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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewelry&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">Jewelry</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jewellery (disambiguation)">Jewellery (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><p><b>Jewellery</b> (or <b>jewelry</b> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) consists of decorative items worn for personal <a href="/wiki/Adornment" title="Adornment">adornment</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">necklaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">earrings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">cufflinks</a>. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes. From a western perspective, the term is restricted to durable <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a>, excluding flowers for example. For many centuries metal such as gold often combined with <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>, has been the normal material for jewellery, but other materials such as glass, shells and other plant materials may be used. </p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/88px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/132px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/176px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="2468"></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg/196px-Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg/294px-Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg/392px-Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3049"></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_bracelets_with_snakes_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_1_June_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Golden_bracelets_with_snakes_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_1_June_2018.jpg/171px-Golden_bracelets_with_snakes_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_1_June_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Golden_bracelets_with_snakes_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_1_June_2018.jpg/257px-Golden_bracelets_with_snakes_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_1_June_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Golden_bracelets_with_snakes_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_1_June_2018.jpg/342px-Golden_bracelets_with_snakes_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_1_June_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2590"></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg/113px-Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg/170px-Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg/226px-Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="3658"></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various examples of jewellery throughout history</div></div></div></div> <p>Jewellery is one of the oldest types of <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_artefact" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological artefact">archaeological artefact</a> – with 100,000-year-old beads made from <i><a href="/wiki/Nassarius" title="Nassarius">Nassarius</a></i> shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long-lived; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times, while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle, important in other cultures, are much less common. </p><p>Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials. <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a> and similar materials such as <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">shells</a> have been widely used, and <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a> has often been important. In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a status symbol, for its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from <a href="/wiki/Hairpin_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hairpin (fashion)">hairpins</a> to <a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">toe rings</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">genital jewellery</a>. In modern European culture the amount worn by adult males is relatively low compared with other cultures and other periods in European culture. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Form_and_function"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Form and function</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Materials_and_methods"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Materials and methods</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Diamonds"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Diamonds</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Synthetic_diamonds"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Synthetic diamonds</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_gemstones"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other gemstones</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Metal_finishes"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Metal finishes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Impact_on_society"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Impact on society</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Prehistory"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prehistory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Africa"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Egypt</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Maghreb_countries_in_North_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Maghreb countries in North Africa</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Europe_and_the_Middle_East"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Europe and the Middle East</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_first_gold_jewellery_from_Bulgaria"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">The first gold jewellery from Bulgaria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Mesopotamia"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mesopotamia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Greece"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greece</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Etruscan"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Etruscan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Rome"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Rome</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Renaissance"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Renaissance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Romanticism"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Romanticism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#18th_century/Romanticism/Renaissance"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.9</span> <span class="toctext">18th century/Romanticism/Renaissance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Art_Nouveau"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.10</span> <span class="toctext">Art Nouveau</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Art_Deco"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.11</span> <span class="toctext">Art Deco</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Asia"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Asia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Indian_subcontinent"><span class="tocnumber">5.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indian subcontinent</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#North_and_South_America"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">North and South America</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Native_American"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Native American</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Pacific"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Pacific</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Modern"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Modern</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Masonic"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Masonic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Body_modification"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Body modification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Jewellery_market"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Jewellery market</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The word <i>jewellery</i> itself is derived from the word <i>jewel</i>, which was <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Old French</a> "<i>jouel</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and beyond that, to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word "<i>jocale</i>", meaning plaything. In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> it is spelled <i>jewellery.</i> At the same time, the spelling is <i>jewelry</i> in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are used in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>. However <i>jewellery</i> prevails by a two-to-one margin. In French and a few other European languages the equivalent term, <i>joaillerie</i>, may also cover decorated metalwork in precious metal such as <i><a href="/wiki/Objets_d%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Objets d'art">objets d'art</a></i> and church items, not just objects worn on the person. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Form_and_function">Form and function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form and function" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horloge,_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99,_met_Zwitserse_ankergang,_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg/220px-Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1127"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg/220px-Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg/330px-Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg/440px-Horloge%2C_zgn._%E2%80%98boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve%E2%80%99%2C_met_Zwitserse_ankergang%2C_objectnr_KA_3620.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A gold, <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapphires" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapphires">sapphires</a> red <a href="/wiki/Guilloch%C3%A9" title="Guilloché">guilloché</a> enamel "<a href="/wiki/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Boule de Genève">Boule de Genève</a>", a type of pendant <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> used as an accessory for women. An example of an object which is functional, artistic/decorative, marker of social status or a symbol of personal meaning.</figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have used jewellery for a number of different reasons: </p> <ul><li>functional, generally to fix clothing or hair in place.</li> <li>as a marker of <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> and personal status, as with a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding ring</a></li> <li>as a signifier of some form of affiliation, whether ethnic, religious or social</li> <li>to provide talismanic protection (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as an artistic display</li> <li>as a carrier or symbol of personal meaning – such as love, mourning, a personal milestone or even luck</li> <li>generally considered as a good investment</li> <li>superstition<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (April 2020)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> cultures at some point have had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Numerous cultures store wedding <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowries</a> in the form of jewellery or make jewellery as a means to store or display coins. Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good to buy and sell.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example being the use of <a href="/wiki/Slave_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave beads">slave beads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many items of jewellery, such as <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">buckles</a>, originated as purely functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany & Co</a>. produced <a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">inkwells</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, skillfully combining materials like enamel and fine metals, reflecting the same craftsmanship seen in their jewellery collections. These inkwells were not only practical but also artistic in design.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewellery can symbolise group membership (as in the case, of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>) or status (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Livery_collar" title="Livery collar">chains of office</a>, or the Western practice of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married</a> people wearing wedding rings). </p><p>Wearing of <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devotional_medal" title="Devotional medal">devotional medals</a> to provide protection or to ward off evil is common in some cultures. These may take the form of symbols (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">ankh</a>), stones, plants, animals, body parts (such as the <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Khamsa</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> (such as stylised versions of the <a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Materials_and_methods">Materials and methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials and methods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_lalique,_pettine_in_corno,_oro,_smalti_e_brillanti,_1902_ca-V2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/170px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1624"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/170px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/255px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/340px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Hair ornament, an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> masterpiece; by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique" title="René Lalique">René Lalique</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1902</span>; gold, emeralds and diamonds; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> (Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>In creating jewellery, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>, or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>. Platinum <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> range from 900 (90% pure) to 950 (95% pure). The silver used in jewellery is usually <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a>, or 92.5% fine silver. In <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume jewellery">costume jewellery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> findings are sometimes used. </p><p>Other commonly used materials include <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, such as fused-glass or <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, often carved or turned; <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a> and other natural animal substances such as <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>; natural <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polymer_clay" title="Polymer clay">polymer clay</a>; Hemp and other twines have been used as well to create jewellery that has more of a natural feel. However, any inclusion of lead or lead solder will give a British <a href="/wiki/Assay_office" title="Assay office">Assay office</a> (the body which gives U.K. jewellery its stamp of approval, the <a href="/wiki/Hallmark" title="Hallmark">Hallmark</a>) the right to destroy the piece, however, it is very rare for the assay office to do so. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">Beads</a> are frequently used in jewellery. These may be made of glass, gemstones, metal, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, shells, clay and polymer clay. <a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beaded jewellery</a> commonly encompasses <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">necklaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">earrings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">belts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">rings</a>. Beads may be large or small; the smallest type of beads used are known as <a href="/wiki/Seed_bead" title="Seed bead">seed beads</a>, these are the beads used for the "woven" style of beaded jewellery. Seed beads are also used in an embroidery technique where they are sewn onto fabric backings to create broad collar neck pieces and beaded bracelets. Bead embroidery, a popular type of handwork during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, is enjoying a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> in modern jewellery making. Beading, or beadwork, is also very popular in many <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African</a> and indigenous North American cultures. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmiths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">goldsmiths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">lapidaries</a> use methods including <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, cutting, <a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">carving</a> and "cold-joining" (using <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">staples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">rivets</a> to assemble parts).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamonds">Diamonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diamonds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamonds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diamonds.jpg/170px-Diamonds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diamonds.jpg/170px-Diamonds.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diamonds.jpg/255px-Diamonds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Diamonds.jpg/340px-Diamonds.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">Diamonds</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Diamonds were first mined in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> may have mentioned them, although there is some debate as to the exact nature of the stone he referred to as <i>Adamas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> ranked among the primary sources of gemstone diamond production.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas. Diamonds mined during the recent civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, and other nations have been labeled as <a href="/wiki/Blood_diamond" title="Blood diamond">blood diamonds</a> when they are mined in a war zone and sold to finance an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_crown_jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="British crown jewels">British crown jewels</a> contain the <a href="/wiki/Cullinan_Diamond" title="Cullinan Diamond">Cullinan Diamond</a>, part of the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever found (1905), at 3,106.75 <a href="/wiki/Carat_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (unit)">carats</a> (621.35 g). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg/170px-Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1815"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg/170px-Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg/255px-Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg/340px-Wedding_and_Engagement_Rings_2151px.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A diamond solitaire engagement ring</figcaption></figure> <p>Now popular in <a href="/wiki/Engagement_ring" title="Engagement ring">engagement rings</a>, this usage dates back to the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a> in 1477.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular style is the diamond solitaire, which features a single large diamond mounted prominently.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within solitaire, there are three categories in which a ring can be classified: prong, bezel and tension setting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_diamonds">Synthetic diamonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synthetic diamonds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">Synthetic diamond</a></div> <p>Synthetic diamonds, also referred to as lab-grown diamonds, are created using advanced technological processes such as High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)</a>. These methods result in diamonds that are chemically and physically identical to <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">natural diamonds</a>, offering the same brilliance and durability.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of synthetic diamonds in the jewellery market has increased significantly due to several factors. Their typically lower price compared to natural diamonds makes them an appealing choice for many consumers. Additionally, the ethical implications of synthetic diamonds have garnered attention, particularly their potential to eliminate the risks associated with <a href="/wiki/Conflict_diamond" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict diamond">conflict diamonds</a>, which are mined in war zones and often used to finance armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an environmental perspective, the production of synthetic diamonds generally has a smaller ecological footprint than traditional <a href="/wiki/Diamond_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond mining">diamond mining</a>, which can result in extensive land degradation and habitat destruction. While lab-grown diamonds do require energy for their production, many companies are actively adopting renewable energy sources to mitigate their environmental impact.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As consumer preferences evolve, particularly among younger generations who prioritize sustainability, synthetic diamonds are increasingly seen as a responsible and modern alternative to mined diamonds. Retailers are responding to this trend by expanding their offerings of lab-grown diamond jewellery, further solidifying their place in the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_gemstones">Other gemstones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other gemstones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstone</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jade"><noscript><img alt="Jade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg/170px-Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg/170px-Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg" data-alt="Jade" data-width="170" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg/255px-Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg/340px-Pair_of_Earflare_Frontals_MET_DP101928.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jasper"><noscript><img alt="Jasper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg/132px-Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg/132px-Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg" data-alt="Jasper" data-width="132" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg/198px-Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg/264px-Egyptian_-_Finger_Ring_with_a_Representation_of_Ptah_-_Walters_42387_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar,_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruby"><noscript><img alt="Ruby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="4143"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif.jpg" data-alt="Ruby" data-width="170" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Fingerring_av_guld_med_rubin_och_rosenstenar%2C_1700-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_110184.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sapphire"><noscript><img alt="Sapphire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/129px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 129px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/129px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg" data-alt="Sapphire" data-width="129" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/194px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/258px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Turquoise"><noscript><img alt="Turquoise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/136px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="2505"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/136px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg" data-alt="Turquoise" data-width="136" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/204px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/272px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Many precious and semiprecious stones are used for jewellery. Among them are: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></dt> <dd>Amber, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Organic_gemstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic gemstone">organic gemstone</a>, is composed of tree resin that has hardened over time. The stone must be at least one million years old to be classified as amber, and some amber can be up to 120 million years old.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></dt> <dd>Amethyst has historically been the most prized gemstone in the quartz family. It is treasured for its purple hue, which can range in tone from light to dark.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></dt> <dd>Emeralds are one of the three main precious gemstones (along with rubies and sapphires) and are known for their fine green to bluish-green colour. They have been treasured throughout history, and some historians report that the Egyptians mined emeralds as early as 3500 BC.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></dt> <dd>Jade is most commonly associated with the colour green but can come in several other colours as well. Jade is closely linked to Asian culture, history, and tradition, and is sometimes referred to as the <i>stone of heaven</i>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></dt> <dd>Jasper is a gemstone of the chalcedony family that comes in a variety of colours. Often, jasper will feature unique and interesting patterns within the coloured stone. Picture jasper is a type of jasper known for the colours (often beiges and browns) and swirls in the stone's pattern.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a></dt> <dd>Quartz refers to a family of crystalline gemstones of various colours and sizes. Among the well-known types of quartz are <a href="/wiki/Rose_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose quartz">rose quartz</a> (which has a delicate pink colour), and smoky quartz (which comes in a variety of shades of translucent brown). Some other gemstones, such as <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">Citrine</a>, are also part of the quartz family. <a href="/wiki/Rutilated_quartz" title="Rutilated quartz">Rutilated quartz</a> is a popular type of quartz containing needle-like inclusions.