_The_Miami_Herald_–_Cuba_News_/_Noticias_–_CubaNet_News-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a>, poet and (U.S.) Librarian of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Lambert_Mellon" title="Rachel Lambert Mellon">Rachel Lambert Mellon</a>, horticulturist and philanthropist, has owned a compound in Antigua's Half Moon Bay since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Olsen" title="Fred Olsen">Fred Olsen</a> (1891–1986), inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">ball propellant</a> manufacturing process<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a>, abolitionist and autobiographer, who wrote <i>The History of Mary Prince</i> (1831), the first account of the life of a Black woman to be published in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viv_Richards" title="Viv Richards">Viv Richards</a>, West Indian cricket legend; the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua was named in his honour<sup id="cite_ref-urlBBC_SPORT|CRICKET|Putting_Antigua_on_the_map_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlBBC_SPORT|CRICKET|Putting_Antigua_on_the_map-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Richardson" title="Richie Richardson">Richie Richardson</a>, former West-Indies cricket team captain<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Roberts_(cricketer)" title="Andy Roberts (cricketer)">Andy Roberts</a>, the first Antiguan to play Test cricket for the West Indies. He was a member of the West Indies teams that won the 1975 and 1979 World Cups.<sup id="cite_ref-urlCaribbeanCricket.com_–_The_Independent_Voice_of_West_Indies_Cricket_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlCaribbeanCricket.com_–_The_Independent_Voice_of_West_Indies_Cricket-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Roseau" title="Sheila Roseau">Sheila Roseau</a>, women´s rights advocate<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Mykolayovych_Shevchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Mykolayovych Shevchenko">Andriy Mykolayovych Shevchenko</a>, former Ukrainian footballer and politician.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stringfellow" title="Peter Stringfellow">Peter Stringfellow</a>, British nightclub owner <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>, talk-show host<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbuda_Land_Acts" title="Barbuda Land Acts">Barbuda Land Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Antigua and Barbuda">Bibliography of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Leeward_Islands" title="Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands">Chief Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geology of Antigua and Barbuda">Geology of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guns_for_Antigua" title="Guns for Antigua">Guns for Antigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Antigua and Barbuda-related articles">Index of Antigua and Barbuda-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="List of Antiguans and Barbudans">List of Antiguans and Barbudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Outline of Antigua and Barbuda">Outline of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sturge" title="Joseph Sturge">Joseph Sturge</a>, English abolitionist</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Harvey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Estate_(land)" title="Estate (land)">Estate</a>, real estate and houses on it</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Konanykhin" title="Alex Konanykhin">Alex Konanykhin</a> has business interests with numerous senior <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> officials including <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Shebarshin" title="Leonid Shebarshin">Leonid Shebarshin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Leonov" title="Nikolai Leonov">Nikolai Leonov</a> through the 1991 established think tank Russian National Economic Security Service (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Российской национальной службы экономической безопасности</span>) at which Shebarshin and Leonov were president and vice president, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProfileKonanykhine_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProfileKonanykhine-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitali Papsuev (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Виталий Папсуев</span>) allegedly had property in the <a href="/wiki/Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx">Bronx</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergei Ushakov (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Сергей Ушаков</span>), who is from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, allegedly had property in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">greater</a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Ushakov is a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. From 1974 to 2002, Ushakov was in the same <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>-<a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a> department as Evgeniy Plyusnin (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Евгений Плюснин</span>). Later, in 2002, Ushakov became the first deputy chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a>, which formally includes the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Russia)" title="Presidential Security Service (Russia)">presidential security service of Russia</a>, and in 2003 became head of the administrative department and security service at <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> and also heads the board of <a href="/wiki/Gazfond" title="Gazfond">Gazfond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KOgazpromDaughter_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KOgazpromDaughter-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vedomosti18022003_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedomosti18022003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gztRU19022003_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gztRU19022003-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evgeniy Plyusnin (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Евгений Плюснин</span>), in August 2004, as a former employee of the FSB Directorate for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Gazprombank" title="Gazprombank">Gazprombank</a> personnel department.<sup id="cite_ref-KOgazpromDaughter_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KOgazpromDaughter-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG">"Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver | Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool"</a>. <i>redatam.