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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utilizzi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilizzi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Utilizzi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utilizzi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Legislazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attività_biologica_della_luteina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attività_biologica_della_luteina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Attività biologica della luteina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attività_biologica_della_luteina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xantofille</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 40 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="يصفور - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يصفور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ксантафілы - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ксантафілы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofil%C2%B7la" title="Xantofil·la - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xantofil·la" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthofyly" title="Xanthofyly - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Xanthofyly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofyl" title="Xantofyl - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xantofyl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthophylle" title="Xanthophylle - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xanthophylle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Ξανθοφύλλη - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξανθοφύλλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Xanthophyll" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantofilo" title="Ksantofilo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ksantofilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xant%C3%B3fila" title="Xantófila - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Xantófila" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantof%C3%BCllid" title="Ksantofüllid - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ksantofüllid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofila" title="Xantofila - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xantofila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="زانتوفیل - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زانتوفیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantofylli" title="Ksantofylli - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ksantofylli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthophylle" title="Xanthophylle - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xanthophylle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofila" title="Xantofila - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xantofila" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4" title="पर्णपीत - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्णपीत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantofil" title="Ksantofil - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ksantofil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofil" title="Xantofil - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xantofil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofilo" title="Xantofilo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Xantofilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB" title="キサントフィル - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キサントフィル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქსანტოფილები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქსანტოფილები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ксантофилл - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ксантофилл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%94%ED%86%A0%ED%95%84" title="잔토필 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잔토필" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ксантофил - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ксантофил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthofyl" title="Xanthofyl - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xanthofyl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofyll" title="Xantofyll - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xantofyll" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaantoofiilii" title="Zaantoofiilii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Zaantoofiilii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantofile" title="Ksantofile - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ksantofile" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofila" title="Xantofila - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xantofila" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofil%C4%83" title="Xantofilă - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xantofilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ксантофиллы - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ксантофиллы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantofil" title="Ksantofil - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ksantofil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xanthophyll" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantofil" title="Ksantofil - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ksantofil" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantofyll" title="Xantofyll - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xantofyll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="แซนโทฟิลล์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แซนโทฟิลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ксантофіл - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ксантофіл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%BB%84%E7%B4%A0%E7%B1%BB" title="叶黄素类 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="叶黄素类" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E9%BB%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%A1%9E" title="葉黃素類 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葉黃素類" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q216208#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Xantofille" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussione:Xantofille&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina (la pagina non esiste) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Le <b>xantofille</b> (dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco antico</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">ξανθός</span><span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Greco_antico" title="Aiuto:Greco antico">?