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></dt> <dd>Rubies are known for their intense red colour and are among the most highly valued precious gemstones. Rubies have been treasured for millennia. In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the word for ruby is <i>ratnaraj</i>, meaning <i>king of precious stones</i>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></dt> <dd>The most popular form of sapphire is blue sapphire, which is known for its medium to deep blue colour and strong saturation. Fancy sapphires of various colours are also available. In the United States, blue sapphire tends to be the most popular and most affordable of the three major precious gemstones (emerald, ruby, and sapphire).</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></dt> <dd>Turquoise is found in only a few places on Earth, and the world's largest turquoise-producing region is the southwest United States. Turquoise is prized for its attractive colour, most often an intense medium blue or a greenish blue, and its ancient heritage. Turquoise is used in a great variety of jewellery styles. It is perhaps most closely associated with Southwest and Native American jewellery, but it is also used in many sleek, modern styles. Some turquoise contains a matrix of dark brown markings, which provides an interesting contrast to the gemstone's bright blue colour.</dd></dl> <p>Some gemstones (like pearls, coral, and amber) are classified as organic, meaning that they are produced by living organisms. Others are inorganic, meaning that they are generally composed of and arise from minerals. </p><p>Some gems, for example, <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, have become less valued as methods of extracting and importing them have progressed. Some man-made gems can serve in place of natural gems, such as <a href="/wiki/Cubic_zirconia" title="Cubic zirconia">cubic zirconia</a>, which can be used in place of diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_finishes">Metal finishes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metal finishes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A002.jpg/220px-A002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A002.jpg/220px-A002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A002.jpg/330px-A002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A002.jpg/440px-A002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>An example of gold plated jewellery.</figcaption></figure> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> jewellery, there are many techniques to create finishes. The most common are high-polish, satin/matte, <a href="/wiki/Brushed_metal" title="Brushed metal">brushed</a>, and hammered. High-polished jewellery is the most common and gives the metal a highly reflective, shiny look. Satin, or matte finish reduces the shine and reflection of the jewellery, and this is commonly used to accentuate gemstones such as <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>. Brushed finishes give the jewellery a textured look and are created by brushing a material (similar to sandpaper) against the metal, leaving "brush strokes". Hammered finishes are typically created using a rounded steel hammer and hammering the jewellery to give it a wavy <a href="/wiki/Surface_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface texture">texture</a>. </p><p>Some jewellery is plated to give it a shiny, reflective look or to achieve a desired colour. Sterling silver jewellery may be plated with a thin layer of 0.999 fine silver (a process known as flashing) or plated with rhodium or gold. Base metal costume jewellery may also be plated with silver, gold, or rhodium for a more attractive finish. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Impact_on_society">Impact on society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact on society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Jewellery has been used to denote status. In ancient Rome, only certain ranks could wear rings and<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later, <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary laws</a> dictated who could wear what type of jewellery. This was also based on the rank of the citizens of that time. </p><p>Cultural dictates have also played a significant role. For example, the wearing of earrings by Western men was considered effeminate in the 19th century and early 20th century. More recently, the display of body jewellery, such as <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">piercings</a>, has become a mark of acceptance or seen as a badge of courage within some groups but is completely rejected in others. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> culture has popularised the slang term <a href="/wiki/Bling-bling" title="Bling-bling">bling-bling</a>, which refers to the ostentatious display of jewellery by men or women. </p><p>Conversely, the jewellery industry in the early 20th century launched a campaign to popularise <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding rings</a> for men, which caught on, as well as <a href="/wiki/Engagement_ring" title="Engagement ring">engagement rings</a> for men, which did not, go so far as to create a false history and claim that the practice had medieval roots. By the mid-1940s, 85% of weddings in the U.S. featured a double-ring ceremony, up from 15% in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some religions have specific rules or traditions surrounding jewellery (or even prohibiting it) and many religions have edicts against excessive display. Islam, for instance, considers the wearing of gold by men as <a href="/wiki/Haraam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraam">Haraam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Islamic jewellery was in the form of bridal <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowries</a>, and traditionally was not handed down from generation to generation; instead, on a woman's death it was sold at the <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">souk</a> and recycled or sold to passers-by. Islamic jewellery from before the 19th century is thus exceedingly rare.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The history of jewellery is long and goes back many years, with many different uses among different cultures. It has endured for thousands of years and has provided various insights into how ancient cultures worked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prehistory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The earliest known Jewellery was actually created not by modern humans (<i>Homo sapiens</i>) but by <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> living in Europe. Specifically, perforated beads made from small sea shells have been found dating to 115,000 years ago in the Cueva de los Aviones, a cave along the southeast coast of Spain. Later in Kenya, at <a href="/wiki/Enkapune_Ya_Muto" title="Enkapune Ya Muto">Enkapune Ya Muto</a>, beads made from perforated <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a> egg shells have been dated to more than 40,000 years ago. In Russia, a stone bracelet and marble ring are attributed to a similar age.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/European_early_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="European early modern humans">European early modern humans</a> had crude <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">necklaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a> of bone, teeth, berries, and stone hung on pieces of string or animal <a href="/wiki/Sinew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinew">sinew</a>, or pieces of carved bone used to secure clothing together. In some cases, jewellery had shell or <a href="/wiki/Mother-of-pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-of-pearl">mother-of-pearl</a> pieces. A decorated engraved pendant (the <a href="/wiki/Star_Carr_Pendant" title="Star Carr Pendant">Star Carr Pendant</a>) dating to around 11,000 BC, and thought to be the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain, was found at the site of <a href="/wiki/Star_Carr" title="Star Carr">Star Carr</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, carved bracelets made of <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusk</a> have been found. The <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a> features a perforation at the top, showing that it was intended to be worn as a <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendant</a>. </p><p>Around seven thousand years ago, the first sign of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> jewellery was seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_1999_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2012, the Museum of Ancient History in Lower Austria revealed that they had found a grave of a female jewellery worker – forcing archaeologists to take a fresh look at prehistoric gender roles after it appeared to be that of a female fine metal worker – a profession that was previously thought to have been carried out exclusively by men.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="String of beads; 3650–3100 BC; lapis lazuli (the blue beads) and travertine (the white beads) (Egyptian alabaster); length: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); by Naqada II or Naqada III cultures; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="String of beads; 3650–3100 BC; lapis lazuli (the blue beads) and travertine (the white beads) (Egyptian alabaster); length: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); by Naqada II or Naqada III cultures; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg/170px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1141"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg/170px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg" data-alt="String of beads; 3650–3100 BC; lapis lazuli (the blue beads) and travertine (the white beads) (Egyptian alabaster); length: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); by Naqada II or Naqada III cultures; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="170" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg/255px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg/340px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.54.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">String of beads; 3650–3100 BC; <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> (the blue beads) and <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> (the white beads) (Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>); length: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); by <a href="/wiki/Naqada_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada II">Naqada II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a> cultures; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="String of beads; 3300–3100 BC; carnelian, garnet, quartz and glazed steatite; length: 20.5 centimetres (8.1 in); by Naqada III culture Metropolitan Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="String of beads; 3300–3100 BC; carnelian, garnet, quartz and glazed steatite; length: 20.5 centimetres (8.1 in); by Naqada III culture Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg/111px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2211"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 111px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg/111px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg" data-alt="String of beads; 3300–3100 BC; carnelian, garnet, quartz and glazed steatite; length: 20.5 centimetres (8.1 in); by Naqada III culture Metropolitan Museum of Art" data-width="111" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg/167px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg/223px-String_of_beads_MET_99.4.4_01-19-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">String of beads; 3300–3100 BC; <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, quartz and glazed <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">steatite</a>; length: 20.5 centimetres (8.1 in); by <a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a> culture Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GNM_-_Armberge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armlet with sun symbol; 16th–13th century BC (late Bronze Age); bronze; German National Museum (Nürnberg)"><noscript><img alt="Armlet with sun symbol; 16th–13th century BC (late Bronze Age); bronze; German National Museum (Nürnberg)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GNM_-_Armberge.jpg/114px-GNM_-_Armberge.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GNM_-_Armberge.jpg/114px-GNM_-_Armberge.jpg" data-alt="Armlet with sun symbol; 16th–13th century BC (late Bronze Age); bronze; German National Museum (Nürnberg)" data-width="114" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GNM_-_Armberge.jpg/170px-GNM_-_Armberge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/GNM_-_Armberge.jpg/227px-GNM_-_Armberge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armlet with sun symbol; 16th–13th century BC (late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>); bronze; <a href="/wiki/German_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="German National Museum">German National Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Necklace; probably 2600–1300 BC; carnelian, bone and stone; from Saruq Al Hadid (the United Arab Emirates)"><noscript><img alt="Necklace; probably 2600–1300 BC; carnelian, bone and stone; from Saruq Al Hadid (the United Arab Emirates)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg/124px-Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2421"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 124px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg/124px-Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg" data-alt="Necklace; probably 2600–1300 BC; carnelian, bone and stone; from Saruq Al Hadid (the United Arab Emirates)" data-width="124" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg/187px-Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg/249px-Carnelian_jewellery_from_Saruq_Al_Hadid.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necklace; probably 2600–1300 BC; <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>, bone and stone; from <a href="/wiki/Saruq_Al_Hadid" title="Saruq Al Hadid">Saruq Al Hadid</a> (the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt#Jewelry" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art of ancient Egypt § Jewelry</a></div> <p>The first signs of established jewellery making in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> was around 3,000–5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> preferred the luxury, rarity, and workability of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> over other metals. In <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic Egypt</a> jewellery soon began to symbolise political and religious power in the community. Although it was worn by wealthy Egyptians in life, it was also worn by them in death, with jewellery commonly placed among <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a>. </p><p>In conjunction with gold jewellery, Egyptians used coloured <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, along with semi-precious gems. The colour of the jewellery had significance. Green, for example, symbolised fertility. <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a> and silver had to be imported from beyond the country's borders. </p><p>Egyptian designs were most common in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> jewellery. Also, ancient <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> designs found in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> jewellery suggest that trade between the Middle East and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> was not uncommon. Women wore elaborate gold and silver pieces that were used in ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pectoral (chest jewellery) of Tutankhamun; 1336–1327 BC (Reign of Tutankhamun); gold, silver and meteoric glass; height: 14.9 cm (5.9 in); Egyptian Museum (Cairo)"><noscript><img alt="Pectoral (chest jewellery) of Tutankhamun; 1336–1327 BC (Reign of Tutankhamun); gold, silver and meteoric glass; height: 14.9 cm (5.9 in); Egyptian Museum (Cairo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/127px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 127px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/127px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg" data-alt="Pectoral (chest jewellery) of Tutankhamun; 1336–1327 BC (Reign of Tutankhamun); gold, silver and meteoric glass; height: 14.9 cm (5.9 in); Egyptian Museum (Cairo)" data-width="127" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/191px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/255px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pectoral (chest jewellery) of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>; 1336–1327 BC (Reign of Tutankhamun); gold, silver and meteoric glass; height: 14.9 cm (5.9 in); <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> (Cairo)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendant; c. 1069 BC; gold and turquoise; overall: 5.1 by 2.3 centimetres (2.01 in × 0.91 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)"><noscript><img alt="Pendant; c. 1069 BC; gold and turquoise; overall: 5.1 by 2.3 centimetres (2.01 in × 0.91 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/136px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="2505"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/136px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg" data-alt="Pendant; c. 1069 BC; gold and turquoise; overall: 5.1 by 2.3 centimetres (2.01 in × 0.91 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" data-width="136" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/204px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg/272px-Clevelandart_1989.39.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pendant; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1069 BC</span>; gold and turquoise; overall: 5.1 by 2.3 centimetres (2.01 in × 0.91 in); <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anillo_de_Sheshonq_(46627183381).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signet ring; 664–525 BC; gold; diameter: 3 by 3.4 centimetres (1.2 in × 1.3 in); British Museum (London)"><noscript><img alt="Signet ring; 664–525 BC; gold; diameter: 3 by 3.4 centimetres (1.2 in × 1.3 in); British Museum (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/170px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1484"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/170px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg" data-alt="Signet ring; 664–525 BC; gold; diameter: 3 by 3.4 centimetres (1.2 in × 1.3 in); British Museum (London)" data-width="170" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/255px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg/340px-Anillo_de_Sheshonq_%2846627183381%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Signet ring; 664–525 BC; gold; diameter: 3 by 3.4 centimetres (1.2 in × 1.3 in); <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pectoral and necklace of Princess Sithathoriunet; 1887–1813 BC; gold, carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise, garnet and feldspar; height of the pectoral: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="Pectoral and necklace of Princess Sithathoriunet; 1887–1813 BC; gold, carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise, garnet and feldspar; height of the pectoral: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg/170px-Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="3049"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg/170px-Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg" data-alt="Pectoral and necklace of Princess Sithathoriunet; 1887–1813 BC; gold, carnelian, lapis lazuli, turquoise, garnet and feldspar; height of the pectoral: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="170" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg/255px-Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg/340px-Pectoral_and_Necklace_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Senwosret_II_MET_DT531.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pectoral and necklace of Princess <a href="/wiki/Sithathoriunet" title="Sithathoriunet">Sithathoriunet</a>; 1887–1813 BC; gold, <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>; height of the pectoral: 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg/220px-WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg/220px-WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg/330px-WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg/440px-WLANL_-_petertf_-_Handje_van_Fatima.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Khmissa</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a> in silver</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maghreb_countries_in_North_Africa">Maghreb countries in North Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Maghreb countries in North Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Jewellery of the Berber cultures</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Jewellery of the Berber cultures</a> is a style of traditional jewellery worn by women and girls in the rural areas of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> inhabited by indigenous <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber people</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber language</a>: <i>Amazigh, Imazighen</i>, pl). Following long social and cultural traditions, the <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmiths</a> of different ethnic Berber groups of Morocco, Algeria and neighbouring countries created intricate jewellery to adorn their women and that formed part of their ethnic <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>. Traditional Berber jewellery was usually made of silver and includes elaborate brooches made of triangular plates and pins (<a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibula</a>), originally used as clasps for garments, but also necklaces, bracelets, earrings and similar items. </p><p>Another major type is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa"><i>khmissa</i></a> (local pronunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word "khamsa" for the number "five"), which is called <i>afus</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber language</a> (<i>Tamazight)</i>. This form represents the five fingers of the hand and is traditionally believed both by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a> to protect against the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_the_Middle_East">Europe and the Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe and the Middle East" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_first_gold_jewellery_from_Bulgaria">The first gold jewellery from Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The first gold jewellery from Bulgaria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_offerings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/220px-Grave_offerings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/220px-Grave_offerings.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/330px-Grave_offerings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Grave_offerings.jpg/440px-Grave_offerings.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Oldest golden artifacts in the world from Varna necropolis – grave offerings on exposition in <a href="/wiki/Varna_Archaeological_Museum" title="Varna Archaeological Museum">Varna Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest gold jewellery in the world is dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC and was discovered in Europe, at the site of <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several prehistoric Bulgarian finds are considered no less old – the golden treasures of Hotnitsa, <a href="/wiki/Durankulak" title="Durankulak">Durankulak</a>, artifacts from the Kurgan settlement of Yunatsite near <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a>, the golden treasure Sakar, as well as beads and gold jewellery found in the Kurgan settlement of <a href="/wiki/Provadia" title="Provadia">Provadia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Solnitsata" title="Solnitsata">Solnitsata</a> ("salt pit"). However, Varna gold is most often called the oldest since this treasure is the largest and most diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headdress_MET_DP226592_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2750" data-file-height="1789"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Headdress_MET_DP226592_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Headdress decorated with golden leaves; 2600–2400 BC; gold, lapis lazuli and <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>; length: 38.5 centimetres (15.2 in); from the Royal Cemetery at Ur; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</figcaption></figure> <p>By approximately 5,000 years ago, jewellery-making had become a significant craft in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The most significant archaeological evidence comes from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cemetery_of_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Cemetery of Ur">Royal Cemetery of Ur</a>, where hundreds of burials dating 2900–2300 BC were unearthed; tombs such as that of <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a> contained a multitude of artefacts in gold, silver, and semi-precious stones, such as <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> crowns embellished with gold figurines, close-fitting collar necklaces, and jewel-headed pins. In <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, men and women both wore extensive amounts of jewellery, including <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>, ankle bracelets, heavy multi-strand necklaces, and <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewellery in Mesopotamia tended to be manufactured from thin metal leaf and was set with large numbers of brightly coloured stones (chiefly agate, lapis, carnelian, and jasper). Favoured shapes included leaves, spirals, cones, and bunches of grapes. Jewellers created works both for human use and for adorning statues and idols. They employed a wide variety of sophisticated metalworking techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, fine <a href="/wiki/Granulation_(jewellery)" title="Granulation (jewellery)">granulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Extensive and meticulously maintained records pertaining to the trade and manufacture of jewellery have also been unearthed throughout Mesopotamian archaeological sites. One record in the <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> royal archives, for example, gives the composition of various items of jewellery: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 34 flat speckled chalcedony bead, [and] 35 gold fluted beads, in groups of five.