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redatam.org&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda%3A%3AStatistics+Division%2FRedatam+Webserver+%26%23124%3B+Statistical+Process+and+Dissemination+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredatam.org%2Fbinatg%2FRpWebEngine.exe%2FPortal%3FBASE%3DATGPHC2011%26lang%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, J. C.</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia00jcwe/page/33"><i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia00jcwe/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-36467-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-36467-1"><bdi>0-582-36467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-582-36467-1&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongmanpronuncia00jcwe%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiguanice.com/v2/client.php?id=769">"Antigua Culture: Antigua & Barbuda Independence Festival"</a>. <i>www.antiguanice.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antiguanice.com&rft.atitle=Antigua+Culture%3A+Antigua+%26+Barbuda+Independence+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguanice.com%2Fv2%2Fclient.php%3Fid%3D769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG">"Antigua and Barbuda::Statistics Division/Redatam Webserver | Statistical Process and Dissemination Tool"</a>. <i>redatam.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redatam.org&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda%3A%3AStatistics+Division%2FRedatam+Webserver+%7C+Statistical+Process+and+Dissemination+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredatam.org%2Fbinatg%2FRpWebEngine.exe%2FPortal%3FBASE%3DATGPHC2011%26lang%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandy2016" class="citation news cs1">Handy, Gemma (11 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206113406/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37286174">"Nelson's Dockyard: From 'vile hole' to national treasure"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37286174">the original</a> on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nelson%27s+Dockyard%3A+From+%27vile+hole%27+to+national+treasure&rft.date=2016-09-11&rft.aulast=Handy&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-37286174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306185447/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499/">"Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1499/">the original</a> on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Antigua+Naval+Dockyard+and+Related+Archaeological+Sites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1499%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiguayachtshow.com/pages/article.php?article=8">"Antigua Charter Show To Return Bigger & Better For 60th Year"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200912/https://www.antiguayachtshow.com/pages/article.php?article=8">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antigua+Charter+Show+To+Return+Bigger+%26+Better+For+60th+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguayachtshow.com%2Fpages%2Farticle.php%3Farticle%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KLwPAAAAQAAJ&dq=columbus+santa+maria+antigua&pg=PA470"><i>The Naval Chronicle [ed. by J.S. Clarke, S. and J. Jones]</i></a>. 1799. pp. 469–470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Chronicle+%5Bed.+by+J.S.+Clarke%2C+S.+and+J.+Jones%5D.&rft.pages=469-470&rft.date=1799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKLwPAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dcolumbus%2Bsanta%2Bmaria%2Bantigua%26pg%3DPA470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEden1880" class="citation book cs1">Eden, Charles Henry (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKJdHM7WF-UC&dq=antigua+church+seville+1493&pg=PA104"><i>The West Indies</i></a>. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Indies&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle%2C+%26+Rivington&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Eden&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaKJdHM7WF-UC%26dq%3Dantigua%2Bchurch%2Bseville%2B1493%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g5052n.ct000484/">"Map: A plan of the estate called Jonas's situated in the division of North Sound in the island of Antigua"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i>. 1821<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Map%3A+A+plan+of+the+estate+called+Jonas%27s+situated+in+the+division+of+North+Sound+in+the+island+of+Antigua&rft.date=1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fg5052n.ct000484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215305/https://www.antiguabarbudaconsulate.com/antigua-and-barbuda">"Antigua and Barbuda"</a>. <i>Consulate General of Antigua and Barbuda</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiguabarbudaconsulate.com/antigua-and-barbuda">the original</a> on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consulate+General+of+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.atitle=Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguabarbudaconsulate.com%2Fantigua-and-barbuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1896" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Isaac (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNkNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22chapel%22+Santa+Maria+de+la+Antigua+1493&pg=PA49"><i>Names and Their Histories: Alphabetically Arranged as a Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature</i></a>. Rivington, Percival. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827430099" title="Special:BookSources/9780827430099"><bdi>9780827430099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names+and+Their+Histories%3A+Alphabetically+Arranged+as+a+Handbook+of+Historical+Geography+and+Topographical+Nomenclature&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Rivington%2C+Percival&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=9780827430099&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNkNAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3D%2522chapel%2522%2BSanta%2BMaria%2Bde%2Bla%2BAntigua%2B1493%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Linda B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihujfu7oK7MC&q=antigua"><i>Mary, Mother and Warrior: The Virgin in Spain and the Americas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. pp. 51–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70595-1"><bdi>978-0-292-70595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%2C+Mother+and+Warrior%3A+The+Virgin+in+Spain+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=51-54&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70595-1&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Linda+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dihujfu7oK7MC%26q%3Dantigua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyde2000" class="citation book cs1">Dyde, Brian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dC9sAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of Antigua: The Unsuspected Isle</i></a>. Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-75169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-75169-5"><bdi>978-0-333-75169-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Antigua%3A+The+Unsuspected+Isle&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Macmillan+Caribbean&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-75169-5&rft.aulast=Dyde&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdC9sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reg-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reg_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy,_Reg" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Reg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologyantigua.org/index.php/archaeological-background/common-myths">"Common Myths"</a>. <i>Archaeology Antigua</i>. Waladli versus Wadadli<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Antigua&rft.atitle=Common+Myths&rft.pages=Waladli+versus+Wadadli&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Reg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeologyantigua.org%2Findex.php%2Farchaeological-background%2Fcommon-myths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/647">"A Plan of the Estate Called Jonas's Situated in the Division of North Sound in the Island of Antigua, the Property of Peter Langford Brooke, Esquire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Plan+of+the+Estate+Called+Jonas%27s+Situated+in+the+Division+of+North+Sound+in+the+Island+of+Antigua%2C+the+Property+of+Peter+Langford+Brooke%2C+Esquire&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1979" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Jack Brierley (1979). <i>The West Indian Heritage: A history of the West Indies</i>. London: Murray. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-3541-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-3541-3"><bdi>978-0-7195-3541-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Indian+Heritage%3A+A+history+of+the+West+Indies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-3541-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Jack+Brierley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span> See also <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i> entries for "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01680c.htm">Arawaks</a>" and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03348a.htm">Caribs</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogoziński1999" class="citation book cs1">Rogoziński, Jan (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0"><i>A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and Carib to the Present</i></a></span> (second ed.). New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3812-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-3812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Caribbean%3A+From+the+Arawak+and+Carib+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-3812-1&rft.aulast=Rogozi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofca00rogo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaAntig-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaAntig_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kessler, Herbert L. & Nirenberg, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VIC1TWU5JgC&pg=PA270">Judaism and Christian Art: Aesthetic Anxieties from the Catacombs to Colonialism</a>.</i> Accessed 23 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notreb?-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-notreb?_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notreb?_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notreb?_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDash,_Mike2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Dash" title="Mike Dash">Dash, Mike</a> (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/antiguas-disputed-slave-conspiracy-of-1736-117569/">"Antigua's Disputed Slave Conspiracy of 1736"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antigua%27s+Disputed+Slave+Conspiracy+of+1736&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.au=Dash%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fantiguas-disputed-slave-conspiracy-of-1736-117569%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nml-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nml_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nml_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nml_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/archaeology/caribbean/plantations/caribbean32.aspx">"The transatlantic slave trade"</a>. National Museums Liverpool<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+transatlantic+slave+trade&rft.pub=National+Museums+Liverpool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk%2Fism%2Fslavery%2Farchaeology%2Fcaribbean%2Fplantations%2Fcaribbean32.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Dyde" class="citation book cs1">Brian Dyde. <i><span></span></i>A History of Antigua<i><span></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Antigua&rft.au=Brian+Dyde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyde, B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Antigua-Unsuspected-Isle/dp/0333751698">A history of Antigua: The unsuspected isle.</a> Interlink Publishing Group Incorporated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDash2014" class="citation web cs1">Dash, Mike (16 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com/2014/06/16/a-little-bit-of-background-the-crucifixion-of-prince-klaas/">"A little bit of background – the crucifixion of Prince Klaas"</a>. <i>allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=A+little+bit+of+background+%E2%80%93+the+crucifixion+of+Prince+Klaas&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallkindsofhistory.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F06%2F16%2Fa-little-bit-of-background-the-crucifixion-of-prince-klaas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Dyde, <i>A History of Antigua</i>, London & Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfield,_Dr_John2011" class="citation web cs1">Oldfield, Dr John (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml#two">"British Anti-slavery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Anti-slavery&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.au=Oldfield%2C+Dr+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fantislavery_01.shtml%23two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrissey, Marietta, <i>Slave Women in the New World: Gender Stratification in the Caribbean</i>. Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1989 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0394-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0394-8">0-7006-0394-8</a>), p. 85 and see p. 99 (author assoc. prof. sociology, University of Toledo).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Southey" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thelifeofhoratio00947gut"><i>The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Horatio+Lord+Nelson&rft.au=Robert+Southey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthelifeofhoratio00947gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothermund2006" class="citation book cs1">Rothermund, Dietmar (2006). <i>The Routledge Companion to Decolonization</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00264-3"><bdi>978-0-203-00264-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Decolonization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-00264-3&rft.aulast=Rothermund&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomatmagazine.com/antiguas-30th-year-of-independence-2/">"Antigua's 30th Year of Independence"</a>. Diplomat Magazine. 15 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antigua%27s+30th+Year+of+Independence&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomatmagazine.com%2Fantiguas-30th-year-of-independence-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommander,_Undersea_Surveillance" class="citation web cs1">Commander, Undersea Surveillance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/cus/Pages/NAVFAC_Antigua.aspx">"Naval Facility Antiqua August 1956 – February 1984"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antigua+Observer+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Rappaport+dies&rft.date=2010-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguaobserver.com%2Frappaport-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСнегирев2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Снегирев, Владимир (Snegirev, Vladimir) (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011729/https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html">"Владимир Снегирев: Леонид Шебаршин был правильным человеком: Из жизни разведчика"</a> [Vladimir Snegirev: Leonid Shebarshin was the right person: From the life of a scout]. <i><a href="/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta" title="Rossiyskaya Gazeta">«Российская газета»</a> (rg.ru)</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C2%AB%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%C2%BB+%28rg.ru%29&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4+%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%3A+%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%28Snegirev%2C+Vladimir%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frg.ru%2F2012%2F03%2F31%2Fcherta-site.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011552/https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html">"Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин. Биографическая справка"</a> [Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin. Curriculum Vitae]. <i><a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a></i> (in Russian). 30 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIA+Novosti&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD.+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20120330%2F610284987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProfileKonanykhine-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProfileKonanykhine_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProfileKonanykhine_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКазанская1997" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Казанская, Ольга (Kazanskaya, Olga) (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991001113943/http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html">"Герой: Его обласкали в кремлевских кабинетах. В свои неполные тридцать он руководит одним из крупнейших в России банков и добивается для него всех степеней уполномоченности. Он финансирует предвыборную кампанию Бориса Ельцина. Контролирующие органы бессильны перед его детищем -- валютными аукционами. Это не Владимир Потанин и не ОНЭКСИМбанк. Речь идет об Александре Конаныхине и Всероссийском биржевом банке, а события датированы 1991-1992 годами. Нынешним летом Конаныхин вышел из американской тюрьмы. Свое первое за много лет затворничества интервью он дал "Профилю" в США"</a> [Hero: He was treated kindly in the Kremlin offices. At just under thirty, he runs one of the largest banks in Russia and achieves all degrees of authority for it. He finances Boris Yeltsin's election campaign. The regulatory authorities are powerless in the face of his brainchild - currency auctions. This is not Vladimir Potanin or ONEXIMbank. We are talking about Alexander Konanykhin and the All-Russian Exchange Bank, and the events date back to 1991-1992. This summer, Konanykhin was released from an American prison. He gave his first interview to Profile in the USA after many years of seclusion.]. <i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB)" class="extiw" title="ru:Профиль (журнал)">"Профиль"</a> (www.profil.ocr.ru)</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html">the original</a> on 1 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%22+%28www.profil.ocr.ru%29&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%3A+%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85.+%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.+%D0%9E%D0%BD+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BC+--+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.+%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%AD%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA.+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+1991-1992+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.+%D0%9D%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8B.