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itemtype=http://schema.org/WebSite><div id=wrapper-navbar><a class="skip-link sr-only sr-only-focusable" href=#content>Skip to content</a><nav id=main-nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light bg-primary" aria-labelledby=main-nav-label><h2 id="main-nav-label" class="sr-only"> Main Navigation</h2><div class=container> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow> <img width=183 height=58 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20183%2058'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/themes/botheme/images/logo.png class="img-fluid lazy" alt="Biology Online Logo"> </a> <button class=navbar-toggler type=button data-toggle=collapse data-target=#navbarNavDropdown aria-controls=navbarNavDropdown aria-expanded=false aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class=navbar-toggler-icon></span> </button><div class=site-search><form method=get id=searchform action=https://www.biologyonline.com/ 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show-ad-label" data-ad-mapping=rail data-ad-slot=BO_dictionary_pages data-ad-targetingpos=rail></div></div><div class=wrapper id=page-wrapper><div class=container id=content><div class=row><div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12 pb-4 content-single-article"><article class="post-36189 glossary type-glossary status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry glossary_cat-featured-term glossary_cat-p grow-content-body" id=post-36189><header class=entry-header><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><div class=pb-2><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Dictionary</a> > Population</div><div class=d-inline-block><h1 class="entry-title">Population</h1></div><div class="float-right pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/population"></g:sharetoclassroom></div></header><div class=entry-content><div class=st-container><img width=350 height=196 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20350%20196'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example-350x196.jpg class="st-img wp-post-image lazy" alt="population definition and example" decoding=async data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-definition-and-example.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px"><p><strong>Population </strong><br> n., plural: populations <br> [populaˈt͡si̯oːn] <br> Definition: an interbreeding group of organisms living together at the same place and time</p></div><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67451690a0809 class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67451690a0809 checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#Population_Definition title="Population Definition">Population Definition</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#Population_Definition_in_Science title="Population Definition in Science">Population Definition in Science</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Population_Definition_in_Biology title="Population Definition in Biology">Population Definition in Biology</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Population_Definition_in_Statistics title="Population Definition in Statistics">Population Definition in Statistics</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Population_Definition_in_Taxonomy title="Population Definition in Taxonomy">Population Definition in Taxonomy</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#Population_Definition_in_Ecology title="Population Definition in Ecology">Population Definition in Ecology</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Population_Definition_in_General title="Population Definition in General">Population Definition in General</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8" href=#Population_and_Biology title="Population and Biology">Population and Biology</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9" href=#Population_Biology title="Population Biology">Population Biology</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-4 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-4><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-4 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-4><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10" href=#Population_Size title="Population Size">Population Size</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11" href=#Population_Bottleneck title="Population Bottleneck">Population Bottleneck</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12" href=#Population_Genetics title="Population Genetics">Population Genetics</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13" href=#Population_Decline title="Population Decline">Population Decline</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14" href=#Overpopulation title=Overpopulation>Overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15" href=#Population_Examples title="Population Examples">Population Examples</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16" href=#1_Populations_under_threat_of_extinction title="1. Populations under threat of extinction:">1. Populations under threat of extinction:</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17" href=#2_Populations_of_bacteria title="2. Populations of bacteria:">2. Populations of bacteria:</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18" href=#%E2%80%9CWorld_Population_Prospects%E2%80%9D_Navigating_the_Tides_of_Human_Population title="“World Population Prospects”: Navigating the Tides of Human Population">“World Population Prospects”: Navigating the Tides of Human Population</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19" href=#Quiz title=Quiz>Quiz</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20" href=#Send_Your_Results_Optional title="Send Your Results (Optional)">Send Your Results (Optional)</a></li></ul></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21" href=#Further_Reading title="Further Reading">Further Reading</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22" href=#References title=References>References</a></li></ul></nav></div><p><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/living-thing data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Living organisms</a> typically prefer to live, grow, and survive in groups. Except for some <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/species data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>species</a> that prefer solitude – both distances away from organisms of their own species and from organisms of other species, most of the organisms on Earth prefer interlinked and interdependent lives.</p><div class='code-block code-block-7 code-block-block-7' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=103834&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><p>Organisms of a species living together in a group at a particular place are called a “<em>population</em>” in Biology. A <strong>population</strong> refers to an assortment of organisms in a given location. These organisms, since they belong to the same species, can interbreed and produce more of their kinds. Hence, when asked <em>what is a population in Biology</em>, one can elaborate it like this:</p><blockquote><p><strong><em>A population is a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.