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<ul id="toc-Types_of_shareware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trialware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trialware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Trialware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trialware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Freemium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Adware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crippleware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crippleware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Crippleware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crippleware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Donationware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donationware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Donationware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donationware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Nagware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postcardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postcardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Postcardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postcardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_standards_and_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_standards_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Industry standards and technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_standards_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shareware</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="برامج تجريبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برامج تجريبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rti_havay%C4%B1_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Şərti havayı proqram təminatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərti havayı proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_de_prova" title="Programari de prova – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari de prova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhadwedd" title="Rhadwedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhadwedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaosvara" title="Jaosvara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaosvara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaga%C4%B5o" title="Propagaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Propagaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7" title="نرم‌افزار مشروط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌افزار مشروط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%B0%EC%96%B4%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="셰어웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셰어웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_kongsi" title="Perangkat lunak kongsi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat lunak kongsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תוכנה שיתופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנה שיתופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikinai_nemokama_programin%C4%97_%C4%AFranga" title="Laikinai nemokama programinė įranga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laikinai nemokama programinė įranga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ഷെയർവെയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷെയർവെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_kongsi" title="Perisian kongsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian kongsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ရှယ်ယာဝဲလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှယ်ယာဝဲလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="シェアウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シェアウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Условно-бесплатное программное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Условно-бесплатное программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ෂෙයා වෙයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෂෙයා වෙයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preizkusni_program" title="Preizkusni program – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Preizkusni program" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шервер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шервер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แชร์แวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แชร์แวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shareware" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Умовно-безплатне програмне забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Умовно-безплатне програмне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="تجرباتی سافٹ ویئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تجرباتی سافٹ ویئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialware&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Proprietary software whose full use is limited in time</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Shareware</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> that is initially shared by the owner for trial use at little or no cost.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the software has limited functionality or incomplete documentation until the user sends payment to the software developer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shareware is often offered as a <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>. Shareware differs from <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a>, which is fully-featured software distributed at no cost to the user but without source code being made available; and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>, in which the source code is freely available for anyone to inspect and alter. </p><p>There are many types of shareware and, while they may not require an initial up-front payment, many are intended to generate revenue in one way or another. Some limit use to personal non-<a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">commercial</a> purposes only, with purchase of a license required for use in a business enterprise. The software itself may be time-limited, or it may remind the user that payment would be appreciated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_shareware">Types of shareware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of shareware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trialware">Trialware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trialware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trialware or <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Demoware"></span><span class="vanchor-text">demoware</span></span> is a program that limits the time that it can be effectively used, commonly via a built-in time limit, number of uses, or only allowing progression up to a certain point (e.g. in video games, see <a href="/wiki/Game_demo" title="Game demo">Game demo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The user can try out the fully featured program until the trial period is up, and then most trialware reverts to either a reduced-functionality (freemium, nagware, or crippleware) or non-functional mode, unless the user purchases a full version.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trialware has become normalized for online Software as a Service (SaaS).