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Se piensa que las neoplasias de este grupo derivan de la superficie epitelial que recubre la superficie del ovario (un tipo modificado del peritoneo) o sino de tejido endometrial ectópico, es decir, fuera de lugar. Este grupo de tumores corresponden a un 65-70% de los tumores de ovario. El CA-125, un marcador tumoral, se encuentra con frecuencia elevado en estos casos, aunque no es un marcador útil en la evaluación del progreso de la terapia después de realizado el diagnóstico.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TUMORES DEL EPITELIO DE OVARIO","attachmentId":65580829,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45030771/TUMORES_DEL_EPITELIO_DE_OVARIO","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45030771/TUMORES_DEL_EPITELIO_DE_OVARIO"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="33839269" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33839269/%C3%93RGANOS_URINARIOS_DEL_EQUINO">ÓRGANOS URINARIOS DEL EQUINO</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66303686" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LizLuana">Liz Luana</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Los riñones, de color pardo rojizo, con un peso promedio de 700 grs., se hallan situados junto a la pared dorsal del abdomen. Cada riñón presenta 2 caras y 2 extremidades o polos, pero difieren en forma y posición. Los riñones del equino carecen de lobulación. El riñón derecho, es triangular, se sitúa bajo las 2 ó 3 últimas costillas (16 ó 17 costillas) y la primera apófisis transversa lumbar (L1). La cara dorsal, es convexa y se relaciona con el diafragma, hígado y su porción posterior con los músculos Psoas Mayor y Menor. La cara ventral, es ligeramente cóncava y se relaciona con el hígado, páncreas, ciego y la adrenal derecha. Su borde medial, es convexo y redondeado. Cerca del centro de este borde, se encuentra el hilio renal que está limitado por bordes redondeados y conduce al seno renal que contiene a la pelvis renal u origen dilatado del uréter. Su extremidad anterior se adapta a la impresión renal del hígado. El riñón izquierdo, es más largo y estrecho que el riñón derecho, se sitúa por debajo de la última costilla (18 costilla) y las 2 a 3 primeras apófisis transversas lumbares (L2 y L3). La cara dorsal, es convexa y se relaciona con el pilar izquierdo del diafragma, la extremidad dorsal del bazo y los músculos Psoas mayor y Menor. Su cara ventral, es irregular y está relacionada con el origen del colon menor o colon flotante, la porción terminal del duodeno, la extremidad izquierda del páncreas y la adrenal izquierda. En el borde medial se observa el hilio renal y el borde lateral se relaciona con la base del bazo. Al realizar un corte del riñón encontramos que la parte central de la médula forma una cresta cóncava correspondiente a la cresta renal que se proyecta en el interior de la pelvis renal de manera infundibiliforme. Esta cresta presenta una superficie llamada área cribosa, la que está provista de numerosos orificios pequeños que corresponden a la desembocadura de los túbulos colectores renales. En realidad los túbulos colectores renales de cada extremidad del riñón no se abren en la pelvis renal propiamente dicha, sino en 2 divertículos largos y estrechos que se prolongan desde la pelvis hasta los polos del riñón. La irrigación renal, está dada por las arterias renales provenientes directamente de la Aorta, ramas de estas arterias penetran por el hilio, alcanzan la zona intermedia donde forman arcos anastomóticos (arterias arciformes), con ramas medulares y corticales (arterias interlobulillares) que emiten ramas laterales terminando en un corpúsculo renal (vaso aferente). En el hilio renal encontramos: vena renal, arteria renal, uréter, ganglios linfáticos y nervios. Los uréteres, comienzan en la pelvis y terminan en la cara dorsal de la vejiga urinaria. Tienen una porción abdominal que emerge ventrocaudalmente del hilio renal, se incurva caudomedialmente y se dirige en línea recta a la cavidad pélvica. La poción pelviana del uréter, se dirige caudoventralmente sobre