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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Defining Judaization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defining_Judaization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defining Judaization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defining_Judaization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaization_versus_Israelization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaization_versus_Israelization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Judaization versus Israelization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaization_versus_Israelization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Judaization_under_Israeli_occupation_and_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Judaization_under_Israeli_occupation_and_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alleged Judaization under Israeli occupation and annexation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alleged_Judaization_under_Israeli_occupation_and_annexation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alleged Judaization under Israeli occupation and annexation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Judaization_under_Israeli_occupation_and_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changing_the_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_the_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Changing the demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_the_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revocation_or_denying_of_residency_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revocation_or_denying_of_residency_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Revocation or denying of residency rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revocation_or_denying_of_residency_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_Arab_into_Jewish_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_Arab_into_Jewish_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Changing Arab into Jewish zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_Arab_into_Jewish_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_Jewish_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_Jewish_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Building Jewish settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_Jewish_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Bank_barrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bank_barrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>West Bank barrier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bank_barrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purchase_of_Arab_homes_by_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchase_of_Arab_homes_by_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Purchase of Arab homes by Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchase_of_Arab_homes_by_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demolition_of_Palestinian_homes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demolition_of_Palestinian_homes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Demolition of Palestinian homes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demolition_of_Palestinian_homes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacing_Arabic_place_names_with_Hebrew_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacing_Arabic_place_names_with_Hebrew_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Replacing Arabic place names with Hebrew names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacing_Arabic_place_names_with_Hebrew_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussing_Israeli_government_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussing_Israeli_government_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discussing Israeli government policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discussing_Israeli_government_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discussing Israeli government policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discussing_Israeli_government_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographic_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Demographic debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_alleged_Judaization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_alleged_Judaization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Support for alleged Judaization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_alleged_Judaization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_alleged_Judaization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_alleged_Judaization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism of alleged Judaization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_alleged_Judaization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem" title="Category:Jerusalem">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/200px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/300px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/400px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">History</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538 BCE–70 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 130–325 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Byzantine_period" title="Jerusalem during the Byzantine period">Byzantine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 325–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Early_Muslim_period" title="History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period">Early Muslim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jerusalem" title="Medieval Jerusalem">Late Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1187–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1517–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Modern period <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sieges</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Before Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">701 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">597 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">587 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">63 BCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">37 BCE</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Common Era</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">1099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1834)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1834)">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">1948</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Jerusalem" title="List of places in Jerusalem">Places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Jerusalem" title="Synagogues of Jerusalem">Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Jerusalem" title="List of mosques in Jerusalem">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lazarus" title="Tomb of Lazarus">Tomb of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">Al-Quds University</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jerusalem" title="List of people from Jerusalem">People</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem" title="Demographic history of Jerusalem">Demographic history</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">Crusader kings</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Political status</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Religious significance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem" title="Names of Jerusalem">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Jerusalem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Municipality" title="Jerusalem Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem" title="Greater Jerusalem">Greater Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Line_(Jerusalem)" title="City Line (Jerusalem)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jerusalem" title="Transport in Jerusalem">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Jerusalem" title="List of songs about Jerusalem">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Jerusalem" title="Cartography of Jerusalem">Historical maps</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem_by_religion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem_by_religion.png/220px-Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem_by_religion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem_by_religion.png/330px-Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem_by_religion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem_by_religion.png/440px-Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem_by_religion.png 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing the proportion of population segments in Jerusalem from the Ottoman period onwards, by religion: green = Muslim, blue = Jewish, red = Christian (based on table here below)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Judaization of Jerusalem</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تهويد القدس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tahwīd al-Quds</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוד ירושלים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yehud Yerushalayim</i></span>) is the view that <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> has sought to transform the physical and demographic landscape of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to enhance its <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> character at the expense of its <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> ones. </p><p>The city's Jewish character first emerged as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, which saw the construction of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> as a symbolic center of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish worship</a>. Jerusalem was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> in 586 BCE, and many of its elites exiled, only to <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return</a> decades later following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">conquest of