</em></strong></p></blockquote><p>But one must be inquisitive of the following ideas:</p><ul> <li><em>“Do all living organisms live in groups?”</em></li> <li><em>“Why do living organisms live in groups?”</em></li> <li><em>“How does the population system affect species survival and its continuity?”</em></li> <li><em> “Is the concept of population exclusive to the field of Biology?”</em></li></ul><p>To know more about these questions and queries, read our article here.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Definition></span>Population Definition<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>The concept of population is not exclusive to the field of Biology. We can find the ubiquitous use of the term “<em>population</em>” every now and then. Let’s try to understand and define the word “population” as per its usage. Let’s understand what population means in different fields of study.</p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code=PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODknIGNsYXNzPSdhZHliIHNob3ctYWQtbGFiZWwgbXgtbWQtbjMnIGRhdGEtYWQtbWFwcGluZz0nbWlkJyBkYXRhLWFkLXNsb3Q9J0JPX2FydGljbGUnIGRhdGEtYWQtdGFyZ2V0aW5ncG9zPSAnbWlkJyA+PC9kaXY+ data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Definition_in_Science></span>Population Definition in Science<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Population</strong> is a “<em>group</em>” in science. It is generally used in the context of Biological Science where it signifies the group of individuals of the same species. It is also used in Statistical Science, such as when referring to the world population.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Definition_in_Biology></span>Population Definition in Biology<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time (e.g., human population, the population of apple trees, total population of deer in a forest). It is a subset of the total individuals of a species that occupy a certain geographic area in the world. A species can be randomly or systematically distributed throughout the different parts of the world, countries, cities, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/forest data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>forests</a>, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ecosystem data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>ecosystems</a>, <em>etc</em>. But a defined set living in a “<em>very</em>” specific geographic dimension is called a <em>population</em>.</p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODEwJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Definition_in_Statistics></span>Population Definition in Statistics<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>A <em>population</em> is a set of data from which a statistical sample can be drawn. The data can pertain to business, research, biological study, analytical work, etc. Thus, any grouping of individuals based on some significant characteristic <em>“common feature”</em> for the matter of statistical analysis comprises a population. It is from this population that a sample is drawn. The sample thereby serves as a representative of the population with all the major characteristic features.</p><figure id=attachment_309293 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-309293 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority=high fetchpriority=high decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-309293 lazy" style="border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; padding: 10px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample-1024x576.jpg alt="population and sample" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-and-sample.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-309293 class=wp-caption-text>Figure 1: Population is a set of data from where a statistical sample can be drawn. Image Source: Maria Victoria Gonzaga of <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Biology Online</a>.</figcaption></figure><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Definition_in_Taxonomy></span>Population Definition in Taxonomy<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>In <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/taxonomy data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>taxonomy</a>, the population is a <em>low-level</em> <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/taxon data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>taxonomic unit or rank</a>. Starting from the <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/kingdom data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>kingdom</a>, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/phylum data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>phylum</a>/ <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/division data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>division</a>, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/class data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>class</a>, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/order data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>order</a>, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/family data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>family</a>, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/genus data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>genus</a>, <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/species data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>species</a>, there are many taxonomic ranks in a hierarchy that help classify biological <em><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/diversity data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>diversity</a></em> and its studies. Below species, there are some informal taxonomic ranks like <em>subspecies</em>, <em>varieties, cultivars</em>, and <em>populations.</em></p><figure id=attachment_309295 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-309295 style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="wp-image-309295 lazy" style="border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; padding: 10px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20560%20315'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank-1024x576.jpg alt="population as taxonomic rank" width=560 height=315 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/population-as-taxononmic-rank.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-309295 class=wp-caption-text>Figure 2: Population is a low-level taxonomic rank in Taxonomy. Source: Akanksha Saxena of <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/ data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Biology Online</a>.