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Who says so? No mention of freeware or trial periods in SaaS page. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/WinRAR" title="WinRAR">WinRAR</a> is a notable example of an unlimited trialware, i.e. a program that retains its full functionality even after the trial period has ended. </p><p>The rationale behind trialware is to give potential users the opportunity to try out the program to judge its usefulness before purchasing a license. According to industry research firm Softletter, 66% of online companies surveyed had free-trial-to-paying-customer conversion rates of 25% or less. SaaS providers employ a wide range of strategies to nurture leads, and convert them into paying customers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemium">Freemium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freemium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></div> <p>Freemium works by offering a product or service free of charge (typically digital offerings such as software, content, games, web services or other) while charging a premium for advanced features, functionality, or related products and services. For example, a fully functional feature-limited version may be given away for free, with advanced features disabled until a license fee is paid. The word <i>freemium</i> combines the two aspects of the business model: "free" and "premium".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has become a popular model especially in the <a href="/wiki/Antivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antivirus">antivirus</a> industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adware">Adware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></div> <p>Adware, short for "advertising-supported software", is any software package which automatically renders advertisements in order to generate revenue for its author. Shareware is often packaged with adware to lower the shareware fees or eliminate the need to charge users a fee. The advertisements may take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">banner</a> on an application window. The functions may be designed to analyze which <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> the user visits and to present advertising pertinent to the types of goods or services featured there. The term is sometimes used to refer to software that displays unwanted advertisements, which typically are more intrusive and may appear as <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-up advertisement">pop-ups</a>, as is the case in most ad-oriented <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the installation of the intended software, the user is presented with a requirement to agree to the terms of click through an <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">end-user license agreement</a> or similar licensing which governs the installation of the software.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crippleware">Crippleware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crippleware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></div> <p>Crippleware has vital features of the program, such as printing or the ability to save files, disabled or unwanted features like watermarks on <a href="/wiki/Screencasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Screencasting">screencasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_editing_software" title="Video editing software">video editing software</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the user buys the software. This allows users to take a close look at the features of a program without being able to use it to generate output. The distinction between freemium and crippleware is that an unlicensed freemium program has useful functionality, while crippleware demonstrates its potential but is not useful on its own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donationware">Donationware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Donationware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></div> <p>Donationware is a licensing model that supplies fully operational unrestricted software to the user and requests an optional donation be paid to the programmer or a third-party beneficiary (usually a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of the donation may also be stipulated by the author, or it may be left to the discretion of the user, based on individual perceptions of the software's value. Since donationware comes fully operational (i.e. not <a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">crippleware</a>) with payment optional, it is a type of <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a>. In some cases, there is a delay to start the program or "nag screen" reminding the user that they haven't donated to the project. This nag feature and/or delayed start is often removed in an update once the user has donated to (paid for) the software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagware">Nagware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nagware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nagware (also known as begware, annoyware or a nagscreen) is a pejorative term for shareware that persistently reminds the user to purchase a license.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It usually does this by popping up a message when the user starts the program, or intermittently while the user is using the application. These messages can appear as windows obscuring part of the screen, or as message boxes that can quickly be closed. Some nagware keeps the message up for a certain time period, forcing the user to wait to continue to use the program. Unlicensed programs that support printing may superimpose a <a href="/wiki/Digital_watermarking" title="Digital watermarking">watermark</a> on the printed output, typically stating that the output was produced by an unlicensed copy. </p><p>Some titles display a <a href="/wiki/Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog box</a> with payment information and a message that paying will remove the notice, which is usually displayed either upon startup or after an interval while the application is running. These notices are designed to annoy the user into paying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postcardware">Postcardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Postcardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postcardware, also called just cardware, is a style of software distribution similar to shareware, distributed by the author on the condition that users send the author a <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcard</a>. A variation of cardware, emailware, uses the same approach but requires the user to send the author an <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. Postcardware, like other novelty software distribution terms, is often not strictly enforced. Cardware is similar to <a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">beerware</a>. </p><p>The concept was first used by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Giles">Aaron Giles</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/JPEGView" title="JPEGView">JPEGView</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another well-known piece of postcardware is the <a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">roguelike</a> game <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Domains_of_Mystery" title="Ancient Domains of Mystery">Ancient Domains of Mystery</a></i>, whose author collects postcards from around the world. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbitron_(software)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbitron (software) (page does not exist)">Orbitron</a> is distributed as postcardware. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exifer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exifer (page does not exist)">Exifer</a> is a popular application among <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photographers</a> that has been postcardware.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caledos Automatic Wallpaper Changer is a "still alive" project cardware. "Empathy" is a postcardware for password-protected executables. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dual_Module_Player&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dual Module Player (page does not exist)">Dual Module Player</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux</a> were also postcardware for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example for emailware is the <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Jump_%27n_Bump" title="Jump 'n Bump">Jump 'n Bump</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular postcardware company is the Laravel package developers from Spatie, which has released over 200 open-source packages to the <a href="/wiki/Laravel" title="Laravel">Laravel framework</a>, which are postcardware licensed, and all shown at their website.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fluegelman" title="Andrew Fluegelman">Andrew Fluegelman</a> created a program for the IBM PC called <a href="/wiki/PC-Talk" title="PC-Talk">PC-Talk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">telecommunications</a> program, and used the term <i>freeware</i>; he described it "as an experiment in economics more than altruism".<sup id="cite_ref-magid198208_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magid198208-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the same time, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Knopf" title="Jim Knopf">Jim "Button" Knopf</a> released <a href="/wiki/PC-File" title="PC-File">PC-File</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> program, calling it <i>user-supported software</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much later, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wallace_(computer_scientist)" title="Bob Wallace (computer scientist)">Bob Wallace</a> produced <a href="/wiki/PC-Write" title="PC-Write">PC-Write</a>, a word processor, and called it <i>shareware</i>. Appearing in an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Horizon_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (UK TV series)">Horizon</a></i> titled <i>Psychedelic Science</i> originally broadcast 5 April 1998, Bob Wallace said the idea for shareware came to him "to some extent as a result of my <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">psychedelic experience</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a> wrote of "an increasingly popular variant" of free software "that has no name, but works thus: 'If you like this, send me (the author) some money. I prefer cash.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-pournelle198307_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pournelle198307-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, <i>Softalk-PC</i> magazine had a column, <i>The Public Library</i>, about such software. <i>Public domain</i> is a misnomer for shareware, and <i>Freeware</i> was trademarked by Fluegelman and could not be used legally by others, and <i>User-Supported Software</i> was too cumbersome. So columnist <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Ford" title="Nelson Ford">Nelson Ford</a> had a contest to come up with a better name. </p><p>The most popular name submitted was <i>Shareware</i>, which was being used by Wallace. However, Wallace acknowledged that he got the term from an <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a> magazine column by that name in the 1970s<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and that he considered the name to be generic,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so its use became established over <i>freeware</i> and <i>user-supported software</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluegelman, Knopf, and Wallace clearly established shareware as a viable software distribution model by becoming wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and widespread Internet access, shareware was often the only economical way for independent software authors to get their product onto users' desktops. Those with <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBS</a> access could download software and distribute it amongst their friends or user groups, who would then be encouraged to send the registration fee to the author, usually via postal mail. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, shareware software was widely distributed over <a href="/wiki/Online_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Online services">online services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a> and on diskettes. Contrary to commercial developers who spent millions of dollars urging users "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a>", shareware developers encouraged users to upload the software and share it on disks. </p><p>Commercial shareware distributors such as Educorp and Public Domain Inc printed catalogs describing thousands of public domain and shareware programs that were available for a small charge on floppy disk. These companies later made their entire catalog available on CD-ROM. One such distributor, <i>Public Software Library</i> (PSL), began an order-taking service for programmers who otherwise had no means of accepting credit card orders. Meanwhile major online service provider CompuServe enabled people to pay (register) for software using their CompuServe accounts. When AOL bought out CompuServe, that part of CompuServe called SWREG (Shareware Registration) was sold to UK businessman Stephen Lee of Atlantic Coast PLC who placed the service on to the internet and enabled over 3,000 independent software developers to use SWREG as a back office to accept various payment methods including credit, debit and charge cards, Paypal and other services in multiple currencies. This worked in realtime so that a client could pay for software and instantly download it which was novel at the time. SWREG was eventually bought by Digital River, Inc. Also, services like Kagi started offering applications that authors could distribute along with their products that would present the user with an onscreen form to fill out, print, and mail along with their payment. Once <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> became more widespread, this service also expanded online. Toward the beginning of the Internet era, books compiling reviews of available shareware were published, sometimes targeting specific niches such as <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business</a>. These books would typically come with one or more <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> or <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> containing software from the book.