Babylon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, who allowed the building of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jerusalem was once again placed at the center of Jewish religious and national life <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">during the Second Temple period</a>, which lasted between 516 BCE and 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city retained its Jewish character up until its destruction by the Romans at the height of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, and remained central in Jewish religion and identity ever since. </p><p>The "Judaization of Jerusalem" claims often involve the increasing Jewish presence in Jerusalem in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, referring to the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a> becoming increasingly dominant since the Ottoman era; this process continued until Jews became the largest ethnoreligious group in Jerusalem since the mid-19th century and until the 1948 War when East Jerusalem became under Jordanian control. </p><p>The claim that Israel is promoting the "Judaization" of Jerusalem, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, has been promoted by Palestinian Islamist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">History of Jerusalem</a></div> <p>The demography of Jerusalem has undergone successive waves of <a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> over the course of its history. The city's Jewish character first emerged as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, which saw the construction of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> as a symbolic center of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish worship</a>. Jerusalem was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> in 586 BCE, and many of its elites exiled, only to <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return</a> decades later following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">conquest of Babylon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, who allowed the building of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jerusalem was once again placed at the center of Jewish religious and national life <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">during the Second Temple period</a>, which lasted between 516 BCE and 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the city was also influenced by Hellenistic elements under the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman culture</a> under first the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nevertheless, it retained its Jewish character and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the second and first centuries BCE, Jerusalem briefly served as the capital of a Jewish kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>. During this period, the city's size and population peaked at an estimated 200,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-erp-places_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erp-places-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarEl68_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarEl68-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 70 CE, the city was besieged and destroyed by the Romans at the height of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple marked a major turning point in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 130 CE, following the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, Hadrian re-founded the city as a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> named <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> and Jews were banned from entering the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Schäfer2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erp-places_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erp-places-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During early Middle Ages, the demography of Jerusalem underwent successive waves of <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a>, before Christianization again under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> following the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, followed by further Islamization process under the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. By the early 16th century, Jerusalem was largely Muslim but gradually gained Jewish and Christian populations—giving rise to the still-existing division of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a> into Christian, Armenian, Jewish and Muslim Quarters. Since the mid-19th century, Jews had become the largest group in Jerusalem, which continued into the British Mandate period and until the 1948 war. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, Jordan controlled the Eastern part of Jerusalem while Israel controlled the Western part, resulting in a division of the city. On 2 August 1948, by the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)#Minister_of_Defence" title="Ministry of Defense (Israel)">Minister of Defence</a>, Israel applied its laws to the areas of Jerusalem under its control.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Displaced peoples, both Arabs and Jews, were not allowed to cross the armistice lines to return to vacated homes. Jewish Israelis took possession of many of the vacant homes in Western Jerusalem<sup id="cite_ref-FRUS_711-712_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRUS_711-712-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Palestinian refugees populated the Jewish quarter until they were evicted in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Israel captured <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, which had been under <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian administration</a> since 1948-49. Via the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a>, Israel united the city and expanded the city limits to include adjacent parts of the West Bank. Israeli law was applied to the areas and the inhabitants of the lands annexed by Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action was immediately condemned in a <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_Resolution_478" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council Resolution 478">Security Council Resolution</a>. Palestinian refugees were disallowed return by both Jordan and Israel, and Jewish Israelis occupied many of the homes left by the refugees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="I don't understand it and no source to explain (September 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Palestinians who had remained in East Jerusalem until then were offered full Israeli citizenship. Those who declined citizenship were given permanent residency status.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_Judaization">Defining Judaization</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a> can be defined as either the conversion of persons to the Jewish religion and the acquisition of Jewish cultural and religious beliefs and values or the transformation of an area to give it a predominant Jewish character, primarily by creating the largest possible Jewish majority. The creation of a Jewish majority in Jerusalem has always been a high priority of the Israeli government, after 1947 in West Jerusalem and after 1967 in East Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a> is motivated in part by the intention to maintain a Jewish majority, in Israel as well as in Jerusalem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Judaization in territorial terms is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Oren_Yiftachel" title="Oren Yiftachel">Oren Yiftachel</a> as a form of "ethnicization," which he argues is <i>"the main force in shaping ethnocratic regimes"</i>. Yiftachel identifies Judaization as a state strategy and project in Israel, not confined to Jerusalem alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYiftachel20066–7,_66_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYiftachel20066–7,_66-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also characterizes the goals of those pursuing a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a>" or "Greater Palestine" as being driven by "ethnicization," in this case by "Judaization" and "<a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a>" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 2011, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> said, "I often hear them accuse Israel of Judaizing Jerusalem. That's like accusing America of Americanizing Washington or the British of Anglicizing London. Do you know why we're called "Jews"? Because we come from Judea."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaization_versus_Israelization">Judaization versus Israelization</h3></div> <p>While the term Judaization is used to denote the conversion from non-Jewish to Jewish, the term Israelization is sometimes used to refer to the adaption of non-Israelis to Israeli law and culture, for example, by the application for an Israeli ID card/Israeli citizenship to acquire more rights, or the use of Israeli education.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alleged_Judaization_under_Israeli_occupation_and_annexation">Alleged Judaization under Israeli occupation and annexation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_the_demographics">Changing the demographics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_displacement_in_East_Jerusalem" title="Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem">Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem</a></div> <p>The Israeli government is attempting to Judaise East Jerusalem and maintain a Jewish majority against the demographic threat of a higher Palestinian birth rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykberg_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the rapid growth of the Jewish population since 1967, its relative size has decreased due to a higher growth rate among the Arab population. The Jewish population dropped from 74% in 1967 to 66% in 2005. Researchers at the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies called this "a contradiction between the reality in Jerusalem and the declared government policy of maintaining the Jewish majority in Jerusalem since the city's reunification." To reverse this trend, they suggested expanding Jerusalem's border to the west (meaning the addition of Jewish population centres) or removing Arab neighbourhoods from the city's municipal area.