</figcaption></figure><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODExJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Definition_in_Ecology></span>Population Definition in Ecology<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>In Ecology, the meaning of population is similar to as defined in Biology. It is a dynamic entity that comprises individuals that belong to the same species and can reproduce with each other for the continuation of species.</p><p>Population ecology is a very interesting subject to ecologists as it helps them understand the role of various ecological factors on population traits like preferences, population numbers, migrations, etc. The size of populations fluctuates with several environmental factors like air, water, sunlight, resource conditions, competition and food availability, disaster probability, frequency, etc. In order to understand and describe populations, the key characteristics to look at are their <strong>size</strong> and <strong>density.</strong></p><ul> <li><em><strong>Size- Example 1:</strong></em> A population with a greater number of individuals has more chances of survival over time and when unprecedented times arrive at their doors because the genetic variability in the bigger population will certainly be more than that in the smaller populations.</li> <li><em><strong>Density- Example 2:</strong> </em>A population with low density will have individuals spread over a larger area but with a lesser number of individuals per unit area. Such a spread of population usually makes the chances of mate encounter bleak and rare. Thus, this deprives the individuals in this population of successful reproduction chances.</li></ul><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Definition_in_General></span>Population Definition in General<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>In general, we define a population as a group of people inhabiting a territory. Example-American population, Indian population, Chinese population, the general population of a city, etc.</p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODEyJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_and_Biology></span>Population and Biology<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>The use of the term population is ubiquitous but let’s try to shed some light on the terms usually associated with population in Biology.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Biology></span>Population Biology<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>The term was coined and first used by Edward Osborne Wilson in 1971 when studying population dynamics in light of mathematical and analytical models. Population biology is an interdisciplinary field that deals with concepts of Ecology, Statistics, Genetics, and Mathematics altogether. Population biology refers to the biological study primarily concerned with the growth and regulation of population size, population genetics, demography, life history evolution, and the interactions among species.</p><p>Population ecology deals with the various ecological factors that affect the populations and their characteristics like abundance, distribution, and composition. It’s a subset of ecology that takes into account the birth rates and death rates in populations. It also takes into account the immigration and emigration rates in a population. It is actually the dynamics of the population of species. It attempts to explain the ways by which species populations interact with their environment.</p><figure id=attachment_309296 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-309296 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-309296 lazy" style="border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; padding: 10px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20544'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Edward-Osborne-Wilson-photo-678x576.jpg alt="Edward Osborne Wilson photo" width=640 height=544 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Edward-Osborne-Wilson-photo-678x576.jpg 678w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Edward-Osborne-Wilson-photo-198x168.jpg 198w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Edward-Osborne-Wilson-photo.jpg 705w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-309296 class=wp-caption-text>Figure 2: Edward Osborne Wilson was an influential naturalist and biologist who first used the term population biology. Image Source: <a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Plos_wilson.jpg/705px-Plos_wilson.jpg data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Jim Harrison – PLoS</a>, CC-licensed.</figcaption></figure><ul> <li><h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Size></span>Population Size<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h4> </li></ul><p>The total number of representative individuals in a given population at a given time is called the <em>population size</em>. Population size is affected by the intrinsic rate of increase (also called the <em>per capita growth rate</em>) of the population. The carrying capacity of the population is the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain. If the population size increases beyond the carrying capacity, the availability of resources becomes limited and sustainability comes at a fall-off limit.</p><ul> <li><h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Bottleneck></span>Population Bottleneck<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h4> </li></ul><p>Population bottleneck is that breakout threshold limit at which either a population recovers its original numbers or dies to extinction after a man-made or natural disaster hits it. It is characterized by a sudden and sharp reduction in the population size. There could be several reasons for this sharp reduction like environmental and natural calamities like cyclones, forest fires, hailstorms, floods, droughts, disease outbreaks, etc, or manmade disasters like the extinction of a species that this population depended on for its food resources, life cycle completion, etc, intentional killing of species, overexploitation for human needs, etc. It generally occurs for a short period of time.</p><figure id=attachment_309297 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-309297 style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="wp-image-309297 lazy" style="border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; padding: 10px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20560%20475'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/popultion-bottleneck.png alt="population bottleneck" width=560 height=475 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/popultion-bottleneck.png 440w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/popultion-bottleneck-198x168.png 198w" data-sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-309297 class=wp-caption-text>Figure 3: Population bottleneck is always followed by either of these 2 events- recovery or extinction. Source: <a href=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Population_bottleneck.svg/440px-Population_bottleneck.svg.png data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Mysid</a>, CC-licensed.