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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Abalone</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Abalone" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Abalone" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abalone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abalone (disambiguation)">Abalone (disambiguation)</a>. For the Abelone grape, see <a href="/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ormer" redirects here. For the restaurant, see <a href="/wiki/Ormer_(restaurant)" title="Ormer (restaurant)">Ormer (restaurant)</a>.</div> Abalone (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæbəloʊni/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e4\/En-us-abalone.ogg\/En-us-abalone.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-abalone.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-abalone.ogg/En-us-abalone.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-abalone.ogg" title="File:En-us-abalone.ogg">ⓘ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌæbəˈloʊni/</a>; via Spanish abulón, from <a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a> aulón) is a <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> for any small to very large <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Haliotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliotidae">Haliotidae</a>, which once contained six <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> but now contains only one genus, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis" title="Haliotis">Haliotis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-1">[1]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a> are ear shells, sea ears, and, now rarely, muttonfish or muttonshells in parts of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, ormer in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, perlemoen in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and pāua in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MtSS-2">[2]</a> The number of abalone species recognized worldwide ranges between 30<a href="#cite_note-DCMD-3">[3]</a> and 130<a href="#cite_note-Cox-4">[4]</a> with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GO-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LivingAbalone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LivingAbalone.JPG/220px-LivingAbalone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LivingAbalone.JPG/330px-LivingAbalone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/LivingAbalone.JPG/440px-LivingAbalone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936"></a><figcaption>Living abalone in tank showing epipodium and tentacles, anterior end to the right.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shells</a> of abalones have a low, open spiral structure, and are characterized by several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a>, which in many species is highly <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a>, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors which make the shells attractive to humans as <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>, and as a source of colorful <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a>. The flesh of abalones is widely considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a>, and is consumed raw or cooked by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisines</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description">1 Description</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Distribution">2 Distribution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Structure_and_properties_of_the_shell">3 Structure and properties of the shell</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Diseases_and_pests">4 Diseases and pests</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Human_use">5 Human use</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Farming">5.1 Farming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consumption">5.2 Consumption</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sport_harvesting">5.3 Sport harvesting</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Australia">5.3.1 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#United_States">5.3.2 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#New_Zealand">5.3.3 New Zealand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#South_Africa">5.3.4 South Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Channel_Islands,_Brittany_and_Normandy">5.3.5 Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Decorative_items">5.4 Decorative items</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Indigenous_use">5.5 Indigenous use</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Threat_of_extinction">6 Threat of extinction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Species">7 Species</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Synonyms">8 Synonyms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Citations">10 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbaloneInside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AbaloneInside.jpg/220px-AbaloneInside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AbaloneInside.jpg/220px-AbaloneInside.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AbaloneInside.jpg/330px-AbaloneInside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AbaloneInside.jpg/440px-AbaloneInside.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> surface inside a <a href="/wiki/Red_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Red abalone">red abalone</a> shell from <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">The US coin (quarter)</a> is 24.3 mm or 0.955 in in diameter</figcaption></figure> Most abalone vary in size from 20 mm (0.8 in) (<a href="/wiki/Haliotis_pulcherrima" title="Haliotis pulcherrima">Haliotis pulcherrima</a>) to 200 mm (8 in). The largest species, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rufescens" title="Haliotis rufescens">Haliotis rufescens</a>, reaches 300 mm (12 in).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The shell of abalones is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex" class="extiw" title="wikt:convex">convex</a>, rounded to oval in shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of the majority of species has a small, flat <a href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">spire</a> and two to three <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)" title="Whorl (mollusc)">whorls</a>. The last whorl, known as the <a href="/wiki/Body_whorl" title="Body whorl">body whorl</a>, is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auriform" class="extiw" title="wikt:auriform">auriform</a>, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_asinina" title="Haliotis asinina">Haliotis asinina</a> has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii is also unusual as it has an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ovate" class="extiw" title="wikt:ovate">ovate</a> form, is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imperforate" class="extiw" title="wikt:imperforate">imperforate</a>, shows an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exsert" class="extiw" title="wikt:exsert">exserted</a> spire, and has prickly ribs. A <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7">[7]</a> They make up what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Selenizone" title="Selenizone">selenizone</a>, which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number is generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Each species has a typical number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. An abalone has no <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">operculum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)" title="Aperture (mollusc)">aperture</a> of the shell is very wide and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nacreous" class="extiw" title="wikt:nacreous">nacreous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7">[7]</a> The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet.<a href="#cite_note-MtSS-2">[2]</a> The iridescent <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a> that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red to deep blue, green to purple. The animal has <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fimbriated" class="extiw" title="wikt:fimbriated">fimbriated</a> head lobes and side lobes that are fimbriated and <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_(biology)" title="Cirrus (biology)">cirrated</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. They have about 70 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uncini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uncini (page does not exist)">uncini</a>, with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/denticulated" class="extiw" title="wikt:denticulated">denticulated</a> hooks, the first four very large. The rounded foot is very large in comparison to most molluscs. The soft body is coiled around the <a href="/wiki/Columella_(gastropod)" title="Columella (gastropod)">columellar muscle</a>, and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> are symmetrical and both well developed.