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Esteri - Wikipedia
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id="toc-Classi_di_esteri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classi_di_esteri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classi di esteri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classi_di_esteri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esteri</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 78 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="إستر - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ster" title="Éster - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Éster" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCr%C9%99kk%C9%99b_efirl%C9%99r" title="Mürəkkəb efirlər - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mürəkkəb efirlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Эстэры - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эстэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Складаныя этэры - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Складаныя этэры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Естер - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ster" title="Èster - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Èster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئەستەر - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estery" title="Estery - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estery" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(kemi)" title="Ester (kemi) - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ester (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Εστέρες - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εστέρες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estero" title="Estero - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Estero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ster" title="Éster - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Éster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrid" title="Estrid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Estrid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="استر (شیمی) - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استر (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterit" title="Esterit - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esterit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(skiekunde)" title="Ester (skiekunde) - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ester (skiekunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eistear" title="Eistear - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eistear" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ster" title="Éster - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Éster" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="אסטר - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="एस्टर - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एस्टर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteri" title="Esteri - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Esteri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A8" title="Estè - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szterek" title="Észterek - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észterek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էսթերներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էսթերներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(kimia)" title="Ester (kimia) - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ester (kimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estri" title="Estri - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Estri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB" title="エステル - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エステル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Күрделі эфирлер - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күрделі эфирлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="에스터 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteris" title="Esteris - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Esteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteri" title="Esteri - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Esteri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Естер - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Естер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="എസ്റ്റർ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(scheikunde)" title="Ester (scheikunde) - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ester (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A8r" title="Estèr - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estèr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਐਸਟਰ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਸਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estry" title="Estry - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ایستر - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایستر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ster" title="Éster - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Éster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Сложные эфиры - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сложные эфиры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estri" title="Estri - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Estri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_(chemick%C3%A1_zl%C3%BA%C4%8Denina)" title="Ester (chemická zlúčenina) - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ester (chemická zlúčenina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteret" title="Esteret - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Esteret" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estar" title="Estar - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Estar" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ster" title="Éster - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éster" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrar" title="Estrar - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Estrar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எசுத்தர் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுத்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎస్టర్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎస్టర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เอสเทอร์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอสเทอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Естери - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Естери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="اسٹر - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="酯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ester" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="酯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101487#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esteri" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Esteri" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esteri"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esteri"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Esteri" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Esteri" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&oldid=134473832" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Esteri&id=134473832&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEsteri"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEsteri"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Esteri"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Esteri&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esters" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101487" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ester-general.