</li> <li>1 necklace of flat speckled chalcedony beads including: 39 flat speckled chalcedony beads, [with] 41 fluted beads in a group that make up the hanging device.</li> <li>1 necklace with rounded lapis lazuli beads including: 28 rounded lapis lazuli beads, [and] 29 fluted beads for its clasp.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian necklace beads; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 54 centimetres (21 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Sumerian necklace beads; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 54 centimetres (21 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg/138px-Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1936"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 138px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg/138px-Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg" data-alt="Sumerian necklace beads; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 54 centimetres (21 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" data-width="138" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg/207px-Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg/276px-Necklace_beads_MET_DP104225.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sumerian necklace beads; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 54 centimetres (21 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Necklace; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 22.5 centimetres (8.9 in); Royal Cemetery at Ur (Iraq); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Necklace; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 22.5 centimetres (8.9 in); Royal Cemetery at Ur (Iraq); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg/170px-Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="537"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 47px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg/170px-Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg" data-alt="Necklace; 2600–2500 BC; gold and lapis lazuli; length: 22.5 centimetres (8.9 in); Royal Cemetery at Ur (Iraq); Metropolitan Museum of Art" data-width="170" data-height="47" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg/255px-Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg/340px-Necklace_MET_an33.35.47.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necklace; 2600–2500 BC; gold and <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>; length: 22.5 centimetres (8.9 in); <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur" title="Royal Cemetery at Ur">Royal Cemetery at Ur</a> (Iraq); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of earrings with cuneiform inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC; gold; Sulaymaniyah Museum (Sulaymaniyah, Iraq)"><noscript><img alt="Pair of earrings with cuneiform inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC; gold; Sulaymaniyah Museum (Sulaymaniyah, Iraq)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/170px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/170px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG" data-alt="Pair of earrings with cuneiform inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC; gold; Sulaymaniyah Museum (Sulaymaniyah, Iraq)" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/255px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG/340px-Earrings_from_Shulgi.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of earrings with cuneiform inscriptions, 2093–2046 BC; gold; <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Museum" title="Sulaymaniyah Museum">Sulaymaniyah Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, Iraq)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumerian necklaces and headgear discovered in the royal (and individual) graves of the Royal Cemetery at Ur, showing the way they may have been worn, in British Museum (London)"><noscript><img alt="Sumerian necklaces and headgear discovered in the royal (and individual) graves of the Royal Cemetery at Ur, showing the way they may have been worn, in British Museum (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/96px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="2468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/96px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG" data-alt="Sumerian necklaces and headgear discovered in the royal (and individual) graves of the Royal Cemetery at Ur, showing the way they may have been worn, in British Museum (London)" data-width="96" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/144px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG/192px-Reconstructed_sumerian_headgear_necklaces_british_museum.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sumerian necklaces and headgear discovered in the royal (and individual) graves of the Royal Cemetery at Ur, showing the way they may have been worn, in <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_museum,_Athens_(4976534238).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg/170px-Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg/170px-Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg/255px-Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg/340px-Archaeological_museum%2C_Athens_%284976534238%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Openwork hairnet; 300–200 BC; gold; diameter: 23 centimetres (9.1 in), diameter of the medallion: 11.4 centimetres (4.5 in); unknown provenance (said to be from <a href="/wiki/Karpenissi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpenissi">Karpenissi</a> (Greece)); <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Greeks started using gold and gems in jewellery in 1600 BC, although beads shaped as shells and animals were produced widely in earlier times. Around 1500 BC, the main techniques of working gold in Greece included casting, twisting bars, and making wire.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these sophisticated techniques were popular in the Mycenaean period, but unfortunately this skill was lost at the end of the Bronze Age. The forms and shapes of jewellery in ancient Greece such as the armring (13th century BC), brooch (10th century BC) and pins (7th century BC), have varied widely since the Bronze Age as well. Other forms of jewellery include wreaths, earrings, necklace and bracelets. A good example of the high quality that gold working techniques could achieve in Greece is the 'Gold Olive Wreath' (4th century BC), which is modeled on the type of wreath given as a prize for winners in athletic competitions like the Olympic Games. Jewellery dating from 600 to 475 BC is not well represented in the archaeological record, but after the Persian wars the quantity of jewellery again became more plentiful.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One particularly popular type of design at this time was a bracelet decorated with snake and animal-heads Because these bracelets used considerably more metal, many examples were made from bronze. By 300 BC, the Greeks had mastered making coloured jewellery and using <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>. Also, the first signs of <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameos</a> appeared, with the Greeks creating them from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">Sardonyx</a>, a striped brown pink and cream <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> stone. Greek jewellery was often simpler than in other cultures, with simple designs and workmanship. However, as time progressed, the designs grew in complexity and different materials were soon used. </p><p>Jewellery in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> was hardly worn and was mostly used for public appearances or on special occasions. It was frequently given as a gift and was predominantly worn by women to show their wealth, social status, and beauty. The jewellery was often supposed to give the wearer protection from the "<a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>" or endowed the owner with <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural powers">supernatural powers</a>, while others had a religious symbolism. Older pieces of jewellery that have been found were dedicated to the Gods. </p><p>They worked two styles of pieces: cast pieces and pieces hammered out of sheet metal. Fewer pieces of cast jewellery have been recovered. It was made by casting the metal onto two stone or clay moulds. The two-halves were then joined, and <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, followed by molten metal, was placed in the centre. This technique had been practised since the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The more common form of jewellery was the hammered sheet type. Sheets of metal would be hammered to thickness and then soldered together. The inside of the two sheets would be filled with wax or another liquid to preserve the metal work. Different techniques, such as using a stamp or engraving, were then used to create motifs on the jewellery. Jewels may then be added to hollows or glass poured into special cavities on the surface. </p><p>The Greeks took much of their designs from outer origins, such as Asia, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered part of it. In earlier designs, other European influences can also be detected. When Roman rule came to Greece, no change in jewellery designs was detected. However, by 27 BC, Greek designs were heavily influenced by the Roman culture. That is not to say that indigenous design did not thrive. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> butterfly pendants on silver foxtail chains, dating from the 1st century, have been found near <a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a>, with only one example ever found anywhere else.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_pendant,_gold_ornament,_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia,_1800-1700_BC,_AMH,_144879.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bee Pendant, an iconic Minoan jewel; 1700–1600 BC; gold; width: 4.6 centimetres (1.8 in); from Chrysolakkos (gold pit) complex at Malia; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion (Heraklion, Greece)[47][48]"><noscript><img alt="The Bee Pendant, an iconic Minoan jewel; 1700–1600 BC; gold; width: 4.6 centimetres (1.8 in); from Chrysolakkos (gold pit) complex at Malia; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion (Heraklion, Greece)[47][48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg/170px-Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="2069"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg/170px-Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg" data-alt="The Bee Pendant, an iconic Minoan jewel; 1700–1600 BC; gold; width: 4.6 centimetres (1.8 in); from Chrysolakkos (gold pit) complex at Malia; Archaeological Museum of Heraklion (Heraklion, Greece)[47][48]" data-width="170" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg/255px-Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg/340px-Bee_pendant%2C_gold_ornament%2C_Chrysolakos_necropolis_near_Malia%2C_1800-1700_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144879.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Bee Pendant</i>, an iconic Minoan jewel; 1700–1600 BC; gold; width: 4.6 centimetres (1.8 in); from Chrysolakkos (gold pit) complex at <a href="/wiki/Malia_(archaeological_site)" title="Malia (archaeological site)">Malia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Heraklion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Museum of Heraklion">Archaeological Museum of Heraklion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Heraklion</a>, Greece)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mycenaean necklace; 1400–1050 BC; gilded terracotta; diameter of the rosettes: 2.7 centimetres (1.1 in), with variations of circa 0.1 centimetres (0.039 in), length of the pendant 3.7 centimetres (1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="Mycenaean necklace; 1400–1050 BC; gilded terracotta; diameter of the rosettes: 2.7 centimetres (1.1 in), with variations of circa 0.1 centimetres (0.039 in), length of the pendant 3.7 centimetres (1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg/170px-Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg/170px-Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg" data-alt="Mycenaean necklace; 1400–1050 BC; gilded terracotta; diameter of the rosettes: 2.7 centimetres (1.1 in), with variations of circa 0.1 centimetres (0.039 in), length of the pendant 3.7 centimetres (1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg/255px-Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg/340px-Gilt_terracotta_ornaments_from_a_necklace_MET_DP145718.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mycenaean necklace; 1400–1050 BC; gilded terracotta; diameter of the rosettes: 2.7 centimetres (1.1 in), with variations of circa 0.1 centimetres (0.039 in), length of the pendant 3.7 centimetres (1.5 in); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ganymede Jewellery; circa 300 BC; gold; various dimensions; provenance unknown (said to have been found near Thessaloniki, Greece); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="The Ganymede Jewellery; circa 300 BC; gold; various dimensions; provenance unknown (said to have been found near Thessaloniki, Greece); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg/136px-Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="3722"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg/136px-Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg" data-alt="The Ganymede Jewellery; circa 300 BC; gold; various dimensions; provenance unknown (said to have been found near Thessaloniki, Greece); Metropolitan Museum of Art" data-width="136" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg/204px-Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg/272px-Gold_ring_set_with_an_emerald_MET_DT283.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Ganymede Jewellery; circa 300 BC; gold; various dimensions; provenance unknown (said to have been found near Thessaloniki, Greece); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece,_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Necklace; circa 200 BC; gold, moonstone, garnet, emerald, cornelian, baroque pearl and banded agate; overall: 39.4 centimetres (15.5 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)"><noscript><img alt="Necklace; circa 200 BC; gold, moonstone, garnet, emerald, cornelian, baroque pearl and banded agate; overall: 39.4 centimetres (15.5 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6155" data-file-height="5088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" data-alt="Necklace; circa 200 BC; gold, moonstone, garnet, emerald, cornelian, baroque pearl and banded agate; overall: 39.4 centimetres (15.5 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" data-width="170" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Greece%2C_2nd_Century_BC_-_Necklace_-_1928.234_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necklace; circa 200 BC; gold, <a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">moonstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelian">cornelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_pearl" title="Baroque pearl">baroque pearl</a> and banded <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>; overall: 39.4 centimetres (15.5 in); <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etruscan">Etruscan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Etruscan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_jewelry" title="Etruscan jewelry">Etruscan jewelry</a></div> <p>Gorgons, pomegranates, acorns, lotus flowers and palms were a clear indicator of Greek influence in Etruscan jewellery. The modelling of heads, which was a typical practice from the Greek severe period, was a technique that spread throughout the Etruscan territory. An even clearer evidence of new influences is the shape introduced in the Orientalizing era: The Bullae. A pear shaped vessel used to hold perfume. Its surface was usually decorated with repoussé and engraved symbolic figures. </p><p>Much of the jewellery found was not <i>worn</i> by Etruscans, but were made to accompany them in the after world. Most, if not all, techniques of Etruscan goldsmiths were not invented by them as they are dated to the third millennium BC. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vulci set of jewelry; early 5th century; gold, glass, rock crystal, agate and carnelian; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="The Vulci set of jewelry; early 5th century; gold, glass, rock crystal, agate and carnelian; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg/170px-Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg/170px-Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg" data-alt="The Vulci set of jewelry; early 5th century; gold, glass, rock crystal, agate and carnelian; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg/255px-Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg/340px-Set_of_jewelry_MET_DP122702.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Vulci_set_of_jewelry_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulci set of jewelry (Metropolitan Museum of Art)">Vulci set of jewelry</a>; early 5th century; gold, glass, rock crystal, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>; various dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earring in the form of a dolphin; 5th century BC; gold; 2.1 by 1.4 by 4.9 centimetres (0.83 in × 0.55 in × 1.93 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Earring in the form of a dolphin; 5th century BC; gold; 2.1 by 1.4 by 4.9 centimetres (0.83 in × 0.55 in × 1.93 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg/160px-Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1908"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg/160px-Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg" data-alt="Earring in the form of a dolphin; 5th century BC; gold; 2.1 by 1.4 by 4.9 centimetres (0.83 in × 0.55 in × 1.93 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" data-width="160" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg/240px-Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg/320px-Earring_in_the_form_of_a_dolphin_MET_SF43119.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earring in the form of a dolphin; 5th century BC; gold; 2.1 by 1.4 by 4.9 centimetres (0.83 in × 0.55 in × 1.93 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulla with Daedalus and Icarus; 5th century BC; gold; 1.6 by 1 by 1 centimetre (0.63 in × 0.39 in × 0.39 in); Walters Art Museum (Baltimore)"><noscript><img alt="Bulla with Daedalus and Icarus; 5th century BC; gold; 1.6 by 1 by 1 centimetre (0.63 in × 0.39 in × 0.39 in); Walters Art Museum (Baltimore)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg/128px-Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="1799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg/128px-Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg" data-alt="Bulla with Daedalus and Icarus; 5th century BC; gold; 1.6 by 1 by 1 centimetre (0.63 in × 0.39 in × 0.39 in); Walters Art Museum (Baltimore)" data-width="128" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg/192px-Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg/255px-Etruscan_-_Bulla_with_Daedalus_and_Icarus_-_Walters_57371_-_Side_A.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bulla with <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a>; 5th century BC; gold; 1.6 by 1 by 1 centimetre (0.63 in × 0.39 in × 0.39 in); <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earring; gold and silver; 1.5 by 0.4 by 1.4 centimetres (0.59 in × 0.16 in × 0.55 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Earring; gold and silver; 1.5 by 0.4 by 1.4 centimetres (0.59 in × 0.16 in × 0.55 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg/170px-Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1126"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg/170px-Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg" data-alt="Earring; gold and silver; 1.5 by 0.4 by 1.4 centimetres (0.59 in × 0.16 in × 0.55 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" data-width="170" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg/255px-Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg/340px-Earring_MET_sf9515205.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earring; gold and silver; 1.5 by 0.4 by 1.4 centimetres (0.59 in × 0.16 in × 0.55 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rome">Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_(Gemma_Tiberiana),_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG/170px-Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="4539"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG/170px-Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG/255px-Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG/340px-Louvre-Lens_-_L%27Europe_de_Rubens_-_026_-_Le_Grand_Cam%C3%A9e_de_France_%28Gemma_Tiberiana%29%2C_%C2%AB_L%27Apoth%C3%A9ose_de_Germanicus_%C2%BB.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">Great Cameo of France</a></i>; second quarter of the 1st century AD; five-layered <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a>; 31 by 26.5 centimetres (12.2 in × 10.4 in); <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_m%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des médailles">Cabinet des médailles</a> (Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although jewellery work was abundantly diverse in earlier times, especially among the tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, when the Romans conquered most of Europe, jewellery was changed as smaller factions developed the <a href="/wiki/Roman_jewelry" title="Roman jewelry">Roman designs</a>. The most common artefact of early Rome was the <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">brooch</a>, which was used to secure clothing together. The Romans used a diverse range of materials for their jewellery from their extensive resources across the continent. Although they used gold, they sometimes used bronze or bone, and in earlier times, glass beads and pearl. As early as 2,000 years ago, they imported <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a> and Indian diamonds and used emeralds and <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> in their jewellery. In Roman-ruled <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, fossilised <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> called <a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">jet</a> from Northern England was often carved into pieces of jewellery. The early Italians worked in crude gold and created clasps, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. They also produced larger <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a> that could be filled with <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a>. </p><p>Like the Greeks, often the purpose of Roman jewellery was to ward off the "evil eye" given by other people. Although women wore a vast array of jewellery, men often only wore a finger <a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">ring</a>. Although they were expected to wear at least one ring, some Roman men wore a ring on every finger, while others wore none. Roman men and women wore rings with an <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gem</a> on it that was used with wax to seal documents, a practice that continued into <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times when <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">kings</a> and noblemen used the same method. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the jewellery designs were absorbed by neighbouring countries and tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cameo portrait of the Emperor Augustus; 41–54 AD; sardonyx; 3.7 by 2.9 by 0.8 centimetres (1.46 in × 1.14 in × 0.31 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="Cameo portrait of the Emperor Augustus; 41–54 AD; sardonyx; 3.7 by 2.9 by 0.8 centimetres (1.46 in × 1.14 in × 0.31 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg/127px-Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 127px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg/127px-Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg" data-alt="Cameo portrait of the Emperor Augustus; 41–54 AD; sardonyx; 3.7 by 2.9 by 0.8 centimetres (1.46 in × 1.14 in × 0.31 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="127" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg/191px-Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg/255px-Sardonyx_cameo_portrait_of_the_Emperor_Augustus_MET_DP155547.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Cameo</a> portrait of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>; 41–54 AD; <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a>; 3.7 by 2.9 by 0.8 centimetres (1.46 in × 1.14 in × 0.31 in); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bracelet; 1st–2nd century AD; gold-mounted crystal and sardonyx; length: 19.69 centimetres (7.75 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)"><noscript><img alt="Bracelet; 1st–2nd century AD; gold-mounted crystal and sardonyx; length: 19.69 centimetres (7.75 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg/170px-Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="928"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg/170px-Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg" data-alt="Bracelet; 1st–2nd century AD; gold-mounted crystal and sardonyx; length: 19.69 centimetres (7.75 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)" data-width="170" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg/255px-Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg/340px-Bracelet_LACMA_50.22.2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bracelet; 1st–2nd century AD; gold-mounted crystal and sardonyx; length: 19.69 centimetres (7.75 in); <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Necklace with a medallion depicting a goddess; 30–300 AD; green glass (the green beads) and gold; length: 43.82 centimetres (17.25 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Necklace with a medallion depicting a goddess; 30–300 AD; green glass (the green beads) and gold; length: 43.82 centimetres (17.25 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg/126px-Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 126px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg/126px-Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg" data-alt="Necklace with a medallion depicting a goddess; 30–300 AD; green glass (the green beads) and gold; length: 43.82 centimetres (17.25 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art" data-width="126" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg/189px-Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg/252px-Gold_Necklace_with_Medallion_Depicting_a_Goddess_LACMA_50.22.20_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necklace with a medallion depicting a goddess; 30–300 AD; green glass (the green beads) and gold; length: 43.82 centimetres (17.25 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_jewellery,_head_of_Medusa,_200-300_AD,_AM_Agrigento,_120998.