<a href="#cite_note-Tryon-8">[8]</a> These snails cling solidly with their broad, muscular foot to rocky surfaces at <a href="/wiki/Sublittoral_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublittoral zone">sublittoral</a> depths, although some species such as <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Haliotis cracherodii</a> used to be common in the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> is high and increases with their size, laying from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time. The <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a> are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filiform" class="extiw" title="wikt:filiform">filiform</a> and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.<a href="#cite_note-Tryon1-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg/220px-Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg/220px-Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg/330px-Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg/440px-Abalone_Santo_Andre_Povoa_de_Varzim.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abalone with a live sponge on its shell in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> The haliotid family has a worldwide distribution, along the coastal waters of every continent, except the Pacific coast of South America, the Atlantic coast of North America, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The majority of abalone species are found in cold waters, such as off the coasts of New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Western North America, and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Structure_and_properties_of_the_shell">Structure and properties of the shell</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure and properties of the shell" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is made of microscopic <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a clingy protein substance. When the abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide instead of shattering and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow. <a href="/wiki/Material_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Material science">Material scientists</a> around the world are studying this tiled structure for insight into stronger ceramic products such as <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">body armor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Diseases_and_pests">Diseases and pests</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diseases and pests" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Abalones are subject to various diseases. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Primary_Industries_(Victoria)" title="Department of Primary Industries (Victoria)">Victorian Department of Primary Industries</a> said in 2007 that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone_viral_ganglioneuritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abalone viral ganglioneuritis (page does not exist)">ganglioneuritis</a> killed up to 90% of stock in affected regions. Abalone are also severe <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia" title="Haemophilia">hemophiliacs</a>, as their fluids will not clot in the case of a laceration or puncture wound. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Spionidae" title="Spionidae">Spionidae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polychaeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychaeta">polychaetes</a> are known as pests of abalone.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Human_use">Human use</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Abalone has been harvested worldwide for centuries as a source of food and decorative items. Abalone shells and associated materials, like their claw-like <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">nacre</a>, have been used as jewelry and for buttons, buckles, and inlay.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colliers-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> These shells have been found in archaeological sites around the world, ranging from 100,000-year-old deposits at Blombos Cave in South Africa to historic Chinese abalone middens on California's Northern Channel Islands.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> For at least 12,000 years, abalones were harvested to such an extent around the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a> that shells in the area decreased in size four thousand years ago.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming">Farming</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Farming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone-farm1web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/220px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/220px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/330px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Abalone-farm1web.jpg/440px-Abalone-farm1web.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An abalone farm</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture#Molluscs" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaminosjf384.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alaminosjf384.JPG/125px-Alaminosjf384.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alaminosjf384.JPG/125px-Alaminosjf384.JPG" data-width="125" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alaminosjf384.JPG/188px-Alaminosjf384.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alaminosjf384.JPG/250px-Alaminosjf384.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abalone hatchery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaminosjf385.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alaminosjf385.JPG/125px-Alaminosjf385.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alaminosjf385.JPG/125px-Alaminosjf385.JPG" data-width="125" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alaminosjf385.JPG/188px-Alaminosjf385.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Alaminosjf385.JPG/250px-Alaminosjf385.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Part of the <a href="/wiki/File:Alaminosjf403.JPG" title="File:Alaminosjf403.JPG">Multi-Species Fish and Invertebrate Breeding and Hatchery</a>, (Oceanographic Marine Laboratory, Lucap, <a href="/wiki/Alaminos,_Pangasinan" title="Alaminos, Pangasinan">Alaminos, Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 2011)</figcaption></figure> Farming of abalone began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Since the mid-1990s, there have been many increasingly successful endeavors to commercially farm abalone for the purpose of consumption.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Overfishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to such an extent that farmed abalone now supplies most of the abalone meat consumed. The principal abalone farming regions are China, Taiwan,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Japan, and Korea. Abalone is also farmed in Australia, Canada, Chile, France,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Ireland, Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, New Zealand, South Africa, Spain,<a href="#cite_note-ElPais-25">[25]</a> Thailand, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> After trials in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-oceangrown.com.au-2013-27">[27]</a> a commercial "sea ranch" was set up in <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Bay" title="Flinders Bay">Flinders Bay</a>, Western Australia to raise abalone. The ranch is based on an artificial reef made up of 5,000 separate concrete abalone habitat units, which can host 400 abalone each. The reef is seeded with young abalone from an onshore hatchery. The abalone feed on seaweed that grows naturally on the habitats; the ecosystem enrichment of the bay also results in growing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Dhufish" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhufish">dhufish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_snapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink snapper">pink snapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrasse" title="Wrasse">wrasse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samson_fish" title="Samson fish">Samson fish</a> among other species.<a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2014-08-15-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-abc.net.au-2016-04-23-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consumption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Abalones have long been a valuable food source for humans in every area of the world where a species is abundant. The meat of this mollusc is considered a <a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">delicacy</a> in certain parts of Latin America (particularly Chile), France, New Zealand, East Asia and Southeast Asia. In the Greater China region and among Overseas Chinese communities, abalone is commonly known as bao yu, and sometimes forms part of a Chinese banquet. In the same way as <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_nest_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird's nest soup">bird's nest soup</a>, abalone is considered a <a href="/wiki/Luxury_item" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury item">luxury item</a>, and is traditionally reserved for celebrations. As abalone became more popular and less common, the prices adjusted accordingly. In the 1920s, a restaurant-served portion of abalone, about 4 ounces, would cost (in inflation adjusted dollars) about US$7; by 2004, the price had risen to US$75.