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font-size:115%; border:none; background-color:#ffffff;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="line-height:135%; text:#731c2c; vertical-align:middle;"><center style="margin-top: -20px;"><a href="/Public_policy_in_Wisconsin" title="Public policy in Wisconsin"><img alt="Public Policy Logo-one line.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/250px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/375px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/500px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="162" /></a><span style="position:relative; top:12.5px;"><span style="font-size:150%;"><b>in <a href="/Public_policy_in_Wisconsin" title="Public policy in Wisconsin"> Wisconsin</a></b></span><span style="position:relative; top:-1px;"></span></span></center></td></tr><tr><td><div class="bp-dropdown-menu centered"> <p><small> </small></p><small> <ul><li><b>Fiscal</b> <ul><li><a href="/Budget_Policy" title="Budget Policy"><b>Budgets</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Wisconsin_state_budget_and_finances" title="Wisconsin state budget and finances">Wisconsin state budget and finances</a></li> <li><a href="/Tax_policy_in_Wisconsin" title="Tax policy in Wisconsin">Tax policy in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Finance_Policy" title="Finance Policy"><b>Finance</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Financial_regulation_in_Wisconsin" title="Financial regulation in Wisconsin">Financial regulation in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Pension_Policy" title="Pension Policy"><b>Pensions</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Public_pensions_in_Wisconsin" title="Public pensions in Wisconsin">Public pensions in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Pension_health_in_Wisconsin" title="Pension health in Wisconsin">Pension health in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy"><b>Civil liberties</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Affirmative_action_in_Wisconsin" title="Affirmative action in Wisconsin">Affirmative action in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Wisconsin" title="Campaign finance requirements in Wisconsin">Campaign finance requirements in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_for_Wisconsin_ballot_measures" title="Campaign finance requirements for Wisconsin ballot measures">Campaign finance requirements for Wisconsin ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Nonprofit_regulation_in_Wisconsin" title="Nonprofit regulation in Wisconsin">Nonprofit regulation in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy"><b>Education</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Charter_schools_in_Wisconsin" title="Charter schools in Wisconsin">Charter schools in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Higher_education_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Wisconsin">Higher education in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_education_in_Wisconsin" title="Public education in Wisconsin">Public education in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/School_choice_in_Wisconsin" title="School choice in Wisconsin">School choice in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy"><b>Elections</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Portal:Ballot_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Ballot Access">Ballot access</a> <ul><li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wisconsin">Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wisconsin">Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Political_parties_in_Wisconsin" title="Political parties in Wisconsin">Political parties in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wisconsin">Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Redistricting in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Voting_in_Wisconsin" title="Voting in Wisconsin">Voting in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy">Energy</a> and <a href="/Environmental_Policy" title="Environmental Policy">Environment</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/Energy_policy_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy in Wisconsin">Energy policy in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Fracking_in_Wisconsin" title="Fracking in Wisconsin">Fracking in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Oil_and_gas_extraction_on_federal_land_in_Wisconsin" title="Oil and gas extraction on federal land in Wisconsin">Oil and gas extraction on federal land in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Endangered_species_in_Wisconsin" title="Endangered species in Wisconsin">Endangered species in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Wisconsin" title="Environmental policy in Wisconsin">Environmental policy in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Healthcare_Policy" title="Healthcare Policy"><b>Healthcare</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_Wisconsin" title="Healthcare policy in Wisconsin">Healthcare policy in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Medicaid_spending_in_Wisconsin" title="Medicaid spending in Wisconsin">Medicaid spending in Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/Effect_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of the Affordable Care Act in Wisconsin">Effect of the Affordable Care Act in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/Immigration_Policy" title="Immigration Policy">Immigration</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/Immigration_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Wisconsin">Immigration in Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </small><p><small></small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:275px; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr> <td><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#bd1d27; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Redistricting_Policy" title="Redistricting Policy"><img alt="Election Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Election_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Election_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Election_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></div><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#bd1d27; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F6F6F6; line-height:140%; font-size: 150%;"><center><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a> after the 2020 census</b></center><center><div class="SingleDropdown"><select id="dropdownOne" class="styled-dropdown"><option value="Select your state:">Select your state:</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Alabama_after_the_2020_census">Alabama</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Alaska_after_the_2020_census">Alaska</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Arizona_after_the_2020_census">Arizona</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Arkansas_after_the_2020_census">Arkansas</option><option value="Redistricting_in_California_after_the_2020_census">California</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Colorado_after_the_2020_census">Colorado</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Connecticut_after_the_2020_census">Connecticut</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Delaware_after_the_2020_census">Delaware</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Florida_after_the_2020_census">Florida</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Georgia_after_the_2020_census">Georgia</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Hawaii_after_the_2020_census">Hawaii</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Idaho_after_the_2020_census">Idaho</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census">Illinois</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Indiana_after_the_2020_census">Indiana</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Iowa_after_the_2020_census">Iowa</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Kansas_after_the_2020_census">Kansas</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Kentucky_after_the_2020_census">Kentucky</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Louisiana_after_the_2020_census">Louisiana</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Maine_after_the_2020_census">Maine</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Maryland_after_the_2020_census">Maryland</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Massachusetts_after_the_2020_census">Massachusetts</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Michigan_after_the_2020_census">Michigan</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Minnesota_after_the_2020_census">Minnesota</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Mississippi_after_the_2020_census">Mississippi</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Missouri_after_the_2020_census">Missouri</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Montana_after_the_2020_census">Montana</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Nebraska_after_the_2020_census">Nebraska</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Nevada_after_the_2020_census">Nevada</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_Hampshire_after_the_2020_census">New Hampshire</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_Jersey_after_the_2020_census">New Jersey</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_Mexico_after_the_2020_census">New Mexico</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_York_after_the_2020_census">New York</option><option value="Redistricting_in_North_Carolina_after_the_2020_census">North Carolina</option><option value="Redistricting_in_North_Dakota_after_the_2020_census">North Dakota</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Ohio_after_the_2020_census">Ohio</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Oklahoma_after_the_2020_census">Oklahoma</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Oregon_after_the_2020_census">Oregon</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Pennsylvania_after_the_2020_census">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Rhode_Island_after_the_2020_census">Rhode Island</option><option value="Redistricting_in_South_Carolina_after_the_2020_census">South Carolina</option><option value="Redistricting_in_South_Dakota_after_the_2020_census">South Dakota</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Tennessee_after_the_2020_census">Tennessee</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Texas_after_the_2020_census">Texas</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Utah_after_the_2020_census">Utah</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Vermont_after_the_2020_census">Vermont</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Virginia_after_the_2020_census">Virginia</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Washington_after_the_2020_census">Washington</option><option value="Redistricting_in_West_Virginia_after_the_2020_census">West Virginia</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2020_census">Wisconsin</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Wyoming_after_the_2020_census">Wyoming</option></select><button value="Submit" class="form-control" text="Submit">Submit</button></div></center><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#bd1d27; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><u><b>The 2020 cycle</b></u></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Congressional_apportionment_after_the_2020_census" title="Congressional apportionment after the 2020 census">Congressional apportionment</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/States_conducting_redistricting_before_2024_elections_due_to_court_rulings_or_legal_requirements" title="States conducting redistricting before 2024 elections due to court rulings or legal requirements">Redistricting before 2024 elections</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Partisan_composition_of_redistricting_committees,_2020_cycle" title="Partisan composition of redistricting committees, 2020 cycle">Redistricting committees</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/State_redistricting_deadlines_after_the_2020_census" title="State redistricting deadlines after the 2020 census">Deadlines</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Redistricting_lawsuits_in_the_2020_redistricting_cycle" title="Redistricting lawsuits in the 2020 redistricting cycle">Lawsuits</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Timeline of redistricting maps</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_with_multiple_incumbents,_2022" title="United States House of Representatives elections with multiple incumbents, 2022">2022 House elections with multiple incumbents</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/New_congressional_districts_created_after_the_2020_census" title="New congressional districts created after the 2020 census">New U.S.House districts created after apportionment</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Congressional_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="Congressional district maps implemented after the 2020 census">Congressional maps</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/State_legislative_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="State legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 census">State legislative maps</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><u><b>General information</b></u></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/United_States_census,_2020" title="United States census, 2020">United States census, 2020</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Majority-minority_districts" title="Majority-minority districts">Majority-minority districts</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/About_Ballotpedia%27s_election_legislation_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="About Ballotpedia's election legislation tracker">Ballotpedia's election legislation tracker</a></b></center> </th></tr> </tbody></table><div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ; max-width:200px;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Federal_requirements_for_congressional_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Federal requirements for congressional redistricting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Federal_requirements_for_state_legislative_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Federal requirements for state legislative redistricting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#State-based_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">State-based requirements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Methods"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Methods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Gerrymandering"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Gerrymandering</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Recent_court_decisions"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Recent court decisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Race_and_ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Race and ethnicity</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#State_process"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">State process</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#How_incarcerated_persons_are_counted_for_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#District_maps"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">District maps</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Congressional_districts"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Congressional districts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#State_legislative_maps"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">State legislative maps</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Redistricting_by_cycle"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting by cycle</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Redistricting_after_the_2020_census"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting after the 2020 census</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Enacted_state_legislative_district_maps"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Enacted state legislative district maps</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#State_legislative_maps_enacted_in_2024"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">State legislative maps enacted in 2024</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4"><a href="#Reactions_to_2024_state_legislative_maps"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions to 2024 state legislative maps</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#State_Senate_map"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">State Senate map</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#State_House_map"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">State House map</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#State_legislative_maps_enacted_in_2022"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">State legislative maps enacted in 2022</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4"><a href="#Reactions_to_2022_state_legislative_maps"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions to 2022 state legislative maps</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Enacted_congressional_district_maps"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Enacted congressional district maps</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Congressional_maps"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Congressional maps</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Reactions"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Redistricting_after_the_2010_census"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting after the 2010 census</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Congressional_redistricting,_2010"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Congressional redistricting, 2010</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#State_legislative_redistricting,_2010"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">State legislative redistricting, 2010</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Political_impacts_of_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Political impacts of redistricting</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Competitiveness"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Competitiveness</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#State_legislatures_after_the_2010_redistricting_cycle"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">State legislatures after the 2010 redistricting cycle</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#State_legislation_and_ballot_measures"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">State legislation and ballot measures</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Redistricting_legislation"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting legislation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Redistricting_ballot_measures"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting ballot measures</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Recent_news"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Recent news</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a> is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn.</b> Each of Wisconsin's eight United States Representatives and 132 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-matter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matter-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Wisconsin was apportioned eight seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, the same number it received after the 2010 census. Click here for more information about <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2020_census" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2020 census">redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2020 census</a>. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Following the 2020 United States Census, Wisconsin was apportioned eight congressional seats, which was unchanged from the number it had after the 2010 census. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Wisconsin's State Assembly is made up of 99 districts; Wisconsin's State Senate is made up of 33 districts. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> In Wisconsin, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the Wisconsin State Legislature. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> On October 3, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States heard oral argument in <i><a href="/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i>, a case addressing the constitutionality of Wisconsin's state legislative district map. In November 2016, the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin found that the district map for the Wisconsin State Assembly constituted an illegal partisan gerrymander "intended to burden the representational rights of Democratic voters ... by impeding their ability to translate their votes into legislative seats." </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> On June 18, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States remanded the case to the district court, finding that the maps' challengers had failed to demonstrate standing to bring a complaint under Article III of the United States Constitution. See <a href="#Redistricting_after_the_2010_census">below</a> for more information.</li></div></div> <p>Wisconsin enacted its congressional districts on March 3, 2022, when the Wisconsin Supreme Court approved congressional proposals submitted by Gov. Tony Evers (D). Evers vetoed a legislatively-approved congressional district map on November 18.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Those maps had passed the state Senate on October 20 by a 21-12 vote split along party lines, with all Republicans in the chamber voting for the proposal and all Democrats voting against it. They had passed the House on November 11 by a 60-38 party-line vote.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> On February 19, 2024, Gov. <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a> (D) signed <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/bill/7510">Senate Bill 488</a> into law, adopting new Wisconsin legislative maps.<sup id="cite_ref-pressrelease_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressrelease-8">[8]</a></sup> Gov. Evers originally proposed the newly adopted legislative maps in 2021. The maps were approved by majority votes in both chambers of Wisconsin's state legislature on February 13. The <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Senate" title="Wisconsin State Senate">State Senate</a> voted 18-14 in favor of adopting the new legislative maps, while the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">State Assembly</a> vote total was 63-33. </p><p>In the 2023 <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2023" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2023">Wisconsin Supreme Court election</a>, <a href="/Janet_Claire_Protasiewicz" title="Janet Claire Protasiewicz">Janet Protasiewicz</a> defeated <a href="/Daniel_Kelly_(Wisconsin)" title="Daniel Kelly (Wisconsin)">Daniel Kelly</a>, changing the balance of the court from a conservative to a liberal majority for the first time in 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nbc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc-10">[10]</a></sup> On December 22, 2023, the <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin Supreme Court</a> ruled in a 4-3 vote that the state's legislative maps were unconstitutional and ordered new maps to be drawn before the 2024 election.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2020_census#Enactment" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2020 census">Click here</a> for more information on maps enacted after the 2020 census.<br /> </p><p>See the sections below for further information on the following topics: </p> <ol><li><b><a href="#Background">Background</a></b>: A summary of federal requirements for redistricting at both the congressional and state legislative levels</li> <li><b><a href="#State_process">State process</a></b>: An overview about the redistricting process in Wisconsin</li> <li><b><a href="#District_maps">District maps</a></b>: Information about the current district maps in Wisconsin</li> <li><b><a href="#Redistricting_by_cycle">Redistricting by cycle</a></b>: A breakdown of the most significant events in Wisconsin's redistricting after recent censuses</li> <li><b><a href="#State_legislation_and_ballot_measures">State legislation and ballot measures</a></b>: State legislation and state and local ballot measures relevant to redistricting policy</li> <li><b><a href="#Political_impacts_of_redistricting">Political impacts of redistricting</a></b>: An analysis of the political issues associated with redistricting</li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <p>This section includes background information on federal requirements for <a href="#Federal_requirements_for_congressional_redistricting">congressional redistricting</a>, <a href="#Federal_requirements_for_state_legislative_redistricting">state legislative redistricting</a>, <a href="#State-based_requirements">state-based requirements</a>, <a href="#Methods">redistricting methods used in the 50 states</a>, <a href="#Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>, and <a href="#Recent_court_decisions">recent court decisions</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_requirements_for_congressional_redistricting">Federal requirements for congressional redistricting</span></h3> <p>According to Article I, Section 4 of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, the states and their legislatures have primary authority in determining the "times, places, and manner" of congressional elections. Congress may also pass laws regulating congressional elections.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-14">[14]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—United States Constitution</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Article I, Section 2 of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> stipulates that congressional representatives be <a href="/Apportionment" title="Apportionment">apportioned</a> to the states on the basis of population. There are 435 seats in the <a href="/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. Each state is allotted a portion of these seats based on the size of its population relative to the other states. Consequently, a state may gain seats in the House if its population grows or lose seats if its population decreases, relative to populations in other states. In 1964, the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/Wesberry_v._Sanders" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a></i> that the populations of House districts must be equal "as nearly as practicable."<sup id="cite_ref-brennan_report_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennan_report-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-where_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-17">[17]</a></sup> </p><p>The equal population requirement for congressional districts is strict. According to <i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Any district with more or fewer people than the average (also known as the 'ideal' population), must be specifically justified by a consistent state policy. And even consistent policies that cause a 1 percent spread from largest to smallest district will likely be unconstitutional."<sup id="cite_ref-where_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-17">[17]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_requirements_for_state_legislative_redistricting">Federal requirements for state legislative redistricting</span></h3> <p>The <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> is silent on the issue of state legislative redistricting. In the mid-1960s, the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> issued a series of rulings in an effort to clarify standards for state legislative redistricting. In <i><a href="/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a></i>, the court ruled that "the Equal Protection Clause [of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>] demands no less than substantially equal state legislative representation for all citizens, of all places as well as of all races." According to <i>All About Redistricting</i>, "it has become accepted that a [redistricting] plan will be constitutionally suspect if the largest and smallest districts [within a state or jurisdiction] are more than 10 percent apart."<sup id="cite_ref-where_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-17">[17]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State-based_requirements">State-based requirements</span></h3> <p>In addition to the federal criteria noted above, individual states may impose additional requirements on redistricting. Common state-level redistricting criteria are listed below. </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/Contiguity" title="Contiguity">Contiguity</a></b> refers to the principle that all areas within a district should be physically adjacent. A total of 49 states require that districts of at least one state legislative chamber be contiguous (Nevada has no such requirement, imposing no requirements on redistricting beyond those enforced at the federal level). A total of 23 states require that congressional districts meet contiguity requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-where_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-18">[18]</a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/Compactness" title="Compactness">Compactness</a></b> refers to the general principle that the constituents within a district should live as near to one another as practicable. A total of 37 states impose compactness requirements on state legislative districts; 18 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts.<sup id="cite_ref-where_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-18">[18]</a></sup></li> <li>A <b><a href="/Community_of_interest" title="Community of interest">community of interest</a></b> is defined by <a href="/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> as a "group of people in a geographical area, such as a specific region or neighborhood, who have common political, social or economic interests." A total of 24 states require that the maintenance of communities of interest be considered in the drawing of state legislative districts. A total of 13 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts.<sup id="cite_ref-where_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-18">[18]</a></sup></li> <li>A total of 42 states require that state legislative district lines be drawn to account for <b><a href="/Political_boundaries" title="Political boundaries">political boundaries</a></b> (e.g., the limits of counties, cities, and towns). A total of 19 states require that similar considerations be made in the drawing of congressional districts.<sup id="cite_ref-where_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-18">[18]</a></sup></li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span></h3> <p>In general, a state's redistricting authority can be classified as one of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Legislature-dominant</b>: In a legislature-dominant state, the legislature retains the ultimate authority to draft and enact district maps. Maps enacted by the legislature may or may not be subject to gubernatorial veto. Advisory commissions may also be involved in the redistricting process, although the legislature is not bound to adopt an advisory commission's recommendations.</li> <li><b>Commission</b>: In a commission state, an extra-legislative commission retains the ultimate authority to draft and enact district maps. A non-politician commission is one whose members cannot hold elective office. A politician commission is one whose members can hold elective office.</li> <li><b>Hybrid</b>: In a hybrid state, the legislature shares redistricting authority with a commission.</li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/File:Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d9/Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png/200px-Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d9/Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png/300px-Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d9/Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png/400px-Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="278" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>In 1812, Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry signed into law a state Senate district map that, according to the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, "consolidated the Federalist Party vote in a few districts and thus gave disproportionate representation to Democratic-Republicans." The word <i>gerrymander</i> was coined by <i>The Boston Gazette</i> to describe the district.</div></div></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The term <i><a href="/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a></i> refers to the practice of drawing electoral district lines to favor one political party, individual, or constituency over another. When used in a rhetorical manner by opponents of a particular district map, the term has a negative connotation but does not necessarily address the legality of a challenged map. The term can also be used in legal documents; in this context, the term describes redistricting practices that violate federal or state laws.<sup id="cite_ref-matter_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matter-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-20">[20]</a></sup> </p><p>For additional background information about gerrymandering, click "[Show more]" below. </p> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wiki/extensions/ShowHideText/ShowHideText.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/wiki/extensions/ShowHideText/ShowHideText.css" /><div class="all-content"><div class="shown-content"> </div><a href="#ShowThis" class="ShowThis">Show more</a><div class="hidden-content"> <p>The phrase <i>racial gerrymandering</i> refers to the practice of drawing electoral district lines to dilute the voting power of racial minority groups. Federal law prohibits racial gerrymandering and establishes that, to combat this practice and to ensure compliance with the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>, states and jurisdictions can create majority-minority electoral districts. A <a href="/Majority-minority_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-minority district">majority-minority district</a> is one in which a racial group or groups comprise a majority of the district's populations. Racial gerrymandering and majority-minority districts are discussed in greater detail <a href="/Gerrymandering#Racial_gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">in this article</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crsreport_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crsreport-21">[21]</a></sup> </p> The phrase <i>partisan gerrymandering</i> refers to the practice of drawing electoral district maps with the intention of favoring one political party over another. In contrast with racial gerrymandering, on which the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> has issued rulings in the past affirming that such practices violate federal law, the high court had not, as of November 2017, issued a ruling establishing clear precedent on the question of partisan gerrymandering. Although the court has granted in past cases that partisan gerrymandering can violate the United States Constitution, it has never adopted a standard for identifying or measuring partisan gerrymanders. Partisan gerrymandering is described in greater detail <a href="/Gerrymandering#Partisan_gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">in this article</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_court_decisions">Recent court decisions</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_cases_heard_by_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Redistricting cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States">Redistricting cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The Supreme Court of the United States has, in recent years, issued several decisions dealing with redistricting policy, including rulings relating to the consideration of race in drawing district maps, the use of total population tallies in <a href="/Apportionment" title="Apportionment">apportionment</a>, and the constitutionality of <a href="/Independent_redistricting_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent redistricting commissions">independent redistricting commissions</a>. The rulings in these cases, which originated in a variety of states, impact redistricting processes across the nation. </p><p>For additional background information about these cases, click "[Show more]" below. </p> <div class="all-content"><div class="shown-content"> </div><a href="#ShowThis" class="ShowThis">Show more</a><div class="hidden-content"> <h4><span id="Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP_.282024.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP_(2024)"><i>Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP</i> (2024)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP" title="Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP">Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><a href="/Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP" title="Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP">Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP</a></i> — This case concerns a challenge to the congressional redistricting plan that the <a href="/South_Carolina_State_Legislature" title="South Carolina State Legislature">South Carolina legislature</a> enacted after the 2020 census. In January 2023, a federal three-judge panel ruled that the state's 1st Congressional District was unconstitutional and enjoined the state from conducting future elections using its district boundaries. The panel's opinion said, "The Court finds that race was the predominant factor motivating the General Assembly’s adoption of Congressional District No. 1...Defendants have made no showing that they had a compelling state interest in the use of race in the design of Congressional District No. 1 and thus cannot survive a strict scrutiny review."<sup id="cite_ref-3judgeorder_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3judgeorder-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/Thomas_Alexander" title="Thomas Alexander">Thomas Alexander</a> (R)—in his capacity as <a href="/South_Carolina_State_Senate" title="South Carolina State Senate">South Carolina State Senate</a> president—appealed the federal court's ruling, arguing: :In striking down an isolated portion of South Carolina Congressional District 1 as a racial gerrymander, the panel never even mentioned the presumption of the General Assembly’s “good faith.”