</a></sup></span>, <i>xanthós</i>, "giallo" e <span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">φύλλα</span>, <i>fýlla</i>, "foglie") sono una serie di sostanze naturali appartenenti chimicamente alla famiglia dei <a href="/wiki/Carotenoidi" title="Carotenoidi">carotenoidi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di colore variabile tra il <a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">giallo</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Arancione" title="Arancione">arancione</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Rosso" title="Rosso">rosso</a>, largamente diffuse nel <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">regno animale</a> e <a href="/wiki/Plant%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantæ">vegetale</a>, aventi la <a href="/wiki/Struttura_chimica" class="mw-redirect" title="Struttura chimica">struttura chimica</a> fondamentale del <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">carotene</a>, ma contenenti atomi di <a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">ossigeno</a>. Il nome venne dato nel <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a> da <a href="/wiki/Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Berzelius">Berzelius</a> al <a href="/wiki/Pigmento_biologico" title="Pigmento biologico">pigmento</a> solubile in <a href="/wiki/Etanolo" title="Etanolo">etanolo</a> estratto dalle foglie autunnali. Alcune volte vengono denominate anche <b>fitoxantine</b>, in quanto i nomi di molte sostanze di questa classe sono composti dal nome del vegetale d'origine a cui viene aggiunto il suffisso -xantina<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochimica">Biochimica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Biochimica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biochimica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lutein.png/350px-Lutein.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lutein.png/525px-Lutein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Lutein.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption>Formula chimica della luteina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il loro capostipite è la <a href="/wiki/Luteina" title="Luteina">luteina</a>, comunemente definita xantofilla, di formula <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">C<sub>40</sub>H<sub>56</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span>, la cui formula corrisponde a quella del <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carotene">β-carotene</a> con due <a href="/wiki/Ossidrile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossidrile">ossidrili</a> negli anelli terminali. Le principali xantofille presenti in natura, sono, oltre alla luteina, la <a href="/wiki/Criptoxantina" title="Criptoxantina">criptoxantina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Zeaxantina" title="Zeaxantina">zeaxantina</a> (contenuta nel <a href="/wiki/Zea_mays" title="Zea mays">mais</a>), la <a href="/wiki/Violaxantina" title="Violaxantina">violaxantina</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Rubixantina" title="Rubixantina">rubixantina</a>. Si trovano nelle foglie verdi di tutte le piante, nel mais, nell'<a href="/wiki/Medicago_sativa" title="Medicago sativa">erba medica</a>, in molti altri vegetali e anche in animali (<a href="/wiki/Crostacei" class="mw-redirect" title="Crostacei">crostacei</a> e <a href="/wiki/Aves" title="Aves">volatili</a>). È da notare che alcune xantofille, quali la <a href="/wiki/Capsantina" title="Capsantina">capsantina</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Capsorubina" title="Capsorubina">capsorubina</a> contenute nella <a href="/wiki/Paprica" title="Paprica">paprica</a>, sono tradizionalmente considerati dei derivati del <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">carotene</a> e non della xantofilla. Dal punto di vista commerciale la principale fonte di xantofille è costituita dai fiori del <i><a href="/wiki/Tagetes_erecta" title="Tagetes erecta">Tagetes erecta</a></i>. </p><p>La luteina, sotto forma di<a href="/wiki/Estere" class="mw-redirect" title="Estere">estere</a> palmitico (Helenen o Helenium), è contenuta nei petali di questi fiori, ampiamente coltivati allo scopo nell'<a href="/wiki/America_Latina" title="America Latina">America Latina</a>, e ne viene <a href="/wiki/Estrazione_(chimica)" title="Estrazione (chimica)">estratta</a> con <a href="/wiki/Solvente" title="Solvente">solvente</a>. L'estratto ottenuto, ad una concentrazione del 5 - 15 % in attivo, può essere usato tal quale o sottoposto a <a href="/wiki/Saponificazione" title="Saponificazione">saponificazione</a> per ottenere la luteina sotto forma di alcol libero. Le altre xantofille disponibili commercialmente (cantaxantina, citranaxantina e <a href="/wiki/Astaxantina" title="Astaxantina">astaxantina</a>) sono prodotte per <a href="/wiki/Sintesi_chimica" title="Sintesi chimica">sintesi</a> ed utilizzate soprattutto nel <a href="/wiki/Zootecnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Zootecnica">settore zootecnico</a>. </p><p>Le xantofille, come la maggior parte dei carotenoidi, sono in genere liposolubili, ma sono meno sensibili di questi all'<a href="/wiki/Ossidazione" title="Ossidazione">ossidazione</a>. Anche le xantofille, come gli altri derivati del carotene, sono di grande importanza biologica. I carotenoidi vengono prodotti in natura solamente in conseguenza di processi di fotosintesi, e quindi gli animali devono assumerli con la dieta. Le xantofille non sono, come il carotene, precursori della <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamina A">vitamina A</a>, ma tuttavia la loro importanza è notevole in quanto intervengono come protettori dell'ossidazione in molti processi biochimici<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La luteina e la zeaxantina sono le xantofille presenti in misura maggiore nel corpo umano, in particolare nel <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(biologia)" title="Plasma (biologia)">plasma</a>, nei <a href="/wiki/Tessuto_adiposo" title="Tessuto adiposo">tessuti grassi</a>, in alcune <a href="/wiki/Ghiandola" title="Ghiandola">ghiandole</a>. </p><p>La luteina può avere effetti positivi sul <a href="/wiki/Colesterolo" title="Colesterolo">colesterolo</a> presente nel plasma<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La luteina e la zeaxantina sono i maggiori costituenti della <a href="/wiki/Macula_(oculistica)" title="Macula (oculistica)">macula lutea</a> della <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> umana. Alcuni studi<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hanno inoltre mostrato l'attività della luteina nell'inibire alcuni tipi di <a href="/wiki/Tumore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumore">tumore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizzi">Utilizzi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Utilizzi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizzi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'uso delle xantofille come coloranti per i prodotti alimentari discende, oltre che da quanto esposto sopra, dall'uso prolungato nell'alimentazione umana senza che siano mai sorti sospetti di nocività<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Possono essere impiegate anche nei <a href="/wiki/Cosmetici" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetici">cosmetici</a> sia come <a href="/wiki/Coloranti" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloranti">coloranti</a> che per le loro proprietà biochimiche. Le xantofille trovano largo impiego nell'<a href="/wiki/Industria_alimentare" title="Industria alimentare">industria alimentare</a> per i prodotti della <a href="/wiki/Pasticceria" title="Pasticceria">pasticceria</a> da forno, gelati, <a href="/wiki/Budino" title="Budino">budini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_(gastronomia)" title="Salsa (gastronomia)">salse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maionese" title="Maionese">maionese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frutta_candita" class="mw-redirect" title="Frutta candita">frutta candita</a>, bevande e prodotti dietetici, snack. </p><p>Grande è l'importanza della luteina