+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB+%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%22+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0+%28Kazanskaya%2C+Olga%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profil.orc.ru%2Farchive%2Fn53%2Fhero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KOgazpromDaughter-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KOgazpromDaughter_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KOgazpromDaughter_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KOgazpromDaughter_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБирман2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Бирман, Александр (Birman, Alexander) (17 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050520000000/http://www.ko.ru/document.asp?d_no=11852&p=1">"Орден национального достояния. "Газпромовская" "дочка", которая гуляет сама по себе"</a> [Order of National Treasure. Gazprom's "daughter" who walks on her own]. <i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB)" class="extiw" title="ru:Компания (журнал)">"Компания"</a> (ko.ru)</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ko.ru/document.asp?d_no=11852&p=1">the original</a> on 20 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%22%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%22+%28ko.ru%29&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%22%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%22+%22%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%22%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5&rft.date=2005-05-17&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%28Birman%2C+Alexander%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ko.ru%2Fdocument.asp%3Fd_no%3D11852%26p%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compromat.ru/page_16762.htm">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104013028/https://www.newsru.com/world/09jan2004/konanikhin.html">"Власти США арестовали бывшего партнера Ходорковского"</a> [US authorities arrested Khodorkovsky's former partner]. <i>newsru.com</i> (in Russian). 9 January 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsru.com/world/09jan2004/konanikhin.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=newsru.com&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.date=2004-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsru.com%2Fworld%2F09jan2004%2Fkonanikhin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarah1999" class="citation news cs1">Farah, Douglas (19 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20171105211421/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/09/19/russian-money-weaves-a-tangled-web/97f4a82e-e237-4630-9269-ad2c061ad191/">"Russian Money Weaves a Tangled Web"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/09/19/russian-money-weaves-a-tangled-web/97f4a82e-e237-4630-9269-ad2c061ad191/">the original</a> on 5 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russian+Money+Weaves+a+Tangled+Web&rft.date=1999-09-19&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1999%2F09%2F19%2Frussian-money-weaves-a-tangled-web%2F97f4a82e-e237-4630-9269-ad2c061ad191%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter1997" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (20 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220315025827/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/20/world/new-bank-fraud-wrinkle-in-antigua-russians-on-the-internet.html">"New Bank Fraud Wrinkle in Antigua: Russians on the Internet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/20/world/new-bank-fraud-wrinkle-in-antigua-russians-on-the-internet.html">the original</a> on 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Bank+Fraud+Wrinkle+in+Antigua%3A+Russians+on+the+Internet&rft.date=1997-08-20&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F20%2Fworld%2Fnew-bank-fraud-wrinkle-in-antigua-russians-on-the-internet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961221090447/http://eubank.ag/">"EUROPEAN UNION BANK"</a>. <i>EUROPEAN UNION BANK (eubank.ag)</i>. 10 November 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubank.ag/">the original</a> on 21 December 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUROPEAN+UNION+BANK+%28eubank.ag%29&rft.atitle=EUROPEAN+UNION+BANK&rft.date=1996-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eubank.ag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961104080710/http://www.eubank.ag/abouteub.htm">"EUROPEAN UNION BANK: ABOUT EUROPEAN UNION BANK"</a>. <i>EUROPEAN UNION BANK (eubank.ag)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubank.ag/abouteub.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUROPEAN+UNION+BANK+%28eubank.ag%29&rft.atitle=EUROPEAN+UNION+BANK%3A+ABOUT+EUROPEAN+UNION+BANK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eubank.ag%2Fabouteub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedomosti18022003-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vedomosti18022003_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vedomosti18022003_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFРезник2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Резник, Ирина (Reznik, Irina) (18 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030218000000/https://www.vedomosti.ru/stories/2003/02/18-55-01.html">"Смена караула. Алексей Миллер уволил своего заместителя по безопасности"</a> [Changing of the Guard. Alexey Miller fired his deputy for security]. <i><a href="/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Ведомости</a></i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vedomosti.ru/stories/2003/02/18-55-01.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Back+to+Siberia%2C+with+Gusto&rft.date=1987-07-21&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1987%2F07%2F21%2Fback-to-siberia-with-gusto%2Ffd242ead-fe74-49d8-b368-7defb27be695%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeveloff2011" class="citation web cs1">Zeveloff, Julie (25 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/oprah-winfrey-houses-planes-2011-5?op=1">"The FABULOUS Homes, Planes, And Other Toys Of Oprah Winfrey"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+FABULOUS+Homes%2C+Planes%2C+And+Other+Toys+Of+Oprah+Winfrey&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.aulast=Zeveloff&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Foprah-winfrey-houses-planes-2011-5%3Fop%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiguanice.com/">Antigua Nice</a> (The Antigua Nice article was extracted by D.V. Nicholson's writings for the Antigua Historic Sites and Conservation Commission.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929145759/http://www.torture-museum.com/wheel.htm">The Torture Museum Site</a></li> <li><i>The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/947/947-h/947-h.htm">Project Gutenberg free book</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i>Veranda Magazine</i>, Island Flourish: West Indian Furnishings by Dana Micucci, March – April 2004</li> <li><i>A Brief History of the Caribbean from the Arawak and the Carib to the Present</i>, by Jan Rogozinski, Penguin Putnam, Inc September 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201190705/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/04/news/reantigua.php">Article on Antiguan real estate.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedidiah_Morse1797" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Jedidiah Morse</a> (1797), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n32/mode/1up">"Antigua"</a>, <i>The American Gazetteer</i>, Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antigua&rft.btitle=The+American+Gazetteer&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=At+the+presses+of+S.