la pared lateral de la cavidad pélvica, desciende y perfora la pared dorsal de la vejiga, cerca del cuello. La vejiga urinaria, se sitúa sobre la pared ventral de la cavidad pélvica y puede extenderse hacia la pared abdominal ventral, según el grado de repleción (llene) de la vejiga. Tiene una capacidad de 3 a 4 lts.. Consta de una extremidad anterior ciega (vértice o fondo) con el vestigio del uraco, una porción media (cuerpo) y una extremidad estrecha posterior (cuello) que se continúa con la uretra. La cara ventral se haya sobre el piso de la pelvis, la cara dorsal en el macho, se relaciona con el recto, pliegue genital, conductos deferentes, vesículas seminales y próstata. En la hembra se relaciona con el cuello del útero y con la vagina. Se fija a través de 3 pliegues peritoneales: 1 ligamento medio y 2 ligamentos laterales.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ÓRGANOS URINARIOS DEL EQUINO","attachmentId":53821292,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33839269/%C3%93RGANOS_URINARIOS_DEL_EQUINO","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33839269/%C3%93RGANOS_URINARIOS_DEL_EQUINO"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="14715592" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14715592/CIRUG%C3%8DA_DE_LOS_TUMORES_INTRACRANEALES">CIRUGÍA DE LOS TUMORES INTRACRANEALES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33673182" href="https://unam.academia.edu/praimalepraimale">praimale praimale</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Se presentan en este trabajo 12 casos clínicos de neoplasias que afectan al encéfalo, correspondientes a 9 tipos diferentes de tumores; cuatro pertenecen a la fosa rostral, cuatro a la fosa media y cuatro a la fosa posterior. Se exponen los abordajes quirúrgicos de las diferentes áreas encefálicas, así como el manejo del tejido tumoral, y se describen dos vías de abordaje para acceder a la base del cráneo, muy poco conocidas en veterinaria. Así mismo, se demuestra que la resonancia magnética es imprescindible para optar a este tipo de cirugía. Gracias a todo ello, es posible aumentar las expectativas de vida de los animales afectados de tumores cerebrales.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CIRUGÍA DE LOS TUMORES INTRACRANEALES","attachmentId":38400978,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14715592/CIRUG%C3%8DA_DE_LOS_TUMORES_INTRACRANEALES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14715592/CIRUG%C3%8DA_DE_LOS_TUMORES_INTRACRANEALES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="42078273" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42078273/TUMORES_BENIGNOS">TUMORES BENIGNOS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="111588892" href="https://unan.academia.edu/GrethelLissbethCabreraDelgado">Grethel Lissbeth Cabrera Delgado</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Patología oral - Lesiones óseas benignas </p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A diferencia de los tumores odontógenos, el número de neoplasias verdaderas origi-nadas en los maxilares es pequeño. Aunque algunas son localmente destructoras, la mayoría de las lesiones tumorales, por ejemplo torus, exostosis y lesiones periféri-cas de células gigantes e incluso la mayoría de las centrales, no son neoplasias ver-daderas. Otras neoplasias que se presentan en y alrededor de la mandíbula y el maxilar superior derivan del tejido que origina vasos sanguíneos y linfáticos, ner-vios, linfocitos y las series de células mielógena y eritrocítica, y serán expuestas en los capítulos 9 y 12. TORUS/EXOSTOSISJOSTEOMA El torus aparece comúnmente en dos localizaciones intraorales específicas: en la línea media del paladar duro, denominándose toros palatinos, y en la parte lingual de la manill'bula en la región canina/premolar, denominándose toros mandibolaris. Las lesiones histológicamente idénticas que aparecen en el hueso alveolar de la man-díbula y del maxilar superior en otras regiones de la encía se denominan exostosis. Lesiones similares originadas en las superficies periósticas, pero no en las localiza-ciones antes mencionadas, se