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id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Gro%C3%9F-J%C3%A4gersdorfu" title="Bitva u Groß-Jägersdorfu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Groß-Jägersdorfu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Gro%C3%9F-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Schlacht bei Groß-Jägersdorf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Groß-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Batalla de Gross-Jägersdorf – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Bataille de Gross-Jägersdorf – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%98%88%EA%B1%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%94%84_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="그로스예거스도르프 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그로스예거스도르프 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Battaglia di Gross-Jägersdorf – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosj%C4%93gersdorfas_kauja" title="Grosjēgersdorfas kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grosjēgersdorfas kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Gro%C3%9F-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Slag bij Groß-Jägersdorf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Groß-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="グロース＝イェーゲルスドルフの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グロース＝イェーゲルスドルフの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Slaget ved Gross-Jägersdorf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Slaget ved Gross-Jägersdorf – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Gro%C3%9F-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Bitwa pod Groß-Jägersdorf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Groß-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Batalha de Gross-Jägersdorf – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Грос-Егерсдорфское сражение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грос-Егерсдорфское сражение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Битка код Грос Јегерсдорфа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Грос Јегерсдорфа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Slaget vid Gross-Jägersdorf – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81-%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Битва під Гросс-Єгерсдорфом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва під Гросс-Єгерсдорфом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Trận Gross-Jägersdorf – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Gross-Jägersdorf" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&params=54.62_N_21.48_E_region:RU_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.62°N 21.48°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.62; 21.48</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the Seven Years' War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Gross-Egersdorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Battle_Gross-Egersdorf.jpg/300px-Battle_Gross-Egersdorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Battle_Gross-Egersdorf.jpg/450px-Battle_Gross-Egersdorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Battle_Gross-Egersdorf.jpg/600px-Battle_Gross-Egersdorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyks</a> attack Lehwaldt's army.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>30 August 1757<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Chernyakhovsky_District" title="Chernyakhovsky District">Gross-Jägersdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> (near present-day <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezhdurechye,_Kaliningrad_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezhdurechye, Kaliningrad Oblast (page does not exist)">Mezhdurechye, Kaliningrad Oblast</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&params=54.62_N_21.48_E_region:RU_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">21°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.62°N 21.48°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.62; 21.48</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Russian victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Fyodorovich_Apraksin" title="Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin">Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Rumyantsev" title="Pyotr Rumyantsev">Pyotr A. Rumyantsev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Lopukhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Lopukhin (page does not exist)">Vasily Lopukhin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лопухин, Василий Абрамович">ru</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Lehwaldt" title="Hans von Lehwaldt">Hans von Lehwaldt</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 54,800 men</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 24,700–27,700 men</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5,400 dead and wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4,600 dead and wounded<br />28 cannons</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War:European_theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a>:<br />European theatre</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Bohemia and Moravia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz" title="Battle of Lobositz">Lobositz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reichenberg" title="Battle of Reichenberg">Reichenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alt-Bunzlau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Alt-Bunzlau (page does not exist)">Alt-Bunzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1757)" title="Battle of Prague (1757)">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prague" title="Siege of Prague">Siege of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Kolín">Kolín</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Gabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Gabel (page does not exist)">Gabel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Holitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Holitz (page does not exist)">Holitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Domstadtl" title="Battle of Domstadtl">Domstadtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Olomouc" title="Siege of Olomouc">Olomouc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peterswalde" title="Battle of Peterswalde">Prussian Bohemia Incursion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Teplitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Teplitz (page does not exist)">Teplitz</a></li></ul> <p><b>Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geldern" title="Siege of Geldern">Geldern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Hastenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rheinberg" title="Battle