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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Skin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Skin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_in_mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_in_mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure in mammals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_in_mammals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure in mammals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_in_mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epidermis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidermis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Epidermis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidermis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basement_membrane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basement_membrane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Basement membrane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basement_membrane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dermis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dermis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dermis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dermis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papillary_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papillary_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Papillary region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papillary_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reticular_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reticular_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Reticular region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reticular_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subcutaneous_tissue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subcutaneous_tissue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Subcutaneous tissue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subcutaneous_tissue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_cross_section" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_cross_section"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Detailed cross section</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_cross_section-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_in_fish,_amphibians,_birds,_and_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_in_fish,_amphibians,_birds,_and_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure in fish, amphibians, birds, and reptiles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_in_fish,_amphibians,_birds,_and_reptiles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure in fish, amphibians, birds, and reptiles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_in_fish,_amphibians,_birds,_and_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Granular_glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granular_glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Granular glands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granular_glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mucous_glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mucous_glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Mucous glands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mucous_glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds_and_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds_and_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Birds and reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds_and_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Skin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 160 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-160" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">160 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel" title="Vel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut" title="Haut – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Haut" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%86%E1%8B%B3" title="ቆዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቆዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piel" title="Piel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Piel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%A0%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܓܠܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܠܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheali" title="Cheali – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cheali" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="ছাল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছাল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piel" title="Piel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocaki" title="Ocaki – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocaki" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pire" title="Pire – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pire" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хъал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janchi_lip%27ichi" title="Janchi lip'ichi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Janchi lip'ichi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99ri" title="Dəri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="চামড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চামড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulimbit" title="Kulimbit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kulimbit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho%C3%AA-hu" title="Phoê-hu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phoê-hu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тире – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тире" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublit" title="Kublit – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kublit" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Кожа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кожа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koža" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroc%27hen" title="Kroc'hen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kroc'hen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell" title="Pell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AF%C5%BEe" title="Kůže – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kůže" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganda" title="Ganda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ganda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croen" title="Croen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Croen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud" title="Hud – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hud" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiki" title="Liiki – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Liiki" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut" title="Haut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahk" title="Nahk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nahk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Δέρμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δέρμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piel" title="Piel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%ADto" title="Haŭto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haŭto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piel" title="Piel – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Piel" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larruazal" title="Larruazal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Larruazal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پوست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamrra" title="Chamrra – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chamrra" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BA%C3%B0" title="Húð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Húð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peau" title="Peau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BBd" title="Hûd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hûd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiceann" title="Craiceann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Craiceann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiceann" title="Craiceann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Craiceann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel" title="Pel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AC-f%C3%BB" title="Phì-fû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phì-fû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арсан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арсан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%B6%80" title="피부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fata" title="Fata – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF" title="Մաշկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաշկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="त्वचा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्वचा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelo" title="Pelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudil" title="Kudil – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kudil" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kulit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelle" title="Pelle – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pelle" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvi%C3%B1iq" title="Uviñiq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uviñiq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BA%C3%B0" title="Húð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Húð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelle" title="Pelle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pelle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8" title="עור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94n%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Tɔnʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔnʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಚರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balat" title="Balat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Balat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%8E%D9%85" title="ژَم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Тері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneus" title="Kneus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kneus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi" title="Ngozi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ngozi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapo" title="Lapo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83" title="Бурчу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Бурчу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutis" title="Cutis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cutis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80da" title="Āda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut" title="Haut – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haut" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda" title="Oda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoed" title="Hoed – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hoed" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomposo" title="Lomposo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lomposo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel" title="Pel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell" title="Pell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%91r_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Bőr (anatómia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bőr (anatómia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Кожа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кожа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoditra" title="Hoditra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hoditra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ചർമ്മം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചർമ്മം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="त्वचा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्वचा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C3%B2i-h%C5%AD" title="Puòi-hŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Puòi-hŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Арьс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арьс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အရေပြား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရေပြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuli" title="Kuli – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kuli" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huid" title="Huid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="छाला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82" title="छेंगू – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="छेंगू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="皮膚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud" title="Hud – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hud" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud" title="Hud – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hud" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9_(la)" title="Pé (la) – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pé (la)" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8u" title="Pèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teri" title="Teri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Teri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਖੱਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%84" title="کھل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پوستکی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوستکی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huut" title="Huut – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Huut" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3ra" title="Skóra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skóra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pele" title="Pele – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pele" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piele_(anatomie)" title="Piele (anatomie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piele (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel" title="Pel – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pel" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara" title="Qara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Кожа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кожа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Тирии – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тирии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/banges" title="banges – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="banges" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="चर्म – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चर्म" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin" title="Skin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Skin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABkura" title="Lëkura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëkura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peddi" title="Peddi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Peddi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin" title="Skin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Skin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84" title="کل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koža" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqaar" title="Maqaar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maqaar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پێست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Кожа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кожа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa" title="Koža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kulit" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iho" title="Iho – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iho" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hud" title="Hud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balat_(anatomiya)" title="Balat (anatomiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balat (anatomiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglim" title="Aglim – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aglim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тире – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тире" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="చర్మము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చర్మము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ผิวหนัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผิวหนัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%AF%D1%81%D1%82" title="Пӯст – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пӯст" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deri" title="Deri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwa_(vam)" title="Kwa (vam) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwa (vam)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шкіра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкіра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جلد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جلد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%95" title="تېرە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تېرە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naeng" title="Naeng – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Naeng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pele" title="Pele – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pele" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahk" title="Nahk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nahk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da" title="Da – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Da" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahk" title="Nahk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nahk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea" title="Pea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panit" title="Panit – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%82%A4" title="皮肤 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮肤" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98" title="הויט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הויט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE" title="皮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="皮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%C4%B1k" title="Postık – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Postık" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C5%ABra" title="Skūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮膚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akpalek" title="Akpalek – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Akpalek" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Kulit" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit" title="Kulit – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kulit" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawak" title="Bawak – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bawak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> 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development">Cutaneous structure development</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soft outer covering organ of vertebrates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the skin of animals in general. For skin in humans, see <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Human skin</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Skin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Skin (disambiguation)">Skin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Skin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_skin_(3689577529).