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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient Times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Prehistoric Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome_and_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome_and_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Rome and Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome_and_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Ancient Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>Ancient South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages:_European_Gold_Rushes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages:_European_Gold_Rushes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages: European Gold Rushes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages:_European_Gold_Rushes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Transylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California_Gold_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_Gold_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>California Gold Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_Gold_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_Gold_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_Gold_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Australian Gold Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_Gold_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Gold_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Gold_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>South African Gold Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Gold_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klondike_Gold_Rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klondike_Gold_Rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Klondike Gold Rush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klondike_Gold_Rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Carlin_Trend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Carlin_Trend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>The Carlin Trend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Carlin_Trend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hard_rock_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_rock_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hard rock mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_rock_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By-product_gold_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By-product_gold_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>By-product gold mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By-product_gold_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche,_recreational,_or_historical_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche,_recreational,_or_historical_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Niche, recreational, or historical methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche,_recreational,_or_historical_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Placer_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placer_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Placer mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placer_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sluicing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sluicing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Sluicing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sluicing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dredging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dredging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Dredging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dredging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocker_box" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocker_box"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.3</span> <span>Rocker box</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocker_box-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_ore_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_ore_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gold ore processing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gold_ore_processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gold ore processing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gold_ore_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyanide_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyanide_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cyanide process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyanide_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mercury process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Business subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Small operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Large companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects_and_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects_and_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adverse effects and responses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects_and_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects and responses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects_and_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Environmental impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Social and cultural impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Economic impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_market_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_market_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Global market impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_market_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Peak gold</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peak_gold-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peak gold subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peak_gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supply_and_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_and_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Supply and demand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_and_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timing_of_peak_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing_of_peak_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Timing of peak production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing_of_peak_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_of_gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_of_gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economics of gold</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics_of_gold-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics of gold subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics_of_gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_bank_gold_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_bank_gold_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Central bank gold reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_bank_gold_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value_of_the_U.S._dollar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value_of_the_U.S._dollar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Value of the U.S. dollar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value_of_the_U.S._dollar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gold mining</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8" title="تعدين الذهب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعدين الذهب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineria_d%27or" title="Mineria d'or – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mineria d'or" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%9B%C5%BEba_zlata" title="Těžba zlata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Těžba