of Rheinberg">Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krefeld" title="Battle of Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sandershausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sandershausen (page does not exist)">Sandershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meer (page does not exist)">Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutterberg_(1758)" title="Battle of Lutterberg (1758)">Lutterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergen_(1759)" title="Battle of Bergen (1759)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_M%C3%BCnster_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Münster (1759) (page does not exist)">1st Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minden" title="Battle of Minden">Minden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fulda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Fulda (page does not exist)">Fulda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Siege_of_M%C3%BCnster_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Siege of Münster (1759) (page does not exist)">2nd Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbach" title="Battle of Corbach">Corbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emsdorf" title="Battle of Emsdorf">Emsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warburg" title="Battle of Warburg">Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kloster_Kampen" title="Battle of Kloster Kampen">Kloster Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1761)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1761)">Langensalza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cassel_(1761)" title="Siege of Cassel (1761)">1st Cassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Battle of Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villinghausen" title="Battle of Villinghausen">Villinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1761)" title="Battle of Ölper (1761)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilhelmsthal" title="Battle of Wilhelmsthal">Wilhelmsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutterberg_(1762)" title="Battle of Lutterberg (1762)">Lutterberg (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nauheim" title="Battle of Nauheim">Nauheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Am%C3%B6neburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Amöneburg (page does not exist)">Amöneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cassel_(1762)" title="Siege of Cassel (1762)">Cassel (1762)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Electoral Saxony</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirna" title="Siege of Pirna">Pirna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach" title="Battle of Rossbach">Rossbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Sonnenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Sonnenstein (page does not exist)">Sonnenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch" title="Battle of Hochkirch">Hochkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Torgau_(14_August_1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Torgau (14 August 1759) (page does not exist)">Torgau (siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Wittenberg_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Wittenberg (1759) (page does not exist)">Wittenberg (1759)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Torgau_(30_August_1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Torgau (30 August 1759) (page does not exist)">Torgau (2nd siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Dresden_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Dresden (1759) (page does not exist)">Dresden (surrender)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Torgau_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Torgau (1759) (page does not exist)">Torgau (1759)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korbitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Korbitz (page does not exist)">Korbitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoyerswerda" title="Battle of Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sackwitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sackwitz (page does not exist)">Sackwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maxen" title="Battle of Maxen">Maxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meissen" title="Battle of Meissen">Meissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dresden" title="Siege of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strehla" title="Battle of Strehla">Strehla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Torgau_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Torgau (1760) (page does not exist)">Torgau (3rd siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Wittenberg_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Wittenberg (1760) (page does not exist)">Wittenberg (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau" title="Battle of Torgau">Torgau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_D%C3%B6beln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Döbeln (page does not exist)">Döbeln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hilbersdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hilbersdorf (page does not exist)">Hilbersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Erbisdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Erbisdorf (page does not exist)">Erbisdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiberg" title="Battle of Freiberg">Freiberg</a></li></ul> <p><b>Brandenburg</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1757_raid_on_Berlin" title="1757 raid on Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_K%C3%BCstrin" title="Siege of Küstrin">Küstrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zorndorf" title="Battle of Zorndorf">Zorndorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kay" title="Battle of Kay">Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Kunersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Berlin" title="Raid on Berlin">Berlin (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gostyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gostyn (page does not exist)">Gostyn</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Silesia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moys" title="Battle of Moys">Moys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1757)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1757) (page does not exist)">1st Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Battle of Breslau (1757)">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Leuthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Siege of Breslau (1757)">Breslau (1759 siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blockade_of_Liegnitz_(1757)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blockade of Liegnitz (1757) (page does not exist)">Liegnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1758)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1758) (page does not exist)">2nd Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cosel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cosel (page does not exist)">Cosel (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Neisse_(1758)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neisse (1758) (page does not exist)">Neisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neustadt_(1760)" title="Battle of Neustadt (1760)">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landeshut_(1760)" title="Battle of Landeshut (1760)">Landeshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Glatz" title="Siege of Glatz">Glatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Breslau_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Breslau (1760) (page does not exist)">Breslau (1760 siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1760)" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1760)">Liegnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cosel_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cosel (1760) (page does not exist)">Cosel (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Schweidnitz_(1761)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Schweidnitz (1761) (page does not exist)">3rd Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adelsbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Adelsbach (page does not exist)">Adelsbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burkersdorf_(1762)" title="Battle of Burkersdorf (1762)">Burkersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reichenbach" title="Battle of Reichenbach">Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1762)" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1762)">4th Schweidnitz</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Prussia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Memel_(1757)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Memel (1757) (page does not exist)">Memel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gross-Jägersdorf</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_War" title="Pomeranian War">Pomerania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Demmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Demmin (page does not exist)">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Anklam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Anklam (page does not exist)">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Stralsund" title="Blockade of Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornow" title="Battle of Tornow">Tornow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin_(1758)" title="Battle of Fehrbellin (1758)">Fehrbellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(Seven_Years%27_War)" title="Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)">Kolberg (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCstow" title="Battle of Güstow">Güstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frisches_Haff" title="Battle of Frisches Haff">Frisches Haff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(Seven_Years%27_War)" title="Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)">Kolberg (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasewalk" title="Battle of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(Seven_Years%27_War)" title="Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)">Kolberg (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuensund" title="Battle of Neuensund">Neuensund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Green_Redoubt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Green Redoubt (page does not exist)">Green Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_G%C3%BClzow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gülzow (page does not exist)">Gülzow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gollnow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gollnow (page does not exist)">Gollnow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Spie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Spie (page does not exist)">Spie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neukalen" title="Battle of Neukalen">Neukalen</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Iberian Peninsula</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1762)" title="Siege of Almeida (1762)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Battle of Valencia de Alcántara">Valencia de Alcántara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Velha" title="Battle of Vila Velha">Vila Velha de Ródão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marv%C3%A3o" title="Battle of Marvão">Marvão</a></li></ul> <p><b>Naval Operations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St_Philip_(1756)" title="Siege of Fort St Philip (1756)">Fort St Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1756)" title="Battle of Minorca (1756)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort" title="Raid on Rochefort">Rochefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(1758)" title="Battle of Cartagena (1758)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_29_April_1758" title="Action of 29 April 1758">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St_Malo" title="Raid on St Malo">St Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cherbourg" title="Raid on Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saint Cast">Saint Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Quiberon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Capture of Belle Île">Belle Île</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1761" title="Action of 17 July 1761">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1761)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1761)">Cape Finisterre</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf</b> (30 August 1757) was a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> force under <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Fyodorovich_Apraksin" title="Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin">Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin</a> over a smaller <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> force commanded by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Lehwaldt" title="Hans von Lehwaldt">Hans von Lehwaldt</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. This was the first battle in which Russia engaged during the Seven Years' War. </p><p>Despite the tactical success, supply problems made a successful advance further into East Prussia impractical. Apraksin decided not to take <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> and ordered a withdrawal soon after the battle. Suspecting collusion between Apraksin and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a>, who had opposed the invasion, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth of Russia</a> removed Apraksin from command, ordered Bestuzhev-Ryumin to face trial for treason, and appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Fermor" title="William Fermor">William Fermor</a> as the head of the army. Femor led the army back into East Prussia in the following year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Seven Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> <p>Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it took a specific intensity in the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> theater based on the recently concluded <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748). The 1748 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a>, known as Frederick the Great, the prosperous province of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a> had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she was intent upon regaining ascendancy in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> as well as the Silesian province.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1754, escalating tensions between Britain and France in North America offered France an opportunity to break the British dominance of Atlantic trade. Seeing the opportunity to regain her lost territories and to limit Prussia's growing power, Austria put aside the old <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="French–Habsburg relations">rivalry</a> with France to form a new coalition. Faced with this turn of events, Britain aligned herself with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, including Hanover, but also those of his relatives in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel</a>. This series of political maneuvers became known as the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outset of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops—any company—could fire at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1757, the course of the war had gone well for Prussia, and poorly for Austria. Prussia had achieved spectacular victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach" title="Battle of Rossbach">Rossbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Leuthen</a> and reconquered parts of Silesia that had fallen back to Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prussians then pressed south into Austrian <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>. In April 1758, Prussia and Britain concluded the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_Convention" title="Anglo-Prussian Convention">Anglo-Prussian Convention</a> in which the British committed to pay Frederick an <a href="/wiki/Golden_Cavalry_of_St_George" title="Golden Cavalry of St George">annual subsidy</a> of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 7,000–9,000 troops <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reinforce Frederick's brother-in-law, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>'s army. Ferdinand evicted the French from Hanover and <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> and re-captured the port of <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> in March 1758; he crossed the Rhine, causing general alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krefeld" title="Battle of Krefeld">Battle of Krefeld</a> and the brief occupation of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, successful manoeuvres of the larger French forces required him to withdraw across the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Ferdinand and the British allies kept the French busy in the Rhineland, Prussia had to contend with Sweden, Russia, and Austria. There remained a possibility that Prussia could lose Silesia to Austria, Pomerania to Sweden, Magdeburg to Saxony, and East Prussia to Poland or Russia: an entirely nightmarish scenario.<sup id="cite_ref-simms_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simms-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> was cut off from the rest of Prussia by 500 kilometers (311 mi) of Polish territory,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seemed an easy target, but some Russian court officials—notably Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a>—opposed Russia's entry into what seemed like a largely western European dispute. Bestuzhev-Ryumin did not trust the Prussians, but also had little liking for the French or the British. In this conflict, which grew out of the major realignment of European power diplomacy, it was difficult to determine if <a href="/wiki/The_enemy_of_my_enemy_is_my_friend" title="The enemy of my enemy is my friend">the enemy of an enemy was a friend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-simms_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simms-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispositions">Dispositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dispositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russian field marshal <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Fyodorovich_Apraksin" title="Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin">Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin</a> commanded an army of approximately 55,000 men and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niemen">Niemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They captured <a href="/wiki/Memel,_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Memel, East Prussia">Memel</a>, which became the army's base for an invasion of the rest of Prussia. Apraxin was cautious, however, and inexperienced in wartime measures. Instead of marching on Wehlau, as was expected, he ordered his forces to cross the <a href="/wiki/Pregel_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregel River">Pregel River</a> in safety, near the village of Gross-Jägersdorf. The position in East Prussia had stretched the Russian supply lines, and the troops were forced to forage. Foraging quickly degenerated into unruliness and turned into a scorched earth policy, a process that Frederick derided, thinking the Russians undisciplined troops; a disciplined army, the King reasoned, would make quick work of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Dull_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dull-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They moved on <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, to try to take or at least invest the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick sent his 70-year-old Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Lehwaldt" title="Hans von Lehwaldt">Hans von Lehwaldt</a>, who commanded of forces in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, with 28,000 men; he supplied Lehwaldt with one hundred officers' patents to fill as he saw fit, expecting him to strengthen the army there.