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Internet use grew, users turned to downloading shareware programs from FTP or web sites. This spelled the end of bulletin board systems and shareware disk distributors. At first, disk space on a server was hard to come by, so networks like <a href="/wiki/Info-Mac" title="Info-Mac">Info-Mac</a> were developed, consisting of non-profit <a href="/wiki/Web_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mirror">mirror sites</a> hosting large shareware libraries accessible via the web or ftp. With the advent of the commercial <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Web hosting">web hosting</a> industry, the authors of shareware programs started their own sites where the public could learn about their programs and download the latest versions, and even pay for the software online. This erased one of the chief distinctions of shareware, as it was now most often downloaded from a central "official" location instead of being shared <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a>-style by its users. To ensure users would get the latest bug-fixes as well as an install untainted by viruses or other <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, some authors discouraged users from giving the software to their friends, encouraging them to send a link instead. </p><p>Major download sites such as <a href="/wiki/VersionTracker" title="VersionTracker">VersionTracker</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNet" class="mw-redirect" title="CNet">CNet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Download.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Download.com">Download.com</a> began to rank titles based on quality, feedback, and downloads. Popular software was sorted to the top of the list, along with products whose authors paid for preferred placement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registration">Registration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If features are disabled in the freely accessible version, paying may provide the user with a <a href="/wiki/License_key" class="mw-redirect" title="License key">license key</a> or code they can enter into the software to disable the notices and enable full functionality. Some pirate web sites publish license codes for popular shareware, leading to a kind of arms race between the developer and the pirates where the developer disables pirated codes and the pirates attempt to find or generate new ones. Some software publishers have started accepting known pirated codes, using the opportunity to educate users on the economics of the shareware model.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some shareware relies entirely on the user's honesty and requires no password. Simply checking an "I have paid" checkbox in the application is all that is required to disable the registration notices.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Games">Games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_demo" title="Game demo">Game demo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Shareware" title="Special:EditPage/Shareware">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Shareware%22">"Shareware"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Shareware%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Shareware%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Shareware%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Shareware%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Shareware%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the early 1990s, shareware distribution was a popular method of publishing games for smaller developers, including then-fledgling companies Apogee Software (also known as <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a>), Epic MegaGames (now <a href="/wiki/Epic_Games" title="Epic Games">Epic Games</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_Software" title="Ambrosia Software">Ambrosia Software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a>. It gave consumers the chance to play the game before investing money in it, and it gave them exposure that some products would be unable to get in the retail space. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Kroz" title="Kroz">Kroz</a> series, Apogee introduced the "episodic" shareware model that became the most popular incentive for buying a game.<sup id="cite_ref-gimme_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gimme-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the shareware game would be a truly complete game, there would be additional "episodes" of the game that were not shareware and could only be legally obtained by paying for the shareware episode. In some cases these episodes were neatly integrated and would feel like a longer version of the game, and in other cases the later episodes would be stand-alone games. Sometimes the additional content was completely integrated with the unregistered game, such as in Ambrosia's <a href="/wiki/Escape_Velocity_(video_game)" title="Escape Velocity (video game)"><i>Escape Velocity</i></a> series, in which a character representing the developer's pet <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a>, equipped with an undefeatable ship, would periodically harass and destroy the player after they reached a certain level representing the end of the trial period. </p><p>Racks of games on single 5 1/4-inch and later 3.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> were common in retail stores. However, <a href="/wiki/Computer_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer show">computer shows</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a> (BBS) such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_Creations_BBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Software Creations BBS (page does not exist)">Software Creations BBS</a> were the primary distributors of low-cost software. Free software from a BBS was the motivating force for consumers to purchase a computer equipped with a modem, so as to acquire software at no cost. The success of shareware games, including id Software hits <i><a href="/wiki/Commander_Keen" title="Commander Keen">Commander Keen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>, depended in part on the BBS community's willingness to redistribute them from one BBS to another across North America. The reasons for redistribution included allowing modem users who could not afford long-distance calls the opportunity to view the games.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2022117–120_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2022117–120-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The important distinguishing feature between a shareware game and a game demo is that the shareware game is (at least in theory) a complete working software program albeit with reduced content compared to the full game, while a game demo omits significant functionality as well as content. Shareware games commonly offered both single player and multiplayer modes plus a significant fraction of the full game content such as the first of three episodes, while some even offered the entire product as shareware while unlocking additional content for registered users. By contrast a game demo may offer as little as one single-player level or consist solely of a multiplayer map, this makes them easier to prepare than a shareware game. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_standards_and_technologies">Industry standards and technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Industry standards and technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several widely accepted standards and technologies that are used in the development and promotion of shareware. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FILE_ID.DIZ" title="FILE ID.DIZ">FILE_ID.DIZ</a> is a descriptive text file often included in downloadable shareware distribution packages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Application_Description" title="Portable Application Description">Portable Application Description</a> (PAD) is used to standardize shareware application descriptions. PAD file is an XML document that describes a shareware or freeware product according to the PAD specification.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DynamicPAD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DynamicPAD (page does not exist)">DynamicPAD</a> extends the Portable Application Description (PAD) standard by allowing shareware vendors to provide customized PAD XML files to each download site or any other PAD-enabled resource. DynamicPAD is a set of server-side PHP scripts distributed under a GPL license and a freeware DynamicPAD builder for 32-bit Windows. The primary way to consume or submit a DynamicPAD file is through the RoboSoft application by Rudenko Software, the DynamicPAD author. DynamicPAD is available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dynamicpad.org/">DynamicPAD web site</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_signing" title="Code signing">Code signing</a> is a technology that is used by developers to digitally sign their products. Versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> since <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> Service Pack 2 show a warning when the user installs unsigned software. This is typically offered as a security measure to prevent untrusted software from potentially infecting the machine with <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>. However, critics see this technology as part of a tactic to delegitimize independent software development by requiring hefty upfront fees and a review process before software can be distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Software_Professionals" title="Association of Software Professionals">Association of Software Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keygen" title="Keygen">Keygen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bink, Thomas (April 4, 1996). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/732335892/">Shareware Profitable and Popular</a>". <i>The Kingston Whig-Standard</i> (Kingston, Ontario, Canada). p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gnoffo Jr., Anthony (July 4, 1993). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/534984546/">The Shareware Computer Industry, A Growing World Of Innovation, Trust</a>". <i>Night-Ridder Newspapers</i>. Rutland Daily Herald (Rutland, Vermont). p. 8D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlvarezMichaud2008" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, Julian; Michaud, Laurent (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ludoscience.com/files/ressources/EtudeIDATE08_UK(1).pdf"><i>Serious Games: Advergaming, edugaming, training and more</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/DigiWorld_by_IDATE" title="DigiWorld by IDATE">IDATE</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84822-169-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84822-169-4"><bdi>978-2-84822-169-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friedemann-schmidt.com/software/exifer/">the original</a> on November 12, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.friedemann-schmidt.com&rft.atitle=Exifer+for+Windows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friedemann-schmidt.com%2Fsoftware%2Fexifer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (May 2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justforfun00linu"><i>Just for Fun</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-662072-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-662072-4"><bdi>0-06-662072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+for+Fun&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2001-05&rft.isbn=0-06-662072-4&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjustforfun00linu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainchilddesign.com/Bottom.php?Page=Games&SubPage=JnB">Jump 'n Bump</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075555/http://brainchilddesign.com/Bottom.php?Page=Games&SubPage=JnB">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). readme.txt: "JUMP 'N BUMP by Brainchild Design in 1998 Jump 'n Bump is e-mailware. That means you're supposed to send us an e-mail. Write for example where you're from and what you thought about this game. If you do that, you will greatly encourage us to make more games for you!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spatie.be/open-source/postcards">"Postcards"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Postcards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspatie.be%2Fopen-source%2Fpostcards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magid198208-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magid198208_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid,_Lawrence_J.1982" class="citation news cs1">Magid, Lawrence J. (August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYnHD9WSWdAC&pg=PA143">"PC-Talk"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. p. 143. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526152556/https://books.google.com/books?id=WYnHD9WSWdAC&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=PC-Talk&rft.pages=143&rft.date=1982-08&rft.au=Magid%2C+Lawrence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYnHD9WSWdAC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahan" class="citation web cs1">Callahan, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202033436/http://www.paulspicks.com/history.asp">"The History of Shareware"</a>. Paul's Picks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paulspicks.com/history.asp">the original</a> on February 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Shareware&rft.pub=Paul%27s+Picks&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaulspicks.com%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horizon: Psychedelic science by Bill Eagles, (about 41 mins into programme)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pournelle198307-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pournelle198307_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPournelle,_Jerry1983" class="citation news cs1">Pournelle, Jerry (July 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-07-rescan/1983_07_BYTE_08-07_Videotex#page/n325/mode/2up">"Interstellar Drives, Osborne Accessories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. p. 323<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Interstellar+Drives%2C+Osborne+Accessories%2C+DEDICATE%2F32%2C+and+Death+Valley&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1983-07&rft.au=Pournelle%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-07-rescan%2F1983_07_BYTE_08-07_Videotex%23page%2Fn325%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2002" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (September 26, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/26/business/bob-wallace-53-software-pioneer-dies.html">"Bob Wallace, 53, Software Pioneer, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625155725/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/26/business/bob-wallace-53-software-pioneer-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bob+Wallace%2C+53%2C+Software+Pioneer%2C+Dies&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F09%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fbob-wallace-53-software-pioneer-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asp-shareware.org/users/history-of-shareware.asp">"Association of Software Professionals - A community of real people using real names running real software businesses"</a>. <i>www.asp-shareware.