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ester-general.svg/220px-Ester-general.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ester-general.svg/330px-Ester-general.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ester-general.svg/440px-Ester-general.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Un estere carbossilico. R ed R' denotano un <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_alchilico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo alchilico">gruppo alchilico</a> o <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_arilico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo arilico">arilico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gli <b>esteri</b> (al sing. estere) sono <a href="/wiki/Composto_organico" title="Composto organico">composti organici</a> prodotti dalla reazione, detta "<a href="/wiki/Esterificazione" title="Esterificazione">esterificazione</a>", di un <a href="/wiki/Alcoli" title="Alcoli">alcol</a> o di un <a href="/wiki/Fenoli" title="Fenoli">fenolo</a> con un <a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">acido carbossilico</a> o un suo derivato. Tale termine fu introdotto dal chimico <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin" title="Leopold Gmelin">Leopold Gmelin</a> (1788-1853).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vengono denominati <i>esteri</i> anche i prodotti dell'acilazione degli <a href="/wiki/Alcoli" title="Alcoli">alcoli</a> con altri acidi inorganici, che danno origine alla famiglia degli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri_inorganici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esteri inorganici (la pagina non esiste)">esteri inorganici</a>, che hanno proprietà chimiche molto simili agli esteri organici ma la cui struttura caratteristica è leggermente diversa da questa. La nomenclatura degli esteri segue quella dei sali degli acidi reagenti, quindi avremo, per esempio: </p> <ul><li>CH<sub>3</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_etile" title="Acetato di etile">acetato di etile</a>;</li> <li>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOCH<sub>3</sub> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmitato_di_metile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmitato di metile (la pagina non esiste)">palmitato di metile</a>;</li></ul> <p>Gli esteri a basso peso molecolare hanno odore gradevole, fruttato; gli altri invece sono inodori. Esteri naturali di elevato peso molecolare sono i <a href="/wiki/Lipidi" title="Lipidi">grassi</a> e le <a href="/wiki/Cera" title="Cera">cere</a>, quest'ultime formate da grassi superiori e da alcoli monovalenti a catena lunga. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sintesi">Sintesi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Sintesi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sintesi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Esterificazione di Fischer:</b></li></ul> <pre> OH OR' | --> | R-C=O + H<sup>+</sup> + R'OH <-- R-C=O +H<sub>2</sub>O + H<sup>+</sup> </pre> <p>È una reazione di equilibrio, quindi per migliorare la quantità di prodotto ottenuta si usa l'<a href="/wiki/Alcoli" title="Alcoli">alcol</a> direttamente come <a href="/wiki/Solvente" title="Solvente">solvente</a>, in maniera tale che sia in eccesso e che spinga la reazione verso i prodotti. Questo implica che l'alcol sia composto, al massimo, da tre atomi di carbonio, altrimenti non riesce più a sciogliere l'<a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">acido carbossilico</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Ottenimento da <a href="/wiki/Alogenuri_acilici" title="Alogenuri acilici">cloruri acilici</a>:</b></li></ul> <pre> Cl OR' | | R-C=O + R'OH --> R-C=O + HCl </pre> <p>La reazione si esegue in <a href="/wiki/Piridina" title="Piridina">piridina</a>, che svolge tre compiti: fa da solvente, neutralizza l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_cloridrico" title="Acido cloridrico">acido cloridrico</a> che si forma e scioglie il cloruro acilico come complesso attivato, ovvero rende più facile la formazione del prodotto. </p> <ul><li><b>Ottenimento da <a href="/wiki/Anidride" title="Anidride">anidridi</a>:</b></li></ul> <pre>R-C=O | O OR' OH | | | R-C=O + R'OH --> R-C=O + R-C=O </pre> <p>Anche in questo caso la reazione si esegue in piridina per le ragioni già citate sopra; unica differenza è che si forma <a href="/wiki/Acido_acetico" title="Acido acetico">acido acetico</a> anziché acido cloridrico. </p> <ul><li><b>Ottenimento con <a href="/wiki/Diazometano" title="Diazometano">diazometano</a>:</b></li></ul> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOOH + CH2- - N+ # N -> RCOOCH3 + N2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>RCOOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo> </mrow> <mtext>N</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>RCOOCH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOOH + CH2- - N+ # N -> RCOOCH3 + N2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee629bc4b7dba1eeaeca5b0e8f1fe9fdfeca4a46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:47.348ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOOH + CH2- - N+ # N -> RCOOCH3 + N2}}}"></span> </p><p>È una reazione con rese molto alte, che solitamente si esegue in soluzione eterea; ha però i difetti di costituire una sintesi solo per i metil esteri e di avere a che fare con un composto estremamente pericoloso.<br />Avviene in due stadi: </p> <dl><dd><b>1.</b> Trasferimento di un protone dal gruppo carbossilico al diazometano:</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOOH + CH2- -N+#N-> RCOO- + CH3-N+#N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>RCOOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo> </mrow> <mtext>N</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msup> <mtext>RCOO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo> </mrow> <mtext>N</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOOH + CH2- -N+#N-> RCOO- + CH3-N+#N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c2a4266ea10b5d53a1a4d0c70234c01af1930c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:54.674ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOOH + CH2- -N+#N-> RCOO- + CH3-N+#N}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>2.