...The result is a thinly reasoned order that presumes bad faith, erroneously equates the purported racial effect of a single line in Charleston County with racial predominance across District 1, and is riddled with “legal mistake[s]” that improperly relieved Plaintiffs of their “demanding” burden to prove that race was the “predominant consideration” in District 1.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> scheduled oral argument on this case for October 11, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Moore_v._Harper_.282023.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Moore_v._Harper_(2023)"><i>Moore v. Harper</i> (2023)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>At issue in <i><a href="/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i>, was whether state legislatures alone are empowered by the Constitution to regulate federal elections without oversight from state courts, which is known as the <i>independent state legislature doctrine</i>. On November 4, 2021, the <a href="/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina General Assembly</a> adopted a new congressional voting map based on 2020 Census data. The legislature, at that time, was controlled by the <a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">Republican Party</a>. In the case <i>Harper v. Hall</i> (2022), a group of Democratic Party-affiliated voters and nonprofit organizations challenged the map in state court, alleging that the new map was a partisan gerrymander that violated the state constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-sbart_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbart-27">[27]</a></sup> On February 14, 2022, the <a href="/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina Supreme Court</a> ruled that the state could not use the map in the 2022 elections and <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>To return a case or claim to a lower court for additional proceedings. </p>">remanded</span> the case to the trial court for further proceedings. The trial court adopted a new congressional map drawn by three court-appointed experts. <b>The <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> affirmed the <a href="/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina Supreme Court</a>'s original decision in <i><a href="/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i> that the state's congressional district map violated state law.</b> In a 6-3 decision, Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts_(Supreme_Court)" title="John Roberts (Supreme Court)">John Roberts</a> wrote that the "Elections Clause does not vest exclusive and independent authority in state legislatures to set the rules regarding federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Merrill_v._Milligan_.282023.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Merrill_v._Milligan_(2023)"><i>Merrill v. Milligan</i> (2023)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Merrill_v._Milligan" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill v. Milligan">Merrill v. Milligan</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>At issue in <i><a href="/Merrill_v._Milligan" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill v. Milligan">Merrill v. Milligan</a></i>, was the constitutionality of Alabama's 2021 redistricting plan and whether it violated Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>. A group of Alabama voters and organizations sued Secretary of State John Merrill (R) and the House and Senate redistricting chairmen, Rep. Chris Pringle (R) and Sen. Jim McClendon (R). Plaintiffs alleged the congressional map enacted on Nov. 4, 2021, by Gov. Kay Ivey (R) unfairly distributed Black voters. The plaintiffs asked the lower court to invalidate the enacted congressional map and order a new map with instructions to include a second majority-Black district. <b>The court ruled 5-4, affirming the lower court opinion that the plaintiffs showed a reasonable likelihood of success concerning their claim that Alabama's redistricting map violated Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act.</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Gill_v._Whitford_.282018.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gill_v._Whitford_(2018)"><i>Gill v. Whitford</i> (2018)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In <i><a href="/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i>, decided on June 18, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the plaintiffs—12 Wisconsin Democrats who alleged that Wisconsin's state legislative district plan had been subject to an unconstitutional gerrymander in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments—had failed to demonstrate standing under Article III of the United States Constitution to bring a complaint. The court's opinion, penned by Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a>, did not address the broader question of whether partisan gerrymandering claims are justiciable and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings. Roberts was joined in the majority opinion by Associate Justices <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>. Kagan penned a concurring opinion joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor. Associate Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> penned an opinion that concurred in part with the majority opinion and in the judgment, joined by Associate Justice <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gillopinion_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillopinion-30">[30]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Cooper_v._Harris_.282017.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooper_v._Harris_(2017)"><i>Cooper v. Harris</i> (2017)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Cooper_v._Harris" title="Cooper v. Harris">Cooper v. Harris</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In <i><a href="/Cooper_v._Harris" title="Cooper v. Harris">Cooper v. Harris</a></i>, decided on May 22, 2017, the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> affirmed the judgment of the <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_North_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina">United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina</a>, finding that two of North Carolina's congressional districts, the boundaries of which had been set following the 2010 United States Census, had been subject to an illegal racial gerrymander in violation of Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>. Justice <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> delivered the court's majority opinion, which was joined by Justices <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, and <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> (Thomas also filed a separate concurring opinion). In the court's majority opinion, Kagan described the two-part analysis utilized by the high court when plaintiffs allege racial gerrymandering as follows: "First, the plaintiff must prove that 'race was the predominant factor motivating the legislature's decision to place a significant number of voters within or without a particular district.' ... Second, if racial considerations predominated over others, the design of the district must withstand strict scrutiny. The burden shifts to the State to prove that its race-based sorting of voters serves a 'compelling interest' and is 'narrowly tailored' to that end." In regard to the first part of the aforementioned analysis, Kagan went on to note that "a plaintiff succeeds at this stage even if the evidence reveals that a legislature elevated race to the predominant criterion in order to advance other goals, including political ones." Justice <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> delivered an opinion that concurred in part and dissented in part with the majority opinion. This opinion was joined by Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Justice <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cooperharris_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooperharris-33">[33]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Evenwel_v._Abbott_.282016.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Evenwel_v._Abbott_(2016)"><i>Evenwel v. Abbott</i> (2016)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Evenwel_v._Abbott" title="Evenwel v. Abbott">Evenwel v. Abbott</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><a href="/Evenwel_v._Abbott" title="Evenwel v. Abbott">Evenwel v. Abbott</a></i> was a case decided by the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 2016. At issue was the constitutionality of <a href="/Texas_State_Legislature" title="Texas State Legislature">state legislative districts</a> in <a href="/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The plaintiffs, Sue Evenwel and Edward Pfenninger, argued that district populations ought to take into account only the number of registered or eligible voters residing within those districts as opposed to total population counts, which are generally used for redistricting purposes. Total population tallies include non-voting residents, such as immigrants residing in the country without legal permission, prisoners, and children. The plaintiffs alleged that this tabulation method dilutes the voting power of citizens residing in districts that are home to smaller concentrations of non-voting residents. The court ruled 8-0 on April 4, 2016, that a state or locality can use total population counts for redistricting purposes. The majority opinion was penned by Justice <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wapost_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapost-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ap_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-37">[37]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_.282016.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_(2016)"><i>Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</i> (2016)</span></h4> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/File:Stephen_Breyer,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/200px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/300px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/400px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Stephen_Breyer,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> penned the majority opinion in <i>Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</i>.</div></div></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><a href="/Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> was a case decided by the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 2016. At issue was the constitutionality of state legislative districts that were created by the commission in 2012. The plaintiffs, a group of <a href="/Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican">Republican</a> voters, alleged that "the commission diluted or inflated the votes of almost two million Arizona citizens when the commission intentionally and systematically overpopulated 16 Republican districts while under-populating 11 Democrat districts." This, the plaintiffs argued, constituted a partisan gerrymander. The plaintiffs claimed that the commission placed a disproportionately large number of non-minority voters in districts dominated by Republicans; meanwhile, the commission allegedly placed many minority voters in smaller districts that tended to vote Democratic. As a result, the plaintiffs argued, more voters overall were placed in districts favoring Republicans than in those favoring Democrats, thereby diluting the votes of citizens in the Republican-dominated districts. The defendants countered that the population deviations resulted from legally defensible efforts to comply with the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> and obtain approval from the <a href="/United_States_Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. At the time of redistricting, certain states were required to obtain <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>A jurisdiction subject to preclearance needed to get approval from the U.S. Department of Justice before changing election laws or district maps. </p>">preclearance</span> from the U.S. Department of Justice before adopting redistricting plans or making other changes to their election laws—a requirement struck down by the United States Supreme Court in <i><a href="/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013). On April 20, 2016, the court ruled unanimously that the plaintiffs had failed to prove that a partisan gerrymander had taken place. Instead, the court found that the commission had acted in good faith to comply with the Voting Rights Act. The court's majority opinion was penned by Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblogcommentary_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblogcommentary-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brief_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opinionharris_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinionharris-40">[40]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_.282015.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_(2015)"><i>Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</i> (2015)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <i><a href="/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> was a case decided by the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 2015. At issue was the constitutionality of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, which was established by <a href="/Arizona_Creation_of_a_Redistricting_Commission,_Proposition_106_(2000)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Creation of a Redistricting Commission, Proposition 106 (2000)">state constitutional amendment</a> in 2000. According to Article I, Section 4 of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, "the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof." The state legislature argued that the use of the word "legislature" in this context is literal; therefore, only a state legislature may draw congressional district lines. Meanwhile, the commission contended that the word "legislature" ought to be interpreted to mean "the legislative powers of the state," including voter initiatives and referenda. On June 29, 2015, the court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, finding that "redistricting is a legislative function, to be performed in accordance with the state's prescriptions for lawmaking, which may include the referendum and the governor's veto." The majority opinion was penned by Justice <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> and joined by Justices <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, and <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>. Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, and <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> dissented.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlanticseptember_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlanticseptember-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opinionarizona_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinionarizona-43">[43]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimesupheld_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesupheld-44">[44]</a></sup></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Majority-minority_districts" title="Majority-minority districts">Majority-minority districts</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> of 1965 mandates that electoral district lines cannot be drawn in such a manner as to "improperly dilute minorities' voting power." </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-14">[14]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Voting Rights Act of 1965<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>States and other political subdivisions may create majority-minority districts in order to comply with Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>. A majority-minority district is a district in which minority groups compose a majority of the district's total population. As of 2015, Wisconsin was home to one congressional majority-minority district.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of majority-minority districts maintain that these districts are a necessary hindrance to the practice of <i><a href="/Cracking" title="Cracking">cracking</a></i>, which occurs when a constituency is divided between several districts in order to prevent it from achieving a majority in any one district. In addition, supporters argue that the drawing of majority-minority districts has resulted in an increased number of minority representatives in state legislatures and Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Critics, meanwhile, contend that the establishment of majority-minority districts can result in <i><a href="/Packing" title="Packing">packing</a></i>, which occurs when a constituency or voting group is placed within a single district, thereby minimizing its influence in other districts. Because minority groups tend to vote <a href="/Democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic">Democratic</a>, critics argue that majority-minority districts ultimately present an unfair advantage to <a href="/Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicans">Republicans</a> by consolidating Democratic votes into a smaller number of districts.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_process">State process</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In Wisconsin, both congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Legislature" title="Wisconsin State Legislature">Wisconsin State Legislature</a>. These lines are subject to veto by the <a href="/Governor_of_Wisconsin" title="Governor of Wisconsin">governor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wiloyola_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiloyola-46">[46]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/Wisconsin_Constitution" title="Wisconsin Constitution">Wisconsin Constitution</a> requires that state legislative districts be compact and "that they be bounded by county, precinct, town, or ward lines where possible." The state constitution further stipulates that state legislative districts should be contiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-wiloyola_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiloyola-46">[46]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="How_incarcerated_persons_are_counted_for_redistricting">How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures#How_incarcerated_persons_are_counted_for_redistricting" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>States differ on how they count incarcerated persons for the purposes of redistricting. In Wisconsin, incarcerated persons are counted in the correctional facilities they are housed in. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="District_maps">District maps</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Congressional_districts">Congressional districts</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wisconsin" title="United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin">United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Wisconsin comprises eight congressional districts. The table below lists Wisconsin's current U.S. Representatives. </p><p><style> table#officeholder-table th, td { padding:5px; font-size: 16px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { table#officeholder-table th, td {font-size: 10px; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 600px) { table #officeholder-table td { </p> <pre> padding-left: 10px !important; padding-right: 10px !important; </pre> <p>} } .partytd.Democratic { background-color: #003388; color: white; text-align: center; } .partytd.Republican { background-color: #db0000; color: white; text-align: center; } .partytd.Libertarian { background-color: #fdd007; text-align: center; } .partytd.Green { background-color: #6db24f; color: white; text-align: center; } .partytd.Gray { text-align: center; } .bptable.gray th { background:#4c4c4c;color:#fff; } </style> </p> <div> <p><br /> </p><table class="bptable gray sortable" id="officeholder-table" style="width:auto; border-bottom:1px solid #bcbcbc;"> <thead> <tr colspan="5" style="background:#4c4c4c!important;color:#fff!important;text-align:center;padding: 7px 8px 8px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <th>Office</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Date assumed office</th> <th>Date term ends</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_1st_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 1</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Bryan_Steil">Bryan Steil</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2019</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_2nd_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 2</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Mark_Pocan">Mark Pocan</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2013</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_3rd_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 3</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Derrick_Van_Orden">Derrick Van Orden</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2023</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_4th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 4</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Gwen_Moore">Gwen Moore</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2005</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_5th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 5</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Scott_Fitzgerald">Scott Fitzgerald</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2021</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_6th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 6</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Glenn_Grothman">Glenn Grothman</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2015</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_7th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 7</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Tom_Tiffany">Tom Tiffany</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">May 19, 2020</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Wisconsin's_8th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Wisconsin District 8</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Tony_Wied">Tony Wied</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">November 12, 2024</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2025</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery.tablesorter/2.29.6/js/jquery.tablesorter.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </p> </div> <p><br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislative_maps">State legislative maps</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Senate" title="Wisconsin State Senate">Wisconsin State Senate</a> and <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Wisconsin comprises 33 <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Senate" title="Wisconsin State Senate">state Senate</a> districts and 99 <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">state Assembly</a> districts. Each state Senate district contains three state Assembly districts. State senators are elected every four years in partisan elections. State representatives are elected every two years in partisan elections. To access the state legislative district maps approved during the 2020 redistricting cycle, click <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2020_census#Enactment" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2020 census">here</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_by_cycle">Redistricting by cycle</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_after_the_2020_census">Redistricting after the 2020 census</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2020_census" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2020 census">Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2020 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Wisconsin was apportioned eight seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. This represented neither a gain nor a loss of seats as compared to apportionment after the 2010 census.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enacted_state_legislative_district_maps">Enacted state legislative district maps</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislative_maps_enacted_in_2024">State legislative maps enacted in 2024</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State_legislative_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="State legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 census">State legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>On February 19, 2024, Gov. <a href="/Tony_Evers" title="Tony Evers">Tony Evers</a> (D) signed <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/bill/7510">Senate Bill 488</a> into law, adopting new Wisconsin legislative maps.<sup id="cite_ref-pressrelease_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressrelease-8">[8]</a></sup> Gov. Evers originally proposed the newly adopted legislative maps in 2021. The maps were approved by majority votes in both chambers of Wisconsin's state legislature on February 13. The <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Senate" title="Wisconsin State Senate">State Senate</a> voted 18-14 in favor of adopting the new legislative maps, while the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">State Assembly</a> vote total was 63-33. </p><p>In the 2023 <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2023" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2023">Wisconsin Supreme Court election</a>, <a href="/Janet_Claire_Protasiewicz" title="Janet Claire Protasiewicz">Janet Protasiewicz</a> defeated <a href="/Daniel_Kelly_(Wisconsin)" title="Daniel Kelly (Wisconsin)">Daniel Kelly</a>, changing the balance of the court from a conservative to a liberal majority for the first time in 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nbc_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc-10">[10]</a></sup> On December 22, 2023, the <a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin Supreme Court</a> ruled in a 4-3 vote that the state's legislative maps were unconstitutional and ordered new maps to be drawn before the 2024 election.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> </p> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Reactions_to_2024_state_legislative_maps">Reactions to 2024 state legislative maps</span></h5> <p>After signing Senate Bill 488 into law on February 19, 2024, Gov. Evers released a statement that included the following: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">I will always try to do the right thing for our state. Wisconsinites want fair maps, and Wisconsinites deserve fair maps. So, today, I’m enacting fair maps for the great state of Wisconsin. ... When I promised I wanted fair maps—not maps that are better for one party or another—I damn well meant it. Wisconsin is not a red state or a blue state—we’re a purple state, and I believe our maps should reflect that basic fact. ... <p>This is a great day for Wisconsin, and there is much to celebrate. And we’re not going to stop here. I—and we—are going to continue our fight for a fair, independent, and nonpartisan redistricting process for Wisconsin. ... If the people of Wisconsin vote to send Democratic majorities to Madison this November, I’ll tell you right now: one of the first orders of business in our first 100 days together will be enacting a fair, independent, and nonpartisan redistricting system in Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-pressrelease_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressrelease-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-14">[14]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>On February 19, 2024, Allan Smith of <i>NBC News</i> described the state's newly adopted legislative maps as follows: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The existing map heavily favored Republicans — who controlled 64 of 99 seats in the state Assembly and 22 of 33 in the state Senate — in a battleground state that has seen razor-thin margins of victory in recent U.S. Senate and presidential races. According to a Milwaukee Journal Sentinel analysis, the new maps have a roughly even split of Democratic and Republican-leaning state Assembly districts, which will all but guarantee a wave of Democratic gains this fall.<sup id="cite_ref-nbc_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-14">[14]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Allan Smith, <i>NBC News</i></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="State_Senate_map">State Senate map</span></h4> <p>Below are the state Senate maps in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle. The map on the right was in effect for Wisconsin’s 2024 state legislative elections. </p> <div class="redistricting-map-flex" data-district-state="WI" data-district-type="state_leg_upper"> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Wisconsin State Senate Districts<br />before 2020 redistricting cycle</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-a"></div> </div> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Wisconsin State Senate Districts<br />after 2020 redistricting cycle</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-b"></div> </div> </div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="State_House_map">State House map</span></h4> <p>Below are the state House maps in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle. The map on the right was in effect for Wisconsin’s 2024 state legislative elections. </p> <div class="redistricting-map-flex" data-district-state="WI" data-district-type="state_leg_lower"> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Wisconsin State House Districts<br />before 2020 redistricting cycle</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-a"></div> </div> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Wisconsin State House Districts<br />after 2020 redistricting cycle</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-b"></div> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislative_maps_enacted_in_2022">State legislative maps enacted in 2022</span></h4> <p>On March 23, 2022, the <a href="/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> reversed a decision by the Wisconsin Supreme Court to adopt Gov. Tony Evers' (D) state house and senate redistricting maps and remanded the case for further proceedings. On April 15, 2022, the Wisconsin Supreme Court adopted state legislative district maps passed by the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-april15_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-april15-51">[51]</a></sup> </p><p>The Wisconsin Supreme Court had, on March 3, 2022, approved maps that Evers submitted after he vetoed legislative district proposals from Senate Majority Leader Devin LeMahieu (R) and Assembly Speaker Robin Vos (R) on November 18, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> The Senate had approved the maps 21-12 along party lines on October 20, 2021, with all Republicans in the chamber voting for the proposal and all Democrats voting against it. The House passed the maps on November 11, 2021, by a 60-38 party-line vote.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> </p> <h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Reactions_to_2022_state_legislative_maps">Reactions to 2022 state legislative maps</span></h5> <p>Evers' office released a statement saying, “While the Court stated that it would not consider whether a map was fair, the governor’s maps are significantly less gerrymandered than the state’s current maps and the maps proposed by the Legislature. The governor’s maps have more competitive districts, with two competitive congressional districts, three Senate districts, and eight Assembly districts, which are all highly competitive. By contrast, the maps proposed by the Legislature have only one competitive congressional district, one competitive Senate district, and three competitive Assembly districts.”<sup id="cite_ref-ap_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-37">[37]</a></sup> LeMahieu said, “Bipartisan supermajorities rejected the governor’s People’s Maps Commission (PMC) maps, the PMC failed. Now Governor Evers has abandoned his campaign rhetoric promising for independently-drawn maps to rapidly and secretly draw his own rigged maps without public input. The hypocrisy of the governor is impossible to ignore.”<sup id="cite_ref-evers_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evers-55">[55]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enacted_congressional_district_maps">Enacted congressional district maps</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Congressional_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="Congressional district maps implemented after the 2020 census">Congressional district maps implemented after the 2020 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Wisconsin enacted its congressional districts on March 3, 2022, when the Wisconsin Supreme Court approved congressional proposals submitted by Gov. Tony Evers (D). Evers vetoed a legislatively-approved congressional district map on November 18.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> Those maps had passed the state Senate on October 20 by a 21-12 vote split along party lines, with all Republicans in the chamber voting for the proposal and all Democrats voting against it. They had passed the House on November 11 by a 60-38 party-line vote.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> </p><p>After Evers' veto, the Wisconsin Supreme Court assumed control of the drafting process, as the court had agreed in September to decide new districts if the legislature and governor failed to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> On November 30, the court announced it would seek to make as few changes as possible to the current legislative and congressional maps adopted in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Evers submitted the now-approved congressional district map to the supreme court on December 15.<sup id="cite_ref-evers_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evers-55">[55]</a></sup> </p><p>On January 10, the Supreme Court issued a 4-3 ruling in which it denied congressional Republicans' request to submit an additional, amended map for the court's consideration and granted Evers the ability to make corrections to the map he submitted.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>On March 3, 2022, the court decided to adopt Evers' proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-37">[37]</a></sup>This map took effect for Wisconsin's 2022 congressional elections.<br /><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Congressional_maps">Congressional maps</span></h4> <p>Below are the congressional maps in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle. </p> <div class="redistricting-map-flex" data-district-state="WI" data-district-type="congress"> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Wisconsin Congressional Districts<br />until January 2, 2023</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-a"></div> </div> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Wisconsin Congressional Districts<br />starting January 3, 2023</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-b"></div> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Reactions">Reactions</span></h4> <p>Evers said, “The maps I submitted to the Court that were selected today are a vast improvement from the gerrymandered maps Wisconsin has had for the last decade and the even more gerrymandered Republicans maps that I vetoed last year.” Law Forward, a law firm which has served as counsel for several voting rights interest groups, said "the Governor’s proposal does much to improve representation for people across our state within the narrow confines the Court defined. The Court rejected other options that would have further entrenched Wisconsin’s partisan gerrymander.” </p><p>LeMahieu said, “Evers drew racially gerrymandered maps behind closed doors with no public input. His maps intentionally watered down minority representation for political gain and violated the open and transparent process the public deserved.”<sup id="cite_ref-ap_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-37">[37]</a></sup> Sachin Chheda, director of the Fair Elections Project, an organization opposing partisan gerrymandering, criticized the least-changes criteria: “The ‘least-changes’ criteria is total bunk and not supported by statute or the constitution,” Chheda said in a statement. “It was wholly made up by the ultra-partisan Supreme Court majority in order to help their political overlords, Robin Vos and Devin LeMahieu. We agree with the governor that the Court should be using a non-partisan and fair process to draw maps, not just doing the bidding of their right-wing political allies.”<sup id="cite_ref-evers_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evers-55">[55]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_after_the_2010_census">Redistricting after the 2010 census</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2010_census" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2010 census">Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2010 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <h3><span id="Congressional_redistricting.2C_2010"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Congressional_redistricting,_2010">Congressional redistricting, 2010</span></h3> <p>Following the 2010 United States Census, Wisconsin neither gained nor lost congressional seats. At the time of redistricting, Republicans held both chambers of the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Legislature" title="Wisconsin State Legislature">Wisconsin State Legislature</a> and the <a href="/Governor_of_Wisconsin" title="Governor of Wisconsin">governorship</a>. On July 20, 2011, the legislature approved a congressional redistricting plan, which was signed into law by Governor <a href="/Scott_Walker" title="Scott Walker">Scott Walker</a> on August 9, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-wiloyola_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiloyola-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almanac_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-62">[62]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="State_legislative_redistricting.2C_2010"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislative_redistricting,_2010">State legislative redistricting, 2010</span></h3> <p>On July 20, 2011, the state legislature approved a state legislative redistricting plan, which was signed into law on August 9, 2011. That summer, opponents of the new legislative and congressional maps filed suit in federal court through <i>Baldus v. Brennan</i>, alleging "partisan and racial gerrymandering and ... violation of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> and various state constitutional criteria." Fifteen Wisconsin residents filed as the plaintiffs in that suit.