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Openwork hairnet with the head of Medusa; 200–300 AD; gold; Archaeological Museum of Agrigento (Agrigento, Italy)"><noscript><img alt="Openwork hairnet with the head of Medusa; 200–300 AD; gold; Archaeological Museum of Agrigento (Agrigento, Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg/170px-Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="2088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg/170px-Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg" data-alt="Openwork hairnet with the head of Medusa; 200–300 AD; gold; Archaeological Museum of Agrigento (Agrigento, Italy)" data-width="170" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg/255px-Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg/340px-Gold_jewellery%2C_head_of_Medusa%2C_200-300_AD%2C_AM_Agrigento%2C_120998.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Openwork hairnet with the head of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>; 200–300 AD; gold; Archaeological Museum of Agrigento (<a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, Italy)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officina_costantinopolitana,_tesoro_di_asyut_(egitto),_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG/220px-Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG/220px-Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG/330px-Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG/440px-Officina_costantinopolitana%2C_tesoro_di_asyut_%28egitto%29%2C_V-VI_sec_ca._01_collier.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Byzantine collier; late 6th–7th century; gold, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethysts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>; diameter: 23 centimetres (9.1 in); from a <a href="/wiki/Constantinopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinopol">Constantinopolitan</a> workshop; <a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany)</figcaption></figure> <p>Post-Roman Europe continued to develop jewellery making skills. The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingians</a> in particular are noted for their jewellery, which in terms of quality matched or exceeded that of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Clothing fasteners, amulets, and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Signet_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet ring">signet rings</a>, are the most common artefacts known to us. A particularly striking <a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Celtic example</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torc</a> was common throughout Europe as a symbol of status and power. By the 8th century, jewelled weaponry was common for men, while other jewellery (with the exception of signet rings) seemed to become the domain of women. Grave goods found in a 6th–7th century burial near <a href="/wiki/Chalon-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Chalon-sur-Saône">Chalon-sur-Saône</a> are illustrative. A young girl was buried with: 2 silver <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>, a necklace (with coins), bracelet, gold earrings, a pair of hair-pins, comb, and buckle.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celts</a> specialised in continuous patterns and designs, while Merovingian designs are best known for stylised animal figures.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not the only groups known for high quality work. Note the Visigoth work shown here, and the numerous decorative objects found at the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> are a particularly well-known example.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the continent, <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> were perhaps the quintessential method and gemstone of the period. In the 15th century, characteristic English jewellery types, such as golden signets and niello rings, became prominent. These pieces were often adorned with tiny figures of saints and intricate floral patterns, rivaling continental designs in craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eastern successor of the Roman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, continued many of the methods of the Romans, though religious themes came to predominate. Unlike the Romans, the Franks, and the Celts, however, Byzantium used light-weight gold leaf rather than solid gold, and more emphasis was placed on stones and gems. As in the West, Byzantine jewellery was worn by wealthier females, with male jewellery apparently restricted to signet rings. Woman's jewellery had some peculiarities like <a href="/wiki/Kolt" title="Kolt">kolts</a> that decorated <a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">headband</a>. Like other contemporary cultures, jewellery was commonly buried with its owner.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%ADbulas_(24100425814).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Eagle-shaped fibulae of Alovera; 5th century; gold, bronze and glass (imitation of garnet); height: 11.8 centimetres (4.6 in), width: 5.9 centimetres (2.3 in); from Guadalajara (Spain); National Archaeological Museum (Madrid, Spain)"><noscript><img alt="The Eagle-shaped fibulae of Alovera; 5th century; gold, bronze and glass (imitation of garnet); height: 11.8 centimetres (4.6 in), width: 5.9 centimetres (2.3 in); from Guadalajara (Spain); National Archaeological Museum (Madrid, Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg/170px-F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2177"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg/170px-F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg" data-alt="The Eagle-shaped fibulae of Alovera; 5th century; gold, bronze and glass (imitation of garnet); height: 11.8 centimetres (4.6 in), width: 5.9 centimetres (2.3 in); from Guadalajara (Spain); National Archaeological Museum (Madrid, Spain)" data-width="170" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg/255px-F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg/340px-F%C3%ADbulas_%2824100425814%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Eagle-shaped fibulae of Alovera</i>; 5th century; gold, bronze and glass (imitation of garnet); height: 11.8 centimetres (4.6 in), width: 5.9 centimetres (2.3 in); from <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>); <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum, Madrid">National Archaeological Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass and garnet; length: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in); British Museum (London)"><noscript><img alt="Shoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass and garnet; length: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in); British Museum (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg/170px-Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg/170px-Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg" data-alt="Shoulder-clasps from Sutton Hoo; early 7th century; gold, glass and garnet; length: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in); British Museum (London)" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg/255px-Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg/340px-Sutton.Hoo.ShoulderClasp2.RobRoy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shoulder-clasps from <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>; early 7th century; gold, glass and <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>; length: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in); <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantium,_early_Byzantine_period,_7th_century_-_Earring_(one_of_a_pair)_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pair of Byzantine earrings; 7th century; gold, pearls, glass and emeralds; 10.2 by 4.5 centimetres (4.0 in × 1.8 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)"><noscript><img alt="Pair of Byzantine earrings; 7th century; gold, pearls, glass and emeralds; 10.2 by 4.5 centimetres (4.0 in × 1.8 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="4388"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" data-alt="Pair of Byzantine earrings; 7th century; gold, pearls, glass and emeralds; 10.2 by 4.5 centimetres (4.0 in × 1.8 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" data-width="170" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Byzantium%2C_early_Byzantine_period%2C_7th_century_-_Earring_%28one_of_a_pair%29_-_1947.178.b_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pair of Byzantine earrings; 7th century; gold, pearls, glass and <a href="/wiki/Emeralds" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeralds">emeralds</a>; 10.2 by 4.5 centimetres (4.0 in × 1.8 in); <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_(front)_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_(back)_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Front of a temple pendant with two birds flanking a tree of life; 11th–12th century; cloisonné enamel and gold; overall: 5.4 by 4.8 by 1.5 centimetres (2.13 in × 1.89 in × 0.59 in); made in Kyiv (Ukraine); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="Front of a temple pendant with two birds flanking a tree of life; 11th–12th century; cloisonné enamel and gold; overall: 5.4 by 4.8 by 1.5 centimetres (2.13 in × 1.89 in × 0.59 in); made in Kyiv (Ukraine); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg/157px-Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="2052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg/157px-Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg" data-alt="Front of a temple pendant with two birds flanking a tree of life; 11th–12th century; cloisonné enamel and gold; overall: 5.4 by 4.8 by 1.5 centimetres (2.13 in × 1.89 in × 0.59 in); made in Kyiv (Ukraine); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="157" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg/235px-Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg/314px-Temple_Pendant_with_Two_Birds_Flanking_a_Tree_of_Life_%28front%29_and_Geometric_and_Vegetal_Motifs_%28back%29_MET_sf17-190-684s1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front of a temple pendant with two birds flanking a <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a>; 11th–12th century; <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> enamel and gold; overall: 5.4 by 4.8 by 1.5 centimetres (2.13 in × 1.89 in × 0.59 in); made in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Renaissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg/170px-Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1843"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg/170px-Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg/255px-Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg/340px-Cameo_Claudius_Cdm_Paris_Chab220.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Cameo</a>; 16th century; <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_des_M%C3%A9dailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet des Médailles">Cabinet des Médailles</a> (Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and exploration both had significant impacts on the development of jewellery in Europe. By the 17th century, increasing exploration and trade led to increased availability of a wide variety of gemstones as well as exposure to the art of other cultures. Whereas prior to this the working of gold and precious metal had been at the forefront of jewellery, this period saw increasing dominance of gemstones and their settings. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Cheapside_Hoard" title="Cheapside Hoard">Cheapside Hoard</a>, the stock of a jeweller hidden in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a> period and not found again until 1912. It contained Colombian <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">amazonite</a> from Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">spinel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Iolite">iolite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">chrysoberyl</a> from Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> from India, Afghan <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, Red Sea <a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a>, as well as Bohemian and Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>. Large stones were frequently set in box-bezels on enamelled rings.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable among merchants of the period was <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Tavernier" title="Jean-Baptiste Tavernier">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier</a>, who brought the precursor stone of the <a href="/wiki/Hope_Diamond" title="Hope Diamond">Hope Diamond</a> to France in the 1660s. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> was crowned as Emperor of the French in 1804, he revived the style and grandeur of jewellery and fashion in France. Under Napoleon's rule, jewellers introduced <i><a href="/wiki/Parure" title="Parure">parures</a></i>, suites of matching jewellery, such as a diamond <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a>, diamond <a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">earrings</a>, diamond rings, a diamond brooch, and a diamond necklace. Both of Napoleon's wives had beautiful sets such as these and wore them regularly. Another fashion trend resurrected by Napoleon was the <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a>. Soon after his cameo decorated crown was seen, cameos were highly sought. The period also saw the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume jewellery">costume jewellery</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">fish scale</a> covered glass beads in place of <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> shell cameos instead of stone cameos. New terms were coined to differentiate the arts: jewellers who worked in cheaper materials were called <i>bijoutiers</i>, while jewellers who worked with expensive materials were called <i>joailliers</i>, a practice which continues to this day. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Romanticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia,_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/170px-Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/170px-Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/255px-Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/340px-Russia%2C_19th_century_-_Earring_-_1916.546.1_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Russian earring; 19th century; silver, enamel and red glass beads; overall: 6.4 by 2.6 centimetres (2.5 in × 1.0 in); <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> had a profound impact on the development of western jewellery. Perhaps the most significant influences were the public's fascination with the treasures being discovered through the birth of modern <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and a fascination with Medieval and Renaissance art. Changing social conditions and the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> also led to growth of a middle class that wanted and could afford jewellery. As a result, the use of industrial processes, cheaper alloys, and stone substitutes led to the development of paste or <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume jewellery">costume jewellery</a>. Distinguished goldsmiths continued to flourish, however, as wealthier patrons sought to ensure that what they wore still stood apart from the jewellery of the masses, not only through use of precious metals and stones but also though superior artistic and technical work. One such artist was the French goldsmith <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Froment-Meurice" title="François-Désiré Froment-Meurice">François-Désiré Froment-Meurice</a>. A category unique to this period and quite appropriate to the philosophy of romanticism was mourning jewellery. It originated in England, where <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was often seen wearing <a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">jet</a> jewellery after the death of <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, and it allowed the wearer to continue wearing jewellery while expressing a state of mourning at the death of a loved one.<sup id="cite_ref-Farndon_2001_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farndon_2001-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, this period saw the founding in 1837 of <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany & Co.</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lewis_Tiffany" title="Charles Lewis Tiffany">Charles Lewis Tiffany</a>. Tiffany's put the United States on the world map in terms of jewellery and gained fame creating dazzling commissions for people such as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Later, it would gain popular notoriety as the setting of the film <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)" title="Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)">Breakfast at Tiffany's</a>. In France, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cartier_(jeweler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Cartier (jeweler)">Pierre Cartier</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Cartier_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartier SA">Cartier SA</a> in 1847, while 1884 saw the founding of <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a> in Italy. The modern production studio had been born and was a step away from the former dominance of individual craftsmen and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>. </p><p>This period also saw the first major collaboration between East and West. Collaboration in <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a> between German and Japanese artists led to <a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a> plaques set into <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a> frames being created by the Stoeffler firm in 1885).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the grand finalé – and an appropriate transition to the following period – were the masterful creations of the Russian artist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9" title="Peter Carl Fabergé">Peter Carl Fabergé</a>, working for the Imperial Russian court, whose <a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9_egg" title="Fabergé egg">Fabergé eggs</a> and jewellery pieces are still considered as the epitome of the goldsmith's art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_century/Romanticism/Renaissance"><span id="18th_century.2FRomanticism.2FRenaissance"></span>18th century/Romanticism/Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 18th century/Romanticism/Renaissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Many whimsical fashions were introduced in the extravagant eighteenth century. Cameos that were used in connection with jewellery were the attractive trinkets along with many of the small objects such as brooches, ear-rings and scarf-pins. Some of the necklets were made of several pieces joined with the gold chains were in and bracelets were also made sometimes to match the necklet and the brooch. At the end of the Century the jewellery with cut steel intermixed with large crystals was introduced by an Englishman, Matthew Boulton of Birmingham.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_Nouveau">Art Nouveau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art Nouveau" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_lalique,_pettorale_con_pavoni,_oro,_smalti,_opali_e_diamanti,_1898-1900_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg/250px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2628" data-file-height="1476"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg/250px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg/375px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg/500px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_con_pavoni%2C_oro%2C_smalti%2C_opali_e_diamanti%2C_1898-1900_ca.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Breastplate with a peacocks; <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique" title="René Lalique">René Lalique</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span>–1900; gold, <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opals</a> and diamonds; <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Museum" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Museum">Calouste Gulbenkian Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1890s, jewellers began to explore the potential of the growing <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style and the closely related German <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a>, British (and to some extent American) <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a>, Catalan <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a>, Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Sezession" class="mw-redirect" title="Sezession">Sezession</a>, Italian "Liberty", etc. </p><p>Art Nouveau jewellery encompassed many distinct features including a focus on the female form and an emphasis on colour, most commonly rendered through the use of enamelling techniques including basse-taille, champleve, cloisonné, and <a href="/wiki/Plique-%C3%A0-jour" title="Plique-à-jour">plique-à-jour</a>. Motifs included orchids, irises, pansies, vines, swans, peacocks, snakes, dragonflies, mythological creatures, and the female silhouette. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique" title="René Lalique">René Lalique</a>, working for the Paris shop of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bing" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Bing">Samuel Bing</a>, was recognised by contemporaries as a leading figure in this trend. The <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_Artists%27_Colony" title="Darmstadt Artists' Colony">Darmstadt Artists' Colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte" title="Wiener Werkstätte">Wiener Werkstätte</a> provided perhaps the most significant input to the trend, while in Denmark <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jensen" title="Georg Jensen">Georg Jensen</a>, though best known for his <a href="/wiki/Silver_(household)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver (household)">Silverware</a>, also contributed significant pieces. In England, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty & Co.">Liberty & Co.</a>, (notably through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cymric_(metalware)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cymric (metalware) (page does not exist)">Cymric</a> designs of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Knox_(designer)" title="Archibald Knox (designer)">Archibald Knox</a>) and the British arts and crafts movement of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Ashbee" title="Charles Robert Ashbee">Charles Robert Ashbee</a> contributed slightly more linear but still characteristic designs. The new style moved the focus of the jeweller's art from the setting of stones to the artistic design of the piece itself. Lalique's <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a> design is one of the best examples of this. <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamels</a> played a large role in technique, while sinuous organic lines are the most recognisable design feature. </p><p>The end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> once again changed public attitudes, and a more sober style developed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_lalique,_pettorale_libellula,_in_oro,_smalti,_crisoprazio,_calcedonio,_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti,_1897-98_ca._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dragonfly brooch; by René Lalique; c. 1897–1898; gold, vitreous enamel, chrysoprase, chalcedony, moonstone and diamond; height: 23 centimetres (9.1 in), width: 26.5 centimetres (10.4 in); Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Lisbon, Portugal)"><noscript><img alt="The Dragonfly brooch; by René Lalique; c. 1897–1898; gold, vitreous enamel, chrysoprase, chalcedony, moonstone and diamond; height: 23 centimetres (9.1 in), width: 26.5 centimetres (10.4 in); Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Lisbon, Portugal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg/170px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg/170px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg" data-alt="The Dragonfly brooch; by René Lalique; c. 1897–1898; gold, vitreous enamel, chrysoprase, chalcedony, moonstone and diamond; height: 23 centimetres (9.1 in), width: 26.5 centimetres (10.4 in); Calouste Gulbenkian Museum (Lisbon, Portugal)" data-width="170" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg/255px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg/340px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_libellula%2C_in_oro%2C_smalti%2C_crisoprazio%2C_calcedonio%2C_pietre_lunari_e_diamanti%2C_1897-98_ca._01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Dragonfly brooch</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique" title="René Lalique">René Lalique</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1897</span>–1898; gold, <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">vitreous enamel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">chrysoprase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">moonstone</a> and diamond; height: 23 centimetres (9.1 in), width: 26.5 centimetres (10.4 in); <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Museum" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Museum">Calouste Gulbenkian Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Necklace; by René Lalique; 1897–1899; gold, enamel, opals and amethysts; overall diameter: 24.1 centimetres (9.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="Necklace; by René Lalique; 1897–1899; gold, enamel, opals and amethysts; overall diameter: 24.1 centimetres (9.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg/170px-Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="3658"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg/170px-Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg" data-alt="Necklace; by René Lalique; 1897–1899; gold, enamel, opals and amethysts; overall diameter: 24.1 centimetres (9.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="170" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg/255px-Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg/340px-Necklace_MET_DT1423.