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revocation_or_denying_of_residency_rights">Revocation or denying of residency rights</h4></div> <p>Some of how the Israeli government is "Judaizing Jerusalem," according to Leilani Farha, are via the revocation of residency rights, <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Property_Laws_in_Israel#The_'Absentees_Property_Law'" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and Property Laws in Israel">absentee property laws</a>, and tax policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhap254_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhap254-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palestinians residing outside Jerusalem for seven or more years can lose their Jerusalem residency status. According to UN figures, in 2006, at least 1,360 Palestinians had their ID cards revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykberg_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Interior_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Interior Ministry">Israeli Interior Ministry</a> has not permitted the registration of Palestinian children as Jerusalem residents if the child's father does not hold a Jerusalem ID card, even if the mother is a Jerusalem ID cardholder. In 2003, the Citizenship and Entry into Israel law was enacted, which denies spouses from the occupied Palestinian territories who are married to Israeli citizens or permanent residents (Jerusalem ID card holders) the right to acquire citizenship or residency status, and thus the opportunity to live with their partners in Israel and Jerusalem. In Israel, foreign spouses who are Jewish are automatically granted citizenship under Israel's Law of Return.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykberg_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_Arab_into_Jewish_zones">Changing Arab into Jewish zones</h3></div> <p>Urban planning has been an instrument to change the demographics of Jerusalem. By allotting zones for Jewish purposes and subsidizing Jewish projects, an increase in the Jewish population is promoted while withholding building permits for Palestinians curtails the development of Palestinian areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykberg_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days after the end of the Six-Day War, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Quarter">Moroccan Quarter</a> in the Old City was demolished by the Israeli army to improve access to the Western Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_Jewish_settlements">Building Jewish settlements</h3></div> <p>The Israeli government has sought to increase the Jewish population by establishing Jewish neighbourhoods, viewed by the International Community and Left-Wing Parties and NGOs within Israel as illegal <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">Israeli settlements</a>, in and around Jerusalem. Redrawing Jerusalem's municipal boundaries has incorporated such neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykberg_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In peace negotiations, Israel has consistently demanded their legalization and proposed Israeli annexation of settlements outside Jerusalem to include them in the municipality. In a speech on 8 November 2000, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> said: </p> <blockquote><p>"Maintaining our sovereignty over Jerusalem and boosting its Jewish majority has been our chief aims, and toward this end, Israel constructed large Jewish neighbourhoods in the eastern part of the city, which house 180,000 residents, and large settlements on the periphery of Jerusalem, like the city of Ma'ale Adumim and Giv'at Ze'ev. The principle that guided me in the negotiations at <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David</a> was to preserve the unity of Jerusalem and to strengthen its Jewish majority for generations to come."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Over roughly three decades, from 1967 to 1995, of 76,151 housing units built in Jerusalem, 64,867 (88%) were allocated for Jewish residents, with 59% of these units built in East Jerusalem as new Jewish settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FTSET_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTSET-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yiftachel writes that by 2001, Judaization in Jerusalem had entailed the incorporation of 170 square kilometers (66 sq mi) of surrounding land into the city's boundaries and the construction of 8 settlements in East Jerusalem housing a total of 206,000 Jewish settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYiftachel200666_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYiftachel200666-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an essay he coauthored with Haim Yaacobi, they write that "Israel would like the Palestinian residents of Jerusalem to see Judaization as 'inevitable,' a fact to be accepted passively as part of the modern development of the metropolis."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans are underway to construct a new Israeli settlement in the last piece of open land linking East Jerusalem to the West Bank that will house about 45,000 residents on a land area larger than <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, the second-largest Israeli city.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghad" title="Al Ghad">Al Ghad</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> newspaper, the Israeli government elected in 2009 is soliciting tenders for the biggest settlement plans in <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plans have been described by the Palestinian Information Minister <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barghouti" title="Mustafa Barghouti">Mustafa Barghouti</a> as "an announcement against peace and against the Palestinian state and it means the Israeli government is not a partner for peace." This settlement is considered by Palestinians as one method by which to Judaize the city.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rubenberg also cites settlement construction as an example of the Judaization of Jerusalem, citing in particular the construction of bypass roads that connect <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> in East Jerusalem with those in the West Bank to create a newly expanded Jerusalem metropolis integrally linked with Israel proper.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubenbergp194_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubenbergp194-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bank_barrier">West Bank barrier</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethlehem_wall_with_Israeli_propaganda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bethlehem_wall_with_Israeli_propaganda.jpg/220px-Bethlehem_wall_with_Israeli_propaganda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bethlehem_wall_with_Israeli_propaganda.jpg/330px-Bethlehem_wall_with_Israeli_propaganda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Bethlehem_wall_with_Israeli_propaganda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Israeli separation wall, cutting off <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> from Jerusalem.</figcaption></figure> <p>Surrounding Arab villages, who traditionally have close cultural and economic connections with Jerusalem, are cut off from the city by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frykberg_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frykberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the wall tightens major Jewish population centres to Jerusalem, like <a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Ze%27ev" title="Giv'at Ze'ev">Giv'at Ze'ev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim" title="Ma'ale Adumim">Ma'ale Adumim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion" title="Gush Etzion">Gush Etzion</a>, who are currently not included in the Jerusalem municipality but located on the Jerusalem side of the Wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purchase_of_Arab_homes_by_Jews">Purchase of Arab homes by Jews</h3></div> <p>In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> ruled that non-Jews could not buy property in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a> in Jerusalem to "preserve the homogeneity" of the Jewish Quarter. On the other hand, no law prohibits Jews from buying property or living in East Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2012)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The efforts of fundamentalist Jewish groups who enjoyed government backing in attempts to take over Palestinian homes in the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> Quarters of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> between 1993 and 2000 are cited by Rubenberg as one example of the Judaization of Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Meron Benvenisti</a> writes that these groups succeeded in taking over several buildings, "but only after receiving massive assistance from the government to, among other things, finance an extensive system of armed guards to protect them day and night, and hire armed guards for their children anytime they go out into the streets."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti1998198_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti1998198-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only the homes of Palestinian residents are targeted, but also those of absent refugees. Alterations of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_land_and_property_laws" title="Israeli land and property laws">Absentee Property Law</a> to enable the confiscation of 'enemy' property while hindering Palestinian reclamation of property in West Jerusalem and reserving as much territory as possible for Jewish use while obstructing Palestinian construction, in addition to punitive demolition of residences, have all played a role in the Judaization of Jerusalem. It is calculated that about 35% of East Jerusalem is used by Israelis, while 80% of the land is denied use by Palestinians as a result of restrictive zoning measures.