</figcaption></figure><ul> <li><h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Genetics></span>Population Genetics<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h4> </li></ul><p>Population genetics deals with the various variations at the allelic level among the individuals of a population. It also takes into account how these allelic variants pass on from one generation to another, and how parents pass the variations in each gene (allelic variations) to their progeny. Population genetics is an interesting subject because it helps you track the changes in the population composition over time (temporal changes in population) alongside knowing the varied roles different evolutionary forces play in this changing procedure.</p><ul> <li><h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Decline></span>Population Decline<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h4> </li></ul><p>Population decline refers to a decline in the population of any organism.</p><ul> <li><h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Overpopulation></span>Overpopulation<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h4> </li></ul><p>Overpopulation is an increase in the population of any species exceeding the carrying capacity of an ecological niche.</p><div style="background: #e2e2e2; padding: 15px; margin: 30px 0;"><em><strong>Biology definition:</strong></em><br> A <em><strong>population</strong> </em>is an assortment of <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/organism data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>organisms</a> of a species that live in the same place at the same time and interbreed. Relevant terms in the study of population include <em>population biology, population ecology, population size, population bottleneck, population decline, etc.</em></p><ul> <li><strong>Population biology</strong> refers to the biological study of the populations of a species. It is primarily concerned with the growth and regulation of population size, population genetics, demography, and life history evolution, and the interactions among species.</li> <li><strong>Population ecology</strong> is the dynamics of the population of species. It attempts to explain the ways by which species populations interact with their <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/environment data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>environment</a>.</li> <li><strong>Population size</strong> pertains to the number of individual organisms in a population and is denoted by <em>N</em>.</li> <li><strong>Population decline</strong> refers to a decline in the population of any organism.</li> <li><strong>Population bottleneck</strong> is a reduction in the size of the population for a short period of time. Environmental events are one of the factors causing a population bottleneck.</li> <li>An increase in the population of any species exceeding the carrying capacity of an <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/ecological-niche data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>ecological niche</a> is referred to as <strong>overpopulation</strong>.</li></ul><p><em><strong>Etymology:</strong> Latin populatio, from populus (people).</em></p></div><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODEzJyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Population_Examples></span>Population Examples<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>There are various examples of population:</p><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=1_Populations_under_threat_of_extinction></span>1. Populations under threat of extinction:<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><ul> <li><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Northern elephant seals’ populations –</span></strong> Due to the overhunting of these organisms in the 19th century, their populations declined and neared extinction. Even with the efforts to curb this and correct human mishandling over the years, some things couldn’t be turned back to the past. A similar thing happened with northern elephant seals and they lost their genetic variability. The current genetic variation in their population is very low.</li></ul><figure id=attachment_309298 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-309298 style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="wp-image-309298 lazy" style="border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; padding: 10px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20560%20374'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/elephant-seals-864x576.jpg alt="elephant seals" width=560 height=374 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/elephant-seals-864x576.jpg 864w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/elephant-seals-252x168.jpg 252w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/elephant-seals-768x512.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/elephant-seals.jpg 1024w" data-sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-309298 class=wp-caption-text>Figure 4: Low genetic variability in elephant seal populations is a result of mishandling by human populations. Image Credit: <a href=https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Mirounga_Male_&_Female.jpg data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">Munca</a>.</figcaption></figure><ul> <li><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Cheetah populations </span></strong>– Cheetah populations are under threat of extinction because of the low genetic variations like elephant seals. It’s the planet’s fastest land animal and losing such a precious species and its population is a big loss for the planet.</li></ul><figure id=attachment_309299 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-309299 style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="wp-image-309299 lazy" style="border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; padding: 10px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20560%20637'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/historic-and-current-cheetah-population.jpg alt="historic and current cheetah population" width=560 height=637 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/historic-and-current-cheetah-population.jpg 320w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/historic-and-current-cheetah-population-148x168.jpg 148w" data-sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-309299 class=wp-caption-text>Figure 5: The figure shows the comparison between the historic and current cheetah population ranges on the planet. Image Credit: <a href=https://wildlifeday.org/sites/default/files/fact_sheets/cheetah/fact-sheet-cheetah-1.jpg class=broken_link data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">wildlifeday.org</a></figcaption></figure><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE0JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=2_Populations_of_bacteria></span>2. Populations of bacteria:<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3><p>Various different bacteria live in our guts. The roles they perform in the proper functioning of the body are indispensable. The current trend of probiotics and prebiotics in the superstores has a lot to do with the populations of microbiota in our gut. Regular intake of fermented food, pickles, curd, probiotic food, and drinks has always been a part of the traditional lifestyles of old people across the world. All these food types help in maintaining a healthy population of beneficial bacterial populations in our gut.