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also sent ambiguous orders to take on the Russians whenever his field marshal saw fit. Frederick had not given him specific instructions, just general ones to act when the moment seemed propitious.<sup id="cite_ref-tuttle_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuttle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KarteGrossJaegersdorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/KarteGrossJaegersdorf.jpg/330px-KarteGrossJaegersdorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="424" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/KarteGrossJaegersdorf.jpg/495px-KarteGrossJaegersdorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/KarteGrossJaegersdorf.jpg/660px-KarteGrossJaegersdorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russians started the day with a leisurely march, but the army was undisciplined and difficult to move in any concentrated, organized way. Seeing the opportunity, the Prussians attacked the milling and "unprepared mob" of Russian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Szabo_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szabo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lehwaldt's cavalry attacked the northern and southern flanks of the Russian army, inflicting initial heavy losses. The Russians, entirely unprepared for an assault by an army half its size, degenerated into further confusion. Apraxin's inexperienced commanders tried to organize the infantry; General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Rumyantsev" title="Pyotr Rumyantsev">Pyotr Rumyantsev</a>, who later became one of Russia's best generals, managed to rally the Russians in the center, as it recovered from the shock of the initial attack.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Lopukhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Lopukhin (page does not exist)">Vasily Lopukhin</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayoneted</a> by the Prussians: some reports say he died in the arms of his comrades, others, that he died a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tucker_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Lehwaldt's force retained some advantage in the battle. The fierce Prussian assault prevented the Russians from forming the traditional <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">squares</a> with which to repel cavalry, but they did not break and run. Furthermore, observers reported that the main force of Prussians advancing on the center fired volley upon volley with their usual ruthless efficiency. The Russian army recovered from the shock of the initial assault and counter-attacked. Initially mesmerized by the Prussian onslaught, the Russians recovered to shoot back; their return fire was not of the same efficiency, but it was nevertheless effective and the Prussian line eventually collapsed under it.<sup id="cite_ref-Szabo_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szabo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a>, on the Prussian left, pretended to retreat so as to trap the attacking Prussians under heavy artillery fire.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was an effort by Apraksin to encircle the Prussians with his larger army, which Lehwaldt was able to avoid.<sup id="cite_ref-Dull_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dull-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lehwaldt's force retired to its former camp and held its ground there.<sup id="cite_ref-tuttle_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuttle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prussians achieved a surprise attack, seized a number of positions from numerically superior forces and inflicted equivalent losses. As at Zorndorf, they proved to be effective against stronger forces in close-quarter fighting. On the other hand, the Russians, as a <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxon</a> officer remarked, "had neither time nor opportunity to form a square, and yet they did extremely well", despite being taken completely by surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lehwaldt lost between 4,600 and 5,000 casualties and Apraxin, approximately 5,400.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources estimate Russian losses as higher: perhaps half again as many casualties, so in the 7,000 range.<sup id="cite_ref-Szabo_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szabo-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Lehwaldt withdrew his corps from the battle, and subsequently oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Stralsund" title="Blockade of Stralsund">Blockade of Stralsund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian success at Gross-Jägersdorf also encouraged Sweden to join the fight against Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_Russian_Army">Impact on Russian Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact on Russian Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath, it was popularly expected in Russia that Apraksin would pursue the Prussian retreat and eventually overrun all of East Prussia; he was, after all, only 50 kilometres (31 mi) away from the Königsberg. Inexplicably, the general stopped his advance towards Königsberg and withdrew back into Russia. Historians offer several reasons: after hearing a false report that Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth of Russia</a> had died; to support <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> as heir to the throne;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apraxin marched on <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> but his troops, lacking in supplies, suffered considerable attrition;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, finally, an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, which hit the Russian army, especially the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>, and resulted in 8.5 times more deaths than all the battles fought in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-tucker_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tucker-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research suggests that the Russians were entirely unprepared for war beyond their western border and had not realistically evaluated their potential supply problems in East Prussia. Apraxin, at best a modest commander, had assessed supplies in the region and believed they were sufficient; he had not established specifically Russian supply depots in <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, which