zlata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldgravning" title="Guldgravning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guldgravning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold#Gewinnung" title="Gold – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%ADa_del_oro" title="Minería del oro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minería del oro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="استخراج طلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استخراج طلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr 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title="Gold mine">Gold mine</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of extracting gold from the ground</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gold mine" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Goldmine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Goldmine (disambiguation)">Goldmine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Mine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gold Mine (disambiguation)">Gold Mine</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG/290px-Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG/435px-Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG/580px-Kalgoorlie_The_Big_Pit_DSC04498.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Super_Pit_gold_mine" title="Super Pit gold mine">Super Pit gold mine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldveins1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Goldveins1.jpg/170px-Goldveins1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Goldveins1.jpg/255px-Goldveins1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Goldveins1.jpg/340px-Goldveins1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Gold-bearing <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> veins in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gold mining</b> is the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>. </p><p>Historically, mining gold from <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> deposits used manual separation processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">gold panning</a>. The expansion of gold mining to <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> that are not on the surface has led to more complex extraction processes such as pit mining and <a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">gold cyanidation</a>. In the 20th and 21st centuries, most volume of mining was done by large corporations. However, the value of gold has led to millions of small, <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal miners</a> in many parts of the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>. </p><p> Like all mining, <a href="/wiki/Mining#Human_rights" title="Mining">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">environmental issues</a> are common in the gold mining industry, and can result in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflict</a>. In mines with less regulation, health and safety risks are much higher.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_(1294028).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/220px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/330px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg/440px-Miner_underground_at_Pumsaint_gold_mine_%281294028%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>A miner underground at <a href="/wiki/Pumsaint" title="Pumsaint">Pumsaint</a> gold mine, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1938</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas_edit.jpg/220px-Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas_edit.jpg/330px-Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas_edit.jpg/440px-Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Landscape of <a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Las Médulas</a>, Spain, the result of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulic mining</a> on a vast scale by the Ancient Romans</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact date that humans first began to mine gold is unknown, but some of the oldest known gold artifacts were found in the <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. The graves of the necropolis were built between 4700 and 4200 BC, indicating that gold mining could be at least 6,724 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-VANBRUUN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VANBRUUN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a series of excavations carried out between 1878 and 1992, several graves were found with more than 6kg of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of German and Georgian archaeologists claims the <a href="/wiki/Sakdrisi" title="Sakdrisi">Sakdrisi</a> site in southern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, dating to the 3rd or 4th millennium BC, may be the world's oldest known gold mine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Times">Ancient Times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prehistoric_Period">Prehistoric Period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gold has been prized by humans since prehistoric times. Archaeological evidence suggests that humans were mining gold as far back as 4000 BCE, with some the earliest known gold artifacts dating back to ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly in the region of present-day Iraq, gold was mined extensively. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a>, around 2500 BCE, developed sophisticated techniques for extracting gold from alluvial deposits and underground mines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These techniques included the use of sluice boxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> had sporadic access to gold nuggets during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold mining in Egypt involved both surface mining such as panning for gold in riverbeads and underground mining, where tunnels were dug to extract gold-bearing quartz veins.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, sites in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> became a great source of gold-mining for nomadic Nubians, who used <a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">"two-hand-mallets"</a> and "grinding <a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">ore extraction</a>." By the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>, the oval mallet was introduced for mining. By the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, stone mortars to process ores and a new gold-washing technique were introduced. During the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, Nubian mining expanded under <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> occupation with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">grinding mill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, gold was associated with the sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> and was believed to be eternal and indestructible, symbolising the pharoah's divine power and afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold has also been found in the tombs of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> and other pharoahs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_Rome_and_Greece">Ancient Rome and Greece</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome and Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Bronze Age, gold objects were also plentiful; especially in Ireland and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> employed slave labour and used <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_mining" title="Hydraulic mining">hydraulic mining</a> methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Hushing" title="Hushing">hushing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_sluicing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground sluicing">ground sluicing</a> on a large scale