</p><figure id=attachment_309300 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-309300 style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="wp-image-309300 lazy" style="border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; padding: 10px;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20560%20560'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/food-for-microbiota-populations-576x576.jpg alt="food for microbiota populations" width=560 height=560 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/food-for-microbiota-populations-576x576.jpg 576w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/food-for-microbiota-populations-168x168.jpg 168w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/food-for-microbiota-populations-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/food-for-microbiota-populations-768x768.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/food-for-microbiota-populations-65x65.jpg 65w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/food-for-microbiota-populations.jpg 1200w" data-sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-309300 class=wp-caption-text>Figure 6: Prebiotic and probiotic food helps in keeping the microbiota populations in good numbers in our guts. Image Credit: <a href=https://foodrevolution.org/wp-content/uploads/infographic-prebiotics-20180807.jpg data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">FoodRevolution</a>.</figcaption></figure><h2></h2><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe title="YouTube video player" src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/PUwmA3Q0_OE width=560 height=340 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen><span data-mce-type=bookmark style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;" class=mce_SELRES_start></span><span data-mce-type=bookmark style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;" class=mce_SELRES_start></span></iframe></div><div style="background: #e2e2e2; padding: 15px; margin: 30px 0;"><p><strong><em>NOTE IT!</em></strong></p><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE1JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span class=ez-toc-section id=%E2%80%9CWorld_Population_Prospects%E2%80%9D_Navigating_the_Tides_of_Human_Population></span><em>“World Population Prospects”: Navigating the Tides of Human Population</em><span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><hr><p>In a world where numbers hold immense power, the United Nations Population Division, under the <em>Department of Economic and Social Affairs</em>, stands as a beacon of knowledge. <em>Their mission?</em> To decode the intricate <em>tides</em> of global population growth through initiatives like the “<strong>World Population Prospects</strong>“.</p><p>Collaborating closely with the United States Census Bureau, they paint vivid portraits of our world’s resident populations, providing invaluable population estimates. These insights, essential in the United Nations system, guide policies and decisions that transcend borders. From the<em> ebb and flow</em> of the world’s population trends to the <em>seismic</em> shifts in reproductive age demographics, the UN Population Division’s expertise is our compass in a world where global population change defines our shared future. It’s not just data; it’s the story of humanity’s journey.</p></div><p><em><strong>Try to answer the quiz below to check what you have learned so far about populations.</strong></em></p> <script>if(window.qmn_quiz_data===undefined){window.qmn_quiz_data=new Object();}</script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data["374"]={"quiz_id":"374","quiz_name":"Population definition - quiz","disable_answer":"0","ajax_show_correct":"0","progress_bar":"1","contact_info_location":"1","qpages":{"2":{"id":"2","quizID":"374","pagekey":"X5pncENl","hide_prevbtn":"0"}},"skip_validation_time_expire":"1","timer_limit_val":0,"disable_scroll_next_previous_click":"0","disable_first_page":0,"enable_result_after_timer_end":"0","enable_quick_result_mc":"0","end_quiz_if_wrong":0,"form_disable_autofill":0,"disable_mathjax":0,"enable_quick_correct_answer_info":0,"quick_result_correct_answer_text":"Correct! You have selected correct answer.","quick_result_wrong_answer_text":"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.","quiz_processing_message":"","quiz_limit_choice":"Limit of choice is reached.","not_allow_after_expired_time":0,"scheduled_time_end":false,"error_messages":{"email_error_text":"Not a valid e-mail address!","number_error_text":"This field must be a number!","incorrect_error_text":"The entered text is not correct!","empty_error_text":"Please complete all required fields!","url_error_text":"The entered URL is not valid!","minlength_error_text":"Required atleast %minlength% characters.","maxlength_error_text":"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.","recaptcha_error_text":"ReCaptcha is missing"},"first_page":false}</script><style id=qmn_quiz_template-css>.qsm-pagination{border:none !important}</style><div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-374 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz quiz_theme_default '><form name=quizForm374 id=quizForm374 action=/dictionary/population method=POST class="qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form" novalidate enctype=multipart/form-data> <input type=hidden name=qsm_hidden_questions id=qsm_hidden_questions value> <input type=hidden name=qsm_nonce id=qsm_nonce_374 value=dd690d9ba3> <input type=hidden name=qsm_unique_key id=qsm_unique_key_374 value=6745169038834><div id=mlw_error_message class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <span id=mlw_top_of_quiz></span><section class="qsm-page "><div class="quiz_section quiz_begin"><div class='qsm-before-message mlw_qmn_message_before'><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Quiz></span>Quiz<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Choose the best answer. </strong></p></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-1827 " data-qid=1827><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>1. A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1827-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1827 id=question1827_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1827_1> Ecosystem </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1827-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1827 id=question1827_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1827_2> Population </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1827-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1827 id=question1827_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1827_3> Niche </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question1827 id=question1827_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-1848 " data-qid=1848><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>2. The total number of representative individuals in a given population at a given time</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1848-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1848 id=question1848_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1848_1> Population decline </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1848-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1848 id=question1848_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1848_2> Population bottleneck </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1848-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1848 id=question1848_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1848_3> Population size </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question1848 id=question1848_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-1849 " data-qid=1849><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>3. Refers to the decline in the population of any organism</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1849-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1849 id=question1849_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1849_1> Population decline </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1849-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1849 id=question1849_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1849_2> Population bottleneck </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1849-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1849 id=question1849_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1849_3> Population size </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question1849 id=question1849_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-1850 " data-qid=1850><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>4. A sudden and sharp reduction in the population size</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1850-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1850 id=question1850_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1850_1> Overpopulation </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1850-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1850 id=question1850_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1850_2> Population genetics </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1850-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1850 id=question1850_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1850_3> Population bottleneck </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question1850 id=question1850_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-1851 " data-qid=1851><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>5. An increase in the population that exceeds the carrying capacity of an ecological niche</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1851-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1851 id=question1851_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1851_1> Overpopulation </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1851-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1851 id=question1851_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1851_2> Population genetics </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question1851-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input' name=question1851 id=question1851_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question1851_3> Population bottleneck </label></div> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question1851 id=question1851_none checked=checked value></div></div><div class=quiz_section><div class='qsm-after-message mlw_qmn_message_end'><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Send_Your_Results_Optional></span>Send Your Results (Optional)<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-text"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'>Your Name</span> <input type=text class name=contact_field_0 id=contact_field_0 value placeholder='Your Name'></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-email"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'>To Email</span> <input type=email class='mlwEmail ' name=contact_field_1 id=contact_field_1 value placeholder='To Email'></div></div></section> <input type=hidden name=qmn_question_list value=1827Q1848Q1849Q1850Q1851Q><div id=mlw_error_message_bottom class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <input type=hidden name=qmn_all_questions_count id=qmn_all_questions_count value=5> <input type=hidden name=total_questions id=total_questions value=5> <input type=hidden name=timer id=timer value=0> <input type=hidden name=timer_ms id=timer_ms value=0> <input type=hidden class=qmn_quiz_id name=qmn_quiz_id id=qmn_quiz_id value=374> <input type=hidden name=complete_quiz value=confirmation></form></div><div style="display: none;" class="qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide" id=modal-4 aria-hidden=false><div class=qsm-popup__overlay tabindex=-1 data-micromodal-close><div class="qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container" role=dialog aria-modal=true><div class=qsm-popup__content><img class=lazy decoding=async src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/assets/clock.png alt=clock.png><p class=qsm-time-up-text> Time's up</p></div><footer class=qsm-popup__footer><button class="qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn" data-micromodal-close aria-label="Close this dialog window" onclick=location.reload();>Cancel</button></footer></div></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Further_Reading></span>Further Reading<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><ul> <li><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/population-growth-and-survivorship data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Population Growth and Survivorship – Biology Online Tutorial</a></li> <li><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/population-regulation-in-an-ecosystem data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Population Regulation in an Ecosystem – Biology Online Tutorial</a></li> <li><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/the-gene-pool-and-speciation data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>The Gene Pool and Population Genetics – Biology Online</a></li></ul><div class='code-block code-block-2 code-block-block-2' style='margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;'><div class=ai-lazy data-code="PCEtLSBhZnRlciBldmVyeSA0IHBhcmFncmFwaCBkZXNrdG9wIHBvc3QtLT4KPGRpdiBpZD0nbWlkODE2JyBjbGFzcz0nYWR5YiBzaG93LWFkLWxhYmVsIG14LW1kLW4zJyBkYXRhLWFkLW1hcHBpbmc9J21pZCcgZGF0YS1hZC1zbG90PSdCT19hcnRpY2xlJyBkYXRhLWFkLXRhcmdldGluZ3Bvcz0gJ21pZCcgPjwvZGl2Pg==" data-class="Y29kZS1ibG9jaw=="></div></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=References></span>References<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><ul> <li>Hartl, Daniel (2007). Principles of Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-87893-308-2.