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> On March 22, 2012, the <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Wisconsin" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin</a> ruled that two state Assembly districts violated the Voting Rights Act. The court ordered that these two districts be redrawn. On April 11, 2012, the court accepted the redrawn districts.<sup id="cite_ref-wiloyola_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiloyola-46">[46]</a></sup> </p><p>In June 2012, Democrats assumed a one-vote majority in the Wisconsin State Senate as the result of a series of recall elections. Although Democrats lost the majority five months later, they were able, in the meantime, to compel law firm Michael Best and Friedrich to turn over files related to the 2011 redistricting cycle (Republicans tasked with drafting new maps in 2011 worked out of the Michael Best and Friedrich office in Madison, Wisconsin). Before Democrats assumed the majority, they had asked Michael Best and Friedrich to turn over the requested records, but the firm refused, saying that it answered to the majority leader. Democrats used these records as evidence when they filed suit in federal district court, alleging that the Wisconsin State Assembly map treated voters "unequally, diluting their voting power based on their political beliefs, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection." On November 21, 2016, the <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Wisconsin" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin">United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin</a> struck down the district map for the Wisconsin State Assembly, finding in favor of the plaintiffs, a group of state Democrats. The court ruled 2-1 on the matter, with Judges <a href="/Kenneth_Ripple" title="Kenneth Ripple">Kenneth Ripple</a> and <a href="/Barbara_Crabb" title="Barbara Crabb">Barbara Crabb</a> forming the majority. Ripple wrote the following in the court's majority opinion:<sup id="cite_ref-ruling_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruling-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">We find that Act 43 [the redistricting plan enacted by the state legislature in 2011] was intended to burden the representational rights of Democratic voters throughout the decennial period by impeding their ability to translate their votes into legislative seats. Moreover, as demonstrated by the results of the 2012 and 2014 elections, among other evidence, we conclude that Act 43 has had its intended effect.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-14">[14]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Judge Kenneth Ripple</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Judge <a href="/William_Griesbach" title="William Griesbach">William Griesbach</a> dissented and wrote the following in his dissent:<sup id="cite_ref-ruling_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruling-64">[64]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">I am unable to accept proof of intent to act for political purposes as a significant part of any test for whether a task constitutionally entrusted to the political branches of government is unconstitutional. If political motivation is improper, then the task of redistricting should be constitutionally assigned to some other body, a change in law we lack any authority to effect.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-14">[14]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Judge William Griesbach</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The court declined to order a remedy when it issued its ruling. Instead, the court ordered the parties involved in the case to submit briefs outlining recommended remedies within 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-ruling_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruling-64">[64]</a></sup> </p><p>The plaintiffs in the case proposed a three-part test for determining whether illegal partisan gerrymandering has occurred in a state.<sup id="cite_ref-ruling_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruling-64">[64]</a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Intent: "Plaintiffs would have to establish that a state had an intent to gerrymander for partisan advantage."</li> <li>Effect: "Plaintiffs would need to prove a partisan effect by proving that the <a href="/Efficiency_gap" title="Efficiency gap">efficiency gap</a> for a plan exceeds a certain numerical threshold."</li> <li>State interest: "Plaintiffs placed the burden on the defendants to rebut the presumption by showing that the plan 'is the necessary result of a legitimate state policy, or inevitable given the state's underlying political geography.'"</li></ol> <p><a href="/Peter_Barca" title="Peter Barca">Peter Barca</a> (D), the minority leader of the Wisconsin State Assembly, said, "This is an historic victory for voters and further admonishment of the extremely slanted maps that trample the democratic will of the people of Wisconsin." Assembly Speaker <a href="/Robin_Vos" title="Robin Vos">Robin Vos</a> (R) said, "There are only two things that are certain about this case: it's unprecedented and it isn't over. The state of Wisconsin has competitive legislative districts that meet every traditional principle of redistricting. Republicans win elections because we have better candidates and a better message that continues to resonate with the voters."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> </p><p>On January 27, 2017, the court ordered state lawmakers to draft a remedial redistricting plan for use in the November 2018 election. The court ordered that this plan be adopted by the legislature and signed into law by the governor by November 1, 2017. On March 24, 2017, state attorneys <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/Jurisdictional%20Statement.pdf">petitioned</a> the Supreme Court of the United States to reverse the district court's ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> </p><p>On June 19, 2017, the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> announced that it would hear the case, <i><a href="/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i>. The court also voted 5-4 to stay the district court decision that ordered Wisconsin lawmakers to draft new maps by November 1, 2017. Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Associate Justices <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, and <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> voted to stay the district court order. Associate Justices <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> dissented. Oral argument in the case took place on October 3, 2017. On June 18, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate standing to bring the complaint under Article III of the United States Constitution. The court's opinion, penned by Roberts, did not address the broader question of whether partisan gerrymandering claims are justiciable and remanded the case to the lower court for further proceedings. Roberts was joined in the majority opinion by Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, and Kagan. Kagan wrote a concurring opinion joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor. Thomas authored an opinion that concurred in part with the majority opinion and in the judgment, joined by Gorsuch.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gillopinion_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillopinion-30">[30]</a></sup> </p><p>In response to the ruling, Bill Whitford, a plaintiff in the suit, said, "The discouraging thing is just the delay. We have a road map forward ... I don't think we'll have any difficulty meeting the burdens the court asked us to meet." Wisconsin Solicitor General Misha Tseytlin doubted the viability of a further challenge, saying, "I think it is quite notable that [the plaintiffs] put together a failry large, well-funded litigation team, had a four-day trial, and the Supreme Court unanimously held 9-0 they did not prove the basis of standing. The plaintiffs here failed to prove up the minimal standing to even bring a lawsuit."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> </p><p>On September 14, 2018, in response to the high court's ruling in <i>Gill</i>, the plaintiffs filed an <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://campaignlegal.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/Whitford%20Amended%20Complaint%20%28Dkt.%20201%29.pdf">amended complaint</a> in the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin. Also on September 14, 2018, the Wisconsin Assembly Democratic Committee filed a similar but separate suit in the same court.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_impacts_of_redistricting">Political impacts of redistricting</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Competitiveness">Competitiveness</span></h3> <p>There are conflicting opinions regarding the correlation between partisan gerrymandering and electoral competitiveness. In 2012, Jennifer Clark, a political science professor at the University of Houston, said, "The redistricting process has important consequences for voters. In some states, incumbent legislators work together to protect their own seats, which produces less competition in the political system. Voters may feel as though they do not have a meaningful alternative to the incumbent legislator. Legislators who lack competition in their districts have less incentive to adhere to their constituents’ opinions."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Emory University professor Alan Abramowitz and Ph.D. students Brad Alexander and Matthew Gunning wrote, "[Some] studies have concluded that redistricting has a neutral or positive effect on competition. ... [It] is often the case that partisan redistricting has the effect of reducing the safety of incumbents, thereby making elections more competitive."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, James Cottrill, a professor of political science at Santa Clara University, published a study of the effect of non-legislative approaches (e.g., independent commissions, politician commissions) to redistricting on the competitiveness of congressional elections. Cottrill found that "particular types of [non-legislative approaches] encourage the appearance in congressional elections of experienced and well-financed challengers." Cottrill cautioned, however, that non-legislative approaches "contribute neither to decreased vote percentages when incumbents win elections nor to a greater probability of their defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-cottrill_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cottrill-77">[77]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, John Johnson, Research Fellow in the Lubar Center for Public Policy Research and Civic Education at Marquette University, reviewed the relationship between partisan gerrymandering and political geography in Wisconsin, a state where Republicans have controlled both chambers of the state legislature since 2010 while voting for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election but one since 1988. After analyzing state election results since 2000, Johnson wrote, "In 2000, 42% of Democrats and 36% of Republicans lived in a neighborhood that the other party won. Twenty years later, 43% of Democrats lived in a place Trump won, but just 28% of Republicans lived in a Biden-voting neighborhood. Today, Democrats are more likely than Republicans to live in both places where they are the overwhelming majority and places where they form a noncompetitive minority."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislatures_after_the_2010_redistricting_cycle">State legislatures after the 2010 redistricting cycle</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Margin_of_victory_in_state_legislative_elections_before_and_after_2010_census_redistricting" title="Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after 2010 census redistricting">Margin of victory in state legislative elections</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In 2014, Ballotpedia conducted a study of competitive districts in 44 state legislative chambers between 2010, the last year in which district maps drawn after the 2000 census applied, and 2012, the first year in which district maps drawn after the 2010 census applied. Ballotpedia found that there were 61 fewer competitive general election contests in 2012 than in 2010. Of the 44 chambers studied, 25 experienced a net loss in the number of competitive elections. A total of 17 experienced a net increase. In total, 16.2 percent of the 3,842 legislative contests studied saw competitive general elections in 2010. In 2012, 14.6 percent of the contests studied saw competitive general elections. An election was considered competitive if it was won by a margin of victory of 5 percent or less. An election was considered mildly competitive if it was won by a margin of victory between 5 and 10 percent. For more information regarding this report, including methodology, see <a href="/Margin_of_victory_in_state_legislative_elections_before_and_after_2010_census_redistricting" title="Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after 2010 census redistricting">this article</a>. </p><p>There were 11 competitive elections for the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a> in 2012, compared to 14 in 2010. There were four mildly competitive state Assembly races in 2012, compared to six in 2010. This amounted to a net loss of five competitive elections. </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislation_and_ballot_measures">State legislation and ballot measures</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_legislation">Redistricting legislation</span></h3> <dl><dd><a href="/File:DocumentIcon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="DocumentIcon.jpg" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/e/ea/DocumentIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="18" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="18" /></a> <span style="color:#404040"><b>See <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.gab.wi.gov/clerks/laws-guidance">state election laws</a></b></span></dd></dl> <p>The following is a list of recent redistricting bills that have been introduced in or passed by the <a href="/Wisconsin_State_Legislature" title="Wisconsin State Legislature">Wisconsin state legislature</a>. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.billtrack50.com/">BillTrack50</a>. </p><p><i>Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.</i> <iframe src="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/search?state=WI&category=Partisan%20gerrymandering&category=Redistricting&category=Redistricting%20commissions&category=Redistricting%20criteria%2Frequirements&category=Redistricting%20process&session=2024&session=2023&page=1&embed=true" frameborder="1" height="500"></iframe> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_ballot_measures">Redistricting ballot measures</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_measures_on_the_ballot" title="Redistricting measures on the ballot">Redistricting measures on the ballot</a> and <a href="/List_of_Wisconsin_ballot_measures" title="List of Wisconsin ballot measures">List of Wisconsin ballot measures</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Ballotpedia has tracked no ballot measures relating to redistricting in Wisconsin. </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_news">Recent news</span></h2> <p>The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms <b>Redistricting Wisconsin.</b> These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. </p> <div class="rss-feed"> <p><b><span style="font-size:135%"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=Redistricting+Wisconsin&um=1&ie=UTF-8">Redistricting in Wisconsin - Google News</a></span></b> </p> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/United_States_census,_2020" title="United States census, 2020">United States census, 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2010_census" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2010 census">Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2010 census</a></li> <li><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/Majority-minority_districts" title="Majority-minority districts">Majority-minority districts</a></li> <li><a href="/State_Legislative_and_Congressional_Redistricting_after_the_2010_Census" title="State Legislative and Congressional Redistricting after the 2010 Census">State legislative and congressional redistricting after the 2010 census</a></li> <li><a href="/Margin_of_victory_in_state_legislative_elections_before_and_after_2010_census_redistricting" title="Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after 2010 census redistricting">Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after the 2010 census</a></li> <li><a href="/Margin_of_victory_analysis_for_the_2014_congressional_elections" title="Margin of victory analysis for the 2014 congressional elections">Margin of victory analysis for the 2014 congressional elections</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/index.php">All About Redistricting</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://davesredistricting.org/">Dave's Redistricting</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/redistricting-2022-maps/"><i>FiveThirtyEight</i>, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State"</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/redistricting/redistricting-process.aspx"><i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i>, "Redistricting Process"</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/redistricting/"><i>FairVote</i>, "Redistricting"</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-matter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-matter_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-matter_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/why.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-3">2.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/cracked-stacked-and-packed-initial-redistricting-maps-met-with-skepticism-and-dismay/Content?oid=2583046"><i>Indy Week</i>, "Cracked, stacked and packed: Initial redistricting maps met with skepticism and dismay," June 29, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-3">3.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/06/how-the-voting-rights-act-hurts-democrats-and-minorities/276893/"><i>The Atlantic</i>, "How the Voting Rights Act Hurts Democrats and Minorities," June 17, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naacp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-3">4.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.redrawingthelines.org/majorityminoritydistricts"><i>Redrawing the Lines</i>, "The Role of Section 2 - Majority Minority Districts," accessed April 6, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/evers-vetoes-republican-drawn-redistricting-maps"><i>WPR</i>, "Evers vetoes Republican-drawn redistricting maps," November 18, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wizmnews.com/2021/11/08/gop-led-wisconsin-senate-oks-their-own-redistricting-plan/"><i>WIZM News</i>, "GOP-led Wisconsin Senate OKs their own redistricting plan," November 8, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/assembly-passes-republican-drawn-political-maps"><i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>, "Assembly passes Republican-drawn political maps," November 11, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pressrelease-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pressrelease_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pressrelease_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pressrelease_8-2">8.