to extract gold from extensive <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> (loose sediment) deposits, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Las Medulas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining was under the control of the state but the mines may have been leased to civilian contractors some time later. The gold served as the primary medium of exchange within the empire, and was an important motive in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> in the first century AD; although there is only one known Roman gold mine at <a href="/wiki/Dolaucothi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolaucothi">Dolaucothi</a> in west Wales. Gold was a prime motivation for the campaign in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> when the Romans invaded <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> in what is now modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> in the second century AD. The legions were led by the emperor Trajan, and their exploits are shown on <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a> in Rome and the several reproductions of the column elsewhere (such as the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Eastern Roman Empire Emperor Justinian's rule, gold was mined in the Balkans, Anatolia, Armenia, Egypt, and Nubia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_Asia">Ancient Asia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the area of the <a href="/wiki/Kolar_Gold_Fields" title="Kolar Gold Fields">Kolar Gold Fields</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangarpet_Taluk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangarpet Taluk (page does not exist)">Bangarpet Taluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> state, India; gold was first mined prior to the 2nd and 3rd century AD by digging small pits. Golden objects found in <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> have been traced to Kolar through the analysis of impurities – the impurities include 11% <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> concentration, found only in KGF ore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The Champion reef at the <a href="/wiki/Kolar_gold_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolar gold fields">Kolar gold fields</a> was mined to a depth of 50 metres (160 ft) during the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta period</a> in the fifth century AD. During the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a> period in the 9th and 10th century AD, the scale of the operation grew.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The metal continued to be mined by the eleventh century kings of South India, the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> from 1336 to 1560, and later by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> state and the British. It is estimated that the total gold production in Karnataka to date is 1000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Re_Metallica_1556_p_158_AQ23_(2).TIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/De_Re_Metallica_1556_p_158_AQ23_%282%29.TIF/lossy-page1-130px-De_Re_Metallica_1556_p_158_AQ23_%282%29.TIF.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/De_Re_Metallica_1556_p_158_AQ23_%282%29.TIF/lossy-page1-195px-De_Re_Metallica_1556_p_158_AQ23_%282%29.TIF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/De_Re_Metallica_1556_p_158_AQ23_%282%29.TIF/lossy-page1-260px-De_Re_Metallica_1556_p_158_AQ23_%282%29.TIF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>Late 15th and early 16th century mining techniques, <i>De re metallica</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The mining of the Hungarian deposit (present-day Slovakia) primarily around <a href="/wiki/Kremnica" title="Kremnica">Kremnica</a> was the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">Medieval period</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Postan_&_Miller_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Postan_&_Miller-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_South_America">Ancient South America</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South America, gold mining in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> dates back to thousands of years, with the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> empire employing extensive gold mining operations in regions such as present-day <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used stone tools and simple mining techniques to extract gold from rivers, streams, and surface deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages:_European_Gold_Rushes">Middle Ages: European Gold Rushes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages: European Gold Rushes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Middle Ages, Europe experience several gold rushes. Most notably in regions like Transylvania, Scotland, and Wales. These rushes were often small-scale and localised compared to later rushes in history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transylvania"><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Transylvania gold rush took place in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>), primarily in the region of Transylvania during the medieval period. Transylvania was known for its rich mineral resources including gold, silver, and other metals.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miners in Transylvania used both surface and underground mining techniques to extract gold from alluvial deposits and veins. These methods include panning, sluicing, and rudimentary shaft mining.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Scottish gold rush</a> occurred in Scotland, primarily in the Highlands during the 16th and 17th century. Gold deposits were discovered in rivers and streams, leading to a surge in prospecting and mining activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Crown_Estate_Act_2019" title="Scottish Crown Estate Act 2019">Scottish Crown</a> took an interest in gold discoveries, in hopes of aiding the kingdom's economy and revenue. <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">King James IV of Scotland</a> established a royal mint to produce gold coins from Scottish gold. The Scottish gold rush eventually waned due to a combination of factors including the depletion of easily accessible gold deposits, harsh weather conditions, and the political instability at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Welsh gold rush occurred in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, more so in the <a href="/wiki/Dolgellau" title="Dolgellau">Dolgellau</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold deposits were discovered in Welsh mountains, with reports of gold being found in rivers <a href="/wiki/Afon_Mawddach" title="Afon Mawddach">Mawddach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afon_Tryweryn" title="Afon Tryweryn">Tryweryn</a>. By the mid-19th century, commercial mining operations had begun. Wales' gold gained popularity for its quality and rarity, leading to its use in royal jewelry for the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:26_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:26-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Era">Modern Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California_Gold_Rush"><a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California Gold Rush</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: California Gold Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century, numerous <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> in remote regions around the globe caused large migrations of miners, such as the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> of 1849. This is one of the most famous gold rushes in history. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California sparked a massive migration of people from around the world to California in search of gold. The rush significantly accelerated westward expansion in the United States and had profound effects on the region's economy and society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australian_Gold_Rush"><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian Gold Rush</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australian Gold Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gold rushes began in 1851 when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hargraves" title="Edward Hargraves">Edward Hargraves</a>, a prospector, discovered gold near <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most well known gold rush in Australia was the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian Gold Rush</a>. Thousands of people, known as 'diggers', came from around the world to Australia in search of gold, which ultimately contributed to the growth of cities like <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_African_Gold_Rush">South African Gold Rush</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: South African Gold Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of gold in the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and ultimately the founding of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transformed the region into one of the wealthiest gold-producing areas in the world. This rush played a crucial role in the development of South Africa's economy and lead to the establishment of Johannesburg, known as the 'city of gold'.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:28_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold-bearing reefs in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a> province were found shortly thereafter, driving significant development in the region with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_goldfields" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State goldfields">Free State goldfields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:27_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:28_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:28-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilkoot_Pass_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chilkoot_Pass_summit.jpg/220px-Chilkoot_Pass_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chilkoot_Pass_summit.jpg/330px-Chilkoot_Pass_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chilkoot_Pass_summit.jpg/440px-Chilkoot_Pass_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption>The Chilkoot Pass where Klondikers would establish themselves and their supplies.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Klondike_Gold_Rush"><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Klondike Gold Rush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Yukon Gold Rush</a>, brought prospectors from around the world to the <a href="/wiki/Klondike,_Yukon" title="Klondike, Yukon">Klondike</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> territory in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Klondike Gold Rush began in 1896, when gold was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Bonanza_Creek" title="Bonanza Creek">Bonanza Creek</a>, a tributary of the Klondike River by <a href="/wiki/George_Carmack" title="George Carmack">George Carmack</a> and his Indigenous companions, <a href="/wiki/Skookum_Jim_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Skookum Jim Mason">Skookum Jim Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagish_Charlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagish Charlie">Tagish Charlie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As prospectors arrived in Klondike, makeshift towns and settlements sprang up along the rivers, including <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a>, which because the largest town in Yukon at the height of the gold rush.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prospectors employed various mining techniques to extract gold from the Klondike's streams and riverbeds, including placer mining, dredging, and hydraulic mining.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Carlin_Trend">The Carlin Trend</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Carlin Trend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carlin_Unconformity" title="Carlin Unconformity">Carlin Trend</a> of Nevada, U.S., was discovered in 1961. Official estimates indicate that total world gold production since the beginning of civilization has been around 6,352,216,000 troy ounces (197,576.0 t) and total <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nevada" title="Gold mining in Nevada">gold production in Nevada</a> is 1.1% of that, ranking Nevada as one of the Earth's primary gold-producing regions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World gold production was 3,612 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_production" title="List of countries by gold production">world's largest</a> gold producer was <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">China</a> with 368.3 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">tonnes</a> of gold mined in that year. The second-largest producer of gold was <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> where 331.1 tonnes was mined in the same year, followed by <a href="/wiki/List_of_gold_mines_in_Australia" title="List of gold mines in Australia">Australia</a> with 327.8 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the annual gold demand of 4,448 tonnes was 5% below that of 2022. The total gold demand in 2023 was the highest at 4,899 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Despite its decreasing content in ores, gold production is increasing. This increase can be achieved through ever larger-scale industrial installations as well as innovations, especially in <a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">hydrometallurgy</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_5_Gold_Producers.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Trends in some gold-producing countries"><img alt="Trends in some gold-producing countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Top_5_Gold_Producers.png/180px-Top_5_Gold_Producers.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Top_5_Gold_Producers.png/270px-Top_5_Gold_Producers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Top_5_Gold_Producers.png/360px-Top_5_Gold_Producers.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trends in some gold-producing countries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Annual world mined gold production, 1900–2014"><img alt="Annual world mined gold production, 1900–2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png/180px-World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png/270px-World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png/360px-World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Annual world mined gold production, 1900–2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_minerai_or.