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402002853/http://www.asp-shareware.org/users/history-of-shareware.asp">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.asp-shareware.org&rft.atitle=Association+of+Software+Professionals+-+A+community+of+real+people+using+real+names+running+real+software+businesses.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asp-shareware.org%2Fusers%2Fhistory-of-shareware.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/wallace_bob/wallace_bob_timeline1.shtml">"Bob Wallace Timeline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erowid" title="Erowid">Erowid</a>. January 12, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302091130/https://erowid.org/culture/characters/wallace_bob/wallace_bob_timeline1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bob+Wallace+Timeline&rft.pub=Erowid&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erowid.org%2Fculture%2Fcharacters%2Fwallace_bob%2Fwallace_bob_timeline1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddj.com/184403976?pgno=2">Article about Jim "Button" Knopf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210131452/http://www.ddj.com/184403976?pgno=2">Archived</a> 2007-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's Journal</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJBJPJvct40C&pg=PA71">"PC Mag Nov 24, 1992"</a>. November 24, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817220249/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJBJPJvct40C&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PC+Mag+Nov+24%2C+1992&rft.date=1992-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJBJPJvct40C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labnol.org/software/shareware-software-also-guiltyware/6077/">"Software That is both Shareware and Guiltyware"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524004306/http://www.labnol.org/software/shareware-software-also-guiltyware/6077/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+That+is+both+Shareware+and+Guiltyware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labnol.org%2Fsoftware%2Fshareware-software-also-guiltyware%2F6077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tidbits.com/iskm/iskm3html/pt4/ch23/ch23.html">"FTP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221105632/http://tidbits.com/iskm/iskm3html/pt4/ch23/ch23.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FTP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftidbits.com%2Fiskm%2Fiskm3html%2Fpt4%2Fch23%2Fch23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028043529/http://ftp.wu-wien.ac.at/pub/systems/mac/comm/Anarchie/Documentation.txt">"Anarchie v1.1.3 © 1993-94 Peter N Lewis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.wu-wien.ac.at/pub/systems/mac/comm/Anarchie/Documentation.txt">the original</a> on October 28, 2015. <q>If you purchase a site license, contact me for information on how to make Anarchie automatically set the ÒI PaidÓ flag in the Preferences dialog (for those who are interested, I leave the ÒI PaidÓ checkbox off on my machine to ensure that the About box is not too annoying and it doesnÕt trouble me, so live with it :-)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarchie+v1.1.3+%C2%A9+1993-94+Peter+N+Lewis.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.wu-wien.ac.at%2Fpub%2Fsystems%2Fmac%2Fcomm%2FAnarchie%2FDocumentation.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gimme-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gimme_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHague1999" class="citation web cs1">Hague, James (February 8, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loonygames.com/content/1.24/feat/">"Gimme Your Money: A Half-Baked History of Shareware"</a>. <i>Loonygames</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223155158/https://www.loonygames.com/content/1.24/feat/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Loonygames&rft.atitle=Gimme+Your+Money%3A+A+Half-Baked+History+of+Shareware&rft.date=1999-02-08&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loonygames.com%2Fcontent%2F1.24%2Ffeat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2022117–120-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll2022117–120_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDriscoll2022">Driscoll 2022</a>, pp. 117–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612104933/http://www.asp-shareware.org/pad/specs.asp">"PAD specification"</a>. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAD+specification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asp-shareware.org%2Fpad%2Fspecs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblog.rogueamoeba.com/2008/03/07/code-signing-and-you/">"Code Signing and You"</a>. <i>rogueamoeba.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018152204/https://weblog.rogueamoeba.com/2008/03/07/code-signing-and-you/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rogueamoeba.com&rft.atitle=Code+Signing+and+You&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblog.rogueamoeba.com%2F2008%2F03%2F07%2Fcode-signing-and-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2022" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Kevin (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYxhEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Modem World: A Prehistory of Social Media</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24814-2"><bdi>978-0-300-24814-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modem+World%3A+A+Prehistory+of+Social+Media&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24814-2&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYxhEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShareware" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shareware&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compensation models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shareware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagware" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagware">Nagware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">On-premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">Pre-installed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceptive and/or illicit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_software_bundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted software bundling">Unwanted software bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">Shovelware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintainer" title="Software maintainer">Software maintainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">Software publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">Vaporware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">Software protection dongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="License manager">License manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">Product key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_license_server" title="Software license server">Software license server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrent_poisoning" title="Torrent poisoning">Torrent poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Independent_production185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Independent_production" title="Template:Independent production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Independent_production" title="Template talk:Independent production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Independent_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Independent production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Independent_production185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Independent production</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_manga" title="Alternative manga">Alternative manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_of_webcomics" title="Business of webcomics">business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic_Co-ops" title="Minicomic Co-ops">Co-ops</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention">conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_printer" title="Doujinshi printer">printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_shop" title="Doujin shop">shops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_press" title="Small press">Small press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">Independent music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Record label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source label</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_radio" title="Independent radio">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_culture" title="Cassette culture">Cassette culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_music" title="Lo-fi music">Lo-fi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Module_file" title="Module file">Tracker (MOD) music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podsafe" title="Podsafe">Podsafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">Underground music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Amateur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">Home movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_film" title="Amateur film">Amateur film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_pornography" title="Amateur pornography">Amateur pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(Hollywood_Golden_Age)" title="B movies (Hollywood Golden Age)">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_in_the_1950s" title="B movies in the 1950s">'50s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_(exploitation_boom)" title="B movies (exploitation boom)">'60s–'70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movies_since_the_1980s" title="B movies since the 1980s">'80s–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">Midnight movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave_cinema" title="No wave cinema">No wave cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_feature" title="Double feature">Double feature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_coding" title="Cowboy coding">Cowboy coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">Demoscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">Software cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unofficial_patch" title="Unofficial patch">Unofficial patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warez_scene" title="Warez scene">Warez scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie game development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">developers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_video_game" title="Open-source video game">Open-source video game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Food</li><li>Drinks</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_soft_drink" title="Independent soft drink">Independent soft drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">Homebrewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">Microbrewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indie_art" title="Indie art">Indie art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Amateur photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_environment" title="Visionary environment">Visionary environment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_role-playing_game" title="Indie role-playing game">Indie RPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_circuit" title="Independent circuit">Independent circuit <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Independent TV station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_(magazine)" title="Make (magazine)"><i>Make</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(magazine)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maker_Faire" title="Maker Faire">Maker Faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_monetization72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_monetization" title="Template:Video game monetization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_monetization" title="Template talk:Video game monetization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_monetization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game monetization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_monetization72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">Video game monetization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">Downloadable content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_as_a_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Games as a service">Games as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtransaction" title="Microtransaction">Microtransactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Advertising-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy-to-play" title="Buy-to-play">Buy-to-play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">Free-to-play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium game">Premium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">Subscription-based</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-play" title="Pay-to-play">Pay-to-play</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loot_box" title="Loot box">Loot box</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game"><i>Gacha</i> games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_pass_(video_games)" title="Season pass (video games)">Season pass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_pass" title="Battle pass">Battle pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_gambling" title="Skin gambling">Skin gambling‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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