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elephant_skin_%283689577529%29.jpg/250px-Elephant_skin_%283689577529%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elephant_skin_%283689577529%29.jpg/375px-Elephant_skin_%283689577529%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elephant_skin_%283689577529%29.jpg/500px-Elephant_skin_%283689577529%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Elephant skin</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cutis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012867">D012867</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/16.0.00.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A16.0.00.002</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=7041">7041</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074" class="extiw" title="d:Q1074">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Skin</b> is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> covering the body of a <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">animal coverings</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_exoskeleton" title="Arthropod exoskeleton">arthropod exoskeleton</a>, have different <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">developmental origin</a>, structure and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a>. The adjective <b>cutaneous</b> means "of the skin" (from Latin <i>cutis</i> 'skin'). In <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, the skin is an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">integumentary system</a> made up of multiple layers of <a href="/wiki/Ectodermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectodermal">ectodermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> and guards the underlying <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internal_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal organs">internal organs</a>. Skin of a different nature exists in <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin (including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues) plays crucial roles in formation, structure, and function of extraskeletal apparatus such as horns of bovids (e.g., cattle) and rhinos, cervids' antlers, giraffids' ossicones, armadillos' osteoderm, and <a href="/wiki/Os_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Os penis">os penis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Os_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Os clitoris">os clitoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All mammals have some hair on their skin, even <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> like <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> that appear to be hairless. The skin interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. For example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the <a href="/wiki/Body_(biology)" title="Body (biology)">body</a> against <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a><sup id="cite_ref-Proksch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proksch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and excessive water loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its other functions are <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">temperature regulation</a>, sensation, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> folates. Severely damaged skin may heal by forming <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar tissue</a>. This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented. The thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. In humans, for example, the skin located under the eyes and around the eyelids is the thinnest skin on the body at 0.5 mm thick and is one of the first areas to show signs of aging such as "crows feet" and wrinkles. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is the thickest skin on the body at 4 mm thick. The speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Fur</a> is dense hair.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily, fur augments the insulation the skin provides but can also serve as a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic" title="Secondary sex characteristic">secondary sexual characteristic</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. On some animals, the skin is very hard and thick and can be processed to create <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> have hard protective scales on their skin for protection, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> have hard <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a>, all made of tough <a href="/wiki/Beta-keratin" title="Beta-keratin">beta-keratins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibian</a> skin is not a strong barrier, especially regarding the passage of chemicals via skin, and is often subject to <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a> and diffusive forces. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> sitting in an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> solution would be sedated quickly as the chemical diffuses through its skin. <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibian</a> skin plays key roles in everyday survival and their ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and ecological conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 January 2024, biologists reported the discovery of the oldest known skin, fossilized about 289 million years ago, and possibly the skin from an ancient reptile.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20240111kg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240111kg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CB-2-240111_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CB-2-240111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word skin originally only referred to dressed and tanned animal hide and the usual word for human skin was hide. Skin is a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> skinn "animal hide, fur", ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *sek-, meaning "to cut" (probably a reference to the fact that in those times animal hide was commonly cut off to be used as garment).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_in_mammals">Structure in mammals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure in mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Skin_layers"></span><span class="anchor" id="Layers"></span><span class="anchor" id="Layer"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Dermis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray942.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gray942.png/250px-Gray942.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gray942.png/375px-Gray942.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gray942.png/500px-Gray942.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The distribution of the blood vessels in the skin of the sole of the foot. (Corium – TA alternate term for dermis – is labeled at upper right.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray940.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gray940.png/250px-Gray940.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gray940.png/375px-Gray940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Gray940.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="566" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (<i>click on image to magnify</i>). (Dermis labeled at center right.)