</b> Reazione di S<sub>n</sub>2, dove l'anione carbossilato è il <a href="/wiki/Nucleofilo" title="Nucleofilo">nucleofilo</a> e l'azoto è l'ottimo <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_uscente" title="Gruppo uscente">gruppo uscente</a>:</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOO- + CH3-N+#N -> RCOOCH3 + N2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>RCOO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo> </mrow> <mtext>N</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msubsup> <mtext>RCOOCH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOO- + CH3-N+#N -> RCOOCH3 + N2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7b5dcb33cbb81d6e3db9d8ee2f844cf8ad40eda0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:46.659ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {RCOO- + CH3-N+#N -> RCOOCH3 + N2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reazioni_tipiche">Reazioni tipiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Reazioni tipiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Reazioni tipiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le reazioni chimiche tipiche degli esteri sono tutte di sostituzione nucleofila, e precisamente sono la <a href="/wiki/Idrolisi" title="Idrolisi">idrolisi</a> acida o retro-Fisher, l'idrolisi basica o <a href="/wiki/Saponificazione" title="Saponificazione">saponificazione</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcolisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcolisi (la pagina non esiste)">alcolisi</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonolisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonolisi (la pagina non esiste)">ammonolisi</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Idrolisi acida (retro-Fisher):</b></li></ul> <p>Sostanzialmente si tratta della stessa reazione di formazione dell'estere, condotta però con pH solo debolmente acido. Riscaldando l'estere con acidi minerali diluiti, il doppio legame C=O viene protonato e si spezza, permettendo ad una molecola d'acqua di reagire con l'estere e riformando l'alcol originale e l'acido con un protone in più, che viene espulso rapidamente. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Idrolisi" title="Idrolisi">Idrolisi</a> basica (<a href="/wiki/Saponificazione" title="Saponificazione">saponificazione</a>):</b></li></ul> <p>Se invece di un acido diluito si fa reagire l'estere con una base forte e concentrata, questa si combina completamente e definitivamente con l'acido e l'estere scompare dalla soluzione, lasciando il posto al sale dell'acido e all'alcol di partenza, che dato il pH basico della soluzione non possono più combinarsi. Questa reazione viene detta anche <i>saponificazione</i> perché, se l'acido in questione è un derivato carbossilico a catena lunga (acidi grassi superiori), il composto risultante è precisamente il <a href="/wiki/Sapone" title="Sapone">sapone</a> di uso comune. </p> <ul><li><b>Alcolisi o transesterificazione:</b></li></ul> <p>In questa reazione l'alcol originale dell'estere viene sostituito (spostato) da un altro, che ne prende il posto: è una reazione di equilibrio molto simile all'idrolisi acida, favorita da un pH acido, e si verifica in un gran numero di reazioni biochimiche. La formula di massima della reazione è: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {R-COOR'\ (estere\ A)\ +R''-OH\ (alcol\ A)<=>R-COOR''\ {(estere\ B)}\ +R'-OH\ (alcol\ B)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>COOR</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>estere</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>alcol</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽<!-- ↽ --></mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀<!-- ⇀ --></mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>COOR</mtext> <mo>″</mo> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>estere</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext>B</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>alcol</mtext> <mtext> </mtext> <mtext>B</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {R-COOR'\ (estere\ A)\ +R''-OH\ (alcol\ A)<=>R-COOR''\ {(estere\ B)}\ +R'-OH\ (alcol\ B)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5fa9187041ebf94515247393a0ba04f961c2bdeb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:89.942ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {R-COOR'\ (estere\ A)\ +R''-OH\ (alcol\ A)<=>R-COOR''\ {(estere\ B)}\ +R'-OH\ (alcol\ B)}}}"></span> </p><p>Come nell'idrolisi acida, il processo ha inizio con la <a href="/wiki/Protonazione" title="Protonazione">protonazione</a> del legame C=O dell'estere, ma al posto dell'acqua è il secondo alcol presente nella soluzione a reagire. Poiché vengono favorite dallo stesso ambiente, la reazione di alcolisi si svolge in concorrenza con quella di idrolisi acida: quindi per avere una resa sufficiente è necessario usare una concentrazione molto alta dell'alcol da sostituire. </p> <ul><li><b>Ammonolisi:</b></li></ul> <p>In questa reazione si usa l'ammoniaca per rompere il legame C=O dell'estere, ottenendo un alcol e una <a href="/wiki/Ammide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammide">ammide</a>. </p><p>La formula generale della reazione è: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {R-COOR' + NH3 -> R'-OH + R-CONH2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>COOR</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo> <msup> <mtext>R</mtext> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>R</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−<!-- − --></mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>CONH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {R-COOR' + NH3 -> R'-OH + R-CONH2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/528a16fda1cc3b464decd0d035275179edb3158d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.826ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {R-COOR' + NH3 -> R'-OH + R-CONH2}}}"></span> </p><p>dove R'-OH è l'alcol e R-CONH<sub>2</sub> è l'ammide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classi_di_esteri">Classi di esteri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Classi di esteri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Classi di esteri"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dal punto di vista biologico, gli esteri possono essere suddivisi in tre classi a seconda della lunghezza della catena di atomi di carbonio e del tipo di alcool e di acido. </p> <ul><li><b>Esteri di frutta:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sono gli esteri più piccoli, in cui sia l'acido che l'alcol hanno una catena di meno di 10 atomi di <a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">carbonio</a>; sono molto comuni nelle essenze di frutta, naturali e artificiali. Per esempio: <ul><li>CH<sub>3</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_etile" title="Acetato di etile">acetato di etile</a> (pera, mela, ribes e frutti di bosco).</li> <li>CH<sub>3</sub>COOC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_n-amile" title="Acetato di n-amile">acetato di n-amile</a> (banana, ananas, pera).</li> <li>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isovalerianato_di_etile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isovalerianato di etile (la pagina non esiste)">isovalerianato di etile</a> (pesca, valeriana).</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Cere:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Nelle cere le catene di carbonio, sia nell'acido che nell'alcol, sono più lunghe di 10 atomi (a volte più di 30): a volte sono di pari lunghezza. Alcuni classificano le cere nel gruppo dei lipidi semplici, insieme agli oli naturali e ai grassi. <ul><li>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOC<sub>16</sub>H<sub>33</sub> palmitato di cetile (nel bianco di balena o <a href="/wiki/Spermaceti" title="Spermaceti">spermaceti</a>).