was neutral, but intended to rely on local supply. In 1757, the ongoing support of the 92,000 horses alone required more fodder than was available from any of the friendly territories in <a href="/wiki/Livland" class="mw-redirect" title="Livland">Livland</a>, much less unfriendly East Prussia. Furthermore, the Russians had made no effort to expand their supply depots using the Baltic's seaports, which would have been the most obvious way to feed that number of troops at that distance. Finally, the efforts at the troops to requisition supplies were met by a localized guerilla uprising; farmers burnt their crops and destroyed their supplies rather than give to the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the Russians reached Livland, observers noted exhausted troops hauling carts because their horses, living on a diet of oak leaves, dropped dead by the hundreds every day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Empress was so angry with Apraxin that she removed him from command, and launched an investigation into his actions. She put Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, her chancellor and a friend of Apraxin, on trial for treason. Bestuzhev-Ryumin was later exiled to his estates. Elizabeth appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Fermor" title="William Fermor">William Fermor</a> as the new Russian commander and the next year the invasion was started again.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermor had an entirely different attitude towards supplying his troops, and developed an extensive network of local supply depots and sources outside of the Russian boundary. This, though, attracted aspersions from his political enemies in St. Petersburg, who claimed he was wasting the imperial treasury; however, Fermor was considerably more successful in 1758 than his predecessor had been in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations_and_notes">Citations and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian cal.</a>: 19 August 1757</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson says 7,000, p. 301. Szabo says 9,000.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter H. Wilson, <i>The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.</i> Penguin, 2016, pp. 478–479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.B. Horn, "The Diplomatic Revolution" in J. O. Lindsay, ed., <i>The New Cambridge Modern History vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63</i> (1957): pp 449–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeremy Black, "ssay and Reflection: On the 'Old System' and the Diplomatic Revolution' of the Eighteenth Century", <i>International History Review</i> (1990) 12:2 pp. 301–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9renger" title="Jean Bérenger">Jean Berenger</a>, <i>The Habsburg Empire 1700–1918,</i> Routledge, 2014, pp. 80–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Anderson, <i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.</i> Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Asprey, <i>Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma,</i> Ticknor & Fields, 2007, pg. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Szabo. <i>The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763</i>, Routledge, 2013. pp. 179–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson301-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson301_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simms-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simms_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simms_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brendan Simms, <i>Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1453–present.</i> Basic Books, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XiHU2R59Vl8C&q=Hochkirch&pg=PT69">Here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamish Scott, <i>The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740–1815</i>, Routledge, 2014, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szabo p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dull-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dull_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dull_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan R. Dull, <i>The French Navy and the Seven Years' War,</i> U of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowling-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Krattli, "Battle of Gross-Jaegersdorf," in Timothy C. Dowling <i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, </i>ABC-CLIO, 2014, pp. 334–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonogh, pp. 298–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhard von Poten, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:Lehwaldt,_Hans_von&oldid=2501105">Lehwaldt, Hans von</a>. <i>Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,</i> Band 18 (1883), S. 166–167, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, (Version vom 30 January 20172358, 19:35 Uhr UTC)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuttle-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tuttle_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuttle_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Tuttle, <i>History of Prussia: Under Frederic the Great, 1740–1757</i>, Houghton, Mifflin, 1899, pp. 109–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szabo-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szabo_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szabo_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szabo_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz A.J. Szabo, <i>The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763</i>. Routledge, 2013. p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tucker-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tucker_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tucker_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer C. Tucker, <i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern,</i> ABC-CLIO, Dec 23, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&dq=Hans+von+Lehwaldt&pg=PA771">p. 771</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Konstam A., <i>Russian Army of the Seven Years War.</i> Osprey Publishing. 1996, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliphant-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Oliphant, <i>A/AS Level History for AQA Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 83, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831.</i> Oxford University Press. USA. 2003, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonogh, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Keep, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40868698">"Feeding the Troops: Russian Army Supply Policies during the Seven Years War"</a> <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 1987), pp. 24–44, pp. 29–31. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keep, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keep, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading">Reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Fred. <i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.</i> Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42539-3">978-0-307-42539-3</a>.</li> <li>Asprey, Robert. <i>Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma.</i> Ticknor & Fields, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-352-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89919-352-8">0-89919-352-8</a></li> <li>Bassett, Richard. <i>For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918.</i> Yale University Press, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21310-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21310-2">978-0-300-21310-2</a></li> <li>Berenger, Jean.<i>The Habsburg Empire 1700–1918.</i> Routledge, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89573-2">978-1-317-89573-2</a></li> <li>Black, Jeremy. <i>Essay and Reflection: On the 'Old System' and the Diplomatic Revolution' of the Eighteenth Century.</i> <u>International History Review.</u> (1990) 12:2 pp. 301–323</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning, Tim</a>. <i>Frederick the Great, King of Prussia.</i> NY, Random House, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8873-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8873-4">978-0-8129-8873-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bodart" title="Gaston Bodart">Bodart, Gaston</a>. <i> Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary.</i> Clarendon Press, 1916.</li> <li>Dull, Jonathan R. <i>The French Navy and the Seven Years' War,</i> U of Nebraska Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803205109" title="Special:BookSources/9780803205109">9780803205109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duffy" title="Christopher Duffy">Duffy, Christopher</a>. <i>Frederick the Great: A Military Life</i>. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1985.</li> <li>Horn, D. B. "The Diplomatic Revolution" in J.O. Lindsay, ed., <i>The New Cambridge Modern History vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63</i> (1957): pp 449–64</li> <li>Jones, Archer. <i>The Art of War in the Western World.</i> University of Illinois Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06966-6">978-0-252-06966-6</a></li> <li>Keep, John.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40868698"><i>Feeding the Troops: Russian Army Supply Policies during the Seven Years War.</i></a> Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 1987), pp. 24–44, pp. 29–31. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li>Krattli, Edward, "Battle of Gross-Jaegersdorf," in Timothy C. Dowling <i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, </i>ABC-CLIO, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598849486" title="Special:BookSources/9781598849486">9781598849486</a>. pp. 334–5.</li> <li>Longman, Frederick William. <i>Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War.</i> Longmans, Green, and Company, 1881.</li> <li>Malleson, Col. G. B. <i>Loudon: A Sketch Of The Military Life Of Gideon Ernest.</i> Pickle Partners Publishing, 2016 (1872) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78625-963-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78625-963-9">978-1-78625-963-9</a></li> <li>MacDonogh, Giles. <i>Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters</i>. St. Martin's Griffin, New York, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-27266-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-27266-9">0-312-27266-9</a></li> <li>Oliphant, John. <i>A/AS Level History for AQA Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment,</i> Cambridge University Press, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316504352" title="Special:BookSources/9781316504352">9781316504352</a></li> <li>Redman, Herbert J. <i>Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763.</i> McFarland, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7669-5">978-0-7864-7669-5</a></li> <li>Ralli, Augustus. <i>Guide to Carlisle.</i> G. Allen & Unwin Limited, 1922</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Robitschek, Norbert. <i> Hochkirch: Eine Studie.</i> Verlag von teufens, Wien 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Showalter" title="Dennis Showalter">Showalter, Dennis</a>, <i>Frederick the Great, a Military History.</i> Frontline, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-479-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78303-479-6">978-1-78303-479-6</a></li> <li>Scott, Hamish. <i>The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740–1815</i>, Routledge, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317893547" title="Special:BookSources/9781317893547">9781317893547</a></li> <li>Simms, Brendan. <i>Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1453–present.</i> Basic Books, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06595-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06595-0">978-0-465-06595-0</a></li> <li>Szabo, Franz J. <i>The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763</i>. Routledge, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88697-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88697-6">978-1-317-88697-6</a></li> <li>Wilson, Peter H., <i>The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.</i> Penguin, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05809-5">978-0-674-05809-5</a> pp. 478–479.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Zabecki" title="David T. Zabecki">Zabecki, David</a>. <i>Germany at War. Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History</i> (2014 2015). Vol. I−IV, ABC-CLIO, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-980-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-980-6">978-1-59884-980-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Gro%C3%9F-J%C3%A4gersdorf" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Groß-Jägersdorf">Battle of Groß-Jägersdorf</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syw-cwg.narod.ru/GE_rel01.htm">Apraksin's report about the battle (with a map appended)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=1757-08-30_-_Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf">1757-08-30 – Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q696689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4629876-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bitva u Gross-Jägersdorfu (1757 : Kaliningrad, Rusko : oblast)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph549747&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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