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012867">D012867</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/16.0.00.002%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A16.0.00.002</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=7041">7041</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074" class="extiw" title="d:Q1074">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mammalian skin is composed of two primary layers: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a></i>, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a></i>, which serves as a location for the <a href="/wiki/Appendages" class="mw-redirect" title="Appendages">appendages</a> of skin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epidermis">Epidermis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epidermis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermis</a></div> <p>The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of the skin. It forms a protective barrier over the body's surface, responsible for keeping water in the body and preventing <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> from entering, and is a stratified squamous <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rooks_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composed of <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">proliferating</a> basal and <a href="/wiki/Cell_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell differentiation">differentiated</a> suprabasal <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">Keratinocytes</a> are the major <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, constituting 95% of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rooks_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rooks-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell" title="Merkel cell">Merkel cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cells</a> are also present. The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> can be further subdivided into the following <i>strata</i> or layers (beginning with the outermost layer):<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">Stratum corneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratum_lucidum" title="Stratum lucidum">Stratum lucidum</a> (only in <a href="/wiki/Hand#Human_anatomy" title="Hand">palms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">soles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratum_granulosum" title="Stratum granulosum">Stratum granulosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratum_spinosum" title="Stratum spinosum">Stratum spinosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratum_basale" title="Stratum basale">Stratum basale</a> (also called the <i>stratum germinativum</i>)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">Keratinocytes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_basale" title="Stratum basale">stratum basale</a> proliferate through <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and the daughter <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> move up the strata changing shape and composition as they undergo multiple stages of <a href="/wiki/Cell_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell differentiation">cell differentiation</a> to eventually become anucleated. During that process, <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> will become highly organized, forming <a href="/wiki/Cell_junction" title="Cell junction">cellular junctions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Desmosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmosomes">desmosomes</a>) between each other and secreting <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> which contribute to the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> and provide mechanical <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a> to the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Pmid_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pmid-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">Keratinocytes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">stratum corneum</a> are eventually shed from the surface (<a href="/wiki/Desquamation" title="Desquamation">desquamation</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> contains no <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> extending to the upper layers of the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basement_membrane">Basement membrane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basement membrane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">Basement membrane</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> are separated by a thin sheet of <a href="/wiki/Fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibers">fibers</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a>, which is made through the action of both <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>. The basement membrane controls the traffic of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> between the dermis and epidermis but also serves, through the binding of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Growth_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth factors">growth factors</a>, as a reservoir for their controlled release during <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> remodeling or repair processes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermis">Dermis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dermis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a></div> <p>The <b>dermis</b> is the layer of skin beneath the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> that consists of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> and cushions the body from <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> and strain. The <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> provides tensile <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a> to the skin through an <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Collagen_fibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Collagen fibrils">collagen fibrils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microfibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfibrils">microfibrils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic fibers">elastic fibers</a>, embedded in <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaluronan">hyaluronan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pmid_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pmid-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skin proteoglycans are varied and have very specific locations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaluronan">hyaluronan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versican" title="Versican">versican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">decorin</a> are present throughout the dermis and <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Biglycan" title="Biglycan">biglycan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlecan" title="Perlecan">perlecan</a> are only found in the epidermis. </p><p>It harbors many <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a> (nerve endings) that provide the sense of <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a> and heat through <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">nociceptors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a>. It also contains the <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocrine_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocrine glands">apocrine glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatic vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> provide nourishment and waste removal from its own <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> as well as for the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>. </p><p>Dermis and subcutaneous tissues are thought to contain germinative cells involved in formation of horns, osteoderm, and other extra-skeletal apparatus in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> is tightly connected to the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> and is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the <i>papillary region</i>, and a deep thicker area known as the <i>reticular region</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Papillary_region">Papillary region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Papillary region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The papillary region is composed of loose <a href="/wiki/Areolar_connective_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Areolar connective tissue">areolar connective tissue</a>. This is named for its fingerlike projections called <i>papillae</i> that extend toward the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>. The papillae provide the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reticular_region">Reticular region</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reticular region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> and receives its name from the dense concentration of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elastic_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic fibers">elastic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reticular_fiber" title="Reticular fiber">reticular</a> fibers that weave throughout it. These <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> fibers give the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> its properties of <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensibility" title="Extensibility">extensibility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a>. Also located within the reticular region are the <a href="/wiki/Roots_of_the_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Roots of the hair">roots of the hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_receptor" title="Cutaneous receptor">receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subcutaneous_tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subcutaneous tissue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous tissue</a> (also hypodermis) is not part of the skin, and lies below the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> as well as supplying it with <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>. It consists of loose <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>. The main <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> types are <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adipocyte" title="Adipocyte">adipocytes</a> (the subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a>). <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a> serves as padding and insulation for the body. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">Microorganisms</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">Staphylococcus epidermidis</a></i> colonize the skin surface. The density of <a href="/wiki/Skin_flora" title="Skin flora">skin flora</a> depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> residing in the deeper areas of the <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urogenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital">urogenital</a> openings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detailed_cross_section">Detailed cross section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Detailed cross section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skin_layers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skin layers, of both the hairy and hairless skin"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skin_layers.svg/800px-Skin_layers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="550" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skin_layers.svg/1200px-Skin_layers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skin_layers.svg/1600px-Skin_layers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Skin_layers.svg" title="File:Skin layers.svg"> </a></div>Skin layers, of both the hairy and hairless skin</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_in_fish,_amphibians,_birds,_and_reptiles"><span id="Structure_in_fish.2C_amphibians.2C_birds.2C_and_reptiles"></span>Structure in fish, amphibians, birds, and reptiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure in fish, amphibians, birds, and reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Skin##" title="Talk:Skin">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Fish scale</a></div> <p>The epidermis of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and of most <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> consists entirely of live <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, with only minimal quantities of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> in the cells of the superficial layer.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally permeable, and in the case of many <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, may actually be a major respiratory organ.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a> typically contains relatively little of the <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, in most species, it is largely replaced by solid, protective bony <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from some particularly large dermal bones that form parts of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>, these <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a> are lost in <a href="/wiki/Tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapods">tetrapods</a>, although many <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> do have <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a> of a different kind, as do <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">Cartilaginous fish</a> have numerous tooth-like <a href="/wiki/Dermal_denticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal denticle">denticles</a> embedded in their skin, in place of true <a href="/wiki/Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">Sweat glands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a> are both unique to <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, but other types of skin gland are found in other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> typically have a numerous individual <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>-secreting skin <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that aid in insulation and protection, but may also have <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a> <a href="/wiki/Glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Glands">glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">photophores</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that produce a more watery, <a href="/wiki/Serous" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous">serous</a> fluid. In <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, the mucous cells are gathered together to form sac-like <a href="/wiki/Glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Glands">glands</a>. Most living <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a> also possess <i>granular <a href="/wiki/Glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Glands">glands</a></i> in the skin, that secrete irritating or toxic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> is found in the skin of many species, in the <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> is often relatively colorless. Instead, the color of the skin is largely due to <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophores</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, which, in addition to melanin, may contain <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a>. Many species, such as <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounders</a> may be able to change the color of their skin by adjusting the relative size of their <a href="/wiki/Chromatophores" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatophores">chromatophores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Amphibian#Skin" title="Amphibian">Amphibian § Skin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amphibians possess two types of <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">mucous</a> and granular (serous). Both of these glands are part of the <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a> and thus considered <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous">cutaneous</a>. Mucous and granular glands are both divided into three different sections which all connect to structure the gland as a whole. The three individual parts of the gland are the duct, the intercalary region, and lastly the alveolar gland (sac). Structurally, the duct is derived via <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> and passes through to the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermal</a> or outer skin layer thus allowing external secretions of the body. The gland alveolus is a sac-shaped structure that is found on the bottom or base region of the granular gland. The cells in this sac specialize in secretion. Between the alveolar gland and the duct is the intercalary system which can be summed up as a transitional region connecting the duct to the grand alveolar beneath the epidermal skin layer. In general, granular glands are larger in size than the mucous glands, which are greater in number.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrogSkin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/FrogSkin.png/616px-FrogSkin.png" decoding="async" width="616" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/FrogSkin.png 1.5x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><b>Frog gland anatomy–</b> A: Mucous gland (alveolus), B: Chromophore, C: Granular gland (alveolus), D: Connective tissue, E: Stratum corneum, F: Transition zone (intercalary region), G: Epidermis (where the duct resides), H: Dermis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Granular_glands">Granular glands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Granular glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granular glands can be identified as <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venomous</a> and often differ in the type of toxin as well as the concentrations of secretions across various orders and species within the amphibians. They are located in clusters differing in concentration depending on <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> taxa. The toxins can be fatal to most vertebrates or have no effect against others. These glands are alveolar meaning they structurally have little sacs in which venom is produced and held before it is secreted upon defensive behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structurally, the ducts of the granular gland initially maintain a cylindrical shape. When the ducts mature and fill with fluid, the base of the ducts become swollen due to the pressure from the inside. This causes the epidermal layer to form a pit like opening on the surface of the duct in which the inner fluid will be secreted in an upwards fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intercalary region of granular glands is more developed and mature in comparison with mucous glands. This region resides as a ring of cells surrounding the basal portion of the duct which are argued to have an <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectodermal</a> muscular nature due to their influence over the lumen (space inside the tube) of the duct with dilation and constriction functions during secretions. The cells are found radially around the duct and provide a distinct attachment site for muscle fibers around the gland's body.