</li> <li>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COOC<sub>30</sub>H<sub>61</sub> palmitato di miricile (<a href="/wiki/Cera_d%27api" title="Cera d'api">cera d'api</a>).</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Gliceridi:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>Sono senz'altro la classe di esteri più importante dal punto di vista biologico. L'alcol è sempre lo stesso, il <a href="/wiki/Glicerolo" title="Glicerolo">glicerolo</a> (detto anche 1,2,3-propantriolo o propantriolo), un alcol trivalente. Gli acidi che reagiscono con il glicerolo sono tutti a catena lunga (da 12 a 20 atomi di carbonio nell'uomo), monoinsaturi o polinsaturi, e monocarbossilici, cioè con un solo gruppo acido carbossile. Quindi si possono avere esteri <i>monogliceridi</i>, <i>digliceridi</i> o <i><a href="/wiki/Trigliceridi" title="Trigliceridi">trigliceridi</a></i> a seconda di quanti gruppi ossidrili del glicerolo vengono sostituiti (uno, due o tutti e tre). I componenti più noti dei gliceridi sono l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_palmitico" title="Acido palmitico">acido palmitico</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_stearico" title="Acido stearico">acido stearico</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_oleico" title="Acido oleico">acido oleico</a>.</dd> <dd>I monogliceridi e i digliceridi possono essere otticamente attivi, se le loro molecole sono asimmetriche; gli <i>1,2-digliceridi</i> sono interessanti biologicamente perché sono precursori chimici dei trigliceridi e dei <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosfolipidi">fosfolipidi</a>. Ma di gran lunga più importanti sono i <a href="/wiki/Trigliceridi" title="Trigliceridi">trigliceridi</a>, che costituiscono il gruppo più numeroso di lipidi semplici, cioè di quelle sostanze non solubili in acqua ma solubili nei <a href="/wiki/Solvente" title="Solvente">solventi</a> <a href="/wiki/Polarit%C3%A0" title="Polarità">apolari</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/leopold-gmelin"><span style="font-style:italic;">Gmelin, Leopold nell'Enciclopedia Treccani</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">treccani.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 marzo 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/estere" class="extiw" title="wikt:estere">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Esters"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esters?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/estere" class="extiw" title="wikt:estere">estere</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esters?uselang=it">estere</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02219.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "esters"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itchiavari.org/chimica/lab/esteri.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Esperienze in laboratorio - Gli esteri</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">itchiavari.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Gruppi_funzionali"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gruppi_funzionali" title="Template:Gruppi funzionali"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Gruppi_funzionali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Gruppi funzionali (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Gruppi_funzionali&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Gruppo_funzionale" title="Gruppo funzionale">Gruppi funzionali</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Idrocarburi" title="Idrocarburi">Idrocarburi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio">C</a> e <a href="/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno">H</a>)</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Alchile" title="Alchile">Alchile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metile" title="Metile">Metile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etile" title="Etile">Etile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propile" title="Propile">Propile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butile" title="Butile">Butile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentile" title="Pentile">Pentile</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alchenile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alchenile (la pagina non esiste)">Alchenile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allile" title="Allile">Allile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_vinilico" title="Gruppo vinilico">Vinile</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alchinile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alchinile (la pagina non esiste)">Alchinile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alleni" title="Alleni">Allene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benzile" title="Benzile">Benzile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carbene" title="Carbene">Carbene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carbino" title="Carbino">Carbino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cumuleni" title="Cumuleni">Cumulene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metandiile" title="Metandiile">Ponte metilene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metilidene" title="Metilidene">Metilidene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metino" title="Metino">Metino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fenile" title="Fenile">Fenile</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Gruppi con C, H e <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">O</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Acetossi" title="Acetossi">Acetossi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetile" title="Acetile">Acetile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acriloile" title="Acriloile">Acriloile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acile" title="Acile">Acile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acile#Esempi" title="Acile">Formile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcossi (la pagina non esiste)">Alcossi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metossi" title="Metossi">Metossi</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benzoile" title="Benzoile">Benzoile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carbonile" title="Carbonile">Carbonile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">Carbossile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diossirano" title="Diossirano">Diossirano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epossidi" title="Epossidi">Epossidi</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estere</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eteri" title="Eteri">Etere</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etilendiossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etilendiossi (la pagina non esiste)">Etilendiossi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_ossidrilico" title="Gruppo ossidrilico">Idrossile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chetoni" title="Chetoni">Chetone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metilendiossi" title="Metilendiossi">Metilendiossi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Perossidi" title="Perossidi">Perossido</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Perossido_organico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perossido