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In the United States, prior to this time, abalone was predominantly eaten, gathered, and prepared by Chinese immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Before that, abalone were collected to be eaten, and used for other purposes by Native American tribes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By 1900, laws were passed in California to outlaw the taking of abalone above the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>. This forced the Chinese out of the market and the Japanese perfected diving, with or without gear, to enter the market. Abalone started to become popular in the US after the <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a> in 1915, which exhibited 365 varieties of fish with cooking demonstrations, and a 1,300-seat dining hall.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In Japan, live and raw abalones are used in awabi sushi, or served steamed, salted, boiled, chopped, or simmered in <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>. Salted, fermented abalone entrails are the main component of tottsuru, a local dish from Honshū. Tottsuru is mainly enjoyed with sake.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In South Korea, abalone is called Jeonbok (/juhn-bok/) and used in various recipes. Jeonbok porridge and pan-fried abalone steak with butter are popular but also commonly used in soups or ramyeon. In California, abalone meat can be found on pizza, sautéed with caramelized mango, or in steak form dusted with cracker meal and flour.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_harvesting">Sport harvesting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sport harvesting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> supplies about 25% of the yearly world abalone harvest.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Around 12,500 Tasmanians recreationally fish for <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">blacklip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_laevigata" title="Haliotis laevigata">greenlip</a> abalone. For blacklip abalone, the size limit varies between 138 mm (5.4 in) for the southern end of the state and 127 mm (5.0 in) for the northern end of the state.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Greenlip abalones have a minimum size of 145 mm (5.7 in), except for an area around <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkins_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkins Bay (page does not exist)">Perkins Bay</a> in the north of the state where the minimum size is 132 millimetres (5.2 in). With a recreational abalone licence, the bag limit is 10 per day, with a total possession limit of 20. <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> for abalone is allowed, and has a rich history in Australia. (Scuba diving for abalone in the states of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> is illegal; a <a href="/wiki/Free-diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-diving">free-diving</a> catch limit of two is allowed).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> has had an active abalone fishery since the late 1950s. The state is sectioned into three fishing zones, Eastern, Central and Western, with each fisher required a zone-allocated licence. Harvesting is performed by divers using surface-supplied air "hookah" systems operating from runabout-style, outboard-powered boats. While the diver seeks out colonies of abalone amongst the reef beds, the deckhand operates the boat, known as working "live" and stays above where the diver is working. Bags of abalone pried from the rocks are brought to the surface by the diver or by way of "shot line", where the deckhand drops a weighted rope for the catch bag to be connected then retrieved. Divers measure each abalone before removing from the reef and the deckhand remeasures each abalone and removes excess weed growth from the shell. Since 2002, the Victorian industry has seen a significant decline in catches, with the total allowable catch reduced from 1440 to 787 tonnes for the 2011/12 <a href="/wiki/Fishing_year" title="Fishing year">fishing year</a>, due to dwindling stocks and most notably the abalone virus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganglioneuritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganglioneuritis (page does not exist)">ganglioneuritis</a>, which is fast-spreading and lethal to abalone stocks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_(CHS-1399).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg/220px-Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5159" data-file-height="3949"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg/220px-Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg/330px-Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg/440px-Workers_drying_abalone_shells_in_the_sun_in_southern_California_%28CHS-1399%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Workers drying abalone shells in the sun in southern California, circa 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg/220px-Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1022"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg/220px-Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg/330px-Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg/440px-Japanese_Abalone_Diver.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A young Japanese abalone diver in California in 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg/220px-White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg/220px-White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg/330px-White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg/440px-White_abalone_Haliotis_sorenseni.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two highly endangered white abalone: Prohibitions on commercial and recreational harvest of this species have been in place since 1996.</figcaption></figure> Sport harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Red_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Red abalone">red abalone</a> is permitted with a California fishing license and an abalone stamp card. In 2008, the abalone card also came with a set of 24 tags. This was reduced to 18 abalone per year in 2014, and as of 2017 the limit has been reduced to 12, only nine of which may be taken south of <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino County</a>. Legal-size abalone must be tagged immediately.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Abalone may only be taken using breath-hold techniques or shorepicking; scuba diving for abalone is strictly prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[41]</a> Taking of abalone is not permitted south of the mouth of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A size minimum of 7 in (180 mm) measured across the shell is in place. A person may be in possession of only three abalone at any given time.<a href="#cite_note-cal15c-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As of 2017, abalone season is May to October, excluding July. Transportation of abalone may only legally occur while the abalone is still attached in the shell. Sale of sport-obtained abalone is illegal, including the shell. Only red abalone may be taken, as <a href="/wiki/Black_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Black abalone">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="White abalone">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_walallensis" title="Haliotis walallensis">flat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Green abalone">green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern abalone">pinto</a> abalone are protected by law.<a href="#cite_note-cal15c-43">[43]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/California_Fish_and_Game_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="California Fish and Game Commission">California Fish and Game Commission</a> closed recreational abalone season due to dramatically declining populations. That year, they extended the moratorium to last through April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> An abalone diver is normally equipped with a thick <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuit</a>, including a hood, <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetsuit boots">bootees</a>, and gloves, and usually also a mask, <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system#Weight_belt" title="Diving weighting system">weight belt</a>, abalone iron, and abalone gauge. Alternatively, the rock picker can feel underneath rocks at low tides for abalone. Abalone are mostly taken in depths from a few inches up to 10 m (33 ft); less common are freedivers who can work deeper than 10 m (33 ft). Abalone are normally found on rocks near food sources such as <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>. An abalone iron is used to pry the abalone from the rock before it has time to fully clamp down. Divers dive from boats, kayaks, tube floats, or directly off the shore.