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demolition_of_Palestinian_homes">Demolition of Palestinian homes</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Halper" title="Jeff Halper">Jeff Halper</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> and director of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Committee_Against_House_Demolitions" title="Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions">Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions</a> (ICAHD), describes the Judaization of the city as one of the effects of settlement growth and <a href="/wiki/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="House demolition in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict">house demolitions</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, describing it as being aimed at "eliminat[ing] the idea that there is an East Jerusalem, to create one unified, Jewish Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian03_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian03-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2009, defending its planned demolitions against Palestinian houses in the Bustan area of Silwan that would leave 1,500 people homeless, Jerusalem authorities said the houses were built illegally, without zoning and construction permits. Palestinians and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organizations countered that "Israel makes it almost impossible for Palestinians to get the requisite permits, as a part of the policy to Judaise the eastern part of the city."<sup id="cite_ref-IPS_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacing_Arabic_place_names_with_Hebrew_names">Replacing Arabic place names with Hebrew names</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of Palestinian place names</a></div> <p>Another major aspect of Israel's effort to Judaize Jerusalem was to replace the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Place names in Palestine">names</a> of streets, quarters and historical sites with <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> names.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevop92_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevop92-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> newspaper <a href="/wiki/Al_Ra%27i_(Jordanian_newspaper)" title="Al Ra'i (Jordanian newspaper)">al-Ra'i</a> published a list of such names and accused the Israeli government of changing the Arab names systematically to erase Arab heritage in Jerusalem and prevent the reassertion of Arab sovereignty over the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The newspaper also claimed the new names had nothing to do with the old names and sometimes attributed a Jewish patrimony when in fact there was no such relation. One example it cited was the site named <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a> by the Israeli government, which the newspaper claimed was not built in <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>'s time but at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nevop92_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevop92-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solomon's Stables was named as such by the Crusaders, who built the stables because they were adjacent to the location of Solomon's temple, and The Israeli government used this name. </p><p>In 2005, the Jerusalem Municipality approved a law that all store owners in Jerusalem, including Arabs, must include at least 50% of their signs in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussing_Israeli_government_policy">Discussing Israeli government policy</h2></div> <p>The allegation of following a policy for the Judaization of Jerusalem by the Government of Israel is the subject of debate. According to Valerie Zink, Israel has sought to transform the physical and demographic landscape of Jerusalem to correspond with the Zionist vision of a united and fundamentally Jewish Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty since 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zink writes that much was accomplished towards the Judaization of Jerusalem with the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> residents in <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">1948</a> and <a href="/wiki/1967_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Palestinian exodus">1967</a>, noting that the process has also relied in "peacetime" on "the strategic extension of Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, bureaucratic and legal restrictions on Palestinian land use, <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a> of Jerusalem residents, the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">settlements</a> in 'Greater Jerusalem', and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_barrier" title="West Bank barrier">separation wall</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Zink_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zink-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempts to Judaize Jerusalem, in the words of Jeremy Salt, "to obliterate its Palestinian identity" and thicken 'Greater Jerusalem' to encompass much of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, have continued under successive Israeli governments.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars like <a href="/wiki/Oren_Yiftachel" title="Oren Yiftachel">Oren Yiftachel</a>, Moshe Ma'oz and Jeremy Salt write that it has been the policy of successive Israeli governments since 1967. Others, like <a href="/wiki/Justus_Weiner" title="Justus Weiner">Justus Weiner</a> and Dan Diker, have objected to the entire notion, writing that the lack of any significant change to the demographic balance of the city undermines suggestions that it is government policy and renders any such discussions moot. Marc H. Ellis argues that while politicians from Simon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin to Benjamin Netanyahu stress a unified Jerusalem under Israel's sovereignty is open to all, the 'Judaization of Jerusalem' and its corollary, the loss of Palestinian population and culture, which he argues is being politically implemented, is never touched on.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Cheryl Rubenberg</a> writes that since 1967, Israel has employed processes of "Judaization and Israelization to transform Jerusalem into a Jewish metropolis" while simultaneously pursuing "a program of <a href="/wiki/De-Arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Arabization">de-Arabization</a>" to facilitate "its objective of permanent, unified, sovereign control over the city."<sup id="cite_ref-Rubenbergp194_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubenbergp194-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These policies, which aim to change Jerusalem demographically, socially, culturally and politically, are said by Rubenberg to have intensified after the initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_peace_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo peace process">Oslo peace process</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubenbergp194_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubenbergp194-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moshe Ma'oz describes the policy of Israeli governments since 1967 as aimed at "maintain[ing] a unified Jerusalem; to Judaize or Israelize it, demographically and politically."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa'ozNusseibeh20002_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa'ozNusseibeh20002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing on the scholarship of <a href="/wiki/Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Ian Lustick</a>, Cecilia Alban writes of how the Israeli government has succeeded in establishing "new powerful concepts, images, and icons" to explain and legitimize its policies in Jerusalem. The government's use of the term "reunification" to describe its occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967 is cited as one such example, which, in Alban's view, falsely implies that this area belonged to Israel in the past. Noting the reality of the fear among <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelis</a> that Jerusalem would become redivided under dual sovereignty or <a href="/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">internationalization</a> proposals, Alban writes that such fears were "exploited politically to justify the forced retention and Judaization of East Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steve Niva writes that Israeli policies calling for the Judaization of Jerusalem and the rest of historic <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> in the 1970s augmented Muslim fears that Israel was an extension of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott Bollens, a University of California professor of urban planning, has compared Israel's policies in Jerusalem to apartheid-era South Africa's racial policies in Johannesburg. According to Bollens, long-term planning was employed in both cases to pursue political objectives. Bollens says that although on the rhetorical level, South Africa employed racial rhetoric more blatantly than Israel does, the outcomes are "very, very similar" in that Israeli-controlled Jerusalem is just as unequal as apartheid-era Johannesburg.