organico (la pagina non esiste)">Organico</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ynone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ynone (la pagina non esiste)">Ynone</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Gruppi con C, H, O <br />e un altro atomo</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">Azoto</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ammine" title="Ammine">Ammina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azocomposti" title="Azocomposti">Azoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cianato" title="Cianato">Cianato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Idrazoni" title="Idrazoni">Idrazone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Immidi" title="Immidi">Immide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Immine" title="Immine">Immina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isocianati" title="Isocianati">Isocianato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isocianuri" title="Isocianuri">Isonitrile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrene" title="Nitrene">Nitrene</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrili" title="Nitrili">Nitrile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitroderivati" title="Nitroderivati">Composto nitro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrosoderivati" title="Nitrosoderivati">Composto nitroso</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ammidi" title="Ammidi">Ammide organica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ossima" title="Ossima">Ossime</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">Fosforo</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fosfonati" title="Fosfonati">Fosfonato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosfonite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosfonite (la pagina non esiste)">Fosfonoso</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Zolfo" title="Zolfo">Zolfo</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Disolfuro" title="Disolfuro">Ponte S-S</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solfoni" title="Solfoni">Solfonile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acidi_solfonici" title="Acidi solfonici">Idrossisolfonile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solfossidi" title="Solfossidi">Solfenile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tioaldeidi" title="Tioaldeidi">Tiocarbonile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tioesteri" title="Tioesteri">Tiocarbossile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tioeteri" title="Tioeteri">Solfuro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiochetone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiochetone (la pagina non esiste)">Tiochetone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tioli" title="Tioli">Tiolo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio">Selenio</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Selenoli" title="Selenoli">Selenolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_selenonico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido selenonico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido selenonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_seleninico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido seleninico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido seleninico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_selenenico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido selenenico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido selenenico</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Tellurio" title="Tellurio">Tellurio</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tellurolo" title="Tellurolo">Tellurolo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altri gruppi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Isotiocianati" title="Isotiocianati">Isotiocianato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ammidi" title="Ammidi">Fosforoammide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloruoro_sulfenile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloruoro sulfenile (la pagina non esiste)">Cloruoro sulfenile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ammidi" title="Ammidi">Solfonoammide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiocianato" title="Tiocianato">Tiocianato</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow">Vedi anche <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificazione_chimica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificazione chimica (la pagina non esiste)">Classificazione chimica</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura_chimica" title="Nomenclatura chimica">Nomenclatura chimica</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nomenclatura_IUPAC_dei_composti_inorganici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nomenclatura IUPAC dei composti inorganici (la pagina non esiste)">inorganica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura_IUPAC_dei_composti_organici" title="Nomenclatura IUPAC dei composti organici">organica</a>)</th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Sistematica_organica"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="background:azzurro;"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sistematica_organica" title="Template:Sistematica organica"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Sistematica_organica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Sistematica organica (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sistematica_organica&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Sistematica_organica" title="Sistematica organica">Sistematica organica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Composti_alifatici" title="Composti alifatici">Composti alifatici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Acetali" title="Acetali">Acetali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">Acidi carbossilici</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcani" title="Alcani">Alcani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcheni" title="Alcheni">Alcheni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alchini" title="Alchini">Alchini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcoli" title="Alcoli">Alcoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Aldeidi" title="Aldeidi">Aldeidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anidride" title="Anidride">Anidridi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Annuleni" title="Annuleni">Annuleni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chetali" title="Chetali">Chetali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chetoni" title="Chetoni">Chetoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cicloalcani" title="Cicloalcani">Cicloalcani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cicloalcheni" title="Cicloalcheni">Cicloalcheni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dioli" title="Dioli">Dioli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Enoli" title="Enoli">Enoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epossidi" title="Epossidi">Epossidi</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eteri" title="Eteri">Eteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eteri_corona" title="Eteri