</li> <li>Hoelzel, A. R., Halley, J., O’Brien, S. J., Campagna, C., Arnbom, T., Le Boeuf, B., Ralls, K., & Dover, G. A. (1993). Elephant seal genetic variation and the use of simulation models to investigate historical population bottlenecks. The Journal of heredity, 84(6), 443–449. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111370</li> <li>Marczewski, T., Ma, Y. P., Zhang, X. M., Sun, W. B., & Marczewski, A. J. (2016). Why is population information crucial for taxonomy? A case study involving a hybrid swarm and related varieties. AoB PLANTS, 8, plw070. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plw070</li></ul><p>©BiologyOnline.com. 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T-I9105|GT-I8510|GT-S6790N|SM-G7105|SM-N9005|GT-S5301|GT-I9295|GT-I9195|SM-C101|GT-S7392|GT-S7560|GT-B7610|GT-I5510|GT-S7582|GT-S7530E|GT-I8750|SM-G9006V|SM-G9008V|SM-G9009D|SM-G900A|SM-G900D|SM-G900F|SM-G900H|SM-G900I|SM-G900J|SM-G900K|SM-G900L|SM-G900M|SM-G900P|SM-G900R4|SM-G900S|SM-G900T|SM-G900V|SM-G900W8|SHV-E160K|SCH-P709|SCH-P729|SM-T2558|GT-I9205|SM-G9350|SM-J120F|SM-G920F|SM-G920V|SM-G930F|SM-N910C|SM-A310F|GT-I9190|SM-J500FN|SM-G903F|SM-J330F|SM-G610F|SM-G981B|SM-G892A|SM-A530F",LG:"\\bLG\\b;|LG[- ]?(C800|C900|E400|E610|E900|E-900|F160|F180K|F180L|F180S|730|855|L160|LS740|LS840|LS970|LU6200|MS690|MS695|MS770|MS840|MS870|MS910|P500|P700|P705|VM696|AS680|AS695|AX840|C729|E970|GS505|272|C395|E739BK|E960|L55C|L75C|LS696|LS860|P769BK|P350|P500|P509|P870|UN272|US730|VS840|VS950|LN272|LN510|LS670|LS855|LW690|MN270|MN510|P509|P769|P930|UN200|UN270|UN510|UN610|US670|US740|US760|UX265|UX840|VN271|VN530|VS660|VS700|VS740|VS750|VS910|VS920|VS930|VX9200|VX11000|AX840A|LW770|P506|P925|P999|E612|D955|D802|MS323|M257)|LM-G710",Sony:"SonyST|SonyLT|SonyEricsson|SonyEricssonLT15iv|LT18i|E10i|LT28h|LT26w|SonyEricssonMT27i|C5303|C6902|C6903|C6906|C6943|D2533|SOV34|601SO|F8332",Asus:"Asus.*Galaxy|PadFone.*Mobile",Xiaomi:"^(?!.*\\bx11\\b).*xiaomi.*$|POCOPHONE F1|MI 8|Redmi Note 9S|Redmi Note 5A Prime|N2G47H|M2001J2G|M2001J2I|M1805E10A|M2004J11G|M1902F1G|M2002J9G|M2004J19G|M2003J6A1G",NokiaLumia:"Lumia [0-9]{3,4}",Micromax:"Micromax.*\\b(A210|A92|A88|A72|A111|A110Q|A115|A116|A110|A90S|A26|A51|A35|A54|A25|A27|A89|A68|A65|A57|A90)\\b",Palm:"PalmSource|Palm",Vertu:"Vertu|Vertu.*Ltd|Vertu.*Ascent|Vertu.*Ayxta|Vertu.*Constellation(F|Quest)?|Vertu.*Monika|Vertu.*Signature",Pantech:"PANTECH|IM-A850S|IM-A840S|IM-A830L|IM-A830K|IM-A830S|IM-A820L|IM-A810K|IM-A810S|IM-A800S|IM-T100K|IM-A725L|IM-A780L|IM-A775C|IM-A770K|IM-A760S|IM-A750K|IM-A740S|IM-A730S|IM-A720L|IM-A710K|IM-A690L|IM-A690S|IM-A650S|IM-A630K|IM-A600S|VEGA PTL21|PT003|P8010|ADR910L|P6030|P6020|P9070|P4100|P9060|P5000|CDM8992|TXT8045|ADR8995|IS11PT|P2030|P6010|P8000|PT002|IS06|CDM8999|P9050|PT001|TXT8040|P2020|P9020|P2000|P7040|P7000|C790",Fly:"IQ230|IQ444|IQ450|IQ440|IQ442|IQ441|IQ245|IQ256|IQ236|IQ255|IQ235|IQ245|IQ275|IQ240|IQ285|IQ280|IQ270|IQ260|IQ250",Wiko:"KITE 4G|HIGHWAY|GETAWAY|STAIRWAY|DARKSIDE|DARKFULL|DARKNIGHT|DARKMOON|SLIDE|WAX 4G|RAINBOW|BLOOM|SUNSET|GOA(?!nna)|LENNY|BARRY|IGGY|OZZY|CINK FIVE|CINK PEAX|CINK PEAX 2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( A1|A10| K1|)|ThinkPad([ ]+)?Tablet|YT3-850M|YT3-X90L|YT3-X90F|YT3-X90X|Lenovo.*(S2109|S2110|S5000|S6000|K3011|A3000|A3500|A1000|A2107|A2109|A1107|A5500|A7600|B6000|B8000|B8080)(-|)(FL|F|HV|H|)|TB-X103F|TB-X304X|TB-X304F|TB-X304L|TB-X505F|TB-X505L|TB-X505X|TB-X605F|TB-X605L|TB-8703F|TB-8703X|TB-8703N|TB-8704N|TB-8704F|TB-8704X|TB-8704V|TB-7304F|TB-7304I|TB-7304X|Tab2A7-10F|Tab2A7-20F|TB2-X30L|YT3-X50L|YT3-X50F|YT3-X50M|YT-X705F|YT-X703F|YT-X703L|YT-X705L|YT-X705X|TB2-X30F|TB2-X30L|TB2-X30M|A2107A-F|A2107A-H|TB3-730F|TB3-730M|TB3-730X|TB-7504F|TB-7504X|TB-X704F|TB-X104F|TB3-X70F|TB-X705F|TB-8504F|TB3-X70L|TB3-710F|TB-X704L",DellTablet:"Venue 11|Venue 8|Venue 7|Dell Streak 10|Dell Streak 7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE U8GT",CobyTablet:"MID1042|MID1045|MID1125|MID1126|MID7012|MID7014|MID7015|MID7034|MID7035|MID7036|MID7042|MID7048|MID7127|MID8042|MID8048|MID8127|MID9042|MID9740|MID9742|MID7022|MID7010",MIDTablet:"M9701|M9000|M9100|M806|M1052|M806|T703|MID701|MID713|MID710|MID727|MID760|MID830|MID728|MID933|MID125|MID810|MID732|MID120|MID930|MID800|MID731|MID900|MID100|MID820|MID735|MID980|MID130|MID833|MID737|MID960|MID135|MID860|MID736|MID140|MID930|MID835|MID733|MID4X10",MSITablet:"MSI \\b(Primo 73K|Primo 73L|Primo 81L|Primo 77|Primo 93|Primo 75|Primo 76|Primo 73|Primo 81|Primo 91|Primo 90|Enjoy 71|Enjoy 7|Enjoy 10)\\b",SMiTTablet:"Android.*(\\bMID\\b|MID-560|MTV-T1200|MTV-PND531|MTV-P1101|MTV-PND530)",RockChipTablet:"Android.*(RK2818|RK2808A|RK2918|RK3066)|RK2738|RK2808A",FlyTablet:"IQ310|Fly Vision",bqTablet:"Android.*(bq)?.*\\b(Elcano|Curie|Edison|Maxwell|Kepler|Pascal|Tesla|Hypatia|Platon|Newton|Livingstone|Cervantes|Avant|Aquaris ([E|M]10|M8))\\b|Maxwell.*Lite|Maxwell.*Plus",HuaweiTablet:"MediaPad|MediaPad 7 Youth|IDEOS S7|S7-201c|S7-202u|S7-101|S7-103|S7-104|S7-105|S7-106|S7-201|S7-Slim|M2-A01L|BAH-L09|BAH-W09|AGS-L09|CMR-AL19",NecTablet:"\\bN-06D|\\bN-08D",PantechTablet:"Pantech.*P4100",BronchoTablet:"Broncho.*(N701|N708|N802|a710)",VersusTablet:"TOUCHPAD.*[78910]|\\bTOUCHTAB\\b",ZyncTablet:"z1000|Z99 2G|z930|z990|z909|Z919|z900",PositivoTablet:"TB07STA|TB10STA|TB07FTA|TB10FTA",NabiTablet:"Android.*\\bNabi",KoboTablet:"Kobo Touch|\\bK080\\b|\\bVox\\b Build|\\bArc\\b Build",DanewTablet:"DSlide.*\\b(700|701R|702|703R|704|802|970|971|972|973|974|1010|1012)\\b",TexetTablet:"NaviPad|TB-772A|TM-7045|TM-7055|TM-9750|TM-7016|TM-7024|TM-7026|TM-7041|TM-7043|TM-7047|TM-8041|TM-9741|TM-9747|TM-9748|TM-9751|TM-7022|TM-7021|TM-7020|TM-7011|TM-7010|TM-7023|TM-7025|TM-7037W|TM-7038W|TM-7027W|TM-9720|TM-9725|TM-9737W|TM-1020|TM-9738W|TM-9740|TM-9743W|TB-807A|TB-771A|TB-727A|TB-725A|TB-719A|TB-823A|TB-805A|TB-723A|TB-715A|TB-707A|TB-705A|TB-709A|TB-711A|TB-890HD|TB-880HD|TB-790HD|TB-780HD|TB-770HD|TB-721HD|TB-710HD|TB-434HD|TB-860HD|TB-840HD|TB-760HD|TB-750HD|TB-740HD|TB-730HD|TB-722HD|TB-720HD|TB-700HD|TB-500HD|TB-470HD|TB-431HD|TB-430HD|TB-506|TB-504|TB-446|TB-436|TB-416|TB-146SE|TB-126SE",PlaystationTablet:"Playstation.*(Portable|Vita)",TrekstorTablet:"ST10416-1|VT10416-1|ST70408-1|ST702xx-1|ST702xx-2|ST80208|ST97216|ST70104-2|VT10416-2|ST10216-2A|SurfTab",PyleAudioTablet:"\\b(PTBL10CEU|PTBL10C|PTBL72BC|PTBL72BCEU|PTBL7CEU|PTBL7C|PTBL92BC|PTBL92BCEU|PTBL9CEU|PTBL9CUK|PTBL9C)\\b",AdvanTablet:"Android.* \\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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1027",HCLTablet:"HCL.*Tablet|Connect-3G-2.0|Connect-2G-2.0|ME Tablet U1|ME Tablet U2|ME Tablet G1|ME Tablet X1|ME Tablet Y2|ME Tablet Sync",DPSTablet:"DPS Dream 9|DPS Dual 7",VistureTablet:"V97 HD|i75 3G|Visture V4( HD)?|Visture V5( HD)?