denominan osteomas. Mientras que los tori y las exos-tosis se cree que son reacciones a las fuerzas de tensión ósea, los osteomas se consi-deran neoplasias benignas. B FIGURA 4-23 Torus palatinus. A, Presentación típíca en forma de cuatro lóbulos de hueso denso localizados en la línea medía del paladar duro. B, Una complicación frecuente de las lesiones no extirpadas es la ulceración crónica. que a menudo conduce a osteomielitis focal. CLÍNICA Torus palatinus El torus palatinus se encuentra en la línea media del paladar de más de un 20% de los adultos. No está presente en pacientes jóvenes, apareciendo sólo después de la pubertad en individuos susceptibles. Una vez iniciado, las lesiones suelen crecer len-tamente a lo largo de toda la vida del paciente. Las excrecencias consisten comÚn-mente en cuatro lóbulos uniformemente espaciados constituidos por hueso denso con una fina capa de mucosa tensa sobre la superficie (fig. 4-23, A). Las lesiones pueden aumentar de tamaño y hacerse a veces pediculadas. Los tori de mayor tama-ño interfieren con el habla, la colocación de aparatos protésicos y el mantenimien-to de la higiene bucal y pueden producir úlceras que no cicatrizan (fig. 4-23, E) y que evolucionan a osteomielitis crónica. Torus mandibu/aris El torus mandibularis se encuentra generalmente a ambos lados en el área de los caninos de la parte lingual de la mandíbula (fig. 4-24). En algunos grupos raciales, como en los pueblos nativos nórdicos, aparece en más de130% de los adultos. Los tori son de crecimiento lento, suelen ser multilobulados y pueden llegar a ser muy grandes. Las masas de mayor tamaño pueden entorpecer el movimiento de la len-gua, el mantenimiento de la higiene bucal y la posibilidad de llevar una prótesis intraoral. Se erosionan fácilmente y curan con lentitud. FIGURA 4.24 Torus mandibularis. Lesiones extraordinariamente grandes localizadas en el hueso cortical lingual, en el área canina/premolar de la mandíbula. .T O R U S: excrecencia no neoplásica redondeada. con superficie lisa, de hueso nodular denso que se encuentra en la línea media del paladar y en las superficies linguales de la mandibula.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TUMORES BENIGNOS","attachmentId":62206381,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42078273/TUMORES_BENIGNOS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42078273/TUMORES_BENIGNOS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="39478402" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39478402/INTRODUCCI%C3%93N_PATOLOG%C3%8DA_TUMORAL_DEL_OVARIO_CLASIFICACI%C3%93N_Y_TERMINOLOG%C3%8DA_DE_LOS_TUMORES_DE_OVARIO_HISTOG%C3%89NESIS_Y_ANATOM%C3%8DA_PATOL%C3%93GICA">INTRODUCCIÓN PATOLOGÍA TUMORAL DEL OVARIO. CLASIFICACIÓN Y TERMINOLOGÍA DE LOS TUMORES DE OVARIO. HISTOGÉNESIS Y ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="116433814" href="https://unimagdalena.academia.edu/MARIALUISABLANCO">MARIA LUISA BLANCO</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Entre los cánceres del tracto genital femenino, el de ovario es el tercero en frecuencia por detrás del cáncer de cérvix y de endometrio, pero es responsable de casi la mitad de las muertes por cáncer genital, debido a la dificultad para el diagnostico precoz. El ovario puede originar tumores histológicamente muy dife-rentes y siempre ha sido un problema su clasificación porque la patogenia está menos clara que en otros tu-mores. La descripción que hacemos en este capitulo es muy básica y orientada al ginecólogo no al patólogo claro Adquieren cada vez más importancia los antecedentes familiares y las mutaciones hereditarias como las del BRCA1 y BRCA2, igualmente se ha descrito concen-traciones elevadas del oncogén HER2/neu y mutaciones en el p53. CLASIFICACIÓN La Organización Mundial de la Salud clasifica los tumores ováricos de acuerdo con el tejido de origen, (tabla 1). Es necesario puntualizar que los tumores "borderline" o tumores en el límite de malignidad histológica, son formas tumorales con entidad propia, no un estadio evolutivo. Histológicamente se dife-rencian de los benignos por: estratificación epitelial, aumento de la actividad mitótica, atípia nuclear con ausencia de invasión estromal, y porque pueden me-tastatizar. I.