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Necklace; by René Lalique; 1897–1899; gold, <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethysts</a>; overall diameter: 24.1 centimetres (9.5 in); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_lalique,_pettorale_serpenti,_oro_e_smalti,_1898-99_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Snakes brooch; by René Lalique; gold and enamel; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum"><noscript><img alt="The Snakes brooch; by René Lalique; gold and enamel; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg/120px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg/120px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg" data-alt="The Snakes brooch; by René Lalique; gold and enamel; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum" data-width="120" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg/180px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg/240px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettorale_serpenti%2C_oro_e_smalti%2C_1898-99_ca.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Snakes brooch</i>; by René Lalique; gold and enamel; Calouste Gulbenkian Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_lalique,_pettine_in_corno,_oro,_smalti_e_brillanti,_1902_ca-V2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hair ornament, an Art Nouveau masterpiece; by René Lalique; c. 1902; gold, emeralds and diamonds; Musée d'Orsay (Paris)"><noscript><img alt="Hair ornament, an Art Nouveau masterpiece; by René Lalique; c. 1902; gold, emeralds and diamonds; Musée d'Orsay (Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/146px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1624"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/146px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg" data-alt="Hair ornament, an Art Nouveau masterpiece; by René Lalique; c. 1902; gold, emeralds and diamonds; Musée d'Orsay (Paris)" data-width="146" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/220px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg/293px-Ren%C3%A9_lalique%2C_pettine_in_corno%2C_oro%2C_smalti_e_brillanti%2C_1902_ca-V2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hair ornament, an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> masterpiece; by René Lalique; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1902</span>; gold, emeralds and diamonds; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a> (Paris)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_Deco">Art Deco</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Art Deco" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartier_paris,_braccialetto,_1937,_platino,_oro_bianco,_argento,_diamanti,_lapislazzuli,_turchesi_(ginevra,_coll._cartier).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg/220px-Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg/220px-Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg/330px-Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg/440px-Cartier_paris%2C_braccialetto%2C_1937%2C_platino%2C_oro_bianco%2C_argento%2C_diamanti%2C_lapislazzuli%2C_turchesi_%28ginevra%2C_coll._cartier%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bracelet in platinum, white gold, silver, diamonds, lapislazuli, turquoise, by Cartier Paris, 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Growing political tensions, the after-effects of the war, and a reaction against the perceived decadence of the turn of the 20th century led to simpler forms, combined with more effective manufacturing for mass production of high-quality jewellery. Covering the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the style has become popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> movement, with their philosophy of "no barriers between artists and craftsmen" led to some interesting and stylistically simplified forms. Modern materials were also introduced: plastics and aluminium were first used in jewellery, and of note are the chromed pendants of Russian-born Bauhaus master <a href="/wiki/Naum_Slutzky" title="Naum Slutzky">Naum Slutzky</a>. Technical mastery became as valued as the material itself. In the West, this period saw the reinvention of granulation by the German <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Treskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Treskow (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Treskow</a>, although development of the re-invention has continued into the 1990s. It is based on the basic shapes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> has the longest continuous legacy of jewellery making anywhere, Asia was the first place where these jewellery were made in large numbers for the royals<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a history of over 5,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Untracht_1997_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Untracht_1997-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, in what is now predominately modern-day Pakistan and part of northern and western India. Early jewellery making in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> started around the same period, but it became widespread with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> around 2,000 years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Chinese used <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> in their jewellery more than gold. Blue <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfisher</a> <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> were tied onto early Chinese jewellery and later, blue gems and glass were incorporated into designs. However, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> was preferred over any other stone. The Chinese revered jade because of the human-like qualities they assigned to it, such as its hardness, durability, and beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_1999_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first jade pieces were very simple, but as time progressed, more complex designs evolved. Jade rings from between the 4th and 7th centuries BC show evidence of having been worked with a compound <a href="/wiki/Milling_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling machine">milling machine</a>, hundreds of years before the first mention of such equipment in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, the most uncommon piece of jewellery is the earring, which was worn neither by men nor women.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, earrings are still considered culturally taboo for men in China—in fact, in 2019, the Chinese video streaming service <a href="/wiki/IQiyi" class="mw-redirect" title="IQiyi">iQiyi</a> began blurring the ears of male actors wearing earrings. <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulets</a> were common, often with a Chinese symbol or <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>. Dragons, Chinese symbols, and <a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">phoenixes</a> were frequently depicted on jewellery designs. </p><p>The Chinese often placed their jewellery in their graves. Most Chinese graves found by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologists</a> contain decorative jewellery.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1983_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1983-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fluted ring with a dragon head (huan); circa 475 BC; jade (nephrite); overall: 9.1 centimetres (3.6 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)"><noscript><img alt="Fluted ring with a dragon head (huan); circa 475 BC; jade (nephrite); overall: 9.1 centimetres (3.6 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg/170px-Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2959"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg/170px-Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg" data-alt="Fluted ring with a dragon head (huan); circa 475 BC; jade (nephrite); overall: 9.1 centimetres (3.6 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" data-width="170" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg/255px-Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg/340px-Clevelandart_1985.75.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fluted ring with a dragon head (huan); circa 475 BC; jade (<a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>); overall: 9.1 centimetres (3.6 in); <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornament with flowers and grapes design; 1115–1234; jade; Shanghai Museum (China)"><noscript><img alt="Ornament with flowers and grapes design; 1115–1234; jade; Shanghai Museum (China)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg/170px-Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg/170px-Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg" data-alt="Ornament with flowers and grapes design; 1115–1234; jade; Shanghai Museum (China)" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg/255px-Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg/340px-Jade_ornament_with_grape_design.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornament with flowers and grapes design; 1115–1234; jade; <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Museum" title="Shanghai Museum">Shanghai Museum</a> (China)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xin 心 shaped jewellery; 1368–1644; gold, ruby, pearl and other gemstones; about the size of an adult human's palm; Dingling (Beijing, China)"><noscript><img alt="Xin 心 shaped jewellery; 1368–1644; gold, ruby, pearl and other gemstones; about the size of an adult human's palm; Dingling (Beijing, China)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg/170px-Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg/170px-Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg" data-alt="Xin 心 shaped jewellery; 1368–1644; gold, ruby, pearl and other gemstones; about the size of an adult human's palm; Dingling (Beijing, China)" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg/255px-Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg/340px-Chinese_Xin_Shape_Jewelry_from_Ming_Dynasty_Tombs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Xin 心 shaped jewellery; 1368–1644; gold, ruby, pearl and other gemstones; about the size of an adult human's palm; <a href="/wiki/Dingling_(Ming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingling (Ming)">Dingling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hat ornament; 18th–19th century; gold, gilded metal, kingfisher feathers, glass and semiprecious stones; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="Hat ornament; 18th–19th century; gold, gilded metal, kingfisher feathers, glass and semiprecious stones; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg/170px-MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg/170px-MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg" data-alt="Hat ornament; 18th–19th century; gold, gilded metal, kingfisher feathers, glass and semiprecious stones; various dimensions; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg/255px-MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg/340px-MET_15_95_181j_O1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hat ornament; 18th–19th century; gold, gilded metal, kingfisher feathers, glass and semiprecious stones; various dimensions; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><span class="anchor" id="India"></span><span class="anchor" id="Indian"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg/170px-Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg/170px-Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg/255px-Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg/340px-Necklace_with_Shiva%27s_Family_LACMA_M.85.140.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Necklace with Shiva's family; late 19th century; gold inlaid with rubies, a diamond <a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a> beads (elaeo carpus seeds) and silver back plate on clasp; overall: 38.1 centimetres (15.0 in); <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, US)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> has a long jewellery history, which has gone through various changes via cultural influence and politics for more than 5,000–8,000 years. Because India had an abundant supply of precious metals and gems, it prospered financially through export and exchange with other countries. While European traditions were heavily influenced by waxing and waning empires, India enjoyed a continuous development of art forms for some 5,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Untracht_1997_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Untracht_1997-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first to start jewellery making were the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>. By 1500 BC, the peoples of the Indus Valley were creating gold earrings and necklaces, bead necklaces, and metallic <a href="/wiki/Bangle" title="Bangle">bangles</a>. Before 2100 BC, prior to the period when metals were widely used, the largest jewellery trade in the Indus Valley region was the <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">bead</a> trade. Beads in the Indus Valley were made using simple techniques. First, a bead maker would need a rough stone, which would be bought from an eastern stone trader. The stone would then be placed into a hot oven where it would be heated until it turned deep red, a colour highly prized by people of the Indus Valley. The red stone would then be chipped to the right size and a hole bored through it with primitive drills. The beads were then polished. Some beads were also painted with designs. This art form was often passed down through the family. Children of bead makers often learned how to work beads from a young age. Each stone had its own characteristics related to Hinduism. </p><p>Jewellery in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a> was worn predominantly by females, who wore numerous clay or shell bracelets on their wrists. They were often shaped like doughnuts and painted black. Over time, clay bangles were discarded for more durable ones. In present-day <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, bangles are made out of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> or glass.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pieces that women frequently wore were thin bands of gold that would be worn on the forehead, earrings, primitive brooches, <a href="/wiki/Choker" title="Choker">chokers</a>, and gold rings. Although women wore jewellery the most, some men in the Indus Valley wore beads. Small beads were often crafted to be placed in men and women's hair. The beads were about one millimetre long. </p><p>A female skeleton (presently on display at the National Museum, New Delhi, India) wears a carlinean bangle (bracelet) on her left hand. <i>Kada</i> is a special kind of bracelet and is widely popular in Indian culture. They symbolize animals such as peacock, elephant, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hindu belief, gold and silver are considered as sacred metals. Gold is symbolic of the warm sun, while silver suggests the cool moon. Both are the quintessential metals of Indian jewellery. Pure gold does not oxidise or corrode with time, which is why Hindu tradition associates gold with immortality. Gold imagery occurs frequently in ancient Indian literature. In the Vedic Hindu belief of cosmological creation, the source of physical and spiritual human life originated in and evolved from a golden womb (hiranyagarbha) or egg (hiranyanda), a metaphor of the sun, whose light rises from the primordial waters.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewellery had great status with India's royalty; it was so powerful that they established laws, limiting wearing of jewellery to royalty. Only royalty and a few others to whom they granted permission could wear gold ornaments on their feet. This would normally be considered breaking the appreciation of the sacred metals. Even though the majority of the Indian population wore jewellery, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharajas</a> and people related to royalty had a deeper connection with jewellery. The <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a>'s role was so important that the Hindu philosophers identified him as central to the smooth working of the world. He was considered as a divine being, a deity in human form, whose duty was to uphold and protect dharma, the moral order of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest ever single order to <a href="/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)#Royalty" title="Cartier (jeweler)">Cartier</a> was made in 1925 by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(by_region)" title="List of princely states of British India (by region)">Indian royalty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Patiala" title="Maharaja of Patiala">Maharaja of Patiala</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Patiala_Necklace" title="Patiala Necklace">Patiala Necklace</a> and other jewellery worth <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,000 million</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>210 billion, US$2.6 billion or €2.6 billion in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a> (nine gems) is a powerful jewel frequently worn by a <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> (Emperor). It is an amulet, which comprises diamond, pearl, ruby, sapphire, emerald, topaz, cat's eye, coral, and hyacinth (red zircon). Each of these stones is associated with a celestial deity, represented the totality of the Hindu universe when all nine gems are together. The diamond is the most powerful gem among the nine stones. There were various cuts for the gemstone. Indian Kings bought gemstones privately from the sellers. Maharaja and other royal family members value gem as Hindu God. They exchanged gems with people to whom they were very close, especially the royal family members and other intimate allies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was the first country to mine <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, with some mines dating back to 296 BC. India traded the diamonds, realising their valuable qualities. Historically, diamonds have been given to retain or regain a lover's or ruler's lost favour, as symbols of tribute, or as an expression of fidelity in exchange for concessions and protection. Mughal emperors and Kings used the diamonds as a means of assuring their immortality by having their names and worldly titles inscribed upon them. Moreover, it has played and continues to play a pivotal role in Indian social, political, economic, and religious event, as it often has done elsewhere. In Indian history, diamonds have been used to acquire military equipment, finance wars, foment revolutions, and tempt defections. They have contributed to the abdication or the decapitation of potentates. They have been used to murder a representative of the dominating power by lacing his food with crushed diamond. Indian diamonds have been used as security to finance large loans needed to buttress politically or economically tottering regimes. Victorious military heroes have been honoured by rewards of diamonds and also have been used as ransom payment for release from imprisonment or abduction.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, many jewellery designs and traditions are used, and jewellery is commonplace in Indian ceremonies and <a href="/wiki/Indian_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian wedding">weddings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1983_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1983-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many Indians, especially those who follow the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> faiths, bridal jewellery is known as <i>streedhan</i> and functions as personal wealth for the bride only, as a sort of financial security. For this reason, this jewellery, especially in the sacred metals of gold and silver, has large cultural significance for Indian brides. Jewellery is worn on the arms and hands, ears, neck, hair, head, feet, toes and waist to bless the bride with prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendant_with_a_Siddha(%3F)_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendant probably with Siddha; 8th–9th century; copper alloy; 8.89 by 7.93 by 0.31 centimetres (3.50 in × 3.12 in × 0.12 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)"><noscript><img alt="Pendant probably with Siddha; 8th–9th century; copper alloy; 8.89 by 7.93 by 0.31 centimetres (3.50 in × 3.12 in × 0.12 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg/161px-Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 161px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg/161px-Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg" data-alt="Pendant probably with Siddha; 8th–9th century; copper alloy; 8.89 by 7.93 by 0.31 centimetres (3.50 in × 3.12 in × 0.12 in); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)" data-width="161" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg/241px-Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg/322px-Pendant_with_a_Siddha%28%3F%29_LACMA_AC1999.239.1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pendant probably with <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a>; 8th–9th century; copper alloy; 8.89 by 7.93 by 0.31 centimetres (3.50 in × 3.12 in × 0.12 in); <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earring with Vishnu riding Garuda; c. 1600; gold set with jewels and semi-precious stones; overall: 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in); from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)"><noscript><img alt="Earring with Vishnu riding Garuda; c. 1600; gold set with jewels and semi-precious stones; overall: 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in); from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg/114px-Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2276" data-file-height="3400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg/114px-Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg" data-alt="Earring with Vishnu riding Garuda; c. 1600; gold set with jewels and semi-precious stones; overall: 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in); from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland)" data-width="114" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg/171px-Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg/227px-Clevelandart_1915.342.1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earring with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> riding <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>; gold set with jewels and semi-precious stones; overall: 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in); from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earring with four-armed Vishnu riding Garuda with Nagas (serpent divinities); c. 1600; repousse gold with pearls; overall: 3.6 cm; from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Earring with four-armed Vishnu riding Garuda with Nagas (serpent divinities); c. 1600; repousse gold with pearls; overall: 3.6 cm; from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg/141px-Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="3400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 141px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg/141px-Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg" data-alt="Earring with four-armed Vishnu riding Garuda with Nagas (serpent divinities); c. 1600; repousse gold with pearls; overall: 3.6 cm; from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art" data-width="141" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg/211px-Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg/281px-Clevelandart_1915.346.1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earring with four-armed Vishnu riding Garuda with <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nagas</a> (serpent divinities); <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>; repousse gold with pearls; overall: 3.6 cm; from Nepal; Cleveland Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comb with Vishnu adored by serpents; 1750–1800; ivory with traces of paint; 6.99 by 7.94 centimetres (2.75 in × 3.13 in); from Nepal; Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Comb with Vishnu adored by serpents; 1750–1800; ivory with traces of paint; 6.99 by 7.94 centimetres (2.75 in × 3.13 in); from Nepal; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg/170px-Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1999"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg/170px-Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg" data-alt="Comb with Vishnu adored by serpents; 1750–1800; ivory with traces of paint; 6.99 by 7.94 centimetres (2.75 in × 3.13 in); from Nepal; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" data-width="170" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg/255px-Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg/340px-Comb_with_Vishnu_Adored_by_Serpents_LACMA_M.83.218.1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comb with Vishnu adored by serpents; 1750–1800; ivory with traces of paint; 6.99 by 7.94 centimetres (2.75 in × 3.13 in); from Nepal; Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_and_South_America">North and South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: North and South America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_jewelry" title="Native American jewelry">Native American jewelry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ear_Ornament,_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg/220px-Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg/220px-Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg/330px-Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg/440px-Ear_Ornament%2C_Winged_Runner_MET_DP-10734-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a> ear ornaments depicting winged runners; 3rd–7th century; gold, turquoise, <a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">sodalite</a> and shell; diameter: 8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jewellery making started in the Americas with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> more than 15,000 years ago. This jewellery would have been made from stone, shell, bone and other perishable materials. The American continent is home to 2 <a href="/wiki/Cradles_of_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradles of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>: in the <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean civilization">Andes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. Cultures in these regions developed more complex methods of jewellery creation. The Andes is the origin of <a href="/wiki/Hot_working" title="Hot working">hot working</a> <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> in the Americas and consequently the region has the longest history of work in materials such as silver, platinum and gold. Metallurgy began in Mesoamerica during the Termainal Classic era, likely arriving from direct maritime trade with the Andean cultures. As a result, western Mesoamerican cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tarascan_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan State">Tarascans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec Culture">Mixtecs</a>, had more complex use of the technology. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a> culture, goldwork flourished. The pieces are no longer simple metalwork, but are now masterful examples of jewellery making. Pieces are sophisticated in their design, and feature inlays of turquoise, mother of pearl, spondylus shell, and amethyst. The nose and ear ornaments, chest plates, small containers and whistles are considered masterpieces of ancient Peruvian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable example of Andean metallurgy is the Northern Andean cultures' work with <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, which has a much higher <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> than other precious metals. There are only a few known examples of <a href="/wiki/Cold_worked" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold worked">cold worked</a> platinum in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and no known intentionally hot worked examples (platinum was not identified as a separate element and small inclusions appeared in some goldwork). In the New World however, certain Andean cultures recognized platinum as a separate metal and were able to incorporate it into jewellery, such as through <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintering</a> it with gold.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg/170px-Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="344" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="5091"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 344px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg/170px-Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="344" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg/255px-Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg/340px-Funerary_Goods_found_with_the_previous_mask_-_Maya_Museum_Campeche.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Jadeite <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">funerary jewellery</a> from Tomb 1 of Structure VII of <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>, thought to belong to <a href="/wiki/Yuknoom_Took%CA%BC_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil">Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil</a>. Late Classic (660 to 750 AD).</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the Late Post-Classic Aztecs, only nobility wore gold jewellery, as it showed their rank, power, and wealth. A large portion of "Aztec gold" jewellery was created by Mixtec artisans. The Mixtecs were particularly known for their goldwork and gold jewellery was part of the tribute paid by Mixtec polities to the Aztecs. In general, the more jewellery an Aztec noble wore, the higher his status or prestige. <a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">The Emperor</a> and his High Priests, for example, would be nearly completely covered in jewellery when making public appearances. Although gold was the most common and a popular material used in Aztec jewellery, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, and certain feathers were considered more valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to adornment and status, the Aztecs also used jewellery in sacrifices to appease the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farndon_2001_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farndon_2001-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another ancient American civilization with expertise in jewellery making were the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>. During the Pre-Classic and Classic era of Maya civilization, the Maya were making jewellery from local materials such as jade, pearls, and sea shell while also incorporating imported materials such as obsidian and turquoise. In the Terminal Classic and Post-Classic, importation of gold, silver, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> lead to the use of these materials in jewellery. Merchants and nobility were the only few that wore expensive jewellery in the Maya region, much the same as with the Aztecs.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_1983_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader_1983-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jade in particular had an important <a href="/wiki/Jade_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Jade use in Mesoamerica">role across Mesoamerica</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a>, Native Americans used <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a>, wood, turquoise, and <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a> The turquoise was used in necklaces and to be placed in earrings. The turquoise incorporated into Mesoamerican jewellery was primarily obtained through trade with <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a>. Native Americans with access to <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> shells, often located in only one location in America, traded the shells with other tribes, showing the great importance of the body adornment trade in Northern America.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewellery played a major role in the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonizers</a> were spurred to search for gold on the American mainland after coming into contact with Caribbean natives that had gold jewellery obtained through trade with the mainland. Continued contact with Native Americans wearing gold jewellery eventually lead to Spanish expeditions of the mythological <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Messico,_colima_o_jalisco,_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus,_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pendant made from a spondylus shell, Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition, 200 BC to 200 AD, now at the Art Institute of Chicago, United States."><noscript><img alt="Pendant made from a spondylus shell, Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition, 200 BC to 200 AD, now at the Art Institute of Chicago, United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg/170px-Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1153"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg/170px-Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg" data-alt="Pendant made from a spondylus shell, Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition, 200 BC to 200 AD, now at the Art Institute of Chicago, United States." data-width="170" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg/255px-Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg/340px-Messico%2C_colima_o_jalisco%2C_ornamenti_in_conchigli_di_spondylus%2C_200_ac-200_dc_ca._03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pendant made from a <i><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">spondylus</a></i> shell, <a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition</a>, 200 BC to 200 AD, now at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, United States.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Muisca gold jewellery, including a headband, nose ornament and pectoral, on display at the Gold Museum in Bogota, Colombia."><noscript><img alt="Muisca gold jewellery, including a headband, nose ornament and pectoral, on display at the Gold Museum in Bogota, Colombia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG/113px-BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 113px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG/113px-BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG" data-alt="Muisca gold jewellery, including a headband, nose ornament and pectoral, on display at the Gold Museum in Bogota, Colombia." data-width="113" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG/170px-BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG/226px-BOG_04_2012_Museo_de_Oro_1213.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a> gold jewellery, including a headband, nose ornament and pectoral, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Gold Museum, Bogotá">Gold Museum</a> in Bogota, Colombia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peru,_North_Coast,_Moche_culture_(50-800),_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Moche nose ornament made from silver and gold-silver alloy, inlaid with malachite, now at the Cleveland Museum of Art, United States."><noscript><img alt="Moche nose ornament made from silver and gold-silver alloy, inlaid with malachite, now at the Cleveland Museum of Art, United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4688" data-file-height="3223"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" data-alt="Moche nose ornament made from silver and gold-silver alloy, inlaid with malachite, now at the Cleveland Museum of Art, United States." data-width="170" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Peru%2C_North_Coast%2C_Moche_culture_%2850-800%29%2C_Early_Intermediate_Period_-_Nose_Ornament_with_Decapitators_and_Human_Heads_-_2005.176_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moche nose ornament made from silver and gold-silver <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>, inlaid with <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, United States.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mixtec-Puebla style labret made from obsidian in the shape of an eagle, now at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, United States."><noscript><img alt="Mixtec-Puebla style labret made from obsidian in the shape of an eagle, now at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg/170px-Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg/170px-Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg" data-alt="Mixtec-Puebla style labret made from obsidian in the shape of an eagle, now at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, United States." data-width="170" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg/255px-Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg/340px-Mixteca-Puebla_style_labret.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mixtec-Puebla style <a href="/wiki/Labret" title="Labret">labret</a> made from obsidian in the shape of an eagle, now at the <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> in Baltimore, United States.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American">Native American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Native American" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_jewelry" title="Native American jewelry">Native American jewelry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atsidi_Sani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Atsidi_Sani.jpg/170px-Atsidi_Sani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="870"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Atsidi_Sani.jpg/170px-Atsidi_Sani.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Atsidi_Sani.jpg/255px-Atsidi_Sani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Atsidi_Sani.jpg/340px-Atsidi_Sani.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Bai-De-Schluch-A-Ichin or Be-Ich-Schluck-Ich-In-Et-Tzuzzigi (Slender Silversmith) "Metal Beater," <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> silversmith, photo by George Ben Wittick, 1883</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Native American jewellery</b> is the personal adornment, often in the forms of necklaces, earrings, bracelets, rings, pins, brooches, labrets, and more, made by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the United States">Indigenous peoples of the United States</a>. Native American jewellery reflects the cultural diversity and history of its makers. <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American tribes">Native American tribes</a> continue to develop distinct aesthetics rooted in their personal artistic visions and cultural traditions. Artists create jewellery for adornment, ceremonies, and trade. Lois Sherr Dubin writes, "[i]n the absence of written languages, adornment became an important element of Indian [Native American] communication, conveying many levels of information." Later, jewellery and personal adornment "...signaled resistance to assimilation. It remains a major statement of tribal and individual identity."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Haida Nation of the Pacific Northwest, copper was used as a form of jewellery for creating bracelets.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metalsmiths, beaders, carvers, and lapidaries combine a variety of metals, hardwoods, precious and semi-precious gemstones, <a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">beadwork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">quillwork</a>, teeth, bones, hide, vegetal fibres, and other materials to create jewellery. Contemporary Native American jewellery ranges from hand-quarried and processed stones and shells to computer-fabricated steel and titanium jewellery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific">Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pacific" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_in_the_Pacific" title="Jewellery in the Pacific">Jewellery in the Pacific</a></div> <p>Jewellery making in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a> started later than in other areas because of recent human settlement. Early Pacific jewellery was made of bone, wood, and other natural materials, and thus has not survived. Most Pacific jewellery is worn above the waist, with headdresses, necklaces, hair pins, and arm and waist belts being the most common pieces. </p><p>Jewellery in the Pacific, with the exception of Australia, is worn to be a symbol of either fertility or power. Elaborate headdresses are worn by many Pacific cultures and some, such as the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, wear certain headdresses once they have killed an enemy. Tribesman may wear boar bones through their noses. </p><p>Island jewellery is still very much primal because of the lack of communication with outside cultures. Some areas of Borneo and Papua New Guinea are yet to be explored by Western nations. However, the island nations that were flooded with Western missionaries have had drastic changes made to their jewellery designs. Missionaries saw any type of tribal jewellery as a sign of the wearer's devotion to paganism. Thus many tribal designs were lost forever in the mass conversion to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Neich_2004_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neich_2004-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> is now the number one supplier of <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opals</a> in the world. Opals had already been mined in Europe and South America for many years prior, but in the late 19th century, the Australian opal market became predominant. Australian opals are only mined in a few select places around the country, making it one of the most profitable stones in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a> traditionally had a strong culture of personal adornment,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most famously the <a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a>. Hei-tikis are traditionally carved by hand from bone, <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bowenite" title="Bowenite">bowenite</a>. </p><p>Nowadays a wide range of such traditionally inspired items such as bone carved pendants based on traditional fishhooks <i><a href="/wiki/Hei_matau" title="Hei matau">hei matau</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a> jewellery are popular with young New Zealanders of all backgrounds – for whom they relate to a generalized sense of New Zealand identity. These trends have contributed towards a worldwide interest in traditional Māori culture and arts. </p><p>Other than jewellery created through Māori influence, modern jewellery in New Zealand is multicultural and varied.<sup id="cite_ref-Neich_2004_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neich_2004-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Māori hei-tiki; 1500–1800; jade (nephrite), abalone shell and pigments; from the New Zealand; Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac (Paris)"><noscript><img alt="Māori hei-tiki; 1500–1800; jade (nephrite), abalone shell and pigments; from the New Zealand; Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac (Paris)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg/143px-MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="2212"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 143px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg/143px-MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg" data-alt="Māori hei-tiki; 1500–1800; jade (nephrite), abalone shell and pigments; from the New Zealand; Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac (Paris)" data-width="143" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg/215px-MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg/287px-MAP_Expo_Maori_Hei_tiki_15_01_2012_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a></i>; 1500–1800; jade (<a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>), abalone shell and pigments; from the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_%E2%80%93_Jacques_Chirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac">Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac</a> (Paris)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendanr_(hei-tiki)_LACMA_M.71.73.156_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hei-tiki; 18th century; nephrite and haliotis shell; 10.9 centimetres (4.3 in); from the New Zealand; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)"><noscript><img alt="Hei-tiki; 18th century; nephrite and haliotis shell; 10.9 centimetres (4.3 in); from the New Zealand; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg/131px-Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 131px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg/131px-Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg" data-alt="Hei-tiki; 18th century; nephrite and haliotis shell; 10.9 centimetres (4.3 in); from the New Zealand; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (Los Angeles)" data-width="131" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg/196px-Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg/262px-Pendanr_%28hei-tiki%29_LACMA_M.71.73.156_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hei-tiki</i>; 18th century; nephrite and haliotis shell; 10.9 centimetres (4.3 in); from the New Zealand; <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hawaiian pendant; 18th–19th century; whalebone; height: 6 centimetres (2.4 in), width, 3.8 centimetres (1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><noscript><img alt="Hawaiian pendant; 18th–19th century; whalebone; height: 6 centimetres (2.4 in), width, 3.8 centimetres (1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg/132px-Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3115" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg/132px-Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg" data-alt="Hawaiian pendant; 18th–19th century; whalebone; height: 6 centimetres (2.4 in), width, 3.8 centimetres (1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" data-width="132" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg/198px-Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg/265px-Pendant_MET_DP140060.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hawaiian pendant; 18th–19th century; whalebone; height: 6 centimetres (2.4 in), width, 3.8 centimetres (1.5 in); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_Ornament_(civa_vonovono)_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Breast Ornament (civa vonovono); c. 1850; whale ivory, pearl shell and fiber; height: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in), diameter: 17.78 centimetres (7.00 in); from Fiji; Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><noscript><img alt="Breast Ornament (civa vonovono); c. 1850; whale ivory, pearl shell and fiber; height: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in), diameter: 17.78 centimetres (7.00 in); from Fiji; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg/132px-Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg/132px-Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg" data-alt="Breast Ornament (civa vonovono); c. 1850; whale ivory, pearl shell and fiber; height: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in), diameter: 17.78 centimetres (7.00 in); from Fiji; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" data-width="132" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg/199px-Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg/265px-Breast_Ornament_%28civa_vonovono%29_LACMA_M.2008.66.37.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Breast Ornament (civa vonovono); <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>; whale ivory, pearl shell and fiber; height: 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in), diameter: 17.78 centimetres (7.00 in); from <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>; Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Modern">Modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg/220px-Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3636" data-file-height="2424"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg/220px-Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg/330px-Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg/440px-Gold-jewellery-jewel-henry-designs-terabass.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Gold and gemstone contemporary jewellery design</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="537"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Male_hand_with_two_rings_operating_computer_mouse_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Male hand with modern silver rings, one with a tribal motive.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern commercial jewellery continues traditional forms and styles, but designers such as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jensen" title="Georg Jensen">Georg Jensen</a> have widened the concept of wearable art. The advent of new materials, such as plastics, <a href="/wiki/Precious_Metal_Clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious Metal Clay">Precious Metal Clay</a> (PMC), and colouring techniques, has led to increased variety in styles. Other advances, such as the development of improved <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a> harvesting by people such as <a href="/wiki/Mikimoto_K%C5%8Dkichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikimoto Kōkichi">Mikimoto Kōkichi</a> and the development of improved quality artificial gemstones such as <a href="/wiki/Moissanite" title="Moissanite">moissanite</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_simulant" title="Diamond simulant">diamond simulant</a>), has placed jewellery within the economic grasp of a much larger segment of the population. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Art_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Art jewellery">"jewellery as art"</a> movement was spearheaded by artisans such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Morris" title="Robert Lee Morris">Robert Lee Morris</a> and continued by designers such as Gill Forsbrook in the UK. Influence from other cultural forms is also evident. One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Bling-bling" title="Bling-bling">bling-bling</a> style jewellery, popularised by hip-hop and rap artists in the early 21st century, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Grill_(jewelry)" title="Grill (jewelry)">grills</a>, a type of jewellery worn over the teeth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg/170px-Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg/170px-Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg/255px-Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg/340px-Shraddha_Kapoor_at_IBJA_awards_and_fashion_showcase.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Indian actress <a href="/wiki/Shraddha_Kapoor" title="Shraddha Kapoor">Shraddha Kapoor</a> showcasing modern Indian-style jewellery</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 20th century saw the blending of European design with oriental techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a>. The following are innovations in the decades straddling the year 2000: "Mokume-gane, hydraulic die forming, anti-clastic <a href="/wiki/Raising_(metalworking)" title="Raising (metalworking)">raising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fold-forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Fold-forming">fold-forming</a>, reactive metal anodising, shell forms, <a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">PMC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoetching" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoetching">photoetching</a>, and [use of] <a href="/wiki/CAD/CAM" title="CAD/CAM">CAD/CAM</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> as a production technique gains more and more importance. With a great variety of services offering this production method, jewellery design becomes accessible to a growing number of creatives. An important advantage of using 3d printing are the relatively low costs for <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a>, small batch series or unique and <a href="/wiki/Personalization" title="Personalization">personalized</a> designs. Shapes that are hard or impossible to create by hand can often be realized by 3D printing. Popular materials to print include <a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">polyamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> (latter for further processing). Every printable material has its very own constraints that have to be considered while designing the piece of jewellery using <a href="/wiki/3D_modelling_software" class="mw-redirect" title="3D modelling software">3D modelling software</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Art_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Art jewellery">Artisan jewellery</a> continues to grow as both a hobby and a profession. With more than 17 United States periodicals about beading alone, resources, accessibility, and a low initial cost of entry continues to expand production of hand-made adornments. Some fine examples of artisan jewellery can be seen at <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in numbers of students choosing to study jewellery design and production in Australia has grown in the past 20 years, and Australia now has a thriving contemporary jewellery community. Many of these jewellers have embraced modern materials and techniques, as well as incorporating traditional workmanship. </p><p>More expansive use of metal to adorn the wearer, where the piece is larger and more elaborate than what would normally be considered jewellery, has come to be referred to by designers and fashion writers as <a href="/wiki/Metal_couture" title="Metal couture">metal couture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Masonic">Masonic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Masonic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masonic_jewels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Masonic_jewels.jpg/220px-Masonic_jewels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="2148"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Masonic_jewels.jpg/220px-Masonic_jewels.