corona">Eteri corona</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lattoni" title="Lattoni">Lattoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lattoli" title="Lattoli">Lattoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Perossidi" title="Perossidi">Perossidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Perossiacido" title="Perossiacido">Perossiacidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polieni" title="Polieni">Polieni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polioli" title="Polioli">Polioli</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Composti_aromatici" title="Composti aromatici">Composti aromatici</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arini_(chimica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arini (chimica) (la pagina non esiste)">Arini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ciclofani" title="Ciclofani">Ciclofani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fenoli" title="Fenoli">Fenoli</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eterocicli_aromatici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eterocicli aromatici (la pagina non esiste)">Eterocicli aromatici</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Azoto#Composti_dell'azoto" title="Azoto">Contenenti azoto</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Alcaloidi" title="Alcaloidi">Alcaloidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ammonio" title="Ammonio">Ammonio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ammidi" title="Ammidi">Ammidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ammine" title="Ammine">Ammine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Amminali" title="Amminali">Amminali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azine" title="Azine">Azine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azoturo" title="Azoturo">Azidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azocomposti" title="Azocomposti">Azocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Azoli" title="Azoli">Azoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carbammati" title="Carbammati">Carbammati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cianidrine" title="Cianidrine">Cianidrine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Diazocomposti" title="Diazocomposti">Diazocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Idrazoni" title="Idrazoni">Idrazoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immidi" title="Immidi">Immidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Immine" title="Immine">Immine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isocianati" title="Isocianati">Isocianati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isocianuri" title="Isocianuri">Isocianuri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isotiocianati" title="Isotiocianati">Isotiocianati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lattami" title="Lattami">Lattami</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nitrili" title="Nitrili">Nitrili</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nitroderivati" title="Nitroderivati">Nitrocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nitrosocomposti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosocomposti">Nitrosocomposti</a> · <a href="/wiki/Osazoni" title="Osazoni">Osazoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ossima" title="Ossima">Ossime</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Zolfo#Composti_dello_zolfo" title="Zolfo">Contenenti zolfo</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Acidi_solfonici" title="Acidi solfonici">Acidi solfonici</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ditiani" title="Ditiani">Ditiani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isotiocianati" title="Isotiocianati">Isotiocianati</a> · <a href="/wiki/Solfoni" title="Solfoni">Solfoni</a> · <a href="/wiki/Solfossidi" title="Solfossidi">Solfossidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioesteri" title="Tioesteri">Tioesteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioeteri" title="Tioeteri">Tioeteri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioli" title="Tioli">Tioli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tioacetali" title="Tioacetali">Tioacetali</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tiochetali" title="Tiochetali">Tiochetali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Alogenuro" title="Alogenuro">Contenenti alogeni</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Alogenuri_acilici" title="Alogenuri acilici">Alogenuri acilici</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alogenuri_alchilici" title="Alogenuri alchilici">Alogenuri alchilici</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;"><a href="/wiki/Silicio#Composti" title="Silicio">Contenenti silicio</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Silani" title="Silani">Silani</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sililalchini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sililalchini (la pagina non esiste)">Sililalchini</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sililalogenuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sililalogenuri (la pagina non esiste)">Sililalogenuri</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sililidruri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sililidruri (la pagina non esiste)">Sililidruri</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silanoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silanoli (la pagina non esiste)">Silanoli</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alcossisilani" title="Alcossisilani">Alcossisilani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Silossani" title="Silossani">Silossani</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silazani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silazani (la pagina non esiste)">Silazani</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="background:azzurro;">Altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Alcossido" title="Alcossido">Alcossidi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Idrocarburi" title="Idrocarburi">Idrocarburi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stannani" title="Stannani">Stannani</a> · <a href="/wiki/Terpeni" title="Terpeni">Terpeni</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow">Vedi pure <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura_IUPAC_dei_composti_organici" title="Nomenclatura IUPAC dei composti organici">Nomenclatura IUPAC dei composti organici</a></i></th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r141815314"><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Esteri"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Esteri" title="Template:Esteri"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Esteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Esteri (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Esteri&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Esteri</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;">organici</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="text-align:left;"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_formico" title="Acido