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41">[41]</a> The largest abalone recorded in California is 12.34 in (31.3 cm), caught by John Pepper somewhere off the coast of <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo County</a> in September 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Smookler2005p76-46">[46]</a> The mollusc <a href="/wiki/Concholepas_concholepas" title="Concholepas concholepas">Concholepas concholepas</a> is often sold in the United States under the name "Chilean abalone", though it is not an abalone, but a <a href="/wiki/Muricidae" title="Muricidae">muricid</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">Pāua</a></div> In New Zealand, abalone is called pāua (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpaʊə/</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a>). <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_iris" title="Haliotis iris">Haliotis iris</a> (or blackfoot pāua) is the ubiquitous New Zealand pāua, the highly polished nacre of which is extremely popular as souvenirs with its striking blue, green, and purple iridescence. <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_australis" title="Haliotis australis">Haliotis australis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_virginea" title="Haliotis virginea">Haliotis virginea</a> are also found in New Zealand waters, but are less popular than H. iris. <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_pirimoana" title="Haliotis pirimoana">Haliotis pirimoana</a> is a small species endemic to <a href="/wiki/Manawat%C4%81whi_/_Three_Kings_Islands" title="Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands">Manawatāwhi / the Three Kings Islands</a> that superficially resembles H. virginea.<a href="#cite_note-Walton-2024-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheConversation1-48">[48]</a> Like all New Zealand shellfish, recreational harvesting of pāua does not require a permit provided catch limits, size restrictions, and seasonal and local restrictions set by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Primary_Industries_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for Primary Industries (New Zealand)">Ministry for Primary Industries</a> (MPI) are followed. The legal recreational daily limit is 10 per diver, with a minimum shell length of 125 mm (4.9 in) for H. iris and 80 mm (3.1 in) for H. australis. In addition, no person may be in possession, even on land, of more than 20 pāua or more than 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of pāua meat at any one time. Pāua can only be caught by free-diving; it is illegal to catch them using scuba gear. An extensive global black market exists in collecting and exporting abalone meat. This can be a particularly awkward problem where the right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> customary rights. When such permits to harvest are abused, it is frequently difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Primary_Industries_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for Primary Industries (New Zealand)">Ministry for Primary Industries</a> fishery officers with the backing of the New Zealand Police. <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> is a major industry in New Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. Convictions have resulted in seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles and fines and in rare cases, imprisonment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are five species endemic to South Africa, namely <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_parva" title="Haliotis parva">H. parva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_spadicea" title="Haliotis spadicea">H. spadicea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_queketti" title="Haliotis queketti">H. queketti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_speciosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliotis speciosa">H. speciosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The largest abalone in South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_midae" title="Haliotis midae">Haliotis midae</a>, occurs along roughly two-thirds of the country's coastline. Abalone-diving has been a recreational activity for many years, but stocks are currently being threatened by <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">illegal commercial harvesting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In South Africa, all persons harvesting this shellfish need permits that are issued annually, and no abalone may be harvested using scuba gear. For the last few years, however, no permits have been issued for collecting abalone, but commercial harvesting still continues as does illegal collection by <a href="/wiki/Criminal_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal organization">syndicates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2007, because of widespread <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> of abalone, the South African government listed abalone as an endangered species according to the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> section III appendix, which requests member governments to monitor the trade in this species. This listing was removed from CITES in June 2010 by the South African government and South African abalone is no longer subject to CITES trade controls. Export permits are still required, however. The abalone meat from South Africa is prohibited for sale in the country to help reduce poaching; however, much of the illegally harvested meat is sold in Asian countries. As of early 2008, the wholesale price for abalone meat was approximately US$40.00 per kilogram. There is an active trade in the shells, which sell for more than US$1,400 per <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Channel_Islands,_Brittany_and_Normandy">Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Channel Islands, Brittany and Normandy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ormers (<a href="/wiki/Green_ormer" title="Green ormer">Haliotis tuberculata</a>) are considered a delicacy in the British <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> as well as in adjacent areas of France, and are pursued with great alacrity by the locals. This, and a recent lethal bacterial disease,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> has led to a dramatic depletion in numbers since the latter half of the 19th century, and "ormering" is now strictly regulated to preserve stocks. The gathering of ormers is now restricted to a number of 'ormering tides', from 1 January to 30 April, which occur on the full or new moon and two days following. No ormers may be taken from the beach that are under 80 millimetres (3.1 in) in shell length. Gatherers are not allowed to wear wetsuits or even put their heads underwater. Any breach of these laws is a criminal offence and can lead to a fine of up to £5,000 or six months in prison.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The demand for ormers is such that they led to the world's first underwater arrest, when Mr. Kempthorne-Leigh of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> was arrested by a police officer in full diving gear when illegally diving for ormers.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AbaloneMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The raw meat of abalone"><noscript><img alt="The raw meat of abalone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AbaloneMeat.jpg/120px-AbaloneMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AbaloneMeat.jpg/120px-AbaloneMeat.jpg" data-alt="The raw meat of abalone" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AbaloneMeat.jpg/180px-AbaloneMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/AbaloneMeat.jpg/240px-AbaloneMeat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The raw meat of abalone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone sashimi"><noscript><img alt="Abalone sashimi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg/120px-Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg/120px-Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg" data-alt="Abalone sashimi" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg/180px-Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg/240px-Seeohr-Sashimi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone sashimi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Braised abalones"><noscript><img alt="Braised abalones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg/120px-Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg/120px-Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg" data-alt="Braised abalones" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg/180px-Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg/240px-Chineseabalonecuisine.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Braised abalones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone_%26_Asparagus,_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_(207804042).