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_debate">Demographic debate</h3></div> <p>Benvenisti writes that complete data on the demographics of Jerusalem are not collected by anyone official source. As a result, data are interpreted and used selectively and inconsistently by both Palestinian and Israeli sources. Figures pointed to by Palestinians as evidence of their success in preserving the Arab character of Jerusalem are also sometimes used as "proof of the Judaization of Jerusalem." Benvenisti writes that despite immense Israeli effort, "the demographic balance in the city has hardly changed at all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti1998176_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenvenisti1998176-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critiquing international news reporting on Jerusalem for centring on Arab and Palestinian claims regarding the Judaization of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Diker" title="Dan Diker">Dan Diker</a> writes that the underlying assumption of such reporting is that "eastern Jerusalem" has always been an Arab city, ignoring "the fact that Jerusalem has had an overwhelmingly Jewish majority as far back as the mid-nineteenth century, well before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-JCPA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCPA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing on a study of urban planning and demographic growth in Jerusalem conducted by <a href="/wiki/Justus_Weiner" title="Justus Weiner">Justus Reid Weiner</a>, Diker writes that between 1967 and 2000, "Jerusalem's Arab population <i>increased</i> from 26.6 percent to 31.7 percent of the city's total populace, while the city's Jewish population <i>decreased</i> accordingly."<sup id="cite_ref-JCPA_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCPA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also writes that Arab housing construction heavily outpaced Jewish buildings during the same period, attributing this in part to "the direct sponsorship of illegal construction by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-JCPA_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCPA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "Is Jerusalem being "Judaized"?, Weiner reviews demographic figures from the mid-19th century through to the present and concludes that the "demographic evidence does not support the allegations that Israel is 'Judaizing' the city."<sup id="cite_ref-JPSR_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPSR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His view is that speculation as to whether or not a policy of Judaization exists is rather pointless when there is no "effective implementation of tangible measures to implement such a program."<sup id="cite_ref-JPSR_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPSR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_alleged_Judaization_efforts">Support for alleged Judaization efforts</h2></div> <p>Jerusalem mayor <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Kollek" title="Teddy Kollek">Teddy Kollek</a> led efforts to settle East Jerusalem with Jewish families. In 1970, he coauthored a plan which contains the principles Israel's East Jerusalem housing plans are based on. The principles include expropriation of Arab-owned land, development of Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem and limitations on the development of Arab neighbourhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-FTSET_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTSET-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Embassy_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem">International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem</a> (ICEJ), established in 1980 in the former home of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, supports "exclusive Israeli sovereignty over the city and the Judaisation of Arab East Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2007130_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2007130-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICEJ website notes that its embassy was founded "as an act of comfort and solidarity with Israel and the Jewish people in their claim to Jerusalem." It also notes that the ICEJ administers several aid projects, engages in advocacy for Israel, and assists "<a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> to the Jewish homeland."<sup id="cite_ref-ICEJ_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICEJ-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ir_David_Foundation" title="Ir David Foundation">Ir David Foundation</a>, also known as the Elad Association, promotes the Judaization of East Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating in the city for some 20 years to acquire properties belonging to Palestinians in <a href="/wiki/Silwan" title="Silwan">Silwan</a>, Palestinians say it has "taken over" substantial sections of the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz0212_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz0212-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elad also funds the digs being conducted near the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. In 2008, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> reported that at least 100 skeletons dating to c. 8th–9th centuries AD, in the Early Islamic period, found a few hundred meters from <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa mosque</a>, were removed and packed into crates before they could be examined by archaeological experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapoport_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapoport-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Excavations_of_Al-Aqsa_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavations of Al-Aqsa Mosque">excavations at Al-Aqsa</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Judaization_of_Jerusalem#No_such_thing_exists._Go_to_the_talk_page." title="Talk:Judaization of Jerusalem">discuss</a></i>]</sup> are described in Arab media in the context of Israeli efforts to Judaise Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Ian Lustick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dore_Gold" title="Dore Gold">Dore Gold</a>, as an advisor to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> in 1996, opposed any compromise with Palestinians on their claim to a capital in Jerusalem and advised a unilateral Judaization of the whole area.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An explicit call for the 'Judaization of Jerusalem' forms one of the slogans employed by <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_King" title="Aryeh King">Aryeh King</a> in his 2013 election campaign to become mayor of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_alleged_Judaization_efforts">Criticism of alleged Judaization efforts</h2></div> <p>According to those who hold this view, while much of this has been accomplished through the violent expulsion of Arab residents during the wars of 1948 and 1967, the Judaization of Jerusalem has relied equally on measures taken during times of peace. These include the strategic extension of Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, bureaucratic and legal restrictions on Palestinian land use, disenfranchisement of Jerusalem residents, the expansion of settlements in ‘Greater Jerusalem’, and the construction of the separation wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Zink_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zink-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has criticized Israel's efforts to change the demographic makeup of Jerusalem in several resolutions. All legislative and administrative measures taken by Israel which have altered or aimed to alter the character, legal status and demographic composition of Jerusalem are described by the UN as "null and void" and having "no validity whatsoever."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to David G. Singer, the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/America_(Jesuit_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (Jesuit magazine)">America</a></i> published four articles between 1969 and 1972 that "censured Israel for its policy of Judaizing Jerusalem: moving Jews into the former Jewish section of the Old City, building new housing projects around the Holy City, and permitting—even encouraging—<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christian Arabs</a> to migrate from Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a six-point document drafted as a result of discussion between the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad</a>, among other Palestinian groups in March 2005, three issues were listed as "liable to explode the calm" between Israeli and Palestinians, one of these being "the Judaization of East Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhart200686_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhart200686-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2008 report, <a href="/wiki/John_Dugard" title="John Dugard">John Dugard</a>, an independent investigator for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>, cites the Judaization of Jerusalem among many examples of Israeli policies "of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">apartheid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupation</a>," that create a context in which <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian terrorism">Palestinian terrorism</a> is "an inevitable consequence."<sup id="cite_ref-IHT_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHT-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a joint communiqué issued by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Mohammed_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Mohammed VI">King Mohammed VI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in March 2009, both leaders stressed their determination "to continue defending Jerusalem and to protect it from attempts to Judaise the city and erase its Arab and <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> identity."<sup id="cite_ref-JT_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in February 2010, Syrian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Walid_Muallem" title="Walid Muallem">Walid Muallem</a> was quoted in Israeli Media as saying "halting the ongoing Judaization of Jerusalem" would be a significant topic at an upcoming <a href="/wiki/Arab_League_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab League Summit">Arab League Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Falk" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Falk">Richard Falk</a>, Special Rapporteur for the UN on the occupied Palestinian territories, said in 2011 that "the continued pattern of settlement expansion in East Jerusalem combined with forcible eviction of long residing Palestinians are creating an intolerable situation that can only be described, in its cumulative impact, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>." Falk said that Israel's actions reveal systematic discrimination against Palestinian residents of the city and recommended that the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> assess allegations that Israel's occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, possesses elements of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.