+Hall%2C+and+Thomas+%26+Andrews&rft.date=1797&rft.au=Jedidiah+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericangazettee00mors%23page%2Fn32%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigua" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigua&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Antigua</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antigua" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Antigua">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antigua" class="extiw" title="voy:Antigua">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227134515/http://ab.gov.ag/gov_v4/">Government of Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiguablog.co.uk/what-beaches-do-we-like/">Beaches Of Antigua</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antigua-barbuda.org/">Antigua Barbuda Department of Tourism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bestantigua.com">Antigua Tourism Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embassy.ag">Embassy of Antigua and Barbuda in Madrid</a> – His Excellency <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darioitem.com">Dr. Dario Item</a> is the Head of Mission.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiguabarbuda.mc">Honorary Consulate General of Antigua and Barbuda in the Principality of Monaco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiguabarbuda.com">Antigua & Barbuda Official Business Hub</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Antigua">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">British Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Klaas#Coronation_and_the_plot_to_create_the_Kingdom_of_Antigua" title="Prince Klaas">Kingdom of Antigua plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1871%E2%80%931958)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1871–1958)">Presidency of Antigua (1871–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1958%E2%80%931962)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1958–1962)">Territory of Antigua (1958–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda_(1962%E2%80%931967)" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda (1962–1967)">Colony of Antigua (1962–1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_State_of_Antigua" title="Associated State of Antigua">Associated State of Antigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Geography of Antigua and Barbuda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of birds of Antigua and Barbuda">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Antigua and Barbuda">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of capitals in Antigua and Barbuda">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antiguan_and_Barbudan_settlements_by_population" title="List of Antiguan and Barbudan settlements by population">Population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of mammals of Antigua and Barbuda">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parishes_and_dependencies_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parishes and dependencies of Antigua and Barbuda">Parishes and dependencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Politics of Antigua and Barbuda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Attorney General of Antigua and Barbuda">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Elections in Antigua and Barbuda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Flag of Antigua and Barbuda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Foreign relations of Antigua and Barbuda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Government of Antigua and Barbuda">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Judiciary of Antigua and Barbuda">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Antigua and Barbuda)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Local government in Antigua and Barbuda">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbuda_Council" title="Barbuda Council">Barbuda Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_councils_(Antigua_and_Barbuda)" title="Village councils (Antigua and Barbuda)">Village councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Royal tours of Antigua and Barbuda">Royal tours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="National security of Antigua and Barbuda">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Antigua and Barbuda">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigua and Barbuda police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of political parties in Antigua and Barbuda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of airlines of Antigua and Barbuda">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of companies of Antigua and Barbuda">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank" title="Eastern Caribbean Central Bank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="East Caribbean dollar">East Caribbean dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="International rankings of Antigua and Barbuda">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="List of newspapers in Antigua and Barbuda">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Transport in Antigua and Barbuda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Society of Antigua and Barbuda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Disability in Antigua and Barbuda">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Squatting in Antigua and Barbuda">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Youth in Antigua and Barbuda">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Culture of Antigua and Barbuda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Art in Antigua and Barbuda">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Carnival" title="Antigua Carnival">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_cuisine" title="Antigua and Barbuda cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="List of Antiguans and Barbudans">Notable Antiguans and Barbudans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Outline of Antigua and Barbuda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Antigua and Barbuda–related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda#Further_reading" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Category:Antigua and Barbuda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCMxg6fcY76JXGhjbDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/114124-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50078110">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antigua (Závětrné ostrovy : ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge381339&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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