-Tumores del epitelio de superficie TUMORES SEROSOS Histogénesis En conjunto los tipo benigno, borderline y maligno re-presentan el 30% de todos los tumores ováricos, De todos ellos son benignos el 60 %, bordeline el 15 % y malignos el 25 %. Derivan del epitelio celómico superficial, la mayoría de los casos por transformación neoplásica de quistes de in-clusión. Formas benignas Terminología Quiste seroso, endosalpingioma, adenoma quístico, cis-tadenoma cilioepitelial, cistadenoma papilar, tumor be-nigno seropapilar de tipo mulleriano. Anatomía Patológica Macroscópicamente son tumores de contenido quístico, superficie lisa con vascularización prominente ocupados por un líquido similar al suero, (figura1). El tamaño es variable, desde pocos centímetros hasta grandes masas, en ocasiones se aprecian varias cámaras separadas por tabiques finos, un 25 % son bilaterales (figura 2). Microscópicamentes, están formados por epitelio cilín-drico o cúbico, las células pueden ser ciliadas. Los quistes [ 421 ] Capítulo 34</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"INTRODUCCIÓN PATOLOGÍA TUMORAL DEL OVARIO. CLASIFICACIÓN Y TERMINOLOGÍA DE LOS TUMORES DE OVARIO. HISTOGÉNESIS Y ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA","attachmentId":59625387,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39478402/INTRODUCCI%C3%93N_PATOLOG%C3%8DA_TUMORAL_DEL_OVARIO_CLASIFICACI%C3%93N_Y_TERMINOLOG%C3%8DA_DE_LOS_TUMORES_DE_OVARIO_HISTOG%C3%89NESIS_Y_ANATOM%C3%8DA_PATOL%C3%93GICA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39478402/INTRODUCCI%C3%93N_PATOLOG%C3%8DA_TUMORAL_DEL_OVARIO_CLASIFICACI%C3%93N_Y_TERMINOLOG%C3%8DA_DE_LOS_TUMORES_DE_OVARIO_HISTOG%C3%89NESIS_Y_ANATOM%C3%8DA_PATOL%C3%93GICA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="28660498" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28660498/TUMORES_%C3%93SEOS_BENIGNOS_1_">TUMORES ÓSEOS BENIGNOS (1)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53821936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/yadirajimenez6">yadira jimenez</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TUMORES ÓSEOS BENIGNOS (1)","attachmentId":49036806,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28660498/TUMORES_%C3%93SEOS_BENIGNOS_1_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28660498/TUMORES_%C3%93SEOS_BENIGNOS_1_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="33406197" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33406197/%C3%9Atero_Oviductos_Ovarios">Útero, Oviductos, Ovarios</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65378127" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NelsonEscalante2">Nelson Escalante</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">El útero, también denominado matriz o seno materno, es el órgano de la gestación y el mayor de los órganos del aparato reproductor femenino de la mayoría de los mamíferos, incluyendo los humanos. Es un órgano muscular, hueco, en forma de pera, extraperitoneal, situado en la pelvis mayor de la mujer, que cuando adopta la posición en anteversión se apoya sobre la vejiga urinaria por delante, estando el recto por detrás. Situado entre la vagina y las trompas de Falopio, aloja a la blástula, que se</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Útero, Oviductos, Ovarios","attachmentId":53460531,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33406197/%C3%9Atero_Oviductos_Ovarios","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33406197/%C3%9Atero_Oviductos_Ovarios"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="31727422" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31727422/OIT_INTRODUCCIONALESTUDIODELTRABAJO">OIT INTRODUCCIONALESTUDIODELTRABAJO</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61053225" href="https://independent.academia.edu/darkylsbeltran">darkyls beltran</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">de propiedad intelectual en virtud del protocolo 2 anexo a la Convención Universal sobre Derecho de Autor. No obstante, ciertos extractos breves de estas publicaciones pueden reproducirse sin autorización, a condición de que se mencione la fuente. Para obtener los derechos de reproducción o de traducción hay que formular las correspondientes solicitudes al Servicio de Publicaciones (Derechos de autor y licencias). Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, CH-1211 Ginebra 22, Suiza, solicitudes que serán bien acogidas. Kanawaty, G. (publicado con la dirección de) Introducción al estudio del trabajo Ginebra, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, cuarta edición (revisada), 1996 /Estudio del trabajo/, /Teoría/, /Aspecto técnico/. 12.04.5 ISBN 92-2-307108-9 Título de la edición original en inglés: Introduction to work study (ISBN 92-2-107108-1), Ginebra, cuarta edición (revisada), 1992 Publicado también en francés: Introduction à l'étude du travail (ISBN 92-2-207108-5), Ginebra, tercera edición (revisada), 1995 Las denominaciones empleadas, en concordancia con la práctica seguida en las Naciones Unidas, y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos en las publicaciones de la OIT no implican juicio alguno por parte de la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo sobre la condición jurídica de ninguno de los países, zonas o territorios citados o de sus autoridades, ni respecto de la delimitación de sus fronteras. La responsabilidad de las opiniones expresadas en los artículos, estudios y otras colaboraciones firmados incumbe exclusivamente a sus autores, y su publicación no significa que la OIT las sancione. Las referencias a firmas o a procesos o productos comerciales no implican aprobación alguna por la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, y el hecho de que no se mencionen firmas o procesos o productos comerciales no implica desaprobación alguna. Las publicaciones de la OIT pueden obtenerse en las principales librerías o en oficinas locales de la OIT en muchos países o pidiéndolas a: Publicaciones de la OIT, Oficina Internacional del Trabajo, CH-1211 Ginebra 22, Suiza, que también puede enviar a quienes lo soliciten un catálogo o una lista de nuevas publicaciones. Durante los quince años transcurridos desde la publicación de la tercera edición (revisada) de este libro, se han producido numerosos cambios. La tecnología ha ocasionado profundas modificaciones en los métodos de funcionamiento, ya sea en las fábricas o en las oficinas. Las innovaciones en la gestión de la producción han originado toda una serie de nuevos y promisorios enfoques de métodos de trabajo. Ha habido un crecimiento sostenido en los sectores de servicios, en su mayor parte a expensas de los sectores industrial y agrícola. De modo simultáneo, en una multitud de empresas se han introducido nuevos y diferentes horarios de trabajo. El estudio del trabajo no podía permanecer indiferente o apartado de tales cambios. Si uno de sus propósitos es el de mejorar métodos de trabajo, es imposible alcanzar ese objetivo aislándose del pensamiento actual y las tendencias futuras relacionados con la tecnología de las operaciones. Además, los avances tecnológicos, sobre todo en los sistemas de informática, pueden aprovecharse como un valioso instrumento para el estudio del trabajo. Teniendo en cuenta todo esto, se ha preparado la presente edición. Se añadieron seis nuevos capítulos (Tercera parte), que tratan de los enfoques de la gestión de la producción y su relación con el estudio del trabajo, y un nuevo capítulo sobre el estudio de métodos en oficinas. Se revisó la parte correspondiente a la medición del trabajo (Cuarta parte) de tal manera que abarcara la gama completa de técnicas que van desde los sistemas macroscópicos como las estimaciones estructuradas, hasta los microenfoques como las normas de tiempo predeterminadas. Las secciones referidas al uso de sistemas informatizados en el estudio del trabajo se incorporaron en el texto junto con enfoques más tradicionales. Asimismo, se revisaron los capítulos de condiciones de trabajo y nuevas formas de organización del trabajo, de acuerdo con las actuales orientaciones en esas áreas. 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