<sup id="cite_ref-falkUN_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falkUN-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Higher Arab Monitoring Committee, an umbrella organization for Israeli Arab groups, characterized Israel's policy in East Jerusalem as ethnic cleansing in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>, the Palestinian president, has accused Israel of ethnically cleansing East Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> considers that Israel is "actively pursuing the illegal annexation" of East Jerusalem. According to the EU, Israeli actions increase Jewish Israeli presence in East Jerusalem and weaken the Palestinian community in the city. The EU has raised its concerns over Israeli house demolitions in East Jerusalem using diplomatic channels. According to the EU, demolitions are "illegal under international law, serve no obvious purpose, have severe humanitarian effects, and fuel bitterness and extremism." The EU says that the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">fourth Geneva convention</a> prevents an occupying power from extending its jurisdiction to occupied territory, such as East Jerusalem, which the Palestinians claim as the capital of their future state.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, EU envoys in the Middle East reported to Brussels that various Israeli policies amounted to "systematically undermining the Palestinian presence" in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the United Kingdom, "attempts by Israel to alter the character or demography of East Jerusalem are unacceptable and extremely provocative."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem" title="Demographic history of Jerusalem">Demographic history of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Temple_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of the Temple Mount">Islamization of the Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_the_Galilee" title="Judaization of the Galilee">Judaization of the Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Palestine">Islamization of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Religious significance of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This definition is drawn from Valerie Zink's and is supported, among others, by that of Hassassian in Ginat et al., who defines the Judaization of Jerusalem as "impos[ing] a Jewish landscape both physically and demographically."<sup id="cite_ref-Zink_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zink-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLevine2002" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lee I. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/698161941"><i>Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the Second Temple period (538 BCE - 70 CE)</i></a> (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, published in cooperation with the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. pp. 13–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0956-3"><bdi>978-0-8276-0956-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/698161941">698161941</a>. <q>Jerusalem's enhanced stature in the Second Temple period was the result of both internal and external developments, and its international recognition as a temple-city from the Persian era onward accorded the city a distinguished position in Jewish and non-Jewish eyes alike. As the capital of an extensive kingdom under the Hasmoneans and Herod, Jerusalem became the seat of all major national institutions—political, social, and religious—as well as the home of important priestly and aristocratic families and a variety of religious sects. [...] Jerusalem's renown spread throughout the Roman world as ever-increasing numbers of pilgrims visited the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+portrait+of+the+city+in+the+Second+Temple+period+%28538+BCE+-+70+CE%29&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=13-20&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society%2C+published+in+cooperation+with+the+Jewish+Theological+Seminary+of+America&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F698161941&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0956-3&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lee+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F698161941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-806301">"Hamas spox. Abu Obeida: Israel wreaking 'Judaization' on Temple Mount every day"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. June 15, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Hamas+vows+to+%E2%80%98liberate%E2%80%99+Jerusalem+on+35th+birthday&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle-724300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2023" class="citation news cs1">Magid, Jacob (May 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-warns-israel-ahead-of-nationalist-flag-march-through-old-citys-muslim-quarter/">"Hamas warns Israel ahead of nationalist Flag March through Old City's Muslim Quarter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamas+warns+Israel+ahead+of+nationalist+Flag+March+through+Old+City%E2%80%99s+Muslim+Quarter&rft.date=2023-05-07&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fhamas-warns-israel-ahead-of-nationalist-flag-march-through-old-citys-muslim-quarter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-701471">"Hamas, Islamic Jihad call to step up attacks in West Bank, Jerusalem"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. 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D."</a> <i>The American Journal of Theology</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 520–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F478870">10.1086/478870</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3155063">3155063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Hellenization+of+the+Jews+between+334+B.+C.+and+70+A.+D.&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=520-40&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F478870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3155063%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=George+Holley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3155063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegev2010" class="citation journal cs1">Regev, Eyal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20750700">"Herod's Jewish Ideology Facing Romanization: On Intermarriage, Ritual Baths, and Speeches"</a>. <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>100</b> (2): 197–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjqr.0.0084">10.1353/jqr.0.0084</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20750700">20750700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159674500">159674500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Herod%27s+Jewish+Ideology+Facing+Romanization%3A+On+Intermarriage%2C+Ritual+Baths%2C+and+Speeches&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-222&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159674500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20750700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjqr.0.0084&rft.aulast=Regev&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20750700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erp-places-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erp-places_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erp-places_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles (February 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310053428/http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm">"Palestine: History"</a>. <i>The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces</i>. The University of South Dakota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm">the original</a> on March 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestine%3A+History&rft.btitle=The+On-line+Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces&rft.pub=The+University+of+South+Dakota&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usd.edu%2Ferp%2FPalestine%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarEl68-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarEl68_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHar-El1977" class="citation book cs1">Har-El, Menashe (1977). <i>This Is Jerusalem</i>. Canaan Publishing House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisjerusalem0000hare/page/68">68–95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86628-002-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86628-002-2"><bdi>0-86628-002-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+Jerusalem&rft.pages=68-95&rft.pub=Canaan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-86628-002-2&rft.aulast=Har-El&rft.aufirst=Menashe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2017" class="citation cs2">Neusner, Jacob (November 28, 2017), Hinnells, John (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351152761-20">"Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple"</a>, <i>Neusner on Judaism</i>, Routledge, pp. 399–413, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351152761-20">10.4324/9781351152761-20</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351152761" title="Special:BookSources/9781351152761"><bdi>9781351152761</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neusner+on+Judaism&rft.atitle=Judaism+in+a+Time+of+Crisis%3A+Four+Responses+to+the+Destruction+of+the+Second+Temple&rft.pages=399-413&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351152761-20&rft.isbn=9781351152761&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781351152761-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaresh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-78785-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-78785-171-0"><bdi>1-78785-171-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">1162305378</a>. <q>Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. With permission from Rome, the sage Yochanan ben Zakkai set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue to develop Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162305378&rft.isbn=1-78785-171-0&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162305378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schäfer2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Schäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Schäfer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA36"><i>The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148076-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+war+reconsidered%3A+new+perspectives+on+the+second+Jewish+revolt+against+Rome&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148076-8&rft.au=Peter+Sch%C3%A4fer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TA-Fg4wBnUC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 AD". In Hershel Shanks (ed.). <i>Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development</i>. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+to+Mishnah%3A+135%E2%80%93220+AD&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Rabbinic+Judaism%3A+A+Parallel+History+of+their+Origins+and+Early+Development&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418171243/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook1/Pages/2%20Jerusalem%20Declared%20Israel-Occupied%20City-%20Governm.aspx">"2 Jerusalem Declared Israel-Occupied City- Government Proclamation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook1/Pages/2%20Jerusalem%20Declared%20Israel-Occupied%20City-%20Governm.aspx">the original</a> on April 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Jerusalem+Declared+Israel-Occupied+City-+Government+Proclamation&rft.au=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FForeignPolicy%2FMFADocuments%2FYearbook1%2FPages%2F2%2520Jerusalem%2520Declared%2520Israel-Occupied%2520City-%2520Governm.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRUS_711-712-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FRUS_711-712_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State,_FRUS1949" class="citation web cs1">United States Department of State, FRUS (January 29, 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124053/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1949v06&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=711">"Telegram from UK chargé to US Secretary of State"</a>. pp. 711–712. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1949v06&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=711">the original</a> on February 9, 2019. <q>[Dayan] Admitted Arab quarters in Jerusalem held by Jews completely settled by new immigrants and becoming thoroughly Jewish. Asserted [Provisional Government of Israel] would have great difficulty forcing people to move from homes [they] now consider theirs ... According to Dayan, new immigrants now occupying Arab property throughout Israel and homes no longer exist to which Arab refugees could return</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telegram+from+UK+charg%C3%A9+to+US+Secretary+of+State&rft.pages=711-712&rft.date=1949-01-29&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State%2C+FRUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FFRUS%2FFRUS-idx%3Ftype%3Dgoto%26id%3DFRUS.FRUS1949v06%26isize%3DM%26submit%3DGo%2Bto%2Bpage%26page%3D711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumper1997" class="citation book cs1">Dumper, Michael (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Os3pePtpyUwC&pg=PA175"><i>The politics of Jerusalem since 1967</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585388717" title="Special:BookSources/9780585388717"><bdi>9780585388717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+Jerusalem+since+1967&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780585388717&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOs3pePtpyUwC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MFA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook1/Pages/13%20Law%20and%20Administration%20Ordinance%20-Amendment%20No.aspx"><i>13 Law and Administration Ordinance -Amendment No 11- Law</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel/.premium-1.630605">"Who Are East Jerusalem's Permanent Residents'?"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. December 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Who+Are+East+Jerusalem%27s+Permanent+Residents%27%3F&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2F.premium-1.630605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheshin,_Amir.1999" class="citation book cs1">Cheshin, Amir. (1999). <i>Separate and unequal: the inside story of Israeli rule in East Jerusalem</i>. Hutman, Bill., Melamed, Avi. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02952-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02952-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70769277">70769277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separate+and+unequal%3A+the+inside+story+of+Israeli+rule+in+East+Jerusalem&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70769277&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02952-1&rft.au=Cheshin%2C+Amir.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYiftachel20066–7,_66-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYiftachel20066–7,_66_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYiftachel2006">Yiftachel 2006</a>, pp. 6–7, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oren Yiftachel, in <a href="#CITEREFGrenfellJames2008">Grenfell & James 2008</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetanyahu2011" class="citation web cs1">Netanyahu, Benjamin (September 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/pressroom/2011/pages/remarks_pm_netanyahu_un_general%20_assembly_23-sep-2011.aspx">"Remarks by PM Benjamin Netanyahu to the U.N. 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Haaretz. <q>[...], far-reaching changes are taking place among the local Palestinians. These processes can be described as "Israelization," "normalization," or just plain adaptation. 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Abu-Lughod">Abu-Lughod, Janet L.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=%22jewish+immigration+to+Jerusalem%22&pg=PA209"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia</i></a> (Illustrated ed.), ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079195" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079195"><bdi>9781576079195</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781576079195&rft.aulast=Dumper&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft.au=Abu-Lughod%2C+Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26q%3D%2522jewish%2Bimmigration%2Bto%2BJerusalem%2522%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupont2007" class="citation cs2">Dupont, Christophe (2007), <i>Négociation et transformations du monde</i>, Editions Publibook, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7483-3861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7483-3861-4"><bdi>978-2-7483-3861-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A9gociation+et+transformations+du+monde&rft.pub=Editions+Publibook&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-7483-3861-4&rft.aulast=Dupont&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinatPerkinsCorr2002" class="citation cs2">Ginat, J.; Perkins, Edward Joseph; Corr, Edwin G. (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleeastpeacep0000unse"><i>The Middle East peace process: vision versus reality</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.), University of Oklahoma Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3522-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-3522-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+peace+process%3A+vision+versus+reality&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3522-9&rft.aulast=Ginat&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Edward+Joseph&rft.au=Corr%2C+Edwin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddleeastpeacep0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenfellJames2008" class="citation cs2">Grenfell, Damian; James, Paul (2008), <i>Rethinking Security and Violence: Savage Globalization</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43226-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43226-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Security+and+Violence%3A+Savage+Globalization&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43226-9&rft.aulast=Grenfell&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft.au=James%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurock1997" class="citation cs2">Gurock, Jeffrey S.; American Jewish Historical Society (1997), <i>American Jewish history: An Eight-volume Series</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91932-6"><bdi>978-0-415-91932-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+history%3A+An+Eight-volume+Series&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91932-6&rft.aulast=Gurock&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=American+Jewish+Historical+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarkOren-Nordheim2001" class="citation cs2">Kark, Ruth; Oren-Nordheim, Michal (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzOAxmHDzHUC"><i>Jerusalem and its environs: quarters, neighborhoods, villages, 1800-1948</i></a> (Illustrated ed.), Wayne State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814329092" title="Special:BookSources/9780814329092"><bdi>9780814329092</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+and+its+environs%3A+quarters%2C+neighborhoods%2C+villages%2C+1800-1948&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780814329092&rft.aulast=Kark&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Oren-Nordheim%2C+Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzOAxmHDzHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa'ozNusseibeh2000" class="citation