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalones with asparagus"><noscript><img alt="Abalones with asparagus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg/120px-Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg/120px-Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg" data-alt="Abalones with asparagus" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg/180px-Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg/240px-Abalone_%26_Asparagus%2C_Stir-Fried_with_Black_Bean_Sauce_%28207804042%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalones with <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantoneseabalone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone bao yu"><noscript><img alt="Abalone bao yu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cantoneseabalone.jpg/120px-Cantoneseabalone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="281"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cantoneseabalone.jpg/120px-Cantoneseabalone.jpg" data-alt="Abalone bao yu" data-width="120" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cantoneseabalone.jpg/180px-Cantoneseabalone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cantoneseabalone.jpg/240px-Cantoneseabalone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone bao yu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grilled abalones"><noscript><img alt="Grilled abalones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg/120px-Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg/120px-Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg" data-alt="Grilled abalones" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg/180px-Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg/240px-Korean_grilled_abalone-Jeonbok_gui-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grilled abalones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Korean abalone stew"><noscript><img alt="A Korean abalone stew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg/120px-Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="671"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg/120px-Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg" data-alt="A Korean abalone stew" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg/180px-Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg/240px-Korean_cuisine-Jeju_Island-Obunjagi_ttukbaegi-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Korean abalone stew</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone Hoe"><noscript><img alt="Abalone Hoe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg/120px-Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg/120px-Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg" data-alt="Abalone Hoe" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg/180px-Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg/240px-Korean_cuisine-Jeonbok_hoe-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoe (dish)">Hoe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone with mandarin orange peels."><noscript><img alt="Abalone with mandarin orange peels." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG/120px-HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG/120px-HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG" data-alt="Abalone with mandarin orange peels." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG/180px-HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG/240px-HK_Food_Chinese_Seafood_Dinner_%E9%AE%91%E9%AD%9A%E4%BB%94_Steamed_Abalone_with_Mandarin_orange_peels.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone with <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarin orange</a> peels.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abalone_(dish)_-_in_Macau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abalone (dish) - in Macau"><noscript><img alt="Abalone (dish) - in Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg/120px-Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg/120px-Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg" data-alt="Abalone (dish) - in Macau" data-width="120" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg/180px-Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg/240px-Abalone_%28dish%29_-_in_Macau.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abalone (dish) - in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative_items">Decorative items</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decorative items" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carving_of_chief_(detail),_Haida,_c._1890,_wood,_paint,_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG/220px-Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG/220px-Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG/330px-Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG/440px-Carving_of_chief_%28detail%29%2C_Haida%2C_c._1890%2C_wood%2C_paint%2C_abalone_shell_-_Fairbanks_Museum_and_Planetarium_-_DSC04327.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> carving with rectangular abalone shell accents</figcaption></figure> The highly iridescent inner nacre layer of the shell of abalone has traditionally been used as a decorative item, in jewelry,<a href="#cite_note-MtSS-2">[2]</a> buttons, and as inlay in furniture and musical instruments, such as on <a href="/wiki/Fret_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Fret board">fret boards</a> and binding of guitars.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> See article <a href="/wiki/Najeonchilgi" title="Najeonchilgi">Najeonchilgi</a> regarding Korean handicraft. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_use">Indigenous use</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indigenous use" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Abalone has been an important staple in a number of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a> cultures around the world, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Northwest American coast</a>. The meat is a traditional food, and the shell is used to make ornaments; historically, the shells were also used as currency in some communities.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Threat_of_extinction">Threat of extinction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Threat of extinction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Abalones are one of the many classes of organism threatened with extinction due to overfishing and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification of oceans</a> from recent higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> as reduced pH erodes their shells. In the 21st century, white, pink, and green abalone are on the United States federal endangered species list, and possible restoration sites have been proposed for the San Clemente Island and Santa Barbara Island areas.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The possibility of farming abalone to be reintroduced into the wild has also been proposed, with these abalone having special tags to help track the population.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Species" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haliotis" title="Haliotis">Haliotis</a></div> The number of species that are recognized within the genus Haliotis has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species range from 30<a href="#cite_note-DCMD-3">[3]</a> to 130.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-4">[4]</a> This list finds a compromise using the WoRMS database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57.<a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The majority of abalone have not been rated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is an animal that is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_(Haliotis_asinina)_S01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina"><noscript><img alt="A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg/120px-Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg/120px-Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg" data-alt="A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg/180px-Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg/240px-Ass%E2%80%99s_ear_abalone_%28Haliotis_asinina%29_S01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_asinina" title="Haliotis asinina">Haliotis asinina</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinkabalone_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata"><noscript><img alt="The pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pinkabalone_300.jpg/120px-Pinkabalone_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="819"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 78px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pinkabalone_300.jpg/120px-Pinkabalone_300.jpg" data-alt="The pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata" data-width="120" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pinkabalone_300.jpg/180px-Pinkabalone_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pinkabalone_300.jpg/240px-Pinkabalone_300.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pink abalone, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">Haliotis corrugata</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii"><noscript><img alt="The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG/120px-Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="238"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG/120px-Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG" data-alt="The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii" data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG/180px-Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG/240px-Haliotis_cracherodii.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The black abalone, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Haliotis cracherodii</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacklip_abalone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra"><noscript><img alt="Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Blacklip_abalone.jpg/120px-Blacklip_abalone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 77px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Blacklip_abalone.jpg/120px-Blacklip_abalone.jpg" data-alt="Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra" data-width="120" data-height="77" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Blacklip_abalone.jpg/180px-Blacklip_abalone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Blacklip_abalone.jpg/240px-Blacklip_abalone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">Haliotis rubra</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Whiteabalone_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni"><noscript><img alt="The white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whiteabalone_300.jpg/120px-Whiteabalone_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whiteabalone_300.jpg/120px-Whiteabalone_300.jpg" data-alt="The white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whiteabalone_300.jpg/180px-Whiteabalone_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Whiteabalone_300.jpg/240px-Whiteabalone_300.