|Visture V10",CrestaTablet:"CTP(-)?810|CTP(-)?818|CTP(-)?828|CTP(-)?838|CTP(-)?888|CTP(-)?978|CTP(-)?980|CTP(-)?987|CTP(-)?988|CTP(-)?989",MediatekTablet:"\\bMT8125|MT8389|MT8135|MT8377\\b",ConcordeTablet:"Concorde([ ]+)?Tab|ConCorde ReadMan",GoCleverTablet:"GOCLEVER TAB|A7GOCLEVER|M1042|M7841|M742|R1042BK|R1041|TAB A975|TAB A7842|TAB A741|TAB A741L|TAB M723G|TAB M721|TAB A1021|TAB I921|TAB R721|TAB I720|TAB T76|TAB R70|TAB R76.2|TAB R106|TAB R83.2|TAB M813G|TAB I721|GCTA722|TAB I70|TAB I71|TAB S73|TAB R73|TAB R74|TAB R93|TAB R75|TAB R76.1|TAB A73|TAB A93|TAB A93.2|TAB T72|TAB R83|TAB R974|TAB R973|TAB A101|TAB A103|TAB A104|TAB A104.2|R105BK|M713G|A972BK|TAB A971|TAB R974.2|TAB R104|TAB R83.3|TAB A1042",ModecomTablet:"FreeTAB 9000|FreeTAB 7.4|FreeTAB 7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 3G|G18d 3G|\\bP79HD\\b|\\bP89s\\b|\\bA88\\b|\\bP10HD\\b|\\bP19HD\\b|G18 3G|\\bP78HD\\b|\\bA78\\b|\\bP75\\b|G17s 3G|G17h 3G|\\bP85t\\b|\\bP90\\b|\\bP11\\b|\\bP98t\\b|\\bP98HD\\b|\\bG18d\\b|\\bP85s\\b|\\bP11HD\\b|\\bP88s\\b|\\bA80HD\\b|\\bA80se\\b|\\bA10h\\b|\\bP89\\b|\\bP78s\\b|\\bG18\\b|\\bP85\\b|\\bA70h\\b|\\bA70\\b|\\bG17\\b|\\bP18\\b|\\bA80s\\b|\\bA11s\\b|\\bP88HD\\b|\\bA80h\\b|\\bP76s\\b|\\bP76h\\b|\\bP98\\b|\\bA10HD\\b|\\bP78\\b|\\bP88\\b|\\bA11\\b|\\bA10t\\b|\\bP76a\\b|\\bP76t\\b|\\bP76e\\b|\\bP85HD\\b|\\bP85a\\b|\\bP86\\b|\\bP75HD\\b|\\bP76v\\b|\\bA12\\b|\\bP75a\\b|\\bA15\\b|\\bP76Ti\\b|\\bP81HD\\b|\\bA10\\b|\\bT760VE\\b|\\bT720HD\\b|\\bP76\\b|\\bP73\\b|\\bP71\\b|\\bP72\\b|\\bT720SE\\b|\\bC520Ti\\b|\\bT760\\b|\\bT720VE\\b|T720-3GE|T720-WiFi",OndaTablet:"\\b(V975i|Vi30|VX530|V701|Vi60|V701s|Vi50|V801s|V719|Vx610w|VX610W|V819i|Vi10|VX580W|Vi10|V711s|V813|V811|V820w|V820|Vi20|V711|VI30W|V712|V891w|V972|V819w|V820w|Vi60|V820w|V711|V813s|V801|V819|V975s|V801|V819|V819|V818|V811|V712|V975m|V101w|V961w|V812|V818|V971|V971s|V919|V989|V116w|V102w|V973|Vi40)\\b[\\s]+|V10 \\b4G\\b",JaytechTablet:"TPC-PA762",BlaupunktTablet:"Endeavour 800NG|Endeavour 1010",DigmaTablet:"\\b(iDx10|iDx9|iDx8|iDx7|iDxD7|iDxD8|iDsQ8|iDsQ7|iDsQ8|iDsD10|iDnD7|3TS804H|iDsQ11|iDj7|iDs10)\\b",EvolioTablet:"ARIA_Mini_wifi|Aria[ _]Mini|Evolio X10|Evolio X7|Evolio X8|\\bEvotab\\b|\\bNeura\\b",LavaTablet:"QPAD E704|\\bIvoryS\\b|E-TAB IVORY|\\bE-TAB\\b",AocTablet:"MW0811|MW0812|MW0922|MTK8382|MW1031|MW0831|MW0821|MW0931|MW0712",MpmanTablet:"MP11 OCTA|MP10 OCTA|MPQC1114|MPQC1004|MPQC994|MPQC974|MPQC973|MPQC804|MPQC784|MPQC780|\\bMPG7\\b|MPDCG75|MPDCG71|MPDC1006|MP101DC|MPDC9000|MPDC905|MPDC706HD|MPDC706|MPDC705|MPDC110|MPDC100|MPDC99|MPDC97|MPDC88|MPDC8|MPDC77|MP709|MID701|MID711|MID170|MPDC703|MPQC1010",CelkonTablet:"CT695|CT888|CT[\\s]?910|CT7 Tab|CT9 Tab|CT3 Tab|CT2 Tab|CT1 Tab|C820|C720|\\bCT-1\\b",WolderTablet:"miTab \\b(DIAMOND|SPACE|BROOKLYN|NEO|FLY|MANHATTAN|FUNK|EVOLUTION|SKY|GOCAR|IRON|GENIUS|POP|MINT|EPSILON|BROADWAY|JUMP|HOP|LEGEND|NEW AGE|LINE|ADVANCE|FEEL|FOLLOW|LIKE|LINK|LIVE|THINK|FREEDOM|CHICAGO|CLEVELAND|BALTIMORE-GH|IOWA|BOSTON|SEATTLE|PHOENIX|DALLAS|IN 101|MasterChef)\\b",MediacomTablet:"M-MPI10C3G|M-SP10EG|M-SP10EGP|M-SP10HXAH|M-SP7HXAH|M-SP10HXBH|M-SP8HXAH|M-SP8MXA",MiTablet:"\\bMI PAD\\b|\\bHM NOTE 1W\\b",NibiruTablet:"Nibiru M1|Nibiru Jupiter One",NexoTablet:"NEXO NOVA|NEXO 10|NEXO AVIO|NEXO FREE|NEXO GO|NEXO EVO|NEXO 3G|NEXO SMART|NEXO KIDDO|NEXO MOBI",LeaderTablet:"TBLT10Q|TBLT10I|TBL-10WDKB|TBL-10WDKBO2013|TBL-W230V2|TBL-W450|TBL-W500|SV572|TBLT7I|TBA-AC7-8G|TBLT79|TBL-8W16|TBL-10W32|TBL-10WKB|TBL-W100",UbislateTablet:"UbiSlate[\\s]?7C",PocketBookTablet:"Pocketbook",KocasoTablet:"\\b(TB-1207)\\b",HisenseTablet:"\\b(F5281|E2371)\\b",Hudl:"Hudl HT7S3|Hudl 2",TelstraTablet:"T-Hub2",GenericTablet:"Android.*\\b97D\\b|Tablet(?!.*PC)|BNTV250A|MID-WCDMA|LogicPD Zoom2|\\bA7EB\\b|CatNova8|A1_07|CT704|CT1002|\\bM721\\b|rk30sdk|\\bEVOTAB\\b|M758A|ET904|ALUMIUM10|Smartfren Tab|Endeavour 1010|Tablet-PC-4|Tagi Tab|\\bM6pro\\b|CT1020W|arc 10HD|\\bTP750\\b|\\bQTAQZ3\\b|WVT101|TM1088|KT107"},oss:{AndroidOS:"Android",BlackBerryOS:"blackberry|\\bBB10\\b|rim tablet os",PalmOS:"PalmOS|avantgo|blazer|elaine|hiptop|palm|plucker|xiino",SymbianOS:"Symbian|SymbOS|Series60|Series40|SYB-[0-9]+|\\bS60\\b",WindowsMobileOS:"Windows CE.*(PPC|Smartphone|Mobile|[0-9]{3}x[0-9]{3})|Windows Mobile|Windows Phone [0-9.]+|WCE;",WindowsPhoneOS:"Windows Phone 10.0|Windows Phone 8.1|Windows Phone 8.0|Windows Phone OS|XBLWP7|ZuneWP7|Windows NT 6.[23]; ARM;",iOS:"\\biPhone.*Mobile|\\biPod|\\biPad|AppleCoreMedia",iPadOS:"CPU OS 13",SailfishOS:"Sailfish",MeeGoOS:"MeeGo",MaemoOS:"Maemo",JavaOS:"J2ME/|\\bMIDP\\b|\\bCLDC\\b",webOS:"webOS|hpwOS",badaOS:"\\bBada\\b",BREWOS:"BREW"},uas:{Chrome:"\\bCrMo\\b|CriOS|Android.*Chrome/[.0-9]* (Mobile)?",Dolfin:"\\bDolfin\\b",Opera:"Opera.*Mini|Opera.*Mobi|Android.*Opera|Mobile.*OPR/[0-9.]+$|Coast/[0-9.]+",Skyfire:"Skyfire",Edge:"\\bEdgiOS\\b|Mobile Safari/[.0-9]* Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g |nc|nw)|wmlb|wonu|x700|yas\-|your|zeto|zte\-/i,tabletPattern:/android|ipad|playbook|silk/i};var h,i=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;return g.FALLBACK_PHONE="UnknownPhone",g.FALLBACK_TABLET="UnknownTablet",g.FALLBACK_MOBILE="UnknownMobile",h="isArray"in Array?Array.isArray:function(a){return"[object Array]"===Object.prototype.toString.call(a)},function(){var a,b,c,e,f,j,k=g.mobileDetectRules;for(a in k.props)if(i.call(k.props,a)){for(b=k.props[a],h(b)||(b=[b]),f=b.length,e=0;e<f;++e)c=b[e],j=c.indexOf("[VER]"),j>=0&&(c=c.substring(0,j)+"([\\w._\\+]+)"+c.substring(j+5)),b[e]=new RegExp(c,"i");k.props[a]=b}d(k.oss),d(k.phones),d(k.tablets),d(k.uas),d(k.utils),k.oss0={WindowsPhoneOS:k.oss.WindowsPhoneOS,WindowsMobileOS:k.oss.WindowsMobileOS}}(),g.findMatch=function(a,b){for(var c in a)if(i.call(a,c)&&a[c].test(b))return c;return null},g.findMatches=function(a,b){var c=[];for(var d in a)i.call(a,d)&&a[d].test(b)&&c.push(d);return c},g.getVersionStr=function(a,b){var c,d,e,f,h=g.mobileDetectRules.props;if(i.call(h,a))for(c=h[a],e=c.length,d=0;d<e;++d)if(f=c[d].exec(b),null!==f)return f[1];return null},g.getVersion=function(a,b){var c=g.getVersionStr(a,b);return c?g.prepareVersionNo(c):NaN},g.prepareVersionNo=function(a){var b;return b=a.split(/[a-z._ \/\-]/i),1===b.length&&(a=b[0]),b.length>1&&(a=b[0]+".",b.shift(),a+=b.join("")),Number(a)},g.isMobileFallback=function(a){return g.detectMobileBrowsers.fullPattern.test(a)||g.detectMobileBrowsers.shortPattern.test(a.substr(0,4))},g.isTabletFallback=function(a){return g.detectMobileBrowsers.tabletPattern.test(a)},g.prepareDetectionCache=function(a,c,d){if(a.mobile===b){var e,h,i;return(h=g.findMatch(g.mobileDetectRules.tablets,c))?(a.mobile=a.tablet=h,void(a.phone=null)):(e=g.findMatch(g.mobileDetectRules.phones,c))?(a.mobile=a.phone=e,void(a.tablet=null)):void(g.isMobileFallback(c)?(i=f.isPhoneSized(d),i===b?(a.mobile=g.FALLBACK_MOBILE,a.tablet=a.phone=null):i?(a.mobile=a.phone=g.FALLBACK_PHONE,a.tablet=null):(a.mobile=a.tablet=g.FALLBACK_TABLET,a.phone=null)):g.isTabletFallback(c)?(a.mobile=a.tablet=g.FALLBACK_TABLET,a.phone=null):a.mobile=a.tablet=a.phone=null)}},g.mobileGrade=function(a){var b=null!==a.mobile();return a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPad")>=4.3||a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPhone")>=3.1||a.os("iOS")&&a.version("iPod")>=3.1||a.version("Android")>2.1&&a.is("Webkit")||a.version("Windows Phone 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