cs2">Ma'oz, Moshe; Nusseibeh, Sari (2000), <i>Jerusalem: Points of Friction - And Beyond</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-41-18843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-41-18843-4"><bdi>978-90-41-18843-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+Points+of+Friction+-+And+Beyond&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-41-18843-4&rft.aulast=Ma%27oz&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft.au=Nusseibeh%2C+Sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2007), <i>The Bible and Zionism: invented traditions, archaeology and post-colonialism in Palestine-Israel</i>, Zed Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-761-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Zionism%3A+invented+traditions%2C+archaeology+and+post-colonialism+in+Palestine-Israel&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-761-9&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeraliOosterveld2001" class="citation cs2">Merali, Isfahan; Oosterveld, Valerie (2001), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/givingmeaningtoe0000unse"><i>Giving Meaning to Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.), University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3601-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-3601-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giving+Meaning+to+Economic%2C+Social%2C+and+Cultural+Rights&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3601-9&rft.aulast=Merali&rft.aufirst=Isfahan&rft.au=Oosterveld%2C+Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgivingmeaningtoe0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisselwitzRieniets2006" class="citation cs2">Misselwitz, Philipp; Rieniets, Tim (2006), <i>City of collision: Jerusalem and the principles of conflict urbanism</i> (Illustrated ed.), Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-7482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-7482-2"><bdi>978-3-7643-7482-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+collision%3A+Jerusalem+and+the+principles+of+conflict+urbanism&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-7482-2&rft.aulast=Misselwitz&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft.au=Rieniets%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu1998" class="citation cs2">Necipoğlu, Gülru (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FG6ZlkRjD2IC&q=%22counter+crusades%22&pg=PA87"><i>Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World</i></a> (Illustrated, annotated ed.), BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004110847" title="Special:BookSources/9789004110847"><bdi>9789004110847</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muqarnas%3A+An+Annual+on+the+Visual+Culture+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.edition=Illustrated%2C+annotated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789004110847&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFG6ZlkRjD2IC%26q%3D%2522counter%2Bcrusades%2522%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevo2006" class="citation cs2">Nevo, Joseph (2006), <i>King Hussein and the evolution of Jordan's perception of a political settlement with Israel, 1967-1988</i>, Sussex Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-147-4"><bdi>978-1-84519-147-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Hussein+and+the+evolution+of+Jordan%27s+perception+of+a+political+settlement+with+Israel%2C+1967-1988&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-147-4&rft.aulast=Nevo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2004" class="citation cs2">Perry, Glen Earl (2004), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofegyptth00glen"><i>The history of Egypt</i></a></span>, Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32264-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32264-8"><bdi>978-0-313-32264-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32264-8&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Glen+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofegyptth00glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2002" class="citation cs2">Petersen, Andrew (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gVQj7bW0W9MC&q=%22dome+of+the+rock%22+palace+Baldwin+counter+crusade&pg=PA231"><i>Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203203873" title="Special:BookSources/9780203203873"><bdi>9780203203873</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780203203873&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgVQj7bW0W9MC%26q%3D%2522dome%2Bof%2Bthe%2Brock%2522%2Bpalace%2BBaldwin%2Bcounter%2Bcrusade%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhart2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Reinhart" title="Tanya Reinhart">Reinhart, Tanya</a> (2006), <i>The road map to nowhere: Israel/Palestine since 2003</i> (Illustrated ed.), Verso, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-076-5"><bdi>978-1-84467-076-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+map+to+nowhere%3A+Israel%2FPalestine+since+2003&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-076-5&rft.aulast=Reinhart&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRejwan1998" class="citation cs2">Rejwan, Nissim (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPnfmxTcyL8C&q=%22jewish+immigration+to+Jerusalem%22&pg=PA40"><i>Israel's place in the Middle East: a pluralist perspective</i></a> (Illustrated ed.), University Press of Florida, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813016016" title="Special:BookSources/9780813016016"><bdi>9780813016016</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+place+in+the+Middle+East%3A+a+pluralist+perspective&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780813016016&rft.aulast=Rejwan&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPnfmxTcyL8C%26q%3D%2522jewish%2Bimmigration%2Bto%2BJerusalem%2522%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a> (1990), "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967", <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>, <b>84</b> (1), American Society of International Law: 44–103, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2203016">10.2307/2203016</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203016">2203016</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145514740">145514740</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Prolonged+Military+Occupation%3A+The+Israeli-Occupied+Territories+Since+1967&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-103&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145514740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2203016%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2203016&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenberg2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Rubenberg, Cheryl</a> (2003), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube"><i>The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.), Lynne Rienner Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-225-7"><bdi>978-1-58826-225-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinians%3A+In+Search+of+a+Just+Peace&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-225-7&rft.aulast=Rubenberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestiniansinse0000rube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeldes1999" class="citation cs2">Weldes, Jutta (1999), <i>Cultures of insecurity: states, communities, and the production of danger</i> (Illustrated ed.), University of Minnesota Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3307-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3307-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-3307-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+insecurity%3A+states%2C+communities%2C+and+the+production+of+danger&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3307-4&rft.aulast=Weldes&rft.aufirst=Jutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLogan1997" class="citation cs2">White, Paul J.; Logan, William Stewart (1997), <i>Remaking the Middle East</i> (Illustrated ed.), Berg Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-168-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-168-0"><bdi>978-1-85973-168-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remaking+the+Middle+East&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-168-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft.au=Logan%2C+William+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiftachel2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Oren_Yiftachel" title="Oren Yiftachel">Yiftachel, Oren</a> (2006), <i>Ethnocracy: Land and Identity Politics in Israel/Palestine</i> (Illustrated ed.), University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3927-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3927-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-3927-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnocracy%3A+Land+and+Identity+Politics+in+Israel%2FPalestine&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3927-0&rft.aulast=Yiftachel&rft.aufirst=Oren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudaization+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006215902/http://www.sharingjerusalem.org/pdf_TheJudaizationofEastJerusalem.pdf">The Judaization of East Jerusalem</a>, by Alice Rothchild</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/20/opinion/judaizing-jerusalem.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">'Judaizing Jerusalem'</a>, by <a href="/wiki/A.M._Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="A.M. Rosenthal">A.M. Rosenthal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/saletan/2014/04/02/the_arab_league_says_israel_is_judaizing_jerusalem_is_that_anti_semitic.html">Is the Campaign Against “Judaization” Anti-Semitic?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-maps-prove-the-judaization-of-east-jerusalem-gathers-steam-1.10722612">Mapping Out the Rapid Judaization of East Jerusalem</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaization_of_Jerusalem&oldid=1252848186">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaization_of_Jerusalem&oldid=1252848186</a>"</div></div> <div 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