formico">acido formico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Formiato_di_metile" title="Formiato di metile">Formiato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formiato_di_etile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formiato di etile (la pagina non esiste)">Formiato di etile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_acetico" title="Acido acetico">acido acetico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_metile" title="Acetato di metile">Acetato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_etile" title="Acetato di etile">Acetato di etile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_vinile" title="Acetato di vinile">Acetato di vinile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_propile" title="Acetato di propile">Acetato di propile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_n-butile" title="Acetato di n-butile">Acetato di n-butile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_n-amile" title="Acetato di n-amile">Acetato di n-amile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_isoamile" title="Acetato di isoamile">Acetato di isoamile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_geranile" title="Acetato di geranile">Acetato di geranile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_nerile" title="Acetato di nerile">Acetato di nerile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_linalile" title="Acetato di linalile">Acetato di linalile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetato_di_benzile" title="Acetato di benzile">Acetato di benzile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_acetilsalicilico" title="Acido acetilsalicilico">Acido acetilsalicilico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alossiprina" title="Alossiprina">Alossiprina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aceclidina" title="Aceclidina">Acetato di 1-azabiciclo[2.2.2]-ott-3-ile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetilcolina" title="Acetilcolina">Acetilcolina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetil-L-carnitina" title="Acetil-L-carnitina">Acetil-L-carnitina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_fusidico" title="Acido fusidico">Acido fusidico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Amido_acetato" title="Amido acetato">Amido acetato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Azadiractina" title="Azadiractina">Azadiractina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diacetato_di_cellulosa" title="Diacetato di cellulosa">Diacetato di cellulosa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levonantradolo" title="Levonantradolo">Levonantradolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Miocamicina" title="Miocamicina">Miocamicina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Peridinina" title="Peridinina">Peridinina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triacetato_di_cellulosa" title="Triacetato di cellulosa">Triacetato di cellulosa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triacetato_di_glicerile" title="Triacetato di glicerile">Triacetato di glicerile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">di altri <a href="/wiki/Acidi_carbossilici" title="Acidi carbossilici">acidi carbossilici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_elenolico" title="Acido elenolico">Acido elenolico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acrilato_di_metile" title="Acrilato di metile">Acrilato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cianoformiato_di_metile" title="Cianoformiato di metile">Cianoformiato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dimetilfumarato" title="Dimetilfumarato">Dimetilfumarato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isovalerianato_di_etile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isovalerianato di etile (la pagina non esiste)">Isovalerianato di etile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lattato_di_etile" title="Lattato di etile">Lattato di etile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malonato_di_etile" title="Malonato di etile">Malonato di etile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metacrilato_di_metile" title="Metacrilato di metile">Metacrilato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Propionato_di_metile" title="Propionato di metile">Propionato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metil_pentanoato" title="Metil pentanoato">Metil pentanoato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinato_di_mentile" title="Nicotinato di mentile">Nicotinato di mentile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Helvetolide" title="Helvetolide">Helvetolide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Romandolide" title="Romandolide">Romandolide</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">degli <a href="/wiki/Acidi_grassi" title="Acidi grassi">acidi grassi</a> (gliceridi, cere)</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palmitato_di_isopropile" title="Palmitato di isopropile">Palmitato di isopropile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmitato_di_cetile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmitato di cetile (la pagina non esiste)">Palmitato di cetile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Palmitato_di_miricile" title="Palmitato di miricile">Palmitato di miricile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">ciclici (<a href="/wiki/Lattoni" title="Lattoni">lattoni</a>)</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%93-butirrolattone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Γ-butirrolattone (la pagina non esiste)">γ-butirrolattone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%95-caprolattone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ε-caprolattone (la pagina non esiste)">ε-caprolattone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Glucuronolattone" title="Glucuronolattone">Glucuronolattone</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">aromatici</th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_benzoico" title="Acido benzoico">acido benzoico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Benzoato_di_metile" title="Benzoato di metile">Benzoato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benzocaina" title="Benzocaina">4-amminobenzoato di etile</a> (benzocaina)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metilparaben" title="Metilparaben">4-idrossibenzoato di metile</a> (metilparaben)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Etilparaben" title="Etilparaben">4-idrossibenzoato di propile</a> (etilparaben)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Propilparaben" title="Propilparaben">4-idrossibenzoato di propile</a> (propilparaben)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benzoato_di_benzile" title="Benzoato di benzile">Benzoato di benzile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benzoato_di_colesterile" title="Benzoato di colesterile">Benzoato di colesterile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Benzoato_di_etile" title="Benzoato di etile">Benzoato di etile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/P-aminobenzoato_di_butile" class="mw-redirect" title="P-aminobenzoato di butile">p-aminobenzoato di butile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_ftalico" title="Acido ftalico">acido