nel settore zootecnico, e in quello avicolo in particolare; il mangime per i polli contiene notevoli quantità di mais giallo e di erba medica, sostanze ricche in xantofille (soprattutto zeaxantina e luteina). Queste xantofille, diversamente dai carotenoidi non ossigenati, come il β-carotene, vengono metabolizzate dall'animale e deposte o nel grasso sottocutaneo o nel <a href="/wiki/Tuorlo" title="Tuorlo">tuorlo</a> dell'uovo, a cui impartiscono il caratteristico colore giallo. </p><p>Se l'animale non ha un'alimentazione bilanciata, o è malato, questo metabolismo viene alterato e di conseguenza una pelle o un tuorlo non ben colorati possono essere il sintomo di un'alimentazione non corretta, di condizioni ambientali sfavorevoli o di malattie. </p><p>Per mantenere la quantità di xantofille nel mangime alla dose ottimale vengono quindi aggiunte xantofille, sia di origine naturale che sintetica, che permettono di assicurare la giusta dose indipendentemente dalla disponibilità di mais giallo, che varia a seconda delle stagioni e dei prezzi di mercato. </p><p>La luteina può essere impiegata come colorante anche in <a href="/wiki/Cosmetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetica">cosmetica</a> in sostituzione del carotene, rispetto al quale mostra una maggior resistenza alla <a href="/wiki/Luce" title="Luce">luce</a> e all'<a href="/wiki/Ossidazione" title="Ossidazione">ossidazione</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislazione">Legislazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Legislazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Legislazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'attuale legislazione alimentare italiana (D.M. 27 febbraio 1996 n. 209) elenca le xantofille sotto la voce E 161. La luteina (E 161 b) si può impiegare, oltre che nei prodotti già citati, anche nei seguenti: prodotti della <a href="/wiki/Confetteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Confetteria">confetteria</a>, confetture e conserve di frutta, bevande alcoliche e analcoliche, vini aromatizzati, formaggi, complementi alimentari, decorazioni e ricoperture, minestre, senape, paste di pesce, <a href="/wiki/Crostacei" class="mw-redirect" title="Crostacei">crostacei</a>, succedanei del <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">salmone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">surimi</a>, uova di pesci, pesce affumicato, surrogati della carne e del pesce a base di proteine vegetali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attività_biologica_della_luteina"><span id="Attivit.C3.A0_biologica_della_luteina"></span>Attività biologica della luteina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Attività biologica della luteina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Attività biologica della luteina"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'impiego come semplice colorante è tuttavia, limitativo, infatti l'attività biologica e fisiologica della luteina può essere adeguatamente sfruttata negli <a href="/wiki/Integratore_alimentare" title="Integratore alimentare">integratori</a> e nei complementi alimentari, soprattutto in associazione al <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">carotene</a> ed al <a href="/wiki/Tocoferolo" title="Tocoferolo">tocoferolo</a>. Recentemente la luteina è entrata in alcune <a href="/wiki/Farmacopea" title="Farmacopea">farmacopee</a> ed è stata utilizzata come principio farmacologicamente attivo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/X06697"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC - xanthophylls (X06697)</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 20 giugno 2023</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Strain H.: <i>Leaf Xanthophylls</i> - Carnegie Institution - Washington (1938)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Hesterbauer H. <i>The role of lipoprotein oxidation in atherogenesis - Antioxidants, free fatty acids in biology and medicine</i>, Intern. Food Science Centre - Lystrup, Denmark, 1993:31-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Thurnham D.I. <i>Carotenoids: functions and fallacies</i>. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 1994;53: 77-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Chew B.P., Wong M.W. and Wong T.S. <i>Effects of lutein from Marigold extract on immunity and the growth of mammary tumors in mice</i> (1995), Dep. of Animal Science - Washington State University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Vettorazzi G.: <i>Handbook of international Food Regulatory Toxicology</i> - Vol 2 - MTPress - London 1981</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Xanthophylls"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xanthophylls?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xanthophylls?uselang=it">xantofille</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/xantofìlla.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">xantofìlla</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216208#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/xanthophyll"><span style="font-style:italic;">xanthophyll</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216208#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=38979">38979</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85148772">sh85148772</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4453356-1">4453356-1</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529624605171">987007529624605171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_khangman.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botanica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Nuvola_apps_khangman.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_khangman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Nuvola_apps_khangman.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_khangman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Nuvola_apps_khangman.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_khangman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Botanica" title="Portale:Botanica">Portale Botanica</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/38px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/50px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&oldid=137526472">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xantofille&oldid=137526472</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Carotenoidi" title="Categoria:Carotenoidi">Carotenoidi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P6706_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P6706 letta da Wikidata">P6706 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1417_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata">P1417 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_Thesaurus_BNCF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF">Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_LCCN" title="Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN">Voci con codice LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_GND" title="Categoria:Voci con codice GND">Voci con codice GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_J9U" title="Categoria:Voci con codice J9U">Voci con codice J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_non_biografiche_con_codici_di_controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 25 gen 2024 alle 09:42.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; 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