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/White_abalone" class="mw-redirect" title="White abalone">white abalone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_sorenseni" title="Haliotis sorenseni">Haliotis sorenseni</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A shell of Haliotis varia form dohrniana"><noscript><img alt="A shell of Haliotis varia form dohrniana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg/120px-Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="656"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg/120px-Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg" data-alt="A shell of Haliotis varia form dohrniana" data-width="120" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg/180px-Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg/240px-Haliotis_varia_f._dohrniana_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A shell of <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_varia" title="Haliotis varia">Haliotis varia</a> form dohrniana</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Synonyms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abalone_synonyms" title="List of abalone synonyms">List of abalone synonyms</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delicacy" title="Delicacy">Delicacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalone_shriveling_syndrome-associated_virus" title="Abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus">Abalone shriveling syndrome-associated virus</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WoRMS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WoRMS_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGofasTranBouchet2014">Gofas, Tran & Bouchet 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MtSS-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MtSS_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MtSS_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MtSS_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeesleyRossWells1998">Beesley, Ross & Wells 1998</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-DCMD-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCMD_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCMD_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauphinCuifMutveiDenis1989">Dauphin et al. 1989</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox1962">Cox 1962</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-GO-5"><a href="#cite_ref-GO_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeigerOwen2012">Geiger & Owen 2012</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoiberg1993">Hoiberg 1993</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Jenny2003" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Jenny (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/06future/abintro.htm">"Abalone Introduction"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marinebio.net&rft.atitle=Abalone%3A+History+and+Future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinebio.net%2Fmarinescience%2F06future%2Fabhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbottDance2000">Abbott & Dance 2000</a> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottDance2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, R. Tucker; Dance, S. Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Compendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance">Compendium of Seashells</a> (4th ed.). Odyssey Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Compendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance/page/n29">19</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9661720-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9661720-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9661720-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Seashells&rft.pages=19-23&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Odyssey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9661720-0-3&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=R.+Tucker&rft.au=Dance%2C+S.+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCompendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkimichi1999" class="citation web cs1">Akimichi, Tomoya (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818214320/http://www.kikkoman.com/foodforum/thejapanesetablebackissues/10.shtml">"The Enduring Appeal of Abalone"</a>. Kikkoman Food Forum. Kikkoman.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kikkoman.com/foodforum/thejapanesetablebackissues/10.shtml">the original</a> on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kikkoman+Food+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Enduring+Appeal+of+Abalone&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Akimichi&rft.aufirst=Tomoya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kikkoman.com%2Ffoodforum%2Fthejapanesetablebackissues%2F10.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/SCAN-75F423?open">"Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis"</a>. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 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NatureServe Explorer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=113951&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. 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NatureServe Explorer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=107385&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Haliotis+refescens+%E2%80%93+Swainson%2C+1822&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsourceTemplate%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26loadTemplate%3Dspecies_RptComprehensive.wmt%26selectedReport%3DRptComprehensive.wmt%26summaryView%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26elKey%3D107385%26paging%3Dhome%26save%3Dtrue%26startIndex%3D1%26nextStartIndex%3D1%26reset%3Dfalse%26offPageSelectedElKey%3D814921%26offPageSelectedElType%3Dspecies%26offPageYesNo%3Dtrue%26post_processes%3D%26radiobutton%3Dradiobutton%26selectedIndexes%3D814921%26selectedIndexes%3D120086%26selectedIndexes%3D814920%26selectedIndexes%3D113951%26selectedIndexes%3D107385%26selectedIndexes%3D116467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014e" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115417/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">"Haliotis sorenseni – Bartsch, 1940"</a>. NatureServe Explorer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Haliotis+sorenseni+%E2%80%93+Bartsch%2C+1940&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsourceTemplate%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26loadTemplate%3Dspecies_RptComprehensive.wmt%26selectedReport%3DRptComprehensive.wmt%26summaryView%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26elKey%3D116467%26paging%3Dhome%26save%3Dtrue%26startIndex%3D1%26nextStartIndex%3D1%26reset%3Dfalse%26offPageSelectedElKey%3D814921%26offPageSelectedElType%3Dspecies%26offPageYesNo%3Dtrue%26post_processes%3D%26radiobutton%3Dradiobutton%26selectedIndexes%3D814921%26selectedIndexes%3D120086%26selectedIndexes%3D814920%26selectedIndexes%3D113951%26selectedIndexes%3D107385%26selectedIndexes%3D116467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014f" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014f). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120205/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">"Haliotis cracherodii – Leach, 1814"</a>. NatureServe Explorer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467">the original</a> on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Haliotis+cracherodii+%E2%80%93+Leach%2C+1814&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2Fservlet%2FNatureServe%3FsourceTemplate%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26loadTemplate%3Dspecies_RptComprehensive.wmt%26selectedReport%3DRptComprehensive.wmt%26summaryView%3Dtabular_report.wmt%26elKey%3D120086%26paging%3Dhome%26save%3Dtrue%26startIndex%3D1%26nextStartIndex%3D1%26reset%3Dfalse%26offPageSelectedElKey%3D814921%26offPageSelectedElType%3Dspecies%26offPageYesNo%3Dtrue%26post_processes%3D%26radiobutton%3Dradiobutton%26selectedIndexes%3D814921%26selectedIndexes%3D120086%26selectedIndexes%3D814920%26selectedIndexes%3D113951%26selectedIndexes%3D107385%26selectedIndexes%3D116467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2014g" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2014g). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iobis.org/mapper/?taxon=Haliotis">"Distribution Map: Haliotis"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fishtech&rft.atitle=Abalone+Information%3A+Introduction&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishtech.com%2Fabaloneinfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2007" class="citation web cs1">Anon (11 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2007-04-11-six-arrested-in-massive-perlemoen-bust">"Six Arrested in Massive Abalone Bust"</a>. Mail & Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819092014/http://mg.co.za/article/2007-04-11-six-arrested-in-massive-perlemoen-bust">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mail+%26+Guardian&rft.atitle=Six+Arrested+in+Massive+Abalone+Bust&rft.date=2007-04-11&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2007-04-11-six-arrested-in-massive-perlemoen-bust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2009" class="citation web cs1">Anon (14 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone">"Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for Black Abalone"</a>. Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114139/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register%3A+The+Daily+Journal+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Endangered+and+Threatened+Species%3B+Endangered+Status+for+Black+Abalone&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Farticles%2F2009%2F01%2F14%2FE9-635%2Fendangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2004" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/8B2D7A7F-ED9D-41B5-810E-DD5CD404D7A7/0/pau2industryassociation.pdf?&MSHiC=65001&L=10&W=paua+output+plan%20&Pre=%3Cspan%20class%3d%27SearchHighlight%27%3E&Post=%3C/span%3E">"Submission on Consultation Document on Fisheries Research Services Proposed for 2004/2005 and 2004/08 Statement of Intent Including Output Plan for 2004/5"</a> (PDF). New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060638/http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/8B2D7A7F-ED9D-41B5-810E-DD5CD404D7A7/0/pau2industryassociation.pdf?&MSHiC=65001&L=10&W=paua+output+plan%20&Pre=%3Cspan%20class%3D%27SearchHighlight%27%3E&Post=%3C%2Fspan%3E">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+on+Consultation+Document+on+Fisheries+Research+Services+Proposed+for+2004%2F2005+and+2004%2F08+Statement+of+Intent+Including+Output+Plan+for+2004%2F5&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Primary+Industries&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fish.govt.nz%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F8B2D7A7F-ED9D-41B5-810E-DD5CD404D7A7%2F0%2Fpau2industryassociation.pdf%3F%26MSHiC%3D65001%26L%3D10%26W%3Dpaua%2Boutput%2Bplan%2520%26Pre%3D%253Cspan%2520class%253d%2527SearchHighlight%2527%253E%26Post%3D%253C%2Fspan%253E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2001" class="citation web cs1">Anon (29 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone">"Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for White Abalone"</a>. Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729124601/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register%3A+The+Daily+Journal+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Endangered+and+Threatened+Species%3B+Endangered+Status+for+White+Abalone&rft.date=2001-05-29&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Farticles%2F2001%2F05%2F29%2F01-13430%2Fendangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1969" class="citation news cs1">Anon (15 January 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19690115&id=YNIdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5024,1908518">"Illegal Ormering Brings First Underwater Arrest"</a>. Park City Daily News. Bowling Green, KY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Park+City+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Illegal+Ormering+Brings+First+Underwater+Arrest&rft.date=1969-01-15&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1696%26dat%3D19690115%26id%3DYNIdAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5024%2C1908518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesleyRossWells1998" class="citation book cs1">Beesley, P. L.; Ross, G. J. B.; Wells, A. (1998). Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis: An Essential Reference. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 667–669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-05756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-05756-2"><bdi>978-0-643-05756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mollusca%3A+The+Southern+Synthesis%3A+An+Essential+Reference&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=667-669&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-643-05756-2&rft.aulast=Beesley&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft.au=Ross%2C+G.+J.+B.&rft.au=Wells%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrneHoWongSoars2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Byrne_(marine_biologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Byrne (marine biologist)">Byrne, Maria</a>; Ho, Melanie; Wong, Eunice; Soars, Natalie A.; Selvakumaraswamy, Paulina; Shepard-Brennand, Hannah; Sworjanyn, Symon A.; Davis, Andrew R. 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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1716): 2376–2383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2404">10.1098/rspb.2010.2404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119014">3119014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21177689">21177689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Unshelled+Abalone+and+Corrupted+Urchins%3B+Development+of+Marine+Calcifiers+in+a+Changing+Ocean&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=1716&rft.pages=2376-2383&rft.date=2011-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3119014%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21177689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2010.2404&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Ho%2C+Melanie&rft.au=Wong%2C+Eunice&rft.au=Soars%2C+Natalie+A.&rft.au=Selvakumaraswamy%2C+Paulina&rft.au=Shepard-Brennand%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Sworjanyn%2C+Symon+A.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Andrew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3119014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1962" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Keith W. (1962). "California abalone, family Haliotidae". The Resources Agency of California Department of Fish and Game: Fish Bulletin. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/6306-2593">6306-2593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Resources+Agency+of+California+Department+of+Fish+and+Game%3A+Fish+Bulletin&rft.atitle=California+abalone%2C+family+Haliotidae&rft.volume=118&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=6306-2593&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauphinCuifMutveiDenis1989" class="citation journal cs1">Dauphin, Y.; Cuif, J. P.; Mutvei, H.; Denis, A. (1989). "Mineralogy, Chemistry and Ultrastructure of the External Shell-layer in Ten Species of Haliotis With Reference to Haliotis tuberculata (Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda)". Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala. 15: 7–38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0302-2749">0302-2749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Institutions+of+the+University+of+Uppsala&rft.atitle=Mineralogy%2C+Chemistry+and+Ultrastructure+of+the+External+Shell-layer+in+Ten+Species+of+Haliotis+With+Reference+to+Haliotis+tuberculata+%28Mollusca%2C+Archaeogastropoda%29&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=7-38&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0302-2749&rft.aulast=Dauphin&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Cuif%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Mutvei%2C+H.&rft.au=Denis%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEoL2014" class="citation web cs1">EoL (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.org/pages/3048993/overview">"Haliotis speciosa: Splendid Abalone"</a>. 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Spiegel Online (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140204012756/http://www.spiegel.de/reise/europa/abalone-zucht-in-der-bretagne-sylvains-meerestrueffel-a-688155.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Abalone-Zucht+in+der+Bretagne%3A+Sylvains+Meerestr%C3%BCffel&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Freise%2Feuropa%2F0%2C1518%2C688155%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_G.Stamm,_C.Petrovic,_F.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, G.; Stamm, C.; Petrovic, F.; et al. (McGill University) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41880/10566196">"Haliotis cracherodii"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2003: e.T41880A10566196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en</a>. Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Haliotis+cracherodii&rft.volume=2003&rft.pages=e.T41880A10566196&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41880A10566196.en&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.&rft.au=Stamm%2C+C.&rft.au=Petrovic%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41880%2F10566196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmookler2005" class="citation book cs1">Smookler, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWtomVo9nekC">San Mateo County Coast</a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3061-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-3061-1"><bdi>978-0-7385-3061-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=San+Mateo+County+Coast&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-3061-1&rft.aulast=Smookler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWtomVo9nekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_of_California2014" class="citation web cs1">State of California (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I1F5125905A1D11E39E99E44D51D26567?