ftalico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Di-2-etilesilftalato" title="Di-2-etilesilftalato">Di-2-etilesilftalato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diisobutilftalato" title="Diisobutilftalato">Diisobutilftalato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ftalato_di_isodecile" title="Ftalato di isodecile">Ftalato di isodecile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">altri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Antranilato_di_metile" title="Antranilato di metile">Antranilato di metile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinato_di_benzile" title="Nicotinato di benzile">Nicotinato di benzile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tazarotene" title="Tazarotene">Tazarotene</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">altri</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glicinato_di_etile_cloridrato" title="Glicinato di etile cloridrato">Glicinato di etile cloridrato</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="text-align:right;">inorganici</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="text-align:left;"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_carbonico" title="Acido carbonico">acido carbonico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Dimetilcarbonato" title="Dimetilcarbonato">Dimetilcarbonato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dimetildicarbonato" title="Dimetildicarbonato">Dimetildicarbonato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dietilpirocarbonato" title="Dietilpirocarbonato">Dicarbonato di dietile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_fosforico" title="Acido fosforico">acido fosforico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/2-C-metileritritol_4-fosfato" title="2-C-metileritritol 4-fosfato">2-C-metileritritol 4-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/3-fosfoglicerato" title="3-fosfoglicerato">3-fosfoglicerato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_3-deossi-D-arabino-eptulosonico_7-fosfato" title="Acido 3-deossi-D-arabino-eptulosonico 7-fosfato">Acido 3-deossi-D-arabino-eptulosonico 7-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_5-enolpiruvilshikimico_3-fosfato" title="Acido 5-enolpiruvilshikimico 3-fosfato">Acido 5-enolpiruvilshikimico 3-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_shikimico_3-fosfato" title="Acido shikimico 3-fosfato">Acido shikimico 3-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_difosfato" title="Adenosina difosfato">Adenosina difosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_monofosfato" title="Adenosina monofosfato">Adenosina monofosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfato" title="Adenosina trifosfato">Adenosina trifosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Arsenozucchero_fosfato" title="Arsenozucchero fosfato">Arsenozucchero fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ecotiopato_ioduro" title="Ecotiopato ioduro">Ecotiopato ioduro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eritrosio_4-fosfato" title="Eritrosio 4-fosfato">Eritrosio 4-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fosfoserina" title="Fosfoserina">Fosfoserina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gliceraldeide-3-fosfato" title="Gliceraldeide-3-fosfato">Gliceraldeide-3-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Glucosio-6-fosfato" title="Glucosio-6-fosfato">Glucosio-6-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinammide_adenina_dinucleotide_fosfato" title="Nicotinammide adenina dinucleotide fosfato">Nicotinammide adenina dinucleotide fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Novichok" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok">Novichok</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Organofosfato" title="Organofosfato">Organofosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ribosio_5-fosfato" title="Ribosio 5-fosfato">Ribosio 5-fosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tributilfosfato" title="Tributilfosfato">Tributilfosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/VG_(gas_nervino)" title="VG (gas nervino)">VG (gas nervino)</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/VX_(gas_nervino)" title="VX (gas nervino)">VX (gas nervino)</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_nitrico" title="Acido nitrico">acido nitrico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrato" title="Isosorbide dinitrato">Isosorbide dinitrato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isosorbide_mononitrato" title="Isosorbide mononitrato">Isosorbide mononitrato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulosa" title="Nitrocellulosa">Nitrocellulosa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitroglicerina" title="Nitroglicerina">Nitroglicerina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitroglicole" title="Nitroglicole">Nitroglicole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitromannite" title="Nitromannite">Nitromannite</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetranitrato_di_pentaeritrite" title="Tetranitrato di pentaeritrite">Tetranitrato di pentaeritrite</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_ortosilicico" title="Acido ortosilicico">acido ortosilicico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ortosilicato_tetraetile" title="Ortosilicato tetraetile">Ortosilicato tetraetile</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">dell'<a href="/wiki/Acido_solforico" title="Acido solforico">acido solforico</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Laurilsolfato_di_sodio" title="Laurilsolfato di sodio">Laurilsolfato di sodio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Arsenozucchero_solfato" title="Arsenozucchero solfato">Arsenozucchero solfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dimetilsolfato" title="Dimetilsolfato">Dimetilsolfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eparina" title="Eparina">Eparina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sodio_lauriletere_solfato" title="Sodio lauriletere solfato">Sodio lauriletere solfato</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=23190">23190</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85044949">sh85044949</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4153062-7">4153062-7</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970080s">cb11970080s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11970080s">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555690105171">987007555690105171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562050">00562050</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/38px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/50px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b>: il portale della scienza della composizione, delle proprietà e delle trasformazioni della materia</div></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c479b968‐g72gf Cached time: 20241117123229 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.287 seconds Real time usage: 0.409 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1556/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 70987/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 433/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 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