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gland alveolus is a sac that is divided into three specific regions/layers. The outer layer or tunica fibrosa is composed of densely packed connective-tissue which connects with fibers from the spongy intermediate layer where elastic fibers, as well as nerves, reside. The nerves send signals to the muscles as well as the epithelial layers. Lastly, the epithelium or tunica propria encloses the gland.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mucous_glands">Mucous glands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mucous glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">Mucous glands</a> are non-venomous and offer a different functionality for amphibians than granular. Mucous glands cover the entire surface area of the amphibian body and specialize in keeping the body lubricated. There are many other functions of the mucous glands such as controlling the pH, thermoregulation, adhesive properties to the environment, anti-predator behaviors (slimy to the grasp), chemical communication, even anti-bacterial/viral properties for protection against pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ducts of the mucous gland appear as cylindrical vertical tubes that break through the epidermal layer to the surface of the skin. The cells lining the inside of the ducts are oriented with their longitudinal axis forming 90-degree angles surrounding the duct in a helical fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intercalary cells react identically to those of granular glands but on a smaller scale. Among the amphibians, there are taxa which contain a modified intercalary region (depending on the function of the glands), yet the majority share the same structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alveolar or mucous glands are much more simple and only consist of an epithelium layer as well as connective tissue which forms a cover over the gland. This gland lacks a tunica propria and appears to have delicate and intricate fibers which pass over the gland's muscle and epithelial layers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds_and_reptiles">Birds and reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Birds and reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Skin##" title="Talk:Skin">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reptile_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptile scales">Reptile scales</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> is closer to that of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, with a layer of dead keratin-filled <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> at the surface, to help reduce water loss. A similar pattern is also seen in some of the more terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Toad" title="Toad">toads</a>. In these animals, there is no clear <a href="/wiki/Cell_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell differentiation">differentiation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> into distinct layers, as occurs in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, with the change in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> type being relatively gradual. The mammalian <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> always possesses at least a <a href="/wiki/Stratum_germinativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratum germinativum">stratum germinativum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">stratum corneum</a>, but the other intermediate layers found in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> are not always distinguishable. <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a> is a distinctive feature of mammalian skin, while <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> are (at least among living species) similarly unique to <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> have relatively few skin <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a>, although there may be a few structures for specific purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a>-secreting <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Uropygial_gland" title="Uropygial gland">uropygial gland</a> of most birds.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Skin##" title="Talk:Skin">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cutaneous structures arise from the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> and include a variety of features such as hair, feathers, claws and nails. During embryogenesis, the epidermis splits into two layers: the periderm (which is lost) and the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_germinativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratum germinativum">basal layer</a>. The basal layer is a <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> layer and through asymmetrical divisions, becomes the source of skin cells throughout life. It is maintained as a stem cell layer through an <a href="/wiki/Autocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine">autocrine</a> signal, <a href="/wiki/TGF_alpha" title="TGF alpha">TGF alpha</a>, and through <a href="/wiki/Paracrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine">paracrine</a> signaling from FGF7 (<a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte_growth_factor" title="Keratinocyte growth factor">keratinocyte growth factor</a>) produced by the dermis below the basal cells. In mice, over-expression of these factors leads to an overproduction of <a href="/wiki/Stratum_granulosum" title="Stratum granulosum">granular cells</a> and thick skin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Hair and feathers are formed in a regular pattern and it is believed to be the result of a reaction-diffusion system. This <a href="/wiki/Reaction-diffusion_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction-diffusion system">reaction-diffusion system</a> combines an activator, <a href="/wiki/Sonic_hedgehog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic hedgehog">Sonic hedgehog</a>, with an inhibitor, BMP4 or BMP2, to form clusters of cells in a regular pattern. Sonic hedgehog-expressing epidermal cells induce the condensation of cells in the <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>. The clusters of mesodermal cells signal back to the epidermis to form the appropriate structure for that position. BMP signals from the epidermis inhibit the formation of placodes in nearby ectoderm.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is believed that the mesoderm defines the pattern. The epidermis instructs the mesodermal cells to condense and then the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of what structure to make through a series of reciprocal inductions. Transplantation experiments involving frog and newt epidermis indicated that the mesodermal signals are conserved between species but the epidermal response is species-specific meaning that the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of its position and the epidermis uses this information to make a specific structure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skin performs the following functions: </p> <ol><li>Protection: an anatomical barrier from <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> and damage between the internal and external <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> in bodily defense. (See <a href="/wiki/Skin_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin absorption">Skin absorption</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cells</a> in the skin are part of the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proksch_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proksch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madison_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensation" class="extiw" title="wikt:sensation">Sensation</a>: contains a variety of <a href="/wiki/Nerve_endings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve endings">nerve endings</a> that jump to <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">heat and cold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatosensory system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">haptic perception</a>).</li> <li>Thermoregulation: <a href="/wiki/Eccrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccrine">Eccrine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweat</a>) glands and dilated blood vessels (increased superficial <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a>) aid heat loss, while constricted <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">vessels</a> greatly reduce cutaneous <a href="/wiki/Blood_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood flow">blood flow</a> and conserve heat. <a href="/wiki/Erector_pili_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Erector pili muscle">Erector pili muscles</a> in mammals adjust the angle of hair shafts to change the degree of insulation provided by hair or <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>.