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Masonic_jewels.jpg/330px-Masonic_jewels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Masonic_jewels.jpg/440px-Masonic_jewels.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Types of masonic collar jewels</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> attach jewels to their detachable collars when in Lodge to signify a Brothers Office held with the Lodge. For example, the square represents the Master of the Lodge and the dove represents the Deacon. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Body_modification">Body modification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Body modification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg/170px-Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2856"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg/170px-Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg/255px-Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg/340px-Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kayan_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan (Burma)">Padaung</a> girl in Northern Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>Jewellery used in <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modification</a> can be simple and plain or dramatic and extreme. The use of simple silver studs, rings, and earrings predominates. Common jewellery pieces such as earrings are a form of body modification, as they are accommodated by creating a small hole in the ear. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kayan_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan (Burma)">Padaung</a> women in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> place large golden rings around their necks. From as early as five years old, girls are introduced to their first neck ring. Over the years, more rings are added. In addition to the twenty-plus pounds of rings on her neck, a woman will also wear just as many rings on her calves. At their extent, some necks modified like this can reach 10–15 in (25–38 cm) long. The practice has health impacts and has in recent years declined from cultural norm to tourist curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard_2002_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard_2002-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribes related to the Padaung, as well as other cultures throughout the world, use jewellery to stretch their earlobes or enlarge ear piercings. In the Americas, <a href="/wiki/Labret" title="Labret">labrets</a> have been worn since before <a href="/wiki/First_contact_(anthropology)" title="First contact (anthropology)">first contact</a> by <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples of the northwest coast.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lip_plate" title="Lip plate">Lip plates</a> have been worn by the African <a href="/wiki/Mursi_people" title="Mursi people">Mursi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sara_people" title="Sara people">Sara people</a>, as well as some South American peoples. </p><p>In the late twentieth century, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Modern_primitive" title="Modern primitive">modern primitivism</a> led to many of these practices being incorporated into western subcultures. Many of these practices rely on a combination of body modification and decorative objects, thus keeping the distinction between these two types of decoration blurred. </p><p>In many cultures, jewellery is used as a temporary body modifier; in some cases, with hooks or other objects being placed into the recipient's skin. Although this procedure is often carried out by tribal or semi-tribal groups, often acting under a trance during religious ceremonies, this practice has seeped into western culture. Many extreme-jewellery shops now cater to people wanting large hooks or spikes set into their skin. Most often, these hooks are used in conjunction with pulleys to hoist the recipient into the air. This practice is said to give an erotic feeling to the person and some couples have even performed their marriage ceremony whilst being suspended by hooks.<sup id="cite_ref-Packard_2002_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packard_2002-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Jewellery_market">Jewellery market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Jewellery market" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg/220px-Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2188"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg/220px-Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg/330px-Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg/440px-Kirkkokatu_19_Oulu_20210220.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Oulun Koru <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewellery shop">jewellery shop</a> at the Kirkkokatu street in <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a 2007 KPMG study,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest jewellery market is the United States with a market share of 31%, Japan, India, China, and the Middle East each with 8–9%, and Italy with 5%. The authors of the study predicted a dramatic change in market shares by 2015, where the market share of the United States will have dropped to around 25%, and China and India will increase theirs to over 13%. The trend of buying jewellery online is also increasing day by day. The Middle East will remain more or less constant at 9%, whereas Europe's and Japan's market share will be halved and become less than 4% for Japan, and less than 3% for the biggest individual European countries, Italy and the UK. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_cleaning" title="Jewellery cleaning">Jewellery cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">Jewellery of the Berber cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter" title="Jewellery Quarter">Jewellery Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_Television" title="Jewelry Television">Jewelry Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">List of jewellery types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a> (healing jewelry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_derived_from_gemstones" title="List of names derived from gemstones">List of names derived from gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_insect_jewelry" title="Live insect jewelry">Live insect jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5099104.stm">Study reveals 'oldest jewellery'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612230733/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5099104.stm">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, June 22, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jewel">jewel. (n.d.).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307235810/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jewel">Archived</a> 2016-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved August 7, 2007, from the Dictionary.com website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Doubled_in_British_English" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British spelling differences</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKunz1917" class="citation book cs1">Kunz, George Frederick (1917). <i>Magic of Jewels and Charms</i>. John Lippincott Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+of+Jewels+and+Charms&rft.pub=John+Lippincott+Co.&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=George+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span> URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/kunz-magic-jewels/page_360">Magic Of jewels: Chapter VII Amulets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213125551/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/kunz-magic-jewels/page_360">Archived</a> 2013-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz" title="George Frederick Kunz">George Frederick Kunz</a>, a gemmologist for Tiffany's, built the collections of banker J.P. Morgan and of the American Natural History Museum in New York City. This chapter deals entirely with using jewels and gemstones in jewellery for talismanic purposes in Western cultures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManutchehr-Danai2009" class="citation book cs1">Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen, ed. (2009). "Magical jewelry". <i>Dictionary of Gems and Gemology</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-72816-0">10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72795-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-72795-8"><bdi>978-3-540-72795-8</bdi></a>. <q>magical jewelry [...] articles of jewelry worn for their magical belief, medicinal powers, or superstitions reasons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magical+jewelry&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gems+and+Gemology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-72816-0&rft.isbn=978-3-540-72795-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/money_01.shtml">"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Viking Money"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210111850/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/money_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Ancient+History+in+depth%3A+Viking+Money&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fvikings%2Fmoney_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeb_Team2011" class="citation web cs1">Web Team, Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum (2011-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/trade-beads/">"Trade Beads"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108021106/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/t/trade-beads/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Beads&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Web+Team&rft.aufirst=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum%2C+Online+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2Ft%2Ftrade-beads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland_1999-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_1999_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_1999_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_1999_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, J. 1999. The Kingfisher History Encyclopedia. <i>Kingfisher books</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/13505">"Designed by Louis C. Tiffany | Covered Inkwell | American"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Designed+by+Louis+C.+Tiffany+%7C+Covered+Inkwell+%7C+American&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F13505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsfantiquejewelry.com/blogs/journal/the-tiffany-co-art-of-crafting-enamel-gold-inkwells?srsltid=AfmBOopDtFk8aTA-ia_UEYWRM790shW8Oj1jCZaK91wbzwHHsKB1Xw1q">"The Tiffany & Co. Art of Crafting Enamel Gold Inkwells"</a>. <i>DSF Antique Jewelry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DSF+Antique+Jewelry&rft.atitle=The+Tiffany+%26+Co.+Art+of+Crafting+Enamel+Gold+Inkwells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsfantiquejewelry.com%2Fblogs%2Fjournal%2Fthe-tiffany-co-art-of-crafting-enamel-gold-inkwells%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOopDtFk8aTA-ia_UEYWRM790shW8Oj1jCZaK91wbzwHHsKB1Xw1q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Morris,_Desmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris, Desmond">Morris, Desmond</a>. <i>Body Guards: Protective Amulets and Charms</i>. Element, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862045720" title="Special:BookSources/1862045720">1862045720</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCreight, Tim. <i>Jewelry: Fundamentals of Metalsmithing</i>. Design Books International, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880140292" title="Special:BookSources/1880140292">1880140292</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926091822/http://lgdl.gia.edu/pdfs/janse-table1.pdf">"Home"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gia.edu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indexmundi.com&rft.atitle=Natural+Diamond%3A+World+Production%2C+By+Country+And+Type&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Fen%2Fcommodities%2Fminerals%2Fdiamond_%28industrial%29%2Fdiamond_%28industrial%29_t5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.howstuffworks.com/african-diamond-trade.htm">"How the African Diamond Trade Works"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks</i>. 2008-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=How+the+African+Diamond+Trade+Works&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.howstuffworks.com%2Fafrican-diamond-trade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2167870/">"Diamonds Are a Girl's Worst Friend: The trouble with engagement rings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924213522/http://www.slate.com/id/2167870/">Archived</a> 2011-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. by Meghan O'Rourke at Slate.com, June 11, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/what-is-a-diamond-solitaire-setting/">"What is a Solitaire Setting"</a>. <i>GIA.edu</i>. Gemological Institute of America. 6 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221034505/https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/what-is-a-diamond-solitaire-setting/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GIA.edu&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Solitaire+Setting&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4cs.gia.edu%2Fen-us%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-a-diamond-solitaire-setting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205115312/https://tidanapp.com/shop/what-is-solitaire-jewellery/">"What does solitaire ring look like?"</a>. <i>TIDAN</i>. tidanapp.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidanapp.com/shop/what-is-solitaire-jewellery/">the original</a> on 5 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TIDAN&rft.atitle=What+does+solitaire+ring+look+like%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidanapp.com%2Fshop%2Fwhat-is-solitaire-jewellery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501065610/http://www.diamondlab.org/80-hpht_synthesis.htm">"hpht - high pressure high temperature - International Diamond Laboratories diamond grading"</a>. 2009-05-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diamondlab.org/80-hpht_synthesis.htm">the original</a> on 2009-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hpht+-+high+pressure+high+temperature+-+International+Diamond+Laboratories+diamond+grading&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diamondlab.org%2F80-hpht_synthesis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpearDismukes1994" class="citation book cs1">Spear, Karl E.; Dismukes, John P. (1994-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RR5HF25DB7UC&q=synthetic+diamond"><i>Synthetic Diamond: Emerging CVD Science and Technology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-53589-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-53589-8"><bdi>978-0-471-53589-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthetic+Diamond%3A+Emerging+CVD+Science+and+Technology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1994-04-04&rft.isbn=978-0-471-53589-8&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rft.au=Dismukes%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRR5HF25DB7UC%26q%3Dsynthetic%2Bdiamond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearl2023" class="citation web cs1">Pearl, Diana (2023-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/style/lab-grown-diamonds-popularity-2023-bof/index.html">"How 2023 became the year of the lab-grown diamond"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+2023+became+the+year+of+the+lab-grown+diamond&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Pearl&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Flab-grown-diamonds-popularity-2023-bof%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazdinian" class="citation web cs1">Yazdinian, Nouriel Gino. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyelizabeth.com/articles/f/what-are-lab-diamonds-the-modern-gemstone-revolution#:~:text=Emergence%20In%20Fashion%20And%20Engagement%20Rings">"What Are Lab Diamonds? The Modern Gemstone Revolution"</a>. <i>NY Elizabeth</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY+Elizabeth&rft.atitle=What+Are+Lab+Diamonds%3F+The+Modern+Gemstone+Revolution&rft.aulast=Yazdinian&rft.aufirst=Nouriel+Gino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyelizabeth.com%2Farticles%2Ff%2Fwhat-are-lab-diamonds-the-modern-gemstone-revolution%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEmergence%2520In%2520Fashion%2520And%2520Engagement%2520Rings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Yusuf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/diamonds-made-with-solar-power-are-offering-fiancees-ethical-fashion-475d1c7b">"Diamonds Made With Solar Power Are Offering Fiancées Ethical Fashion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Diamonds+Made+With+Solar+Power+Are+Offering+Fianc%C3%A9es+Ethical+Fashion&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fdiamonds-made-with-solar-power-are-offering-fiancees-ethical-fashion-475d1c7b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarnoff" class="citation web cs1">Sarnoff, Leah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/lab-grown-diamonds-sustainable-advertised/story?id=109046877">"Are lab-grown diamonds as sustainable as advertised?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Are+lab-grown+diamonds+as+sustainable+as+advertised%3F&rft.aulast=Sarnoff&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2Flab-grown-diamonds-sustainable-advertised%2Fstory%3Fid%3D109046877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nassau, K. (1980). <i>Gems made by man</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801967732" title="Special:BookSources/0801967732">0801967732</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder. <i>The Natural History</i>. ed. <a href="/wiki/John_Bostock_(physician)" title="John Bostock (physician)">John Bostock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Henry Thomas Riley</a>, Book XXXIII <i>The Natural History of Metals</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+33.1">Online at the Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411103937/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+33.1">Archived</a> 2008-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter 4. Retrieved July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Vicky. "A Real Man's Ring: Gender and the Invention of Tradition." <i>Journal of Social History</i>, Summer 2003, pp 837–856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/Q_LP/">The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam (online)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013155916/http://witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/Q_LP/">Archived</a> 2011-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenbaum, Toni. "Silver Speaks: Traditional Jewelry From the Middle East". <i>Metalsmith</i>, Winter 2004, Vol. 24, Issue 1, p. 56. Greenbaum explains the lack of historical examples</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/news//3270-150507-siberia-denisovan-bracelet">"Stone Bracelet May Have Been Made by Denisovans"</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925215947/https://www.archaeology.org/news//3270-150507-siberia-denisovan-bracelet">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-10</span></span>. <q>A stone bracelet unearthed in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia in 2008 is being called the oldest-known jewellery of its kind. Anatoly Derevyanko, director of the Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, and the research team believe that the cave's Denisovan layers were uncontaminated by human activity from a later period. The soil around the two fragments of the jewellery piece was dated with oxygen isotopic analysis to 40,000 years ago. "In the same layer, where we found a Denisovan bone, were found interesting things; until then it was believed these were the hallmark of the emergence of Homo sapiens. First of all, there were symbolic items, such as jewellery, including the stone bracelet as well as a ring, carved out of marble," Derevyanko told The Siberian Times</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stone+Bracelet+May+Have+Been+Made+by+Denisovans&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fnews%2F%2F3270-150507-siberia-denisovan-bracelet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Milner, Nicky (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/100091/1/Internet_Arch_Pendant_paper_Milneretal.revisedmanuscript.pdf">"A Unique Engraved Shale Pendant from the Site of Star Carr: the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (40). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.40.8">10.11141/ia.40.8</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722014234/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/100091/1/Internet_Arch_Pendant_paper_Milneretal.revisedmanuscript.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Unique+Engraved+Shale+Pendant+from+the+Site+of+Star+Carr%3A+the+oldest+Mesolithic+art+in+Britain&rft.issue=40&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.40.8&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F100091%2F1%2FInternet_Arch_Pendant_paper_Milneretal.revisedmanuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Austrian_Independent_News_and_Pictures" class="citation web cs1">The Austrian Independent News and Pictures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007223640/http://austrianindependent.com/news/General_News/2012-10-03/12320/Cavewoman_jeweller_rewrites_gender_history">"Cavewoman jeweller rewrites gender history"</a>. <i>austrianindependent.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://austrianindependent.com/news/General_News/2012-10-03/12320/Cavewoman_jeweller_rewrites_gender_history">the original</a> on 2012-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=austrianindependent.com&rft.atitle=Cavewoman+jeweller+rewrites+gender+history&rft.au=The+Austrian+Independent+News+and+Pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustrianindependent.com%2Fnews%2FGeneral_News%2F2012-10-03%2F12320%2FCavewoman_jeweller_rewrites_gender_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reader_1986-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1986_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reader's Digest Association. 1986. The last 2 million years. <i>Reader's Digest</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0864380070" title="Special:BookSources/0864380070">0864380070</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamps-Fabrer1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1991-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1758">"Bijoux"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (10): 1496–1516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1758">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1758</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718082917/https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1758">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Bijoux&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1496-1516&rft.date=1991-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1758&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps-Fabrer&rft.aufirst=Henriette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&dq=varna+necropolis+oldest&pg=PA290">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101113823/https://books.google.com/books?id=RnE9Fa4pbn0C&pg=PA290&dq=varna+necropolis+oldest&hl=en#v=onepage&q=varna%20necropolis%20oldest&f=false">Archived</a> 2022-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718083237/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/">Archived</a> 2023-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928002452/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/">Archived</a> 2019-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afrinik.com/archaeologists-have-discovered-the-oldest-treasure-in-the-world/">"Archaeologists have discovered the oldest treasure in the world – Afrinik"</a>. 15 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226231839/https://afrinik.com/archaeologists-have-discovered-the-oldest-treasure-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+have+discovered+the+oldest+treasure+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+Afrinik&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrinik.com%2Farchaeologists-have-discovered-the-oldest-treasure-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nemet-Nejat, <i>Daily Life</i>, 155–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nemet-Nejat, <i>Daily Life</i>, 295–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nemet-Nejat, <i>Daily Life</i>, 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David Michael (2017). <i>Ancient Greece Pocket Museum</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51958-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51958-5"><bdi>978-0-500-51958-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece+Pocket+Museum&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51958-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewellerythrough0000brit"><i>Jewellery Through 7000 Years</i></a></span>. British Museum Publications. 1976. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewellerythrough0000brit/page/65">65</a>–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0054-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-0054-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-0054-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewellery+Through+7000+Years&rft.pages=65-86&rft.pub=British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-0054-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewellerythrough0000brit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeppert-Lippitz,_BarbaraBromberg,_Anne_R.Dennis,_John1996" class="citation book cs1">Deppert-Lippitz, Barbara; Bromberg, Anne R.; Dennis, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUtQAAAAMAAJ">"Ch. 4 Europe and Western"</a>. <i>Ancient Gold Jewelry at the Dallas Museum of Art</i>. Dallas Museum of Art. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936227-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936227-19-1"><bdi>978-0-936227-19-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+4+Europe+and+Western&rft.btitle=Ancient+Gold+Jewelry+at+the+Dallas+Museum+of+Art&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Dallas+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-936227-19-1&rft.au=Deppert-Lippitz%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Bromberg%2C+Anne+R.