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)">"Title 14, Division 1, Subdivision 1, Chapter 4, Article 1, §29.15 Abalone"</a>. Westlaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055236/https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I1F5125905A1D11E39E99E44D51D26567?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westlaw&rft.atitle=Title+14%2C+Division+1%2C+Subdivision+1%2C+Chapter+4%2C+Article+1%2C+%C2%A729.15+Abalone&rft.date=2014&rft.au=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovt.westlaw.com%2Fcalregs%2FDocument%2FI1F5125905A1D11E39E99E44D51D26567%3FviewType%3DFullText%26originationContext%3Ddocumenttoc%26transitionType%3DCategoryPageItem%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_of_California2011" class="citation web cs1">State of California (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124164328/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf">"Special Animals (898 Taxa)"</a> (PDF). State of California: Division of Fish and Game. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+California%3A+Division+of+Fish+and+Game&rft.atitle=Special+Animals+%28898+Taxa%29&rft.date=2011-01&rft.au=State+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.ca.gov%2Fbiogeodata%2Fcnddb%2Fpdfs%2Fspanimals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_of_California2008" class="citation web cs1">State of California (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I07609D1057DC11E29076D3281F28AB91?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=StatuteNavigator&contextData=(sc.Default)">"Title 14, Division 1, Subdivision 1, Chapter 4, Article 1, §29.16 Abalone Report Card and Tagging Requirements (FG 2915, See Section 701)"</a>. Westlaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225013830/https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I07609D1057DC11E29076D3281F28AB91?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default)">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westlaw&rft.atitle=Title+14%2C+Division+1%2C+Subdivision+1%2C+Chapter+4%2C+Article+1%2C+%C2%A729.16+Abalone+Report+Card+and+Tagging+Requirements+%28FG+2915%2C+See+Section+701%29&rft.date=2008&rft.au=State+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovt.westlaw.com%2Fcalregs%2FDocument%2FI07609D1057DC11E29076D3281F28AB91%3FviewType%3DFullText%26originationContext%3Ddocumenttoc%26transitionType%3DStatuteNavigator%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaggart2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Taggart, Stewart (25 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,49847,00.html">"Abalone Farming on a Boat"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220612200225/http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/01/49847">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Abalone+Farming+on+a+Boat&rft.date=2002-01-25&rft.aulast=Taggart&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2F0%2C1282%2C49847%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranBouchet2009" class="citation web cs1">Tran, Bastien; Bouchet, Phillippe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309">"WoRMS Taxon Details: Haliotis corrugata oweni Talmadge, 1966"</a>. WoRMS: World Register of Marine Species. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017054534/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WoRMS%3A+World+Register+of+Marine+Species&rft.atitle=WoRMS+Taxon+Details%3A+Haliotis+corrugata+oweni+Talmadge%2C+1966&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Bastien&rft.au=Bouchet%2C+Phillippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D445309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryon1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Tryon" title="George Washington Tryon">Tryon, George W. Jr.</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofconcholo2tryo">Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species</a> (PDF). Vol. II: Muricinæ, Purpurinæ. Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Conchology%3B+Structural+and+Systematic+With+Illustrations+of+the+Species&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Academy+of+Natural+Sciences&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Tryon&rft.aufirst=George+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofconcholo2tryo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestawayNorriss1997" class="citation journal cs1">Westaway, Cameron; Norriss, Jeff (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084356/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/management_papers/fmp109.pdf">"Abalone Aquaculture in Western Australia"</a> (PDF). Fisheries Management Paper. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0819-4327">0819-4327</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/management_papers/fmp109.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fisheries+Management+Paper&rft.atitle=Abalone+Aquaculture+in+Western+Australia&rft.volume=109&rft.date=1997-10&rft.issn=0819-4327&rft.aulast=Westaway&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft.au=Norriss%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fish.wa.gov.au%2FDocuments%2Fmanagement_papers%2Ffmp109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2008" class="citation book cs1">Field, Les (2008). <a href="/wiki/K._Tsianina_Lomawaima" title="K. Tsianina Lomawaima">Lomawaima, K. Tsianina</a> (ed.). Abalone Tales: Collaborative Explorations of Sovereignty and Identity in Native California. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4233-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-4233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abalone+Tales%3A+Collaborative+Explorations+of+Sovereignty+and+Identity+in+Native+California&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4233-5&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeigerPoppe2000" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Daniel L.; Poppe, G. T. (2000). A Conchological Iconography: The family Haliotidae. Hackenheim Germany: Conchbooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Conchological+Iconography%3A+The+family+Haliotidae&rft.place=Hackenheim+Germany&rft.pub=Conchbooks&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Poppe%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, Graham (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085734/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/7735/SPUMS_V31N3_7.pdf?sequence=1">"Abalone Fishing in South Australia"</a> (PDF). South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 31 (3). Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Abalone+Fishing+in+South+Australia&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F7735%2FSPUMS_V31N3_7.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Abalone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Haliotis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Haliotis">Haliotis</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abalones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abalones">Abalones</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abalone">"Abalone" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abalone&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbalone" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005124250/http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/06future/abspdiv.htm">Abalone: Species Diversity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vetigastropoda.com/ABMAP/text/index.html">ABMAP: The Abalone Mapping Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924102441/http://www.underwateraudio.com/blog/facts-about-the-abalone/">Abalone biology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conchology.be/en/availableshells/searchresultsgallery.php?family=HALIOTIDAE">Conchology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630065302/http://www.gastropods.com/Taxon_pages/Group_Abalone.html">Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods : Shell Catalog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pauamana.com">book on crafting with Abalone Shell</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309181433/http://www.pauamana.com/">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423151728/http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/recreational_fishing/fact_sheets/fact_sheet_abalone.pdf">Fisheries Western Australia – Abalone Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060315181535/http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/zoology/abnet/species.html">Imagemap of worldwide abalone distribution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412044614/http://www.omanholiday.co.uk/Abalone-in-Dhofar-by-Tony-Walsh-for-Emirates-Open-Skies-Magazine.pdf">Oman’s Abalone Harvest </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717004848/http://www.thejohnharding.com/archives/00001521.htm">[1]</a> Pro abalone diver, Mallacoota, Victoria (1967)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120222458/http://www.thejohnharding.com/archives/00000954.htm">[2]</a> Tathra NSW(1961), Abalone (1963)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fathom4a.blogspot.com.au/2016/05/fathom-four-pages-38-to-48-ablalone.html">Fathom magazine "The Abalone Divers" Pages 43,44,45 (1972)</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemexi.com/gemstones/abalone">Abalone Healing 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T04:46:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T02:25:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/33\/LivingAbalone.JPG","headline":"common name for a group of sea snails"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>