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/WIGOV/bulletins/38b4e01"><i>Office of the Governor</i>, "Gov. Evers Signs Fair Maps for Wisconsin," February 19, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/wisconsin-supreme-court-candidates-first-only-debate-rcna75915"><i>In heated Wisconsin Supreme Court debate, candidates tangle over 'fake elector' scheme,</i> "NBC," March 21, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbc-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nbc_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nbc_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nbc_10-2">10.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/wisconsin-new-state-legislative-maps-rcna139477"><i>NBC News</i>, "Wisconsin governor signs new state legislative maps into law, ending a GOP gerrymander," February 19, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/22/us/wisconsin-redistricting-maps-gerrymander.html"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Justices in Wisconsin Order New Legislative Maps," December 22, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/19/election-regulations"><i>The Heritage Guide to the Constitution</i>, "Election Regulations," accessed April 13, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/interviews/2011/03/22-redistricting-mann"><i>Brookings</i>, "Redistricting and the United States Constitution," March 22, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-1">14.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-2">14.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-3">14.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-4">14.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_14-5">14.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brennan_report-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brennan_report_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/CGR%20Reprint%20Single%20Page.pdf"><i>Brennan Center for Justice</i>, "A Citizen's Guide to Redistricting," accessed March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-110hdoc50/pdf/CDOC-110hdoc50.pdf"><i>The Constitution of the United States of America</i>, "Article 1, Section 2," accessed March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-where-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_17-1">17.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_17-2">17.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_17-3">17.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_17-4">17.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_17-5">17.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_17-6">17.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/where.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Where are the lines drawn?" accessed April 9, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-1">18.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-2">18.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_18-3">18.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/redistricting/redistricting-glossary/"><i>FairVote</i>, "Redistricting Glossary," accessed April 9, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/who.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Who draws the lines?" accessed June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brittanica_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231865/gerrymandering"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, "Gerrymandering," November 4, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crsreport-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crsreport_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42482.pdf"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Congressional Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Overview," April 13, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/supreme-court-to-consider-limits-on-partisan-drawing-of-election-maps-1497881169"><i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, "Supreme Court to Consider Limits on Partisan Drawing of Election Maps," June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-to-hear-potentially-landmark-case-on-partisan-gerrymandering/2017/06/19/d525237e-5435-11e7-b38e-35fd8e0c288f_story.html"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Supreme Court to hear potentially landmark case on partisan gerrymandering," June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3judgeorder-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3judgeorder_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://vhdshf2oms2wcnsvk7sdv3so.blob.core.windows.net/thearp-media/documents/Findings_of_Fact_and_Conclusions_of_Law_1.6.23.pdf"><i>United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, Columbia Division</i>, "South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP, et al. v. Alexander," January 6, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-807/255411/20230223140724315_Alexander%20v.%20S.C.%20State%20Conference%20of%20the%20NAACP%20-%20Jurisdictional%20Statement.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Alexander, et al. v. The South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP, et al.," February 17, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/alexander-v-south-carolina-state-conference-of-the-naacp/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP," accessed July 21, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbart-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sbart_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/justices-will-hear-case-that-tests-power-of-state-legislatures-to-set-rules-for-federal-elections/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Justices will hear case that tests power of state legislatures to set rules for federal elections," June 30, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-1271_3f14.pdf"><i>U.S. Supreme Court</i>, “Moore, in his Official Capacity as Speaker of The North Carolina House of Representatives, et al. v. Harper et al.," "Certiorari to the Supreme Court of North Carolina,” accessed June 16, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2023/06/supreme-court-upholds-section-2-of-voting-rights-act/"><i>SCOTUSblog.org</i>, "Supreme Court upholds Section 2 of Voting Rights Act," June 8, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gillopinion-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gillopinion_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gillopinion_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-1161_dc8f.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Gill v. Whitford: Decision," June 18, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://electionlawblog.org/?p=83858&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+electionlawblog%2FuqCP+%28Election+Law%29"><i>Election Law Blog</i>, "Breaking: SCOTUS to Hear NC Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 27, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://ballot-access.org/2016/06/27/u-s-supreme-court-accepts-another-racial-gerrymandering-case-2/"><i>Ballot Access News</i>, "U.S. Supreme Court Accepts Another Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 28, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cooperharris-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cooperharris_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1262_db8e.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Cooper v. Harris: Decision," May 22, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapost-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wapost_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-to-hear-texas-redistricting-case/2015/05/26/ab0c9c80-03b4-11e5-8bda-c7b4e9a8f7ac_story.html"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Supreme Court to hear challenge to Texas redistricting plan," May 26, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/27/us/supreme-court-to-weigh-meaning-of-one-person-one-vote.html?_r=0"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Supreme Court Agrees to Settle Meaning of ‘One Person One Vote,'" May 26, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotusblog-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblog_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/evenwel-v-abbott/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Evenwel v. Abbott," accessed May 27, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ap_37-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ap_37-1">37.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ap_37-2">37.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ap_37-3">37.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/41a853cfcc5a4a2bb0acb0f35deb76db/supreme-court-hear-texas-senate-districts-case"><i>Associated Press</i>, "Supreme Court to hear Texas Senate districts case," May 26, 2015</a> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; name "ap" defined multiple times with different content</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotusblogcommentary-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblogcommentary_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2015/07/the-new-look-at-one-person-one-vote-made-simple/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "The new look at 'one person, one vote,' made simple," July 27, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brief-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brief_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs_2015_2016/14-232_appellant.authcheckdam.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Brief for Appellants," accessed December 14, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opinionharris-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-opinionharris_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-232_ihdj.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission," April 20, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/03/us/politics/justices-show-skepticism-on-independent-redistricting-panel.html?_r=1"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Court Skeptical of Arizona Plan for Less-Partisan Congressional Redistricting," March 2, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlanticseptember-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-atlanticseptember_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/09/can-the-voters-take-politics-out-of-redistricting/380150/"><i>The Atlantic</i>, "Will the Supreme Court Let Arizona Fight Gerrymandering?" September 15, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opinionarizona-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-opinionarizona_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-1314_kjfl.pdf"><i>United States Supreme Court</i>, "Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Opinion of the Court," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesupheld-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimesupheld_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/us/supreme-court-upholds-creation-of-arizona-redistricting-commission.html?_r=0"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Supreme Court Upholds Creation of Arizona Redistricting Commission," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/voting_rights_1965.asp"><i>Yale Law School, The Avalon Project</i>, "Voting Rights Act of 1965; August 6, 1965," accessed April 6, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiloyola-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wiloyola_46-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wiloyola_46-1">46.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wiloyola_46-2">46.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wiloyola_46-3">46.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/states-WI.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Wisconsin," accessed May 7, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.html"><i>United States Census Bureau</i>, "2020 Census Apportionment Results Delivered to the President," April 26, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/wisconsin-supreme-court-candidates-first-only-debate-rcna75915"><i>In heated Wisconsin Supreme Court debate, candidates tangle over 'fake elector' scheme,</i> "NBC," March 21, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/22/us/wisconsin-redistricting-maps-gerrymander.html"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Justices in Wisconsin Order New Legislative Maps," December 22, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/21a471_097c.pdf">U.S. Supreme Court, <i>Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission</i>, decided March 23, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-april15-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-april15_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wisn.com/article/wisconsin-supreme-court-adopts-republican-drawn-legislative-maps/39739976"><i>WISN</i>, "Wisconsin Supreme Court adopts GOP-drawn legislative maps," April 15, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/evers-vetoes-republican-drawn-redistricting-maps"><i>WPR</i>, "Evers vetoes Republican-drawn redistricting maps," November 18, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wizmnews.com/2021/11/08/gop-led-wisconsin-senate-oks-their-own-redistricting-plan/"><i>WIZM News</i>, "GOP-led Wisconsin Senate OKs their own redistricting plan," November 8, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/assembly-passes-republican-drawn-political-maps"><i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>, "Assembly passes Republican-drawn political maps," November 11, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evers-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evers_55-0">55.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evers_55-1">55.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-evers_55-2">55.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://wisconsinexaminer.com/brief/gov-evers-submits-least-changes-map-to-state-supreme-court/"><i>Wisconsin Examiner</i>, "Gov. Evers submits ‘least changes’ map to state Supreme Court," December 15, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/evers-vetoes-republican-drawn-redistricting-maps"><i>WPR</i>, "Evers vetoes Republican-drawn redistricting maps," November 18, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wizmnews.com/2021/11/08/gop-led-wisconsin-senate-oks-their-own-redistricting-plan/"><i>WIZM News</i>, "GOP-led Wisconsin Senate OKs their own redistricting plan," November 8, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/assembly-passes-republican-drawn-political-maps"><i>Wisconsin Public Radio</i>, "Assembly passes Republican-drawn political maps," November 11, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/wisconsin-supreme-court-takes-redistricting-lawsuit-filed-by-conservatives/article_049a84db-9c19-5874-a01b-2b8761614ce7.html"><i>Wisconsin State Journal</i>, "Wisconsin Supreme Court takes redistricting lawsuit filed by conservatives," September 23, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/583681-wisconsin-supreme-court-hands-win-to-gop-in-key-ruling-on-new-congressional"><i>The Hill</i>, "Wisconsin Supreme Court hands win to GOP in key ruling on new congressional maps," November 30, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2022/01/10/wisconsin-supreme-court-wont-let-gop-offer-2nd-redistricting-plan/9162865002/"><i>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</i>, "Wisconsin Supreme Court won't let Republicans in Congress offer a second redistricting plan," January 10, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almanac-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-almanac_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/almanac-of-american-politics-2014-the-senators-the-representatives-and-the-governors-their-records-and-election-results-their-states-and-districts/oclc/833574360&referer=brief_results#details-allauthors">Barone, M. & McCutcheon, C. (2013). <i>The almanac of American politics 2014 : the senators, the representatives and the governors : their records and election results, their states and districts</i>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/files/WI%20baldusvbrennan%2020110610%20complaint.pdf"><i>Loyola Law School</i>, "UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN," accessed September 12, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruling-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ruling_64-0">64.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ruling_64-1">64.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ruling_64-2">64.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ruling_64-3">64.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://wispolitics.com/1006/161121Ruling.pdf"><i>United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin</i>, "Whitford v. Gill: Opinion and Order," November 21, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/democrats-short-lived-recall-victory-led-to-key-evidence-in/article_d5cfb956-6e93-5c81-8403-050493b5412e.html"><i>Wisconsin State Journal</i>, "Democrats' short-lived 2012 recall victory led to key evidence in partisan gerrymandering case," July 23, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/govt-and-politics/in-split-decision-federal-judges-rule-wisconsin-s-redistricting-law/article_378cc57b-a0d7-5e7e-bfaa-6b80e98e82c4.html"><i>The Capital Times</i>, "In split decision, federal judges rule Wisconsin's redistricting law an unconstitutional gerrymander," November 21, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://electionlawblog.org/wp-content/uploads/whitford-remedy.pdf"><i>United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin</i>, "Whitford v. Gill: Opinion and Order," January 27, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://ballot-access.org/2017/03/25/wisconsin-asks-u-s-supreme-to-hear-gerrymandering-of-legislative-districts-lawsuit/"><i>Ballot Access News</i>, "Wisconsin Asks U.S. Supreme Court To Hear Partisan Gerrymandering Lawsuit," March 25, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://ballot-access.org/2017/05/30/u-s-supreme-court-will-consider-whether-to-grant-stay-in-important-wisconsin-gerrymandering-case/"><i>Ballot Access News</i>, "U.S. Supreme Court Will Consider Whether to Grant Stay in Important Wisconsin Gerrymandering Case," May 30, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-to-hear-potentially-landmark-case-on-partisan-gerrymandering/2017/06/19/d525237e-5435-11e7-b38e-35fd8e0c288f_story.html?wpisrc=nl_most-draw4&wpmm=1"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Supreme Court to hear potentially landmark case on partisan gerrymandering," June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://electionlawblog.org/?p=93199"><i>Election Law Blog</i>, "UPDATE ON STAY: Breaking: Supreme Court to Hear WI Gerrymandering Case, Gill v. Whitford, Next Term Analysis," June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2018/06/18/democrats-seek-bring-case-back-supreme-court-before-2020-elections/710154002/"><i>Journal Sentinel</i>, "Democrats seek to bring redistricting case back to Supreme Court before 2020 elections," June 18, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://campaignlegal.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/Whitford%20Amended%20Complaint%20%28Dkt.