</li> <li>Control of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to reduce fluid loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Storage and <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesis</a>: acts as a storage center for <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin absorption">Absorption through the skin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> can diffuse into the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> in small amounts; some animals use their skin as their sole <a href="/wiki/Respiration_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiration organ">respiration organ</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> comprising the outermost 0.25–0.40 mm of the skin are "almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen", although the "contribution to total <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a> is negligible")<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">medications are absorbed through the skin</a>.</li> <li>Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> aren't washed out of the body. The nutrients and oils that help hydrate the skin are covered by the most outer skin layer, the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>. This is helped in part by the sebaceous glands that release <a href="/wiki/Sebum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebum">sebum</a>, an oily liquid. Water itself will not cause the elimination of oils on the skin, because the oils residing in our dermis flow and would be affected by water without the epidermis.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a>, whether the skin is naked or covered in fur, scales, or feathers, skin structures provide protective coloration and patterns that help to conceal animals from predators or prey.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">Soft tissue</a></div> <p>Skin is a soft tissue and exhibits key mechanical behaviors of these tissues. The most pronounced feature is the J-curve stress strain response, in which a region of large strain and minimal stress exists and corresponds to the microstructural straightening and reorientation of collagen fibrils.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases the intact skin is prestreched, like wetsuits around the diver's body, and in other cases the intact skin is under compression. Small circular holes punched on the skin may widen or close into ellipses, or shrink and remain circular, depending on preexisting stresses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aging">Aging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tissue <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> generally declines with age, in part because <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem</a>/progenitor cells fail to self-renew or <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiate</a>. Skin aging is caused in part by <a href="/wiki/TGF-%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF-β">TGF-β</a> by blocking the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Dermal_fibroblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal fibroblasts">dermal fibroblasts</a> into <a href="/wiki/Fat_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat cells">fat cells</a> which provide support. Common changes in the skin as a result of aging range from <a href="/wiki/Wrinkle" title="Wrinkle">wrinkles</a>, discoloration, and skin laxity, but can manifest in more severe forms such as skin malignancies.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, these factors may be worsened by sun exposure in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Photoaging" title="Photoaging">photoaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/27px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/36px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_reflex_in_human_locomotion" title="Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion">Cutaneous reflex in human locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration" title="Cutaneous respiration">Cutaneous respiration</a> – gas exchange conducted through skin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">Moult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_skin_in_locomotion" title="Role of skin in locomotion">Role of skin in locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinning" title="Skinning">Skinning</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlibardi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Alibardi, Lorenzo (15 August 2003). 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9993/">"Induction and Competence"</a>. <i>Developmental Biology. 6th edition</i>. Sinauer Associates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Induction+and+Competence&rft.btitle=Developmental+Biology.+6th+edition&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Scott+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK9993%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStückerStrukAltmeyerHerde2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stücker, M.; Struk, A.; Altmeyer, P.; Herde, M.; Baumgärtl, H.; Lübbers, D. W. 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"Photoaging: Mechanisms and repair". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2005.05.010">10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16781287">16781287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Photoaging%3A+Mechanisms+and+repair&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaad.2005.05.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16781287&rft.aulast=Rabe&rft.aufirst=Jessica+H.&rft.au=Mamelak%2C+Adam+J.&rft.au=McElgunn%2C+Patrick+J.S.&rft.au=Morison%2C+Warwick+L.&rft.au=Sauder%2C+Daniel+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/skin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/skin"><i>skin</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_skin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Integumentary_physiology" title="Template:Integumentary physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integumentary_physiology" title="Template talk:Integumentary physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integumentary_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integumentary physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_skin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Physiology</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">skin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skin physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrodermal_activity" title="Electrodermal activity">Galvanic skin response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_repair" title="Skin repair">Skin repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_temperature" title="Skin temperature">Skin temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">Perspiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_hair_color" title="Human hair color">Human hair color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloerection" class="mw-redirect" title="Piloerection">Piloerection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superficial_fascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial fascia">Superficial fascia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areolar_connective_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Areolar connective tissue">areolar connective tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adipogenesis" title="Adipogenesis">Adipogenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_skin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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development">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">Ectoderm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">Neural crest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ectomesenchyme" title="Ectomesenchyme">Ectomesenchyme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">Mesenchyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatomal_mesenchyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatomal mesenchyme">Dermatomal mesenchyme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skin_appendage" title="Skin appendage">Skin appendage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_hair_growth" title="Human hair growth">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4023838-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Skin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123164">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Peau"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965434q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Peau"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965434q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563596">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kůže (anatomie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph341328&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526295">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000092113&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546126605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A16.0.00.002">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin&oldid=1256330415#Development">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin&oldid=1256330415#Development</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Skin" title="Category:Skin">Skin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soft_tissue" title="Category:Soft tissue">Soft tissue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leathermaking" title="Category:Leathermaking">Leathermaking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organs_(anatomy)" 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