&rft.au=Dennis%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUtQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreister2004" class="citation journal cs1">Treister, Mikhail (2004). "Polychrome Necklaces from the Late Hellenistic Period". <i>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 199–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570057042596388">10.1163/1570057042596388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Civilizations+from+Scythia+to+Siberia&rft.atitle=Polychrome+Necklaces+from+the+Late+Hellenistic+Period&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-257&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570057042596388&rft.aulast=Treister&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David Michael (2017). <i>Ancient Greece Pocket Museum</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51958-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51958-5"><bdi>978-0-500-51958-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece+Pocket+Museum&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51958-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, E. C., Mavrofridis, G., & Anagnostopoulos, I. T. (2020). "Natural History of a Bronze Age Jewel Found in Crete: The Malia Pendant". <i>The Antiquaries Journal</i>, 1–12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581520000475">10.1017/S0003581520000475</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somerville, Orna. "Kite-Shaped Brooches". <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland</i>, volume 123, 1993. pp. 59–101. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25509045">25509045</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duby Georges and Philippe Ariès, eds. <i>A History of Private Life</i> Vol 1 – From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. Harvard, 1987. p 506</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duby, throughout.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069180571&seq=122">"Jewellery and silverware"</a>. <i>HathiTrust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Knickerbocker Press; 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1577150740" title="Special:BookSources/1577150740">1577150740</a> as well as Ilse-Neuman 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal2017" class="citation web cs1">Pal, Sanchari (9 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebetterindia.com/86147/history-indian-jewellery-jewels-traditions/">"Maharajas, Myths and Mysteries: The Fascinating History of India's Jewels and Jewellery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119180252/https://www.thebetterindia.com/86147/history-indian-jewellery-jewels-traditions/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Abrams, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810938863" title="Special:BookSources/0810938863">0810938863</a>. p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lu, Peter J., "Early Precision Compound Machine from Ancient China." <i>Science,</i> 6/11/2004, Vol. 304, Issue 5677</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2019" class="citation news cs1">Yuan, Li (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/business/china-war-on-fun-earrings-tattoos.html">"No Earrings, Tattoos or Cleavage: Inside China's War on Fun"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521085027/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/business/china-war-on-fun-earrings-tattoos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=No+Earrings%2C+Tattoos+or+Cleavage%3A+Inside+China%27s+War+on+Fun&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fchina-war-on-fun-earrings-tattoos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reader_1983-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1983_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1983_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reader_1983_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reader's Digest Association. 1983. Vanished Civilisations. <i>Reader's Digest</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018071805/http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/bangles.html">"Bangles"</a>. Tamilnadu.com. 4 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tamilnadu.com/fashion/bangles.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangles&rft.pub=Tamilnadu.com&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftamilnadu.com%2Ffashion%2Fbangles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us">"When showstopper Juhi walked down the ramp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614073606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-08/bollywood/39833107_1_gehna-jewellers-sunil-datwani-ramp">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=When+showstopper+Juhi+walked+down+the+ramp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUntracht1997" class="citation book cs1">Untracht, Oppi (1997). <i>Traditional Jewelry of India</i>. Harry N. Abrams. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3886-1"><bdi>978-0-8109-3886-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Jewelry+of+India&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3886-1&rft.aulast=Untracht&rft.aufirst=Oppi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriorAdamson2000" class="citation book cs1">Prior, Katherine; Adamson, John (2000). <i>Maharajas' Jewels</i>. New York: Vendome Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-218-7"><bdi>978-0-86565-218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharajas%27+Jewels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Vendome+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-218-7&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Adamson%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/feature/from-bahadur-shah-zafar-to-the-nizam-of-hyderabad-a-jewellery-brand-for-the-royals/1197972/">From Bahadur Shah Zafar to the Nizam of Hyderabad, a jewellery brand for the royals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930003440/https://theprint.in/feature/from-bahadur-shah-zafar-to-the-nizam-of-hyderabad-a-jewellery-brand-for-the-royals/1197972/">Archived</a> 2023-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Print, 5 Nov 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2000" class="citation book cs1">Prior, Katherine (2000). <i>Traditional Jewelry of India</i>. New York: Vendome. p. 312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Jewelry+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Vendome&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur" class="citation web cs1">Kaur, Prabhjot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303844521">"Women and Jewelry – The Traditional and Religious Dimensions of Ornamentation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+Jewelry+%E2%80%93+The+Traditional+and+Religious+Dimensions+of+Ornamentation&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Prabhjot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F303844521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarco_Hoyle,_Rafael2008" class="citation book cs1">Larco Hoyle, Rafael (2008). <i>Museo Larco. Experience Ancient Peru</i>. Lima: Museo Larco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9972934124" title="Special:BookSources/978-9972934124"><bdi>978-9972934124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museo+Larco.+Experience+Ancient+Peru&rft.place=Lima&rft.pub=Museo+Larco&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9972934124&rft.au=Larco+Hoyle%2C+Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottBray1980" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, David A.; Bray, Warwick (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technology.matthey.com/article/24/4/147-157/">"Ancient Platinum Technology in South America"</a>. <i>Platinum Metals Review</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 147–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1595%2F003214080X244147157">10.1595/003214080X244147157</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422035641/https://technology.matthey.com/article/24/4/147-157/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=Ancient+Platinum+Technology+in+South+America&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=147-157&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214080X244147157&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Bray%2C+Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.matthey.com%2Farticle%2F24%2F4%2F147-157%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Mary_EllenTaube,_Karl_A.1993" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Mary Ellen; Taube, Karl A. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill"><i>The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion</i></a></span>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05068-2"><bdi>978-0-500-05068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mexico+and+the+Maya%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Mesoamerican+Religion&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05068-2&rft.au=Miller%2C+Mary+Ellen&rft.au=Taube%2C+Karl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodssymbolsofa00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy Jr, A.M. (1994). <i>500 Nations: The Illustrated History of North American Indians</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubin, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/haacp11e.html">"Haida Jewelry"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316202107/https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/haacp11e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pacific Jewellery and Adornment. <i>David Bateman</i> & <i>Auckland Museum</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1869535359" title="Special:BookSources/1869535359">1869535359</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorling Kindersley Ltd. 1989. Facts and Fallacies: Stories of the Strange and Unusual. 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"What's New?" <i>Metalsmith</i> Spring 2006, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp. 42–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ajew/hd_ajew.htm">"Nineteenth-Century American Jewelry"</a>. <i>metmuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214063020/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ajew/hd_ajew.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Nineteenth-Century+American+Jewelry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fajew%2Fhd_ajew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohemad, Dena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pushitmagazine.com/news/manuel-albarren-metal-couture/">"Manuel Albarran Metal Couture"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411055635/http://www.pushitmagazine.com/news/manuel-albarren-metal-couture/">Archived</a> 2016-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Pushit Journal</i> – News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilbarra, Sabina (May 5, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lol-la.com/qa-with-maleficent-costume-designer-manuel-albarran/">"Q & A with Manuel Albarran"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413222446/http://www.lol-la.com/qa-with-maleficent-costume-designer-manuel-albarran/">Archived</a> 2016-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Living Out Loud</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Packard_2002-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Packard_2002_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packard_2002_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Packard, M. (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not_Special_Edition" title="Ripley's Believe It or Not Special Edition">Ripley's Believe It or Not Special Edition</a></i>. Scholastic Inc. p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreister2004" class="citation journal cs1">Treister, Mikhail (2004). "George Catlin among the Nayas: Understanding the Practice of Labret Wearing on the Northwest Coast". <i>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 199–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570057042596388">10.1163/1570057042596388</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/483428">483428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Civilizations+from+Scythia+to+Siberia&rft.atitle=George+Catlin+among+the+Nayas%3A+Understanding+the+Practice+of+Labret+Wearing+on+the+Northwest+Coast&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-257&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570057042596388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F483428%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Treister&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKPMG_India2007" class="citation journal cs1">KPMG India (2007). "Global Jewelry Consumption". <i>Gems and Gemology</i>. <b>XLIII</b> (Summer 2007): 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gems+and+Gemology&rft.atitle=Global+Jewelry+Consumption&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=Summer+2007&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2007&rft.au=KPMG+India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>Borel, F. 1994. The Splendor of Ethnic Jewelry: from the Colette and Jean-Pierre Ghysels Collection. <i>New York: H.N. Abrams</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810929937" title="Special:BookSources/0810929937">0810929937</a>).</li> <li>Evans, J. 1989. A History of Jewellery 1100–1870 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486261220" title="Special:BookSources/0486261220">0486261220</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaGamma,_Alisa1991" class="citation book cs1">LaGamma, Alisa (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/84244"><i><span></span></i>Metropolitan jewelry<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-616-0"><bdi>978-0-87099-616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+jewelry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-616-0&rft.au=LaGamma%2C+Alisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F84244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewellery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea 1998. Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. <i>Westport, CT: Greenwood Press</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313294976" title="Special:BookSources/0313294976">0313294976</a>).</li> <li>Tait, H. 1986. Seven Thousand Years of Jewellery. <i>London: British Museum Publications</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714120340" title="Special:BookSources/0714120340">0714120340</a>).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&oldid=1259253077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&oldid=1259253077</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Jewellery&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Artanisen" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732426026"> <span>Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 05:27</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayeuen" title="Ayeuen – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ayeuen" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juweliersware" title="Juweliersware – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Juweliersware" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8C%E1%8C%A3%E1%8C%8C%E1%8C%A5" title="ጌጣጌጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጌጣጌጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مجوهرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجوهرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choyer%C3%ADa" title="Choyería – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Choyería" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuvair" title="Giuvair – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Giuvair" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoyer%C3%ADa" title="Xoyería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xoyería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99rg%C9%99rlik_m%C9%99mulatlar%C4%B1" title="Zərgərlik məmulatları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zərgərlik məmulatları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অলঙ্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অলঙ্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-p%C3%B3" title="Chu-pó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chu-pó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alahas" title="Alahas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alahas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бижутерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бижутерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravig" title="Bravig – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bravig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joieria" title="Joieria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joieria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0perk" title="Šperk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šperk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvinemeso" title="Zvinemeso – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zvinemeso" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smykke" title="Smykke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smykke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmuck" title="Schmuck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmuck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κόσμημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόσμημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyer%C3%ADa" title="Joyería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joyería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvelarto" title="Juvelarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juvelarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitxigintza" title="Bitxigintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bitxigintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1" title="جواهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جواهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaillerie" title="Joaillerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joaillerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoiar%C3%ADa" title="Xoiaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xoiaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%96%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="주얼리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주얼리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ակնագործություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակնագործություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="आभूषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आभूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakit" title="Nakit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nakit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perhiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skartgripur" title="Skartgripur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skartgripur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioielleria" title="Gioielleria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gioielleria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98" title="תכשיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תכשיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerenggan" title="Rerenggan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rerenggan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆಭರಣಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಭರಣಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სამკაული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამკაული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A0%D9%88%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="زؠوَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زؠوَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Зергерлік бұйымдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зергерлік бұйымдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapambo_ya_vito" title="Mapambo ya vito – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mapambo ya vito" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijou" title="Bijou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bijou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cewer" title="Cewer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cewer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvelierizstr%C4%81d%C4%81jums" title="Juvelierizstrādājums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Juvelierizstrādājums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvelyrika" title="Juvelyrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juvelyrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeraod" title="Seeraod – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Seeraod" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgiojellaria" title="Sgiojellaria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sgiojellaria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kszer" title="Ékszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ékszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Накит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Накит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ആഭരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഭരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87" title="दागिने – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दागिने" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhiasan" title="Perhiasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatutalei" title="Vatutalei – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vatutalei" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieraad" title="Sieraad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sieraad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsm%C3%BCk" title="Upsmük – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Upsmük" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="गहना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गहना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="तिसा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तिसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="アンティーク・ジュエリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンティーク・ジュエリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smykke" title="Smykke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smykke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smykke" title="Smykke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smykke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joielari%C3%A1" title="Joielariá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joielariá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeb-ziynat_buyumlari" title="Zeb-ziynat buyumlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zeb-ziynat buyumlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਟੂੰਮਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੂੰਮਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%8F%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ٹُومباں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹُومباں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joalharia" title="Joalharia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joalharia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijuterie" title="Bijuterie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bijuterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achala" title="Achala – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Achala" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ювелирное изделие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ювелирное изделие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhevahiri" title="Xhevahiri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhevahiri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB" title="ආභරණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආභරණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jewellery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0perk" title="Šperk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šperk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakit" title="Nakit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nakit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Накит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Накит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakit" title="Nakit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nakit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koru" title="Koru – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koru" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smycke" title="Smycke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smycke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alahas" title="Alahas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alahas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="அணிகலன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணிகலன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆభరణాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆభరణాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5" title="อัญมณี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัญมณี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Заргарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Заргарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCcevher" title="Mücevher – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mücevher" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerg%C3%A4r%C3%A7ilik" title="Zergärçilik – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Zergärçilik" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Ювелірні прикраси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ювелірні прикраси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="زیور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زیور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoje%C5%82eria" title="Zojełeria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zojełeria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trang_s%E1%BB%A9c" title="Trang sức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trang sức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AE%9D" title="珠宝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="珠宝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="צירונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צירונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6" title="珠寶 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="珠寶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E5%AF%B6" title="珠寶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="珠寶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 05:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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