%20201%29.pdf"><i>United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin</i>, "Whitford v. Gill: Amended Complaint," September 14, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legal-work/2018-09-14-1-Complaint.pdf"><i>United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin</i>, "Wisconsin Assembly Democratic Committee v. Gill: Three Judge Panel Requested," September 14, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2/http://thedailycougar.com/2012/10/16/redistricting-will-affect-november-election/"><i>The Daily Cougar</i>, "Redistricting will affect November election," October 16, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.798&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><i>The Journal of Politics</i>, "Incumbency, Redistricting, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections," February 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cottrill-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cottrill_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/polity/journal/v44/n1/full/pol201114a.html"><i>Polity</i>, "The Effects of Non-Legislative Approaches to Redistricting on Competition in Congressional Elections," October 3, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://law.marquette.edu/facultyblog/2021/02/why-do-republicans-overperform-in-the-wisconsin-state-assembly-partisan-gerrymandering-vs-political-geography/"><i>Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog</i>, "Why Do Republicans Overperform in the Wisconsin State Assembly? Partisan Gerrymandering Vs. Political Geography," February 11, 2021</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#F8F8F8;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:New_election_policy_HNT" title="Template:New election policy HNT"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:New_election_policy_HNT&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election policy</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Election legislation</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_weekly_digest" class="mw-redirect" title="Election legislation tracking: weekly digest">Election legislation tracking: weekly digest</a> • <a href="/User:Jerrick_Adams/Election_legislation_tracking:_list_of_sub-topics" title="User:Jerrick Adams/Election legislation tracking: list of sub-topics">Election legislation tracking: list of sub-topics</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Absentee/mail-in_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Absentee/mail-in voting">Absentee/mail-in voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Early_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Early voting">Early voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Election_dates_and_deadlines" title="Election legislation tracking: Election dates and deadlines">Election dates and deadlines</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Election_Day_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Election Day voting">Election Day voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Ranked-choice_voting" title="Election legislation tracking: Ranked-choice voting">Ranked-choice voting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Redistricting" title="Election legislation tracking: Redistricting">Redistricting</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Voter_registration" title="Election legislation tracking: Voter registration">Voter registration</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="21"><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy"><img alt="Election Policy on Ballotpedia Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/220px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/330px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/440px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Election administration</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Election_administration_in_Alabama" title="Election administration in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Alaska" title="Election administration in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Arizona" title="Election administration in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Arkansas" title="Election administration in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_California" title="Election administration in California">California</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Colorado" title="Election administration in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Connecticut" title="Election administration in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Delaware" title="Election administration in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Florida" title="Election administration in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Georgia" title="Election administration in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Hawaii" title="Election administration in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Idaho" title="Election administration in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Illinois" title="Election administration in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Indiana" title="Election administration in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Iowa" title="Election administration in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Kansas" title="Election administration in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Kentucky" title="Election administration in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Louisiana" title="Election administration in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Maine" title="Election administration in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Maryland" title="Election administration in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Massachusetts" title="Election administration in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Michigan" title="Election administration in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Minnesota" title="Election administration in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Mississippi" title="Election administration in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Missouri" title="Election administration in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Montana" title="Election administration in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Nebraska" title="Election administration in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Nevada" title="Election administration in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_Hampshire" title="Election administration in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_Jersey" title="Election administration in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_Mexico" title="Election administration in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_New_York" title="Election administration in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_North_Carolina" title="Election administration in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_North_Dakota" title="Election administration in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Ohio" title="Election administration in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Oklahoma" title="Election administration in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Oregon" title="Election administration in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Pennsylvania" title="Election administration in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Rhode_Island" title="Election administration in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_South_Carolina" title="Election administration in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_South_Dakota" title="Election administration in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Tennessee" title="Election administration in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Texas" title="Election administration in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Utah" title="Election administration in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Vermont" title="Election administration in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Virginia" title="Election administration in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Washington" title="Election administration in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Election administration in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_West_Virginia" title="Election administration in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Wisconsin" title="Election administration in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Wyoming" title="Election administration in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Voting policy</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Voting_in_Alabama" title="Voting in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Alaska" title="Voting in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Arizona" title="Voting in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Arkansas" title="Voting in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_California" title="Voting in California">California</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Colorado" title="Voting in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Connecticut" title="Voting in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Delaware" title="Voting in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Florida" title="Voting in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Georgia" title="Voting in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Hawaii" title="Voting in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Idaho" title="Voting in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Illinois" title="Voting in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Indiana" title="Voting in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Iowa" title="Voting in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Kansas" title="Voting in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Kentucky" title="Voting in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Louisiana" title="Voting in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Maine" title="Voting in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Maryland" title="Voting in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Massachusetts" title="Voting in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Michigan" title="Voting in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Minnesota" title="Voting in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Mississippi" title="Voting in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Missouri" title="Voting in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Montana" title="Voting in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Nebraska" title="Voting in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Nevada" title="Voting in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Hampshire" title="Voting in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Jersey" title="Voting in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Mexico" title="Voting in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_York" title="Voting in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_North_Carolina" title="Voting in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_North_Dakota" title="Voting in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Ohio" title="Voting in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Oklahoma" title="Voting in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Oregon" title="Voting in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Pennsylvania" title="Voting in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Rhode_Island" title="Voting in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_South_Carolina" title="Voting in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_South_Dakota" title="Voting in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Tennessee" title="Voting in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Texas" title="Voting in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Utah" title="Voting in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Vermont" title="Voting in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Virginia" title="Voting in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Washington" title="Voting in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_West_Virginia" title="Voting in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Wisconsin" title="Voting in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Wyoming" title="Voting in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Alabama" title="Electoral systems in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Alaska" title="Electoral systems in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Arizona" title="Electoral systems in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Arkansas" title="Electoral systems in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_California" title="Electoral systems in California">California</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Colorado" title="Electoral systems in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Connecticut" title="Electoral systems in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Delaware" title="Electoral systems in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Florida" title="Electoral systems in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Georgia" title="Electoral systems in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Hawaii" title="Electoral systems in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Idaho" title="Electoral systems in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Illinois" title="Electoral systems in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Indiana" title="Electoral systems in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Iowa" title="Electoral systems in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Kansas" title="Electoral systems in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Kentucky" title="Electoral systems in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Louisiana" title="Electoral systems in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Maine" title="Electoral systems in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Maryland" title="Electoral systems in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Massachusetts" title="Electoral systems in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Michigan" title="Electoral systems in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Minnesota" title="Electoral systems in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Mississippi" title="Electoral systems in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Missouri" title="Electoral systems in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Montana" title="Electoral systems in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Nebraska" title="Electoral systems in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Nevada" title="Electoral systems in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Hampshire" title="Electoral systems in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Jersey" title="Electoral systems in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Mexico" title="Electoral systems in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_York" title="Electoral systems in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_North_Carolina" title="Electoral systems in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_North_Dakota" title="Electoral systems in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Ohio" title="Electoral systems in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Oklahoma" title="Electoral systems in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Oregon" title="Electoral systems in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Pennsylvania" title="Electoral systems in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Rhode_Island" title="Electoral systems in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_South_Carolina" title="Electoral systems in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_South_Dakota" title="Electoral systems in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Tennessee" title="Electoral systems in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Texas" title="Electoral systems in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Utah" title="Electoral systems in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Vermont" title="Electoral systems in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Virginia" title="Electoral systems in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Washington" title="Electoral systems in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_West_Virginia" title="Electoral systems in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Wisconsin" title="Electoral systems in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Wyoming" title="Electoral systems in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Primary_election" title="Primary election">Primary elections policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Primary_elections_in_Alabama" title="Primary elections in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Alaska" title="Primary elections in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Arizona" title="Primary elections in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Arkansas" title="Primary elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_California" title="Primary elections in California">California</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Colorado" title="Primary elections in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Connecticut" title="Primary elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Delaware" title="Primary elections in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Florida" title="Primary elections in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Georgia" title="Primary elections in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Hawaii" title="Primary elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Idaho" title="Primary elections in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Illinois" title="Primary elections in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Indiana" title="Primary elections in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Iowa" title="Primary elections in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Kansas" title="Primary elections in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Kentucky" title="Primary elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Louisiana" title="Primary elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Maine" title="Primary elections in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Maryland" title="Primary elections in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="Primary elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Michigan" title="Primary elections in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Minnesota" title="Primary elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Mississippi" title="Primary elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Missouri" title="Primary elections in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Montana" title="Primary elections in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Nebraska" title="Primary elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Nevada" title="Primary elections in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Primary elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Primary elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Primary elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_York" title="Primary elections in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Primary elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Primary elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Ohio" title="Primary elections in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Primary elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Oregon" title="Primary elections in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Primary elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="Primary elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Primary elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Primary elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Tennessee" title="Primary elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Texas" title="Primary elections in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Utah" title="Primary elections in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Vermont" title="Primary elections in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Virginia" title="Primary elections in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Washington" title="Primary elections in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="Primary elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Primary elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Wyoming" title="Primary elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Redistricting_in_Alabama" title="Redistricting in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Alaska" title="Redistricting in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Arizona" title="Redistricting in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Arkansas" title="Redistricting in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_California" title="Redistricting in California">California</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Colorado" title="Redistricting in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Connecticut" title="Redistricting in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Delaware" title="Redistricting in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Florida" title="Redistricting in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Georgia" title="Redistricting in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Hawaii" title="Redistricting in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Idaho" title="Redistricting in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois" title="Redistricting in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Indiana" title="Redistricting in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Iowa" title="Redistricting in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Kansas" title="Redistricting in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Kentucky" title="Redistricting in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Louisiana" title="Redistricting in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Maine" title="Redistricting in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Maryland" title="Redistricting in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Massachusetts" title="Redistricting in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Michigan" title="Redistricting in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Minnesota" title="Redistricting in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Mississippi" title="Redistricting in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Missouri" title="Redistricting in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Montana" title="Redistricting in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Nebraska" title="Redistricting in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Nevada" title="Redistricting in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Hampshire" title="Redistricting in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Jersey" title="Redistricting in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Mexico" title="Redistricting in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_York" title="Redistricting in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_North_Carolina" title="Redistricting in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_North_Dakota" title="Redistricting in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Ohio" title="Redistricting in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Oklahoma" title="Redistricting in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Oregon" title="Redistricting in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Pennsylvania" title="Redistricting in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Rhode_Island" title="Redistricting in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_South_Carolina" title="Redistricting in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_South_Dakota" title="Redistricting in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Tennessee" title="Redistricting in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Texas" title="Redistricting in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Utah" title="Redistricting in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Vermont" title="Redistricting in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Virginia" title="Redistricting in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Washington" title="Redistricting in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_West_Virginia" title="Redistricting in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wyoming" title="Redistricting in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Election_recount_laws_and_procedures_in_the_50_states" title="Election recount laws and procedures in the 50 states">Recount laws</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Recount_laws_in_Alabama" title="Recount laws in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Alaska" title="Recount laws in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Arizona" title="Recount laws in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Arkansas" title="Recount laws in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_California" title="Recount laws in California">California</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Colorado" title="Recount laws in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Connecticut" title="Recount laws in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Delaware" title="Recount laws in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Florida" title="Recount laws in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Georgia" title="Recount laws in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Recount laws in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Idaho" title="Recount laws in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Illinois" title="Recount laws in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Indiana" title="Recount laws in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Iowa" title="Recount laws in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Kansas" title="Recount laws in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Kentucky" title="Recount laws in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Louisiana" title="Recount laws in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Maine" title="Recount laws in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Maryland" title="Recount laws in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Recount laws in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Michigan" title="Recount laws in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Minnesota" title="Recount laws in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Mississippi" title="Recount laws in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Missouri" title="Recount laws in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Montana" title="Recount laws in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Nebraska" title="Recount laws in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Nevada" title="Recount laws in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Hampshire" title="Recount laws in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Jersey" title="Recount laws in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Mexico" title="Recount laws in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_York" title="Recount laws in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_North_Carolina" title="Recount laws in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_North_Dakota" title="Recount laws in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Ohio" title="Recount laws in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Oklahoma" title="Recount laws in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Oregon" title="Recount laws in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Pennsylvania" title="Recount laws in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Rhode_Island" title="Recount laws in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_South_Carolina" title="Recount laws in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_South_Dakota" title="Recount laws in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Tennessee" title="Recount laws in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Texas" title="Recount laws in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Utah" title="Recount laws in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Vermont" title="Recount laws in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Virginia" title="Recount laws in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Washington" title="Recount laws in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_West_Virginia" title="Recount laws in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Wisconsin" title="Recount laws in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Wyoming" title="Recount laws in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access for<br />political candidates</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates" title="Ballot access for presidential candidates">Ballot access for<br />presidential candidates</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Ballot access for<br />political parties</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Single-winner_system" title="Single-winner system">Single-winner system</a> • <a href="/Multi-winner_system" title="Multi-winner system">Multi-winner system</a> • <a href="/Block_voting_system" title="Block voting system">Block voting system</a> • <a href="/Plurality_voting_system" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality voting system</a> • <a href="/Majority_voting_system" title="Majority voting system">Majority voting system</a> • <a href="/Top-two_primary" title="Top-two primary">Top-two primary</a> • <a href="/Blanket_primary" title="Blanket primary">Blanket primary</a> • <a href="/Open_primary" title="Open primary">Open primary</a> • <a href="/Closed_primary" title="Closed primary">Closed primary</a> • <a href="/Semi-closed_primary" title="Semi-closed primary">Semi-closed primary</a> • <a href="/Top-four_primary" title="Top-four primary">Top-four primary</a> • <a href="/Ranked-choice_voting_(RCV)" title="Ranked-choice voting (RCV)">Ranked-choice voting (RCV)</a> • <a href="/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a> • <a href="/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> • <a href="/Fusion_voting" title="Fusion voting">Fusion voting</a> <hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Contact</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ways_you_can_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Ways you can help">Contribute</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Executive:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Leslie_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Leslie Graves">Leslie Graves, President</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Gwen_Beattie" title="Ballotpedia:Gwen Beattie">Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer</a><br /> <p><b>Communications:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alison_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Alison Graves">Alison Graves</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Carley_Allensworth" title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Andrew_Heath" title="Ballotpedia:Andrew Heath">Andrew Heath</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amanda_Herbert" title="Ballotpedia:Amanda Herbert">Amanda Herbert</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Morris" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Morris">Mandy Morris</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Caroline_Presnell" title="Ballotpedia:Caroline Presnell">Caroline Presnell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Rindfleisch" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Rindfleisch">Kelly Rindfleisch</a><br /> <b>Policy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jimmy_McAllister" title="Ballotpedia:Jimmy McAllister">Jimmy McAllister</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Molly_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Molly Byrne">Molly Byrne</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jon_Dunn" title="Ballotpedia:Jon Dunn">Jon Dunn</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Annelise_Reinwald" title="Ballotpedia:Annelise Reinwald">Annelise Reinwald</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Soukup" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Soukup">Emma Soukup</a><br /> <b>Content Strategy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Josh_Altic" title="Ballotpedia:Josh Altic">Josh Altic</a> <br /> <b>Tech:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Matt_Latourelle" title="Ballotpedia:Matt Latourelle">Matt Latourelle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Burch" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Burch">Ryan Burch</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kirsten_Corrao" title="Ballotpedia:Kirsten Corrao">Kirsten Corrao</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Beth_Dellea" title="Ballotpedia:Beth Dellea">Beth Dellea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Travis_Eden" title="Ballotpedia:Travis Eden">Travis Eden</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tate_Kamish" title="Ballotpedia:Tate Kamish">Tate Kamish</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Margaret_Kearney" title="Ballotpedia:Margaret Kearney">Margaret Kearney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Eric_Lotto" title="Ballotpedia:Eric Lotto">Eric Lotto</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Sanchez" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Sanchez">Joseph Sanchez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mary_Susmitha" title="Ballotpedia:Mary Susmitha">Mary Susmitha</a><br /> </p> <b>Contributors:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Scott_Rasmussen" title="Ballotpedia:Scott Rasmussen">Scott Rasmussen</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Cory_Eucalitto" title="Ballotpedia:Cory Eucalitto">Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Gillip" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Gillip">Mandy Gillip, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Doug_Kronaizl" title="Ballotpedia:Doug Kronaizl">Doug Kronaizl, Local Elections Project Manager</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaclyn_Beran" title="Ballotpedia:Jaclyn Beran">Jaclyn Beran</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Marielle_Bricker" title="Ballotpedia:Marielle Bricker">Marielle Bricker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Brusgard" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Brusgard">Joseph Brusgard</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Burlingame" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Burlingame">Emma Burlingame</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Coyle" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Coyle">Kelly Coyle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Ellis" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Ellis">Thomas Ellis</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Frank_Festa" title="Ballotpedia:Frank Festa">Frank Festa</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nicole_Fisher" title="Ballotpedia:Nicole Fisher">Nicole Fisher</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Brianna_Hosea" title="Ballotpedia:Brianna Hosea">Brianna Hosea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Greaney" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Greaney">Joseph Greaney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Grobben" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Grobben">Thomas Grobben</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaime_Healy-Plotkin" title="Ballotpedia:Jaime Healy-Plotkin">Jaime Healy-Plotkin</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tyler_King" title="Ballotpedia:Tyler King">Tyler King</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Glorie_Martinez" title="Ballotpedia:Glorie Martinez">Glorie Martinez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathan_Maxwell" title="Ballotpedia:Nathan Maxwell">Nathan Maxwell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellie_Mikus" title="Ballotpedia:Ellie Mikus">Ellie Mikus</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jackie_Mitchell" title="Ballotpedia:Jackie Mitchell">Jackie Mitchell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellen_Morrissey" title="Ballotpedia:Ellen Morrissey">Ellen Morrissey</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mackenzie_Murphy" title="Ballotpedia:Mackenzie Murphy">Mackenzie Murphy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kaley_Platek" title="Ballotpedia:Kaley Platek">Kaley Platek</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samantha_Post" title="Ballotpedia:Samantha Post">Samantha Post</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Adam_Powell" title="Ballotpedia:Adam Powell">Adam Powell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ethan_Rice" title="Ballotpedia:Ethan Rice">Ethan Rice</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Spencer_Richardson" title="Ballotpedia:Spencer Richardson">Spencer Richardson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Victoria_Rose" title="Ballotpedia:Victoria Rose">Victoria Rose</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Briana_Ryan" title="Ballotpedia:Briana Ryan">Briana Ryan</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Myj_Saintyl" title="Ballotpedia:Myj Saintyl">Myj Saintyl</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddy_Salucka" title="Ballotpedia:Maddy Salucka">Maddy Salucka</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddie_Sinclair_Johnson" title="Ballotpedia:Maddie Sinclair Johnson">Maddie Sinclair Johnson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abbey_Smith" title="Ballotpedia:Abbey Smith">Abbey Smith</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Janie_Valentine" title="Ballotpedia:Janie Valentine">Janie Valentine</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joel_Williams" title="Ballotpedia:Joel Williams">Joel Williams</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samuel_Wonacott" title="Ballotpedia:Samuel Wonacott">Samuel Wonacott</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Trenton_Woodcox" title="Ballotpedia:Trenton Woodcox">Trenton Woodcox</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mercedes_Yanora" title="Ballotpedia:Mercedes Yanora">Mercedes Yanora</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin-top:auto; 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