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold ore grade evolution"><img alt="Gold ore grade evolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Evolution_minerai_or.svg/180px-Evolution_minerai_or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Evolution_minerai_or.svg/270px-Evolution_minerai_or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Evolution_minerai_or.svg/360px-Evolution_minerai_or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold ore grade evolution</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_rock_mining">Hard rock mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hard rock mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Associated_Gold_Mine_Kalgoorlie_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Associated_Gold_Mine_Kalgoorlie_1951.jpg/220px-Associated_Gold_Mine_Kalgoorlie_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Associated_Gold_Mine_Kalgoorlie_1951.jpg/330px-Associated_Gold_Mine_Kalgoorlie_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Associated_Gold_Mine_Kalgoorlie_1951.jpg/440px-Associated_Gold_Mine_Kalgoorlie_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Hard rock mining at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associated_Gold_Mine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associated Gold Mine (page does not exist)">Associated Gold Mine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a>, Australia, 1951</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg/220px-Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg/330px-Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg/440px-Kittil%C3%A4_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A large <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit</a> gold mine in <a href="/wiki/Kittil%C3%A4" title="Kittilä">Kittilä, Finland</a>, in 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miner_Emerging_From_Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Miner_Emerging_From_Tunnel.jpg/220px-Miner_Emerging_From_Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Miner_Emerging_From_Tunnel.jpg/330px-Miner_Emerging_From_Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Miner_Emerging_From_Tunnel.jpg/440px-Miner_Emerging_From_Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Gold mining in <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Peninsula" title="Coromandel Peninsula">Coromandel Peninsula</a>, New Zealand, in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quartz_reef_mining" title="Quartz reef mining">Quartz reef mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlin-type_gold_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlin-type gold deposit">Carlin-type gold deposit</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard rock mining">Hard rock mining</a> extracts gold encased in rock, rather than fragments in loose sediment, and produces most of the world's gold. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit mining</a> is used, such as at the Fort Knox Mine in central Alaska. <a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrick Gold Corporation">Barrick Gold Corporation</a> has one of the largest open-pit gold mines in North America located on its <a href="/wiki/Goldstrike_mine" title="Goldstrike mine">Goldstrike mine</a> property in north eastern Nevada. Other gold mines use underground mining, where the ore is extracted through tunnels or shafts. South Africa has the world's deepest hard rock gold mine up to 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) underground. At such depths, the heat is unbearable for humans, and air conditioning is required for the safety of the workers. The first such mine to receive air conditioning was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robinson_Deep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robinson Deep (page does not exist)">Robinson Deep</a>, at that time the deepest mine in the world for any mineral.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By-product_gold_mining">By-product gold mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: By-product gold mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gold is also produced by mining in which it is not the principal product. Large <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> mines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bingham_Canyon_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingham Canyon mine">Bingham Canyon mine</a> in Utah, often recover considerable amounts of gold and other metals along with copper. Sand and gravel pits, like those in Denver (Colorado), may recover small amounts of gold in their wash operations. The largest producing gold mine in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine">Grasberg mine</a> in Papua, Indonesia, is primarily a copper mine.<sup id="cite_ref-investvine_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-investvine-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche,_recreational,_or_historical_methods"><span id="Niche.2C_recreational.2C_or_historical_methods"></span>Niche, recreational, or historical methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Niche, recreational, or historical methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Recreational_gold_mining" title="Recreational gold mining">Recreational gold mining</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recreational_gold_mining&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stringer156_nugget.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stringer156_nugget.jpg/220px-Stringer156_nugget.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stringer156_nugget.jpg/330px-Stringer156_nugget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stringer156_nugget.jpg/440px-Stringer156_nugget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>This 156-troy-ounce (4.9 kg) <a href="/wiki/Gold_nugget" title="Gold nugget">gold nugget</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Nugget" title="Mojave Nugget">Mojave Nugget</a>, was found by an individual prospector in the Southern California desert using a metal detector.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Recreational_gold_mining" title="Recreational gold mining">Recreational gold mining</a> and prospecting has become a popular outdoor recreation in a number of countries, including <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Dolaucothi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolaucothi">Dolaucothi</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> especially. Recreational mining is often small-scale placer mining but has been challenged for environmental reasons. The disruption of old gold placer deposits risks the reintroduction of post <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> pollution, including <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in old mining deposits and mine tailings.</div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">Gold panning</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_panning&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_panning_at_Bonanza_Creek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gold_panning_at_Bonanza_Creek.JPG/220px-Gold_panning_at_Bonanza_Creek.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gold_panning_at_Bonanza_Creek.JPG/330px-Gold_panning_at_Bonanza_Creek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gold_panning_at_Bonanza_Creek.JPG/440px-Gold_panning_at_Bonanza_Creek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Panning for gold in a creek bed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_in_the_pan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gold_in_the_pan.jpg/220px-Gold_in_the_pan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gold_in_the_pan.jpg/330px-Gold_in_the_pan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gold_in_the_pan.jpg/440px-Gold_in_the_pan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Gold in the pan, Alaska</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_of_unidentified_man_panning_for_gold_in_Fair_Play,_Colorado_taken_in_the_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_36c572e8b910b25a531ec110232def2e_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man gold panning in Fairplay, Colorado early 1900s with dog." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Postcard_of_unidentified_man_panning_for_gold_in_Fair_Play%2C_Colorado_taken_in_the_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_36c572e8b910b25a531ec110232def2e_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Postcard_of_unidentified_man_panning_for_gold_in_Fair_Play%2C_Colorado_taken_in_the_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_36c572e8b910b25a531ec110232def2e_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Postcard_of_unidentified_man_panning_for_gold_in_Fair_Play%2C_Colorado_taken_in_the_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_36c572e8b910b25a531ec110232def2e_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Postcard_of_unidentified_man_panning_for_gold_in_Fair_Play%2C_Colorado_taken_in_the_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_36c572e8b910b25a531ec110232def2e_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Postcard_of_unidentified_man_panning_for_gold_in_Fair_Play%2C_Colorado_taken_in_the_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_36c572e8b910b25a531ec110232def2e_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Postcard_of_unidentified_man_panning_for_gold_in_Fair_Play%2C_Colorado_taken_in_the_early_1900s_-_DPLA_-_36c572e8b910b25a531ec110232def2e_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Man gold panning in <a href="/wiki/Fairplay,_Colorado" title="Fairplay, Colorado">Fairplay, Colorado</a> early 1900s with dog</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">Gold panning</a>, or simply <i>panning</i>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_mining" title="Traditional mining">traditional mining</a> that extracts <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer deposit</a> using a pan. The process is one of the simplest ways to extract gold, and is popular with geology enthusiasts especially because of its low cost and relative simplicity. </p><p>The first recorded instances of placer mining are from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, where gold and other precious metals were extracted from streams and mountainsides using <a href="/wiki/Sluices" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluices">sluices</a> and panning<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ruina_montium" title="Ruina montium">ruina montium</a></i></span>). </p> However, the productivity rate is comparatively smaller compared to other methods such as the <a href="/wiki/Rocker_box" title="Rocker box">rocker box</a> or large extractors, such as those used at the <a href="/wiki/Super_Pit_gold_mine" title="Super Pit gold mine">Super Pit gold mine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalgoorlie, Western Australia">Kalgoorlie, Western Australia</a>, which has led to panning being largely replaced in the commercial market.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Placer_mining">Placer mining</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Placer mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">Placer mining</a></div> <p>Placer mining is a method of extracting gold from alluvial deposits such as sand, gravel, and sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:33_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are known as <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer deposits</a> which are typically found in riverbeds, stream beds, and floodplains.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deposits typically contain minerals that are resistant to weathering and eroision like <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, and more. They are characterized by their relatively high concentration of valuable minerals compared to the surrounding rock or sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:142_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike hard-rock mining, which involves excavating solid rock formations, water or dredging is used to extract the gold.<sup id="cite_ref-:29_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sluicing">Sluicing</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sluicing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_sluicing,_Dillman_Town,_West_Coast,_188-%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gold_sluicing%2C_Dillman_Town%2C_West_Coast%2C_188-%3F.jpg/220px-Gold_sluicing%2C_Dillman_Town%2C_West_Coast%2C_188-%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gold_sluicing%2C_Dillman_Town%2C_West_Coast%2C_188-%3F.jpg/330px-Gold_sluicing%2C_Dillman_Town%2C_West_Coast%2C_188-%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gold_sluicing%2C_Dillman_Town%2C_West_Coast%2C_188-%3F.jpg/440px-Gold_sluicing%2C_Dillman_Town%2C_West_Coast%2C_188-%3F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Gold sluicing at Dilban Town, New Zealand, 1880s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taking_gold_out_of_a_sluice_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Taking_gold_out_of_a_sluice_box.jpg/220px-Taking_gold_out_of_a_sluice_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Taking_gold_out_of_a_sluice_box.jpg/330px-Taking_gold_out_of_a_sluice_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Taking_gold_out_of_a_sluice_box.jpg/440px-Taking_gold_out_of_a_sluice_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Taking gold out of a sluice box, western North America, 1900s</figcaption></figure> <p>Using a sluice box to extract gold from placer deposits has long been a very common practice in prospecting and small-scale mining. Sluices work on the principle that heavier particles will sink to the bottom of a stream, while those that are lighter will be carried downstream and expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sluice box is essentially a man made channel with riffles set in the bottom. The riffles are designed to create dead zones in the current to allow gold to drop out of suspension.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The box is placed in the stream to channel water flow. Gold-bearing material is placed at the top of the box. The material is carried by the current through the volt where gold and other dense material settles out behind the riffles. Less dense material flows out of the box as <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger commercial placer mining operations employ screening plants, or <a href="/wiki/Trommel" class="mw-redirect" title="Trommel">trommels</a>, to remove the larger alluvial materials such as boulders and gravel, before concentrating the remainder in a sluice box or jig plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the gold is sorted through trommels, it is then placed through regular sluice boxes for further sorting.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These operations typically include diesel powered, earth moving equipment including excavators, bulldozers, <a href="/wiki/Wheel_loaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel loaders">wheel loaders</a>, and rock trucks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dredging">Dredging</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dredging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_dredge" title="Gold dredge">Gold dredge</a></div> <p>Although this method has largely been replaced by modern methods, some dredging is done by small-scale miners using suction dredges. These are small machines that float on the water and are usually operated by one or two people. A suction dredge consists of a sluice box supported by pontoons, attached to a suction hose which is controlled by a miner working beneath the water. This method is particularly popular in areas where gold is found at river bottoms or submerge deposits<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yankee_Fork_gold_dredge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Yankee_Fork_gold_dredge.jpg/220px-Yankee_Fork_gold_dredge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Yankee_Fork_gold_dredge.jpg/330px-Yankee_Fork_gold_dredge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Yankee_Fork_gold_dredge.jpg/440px-Yankee_Fork_gold_dredge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Yankee Fork gold dredge in Idaho. It was powered by two 350 horse Ingersoll-Rand, 7 cylinder diesel engines, burning 400 to 500 gallons of fuel a day.</figcaption></figure> <p>Suction dredging can have environmental impacts, moreso on aquatic habitats and water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations and best practices are often in place to minimize these impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State dredging permits in many of the United States gold dredging areas specify a seasonal time period and area closures to avoid conflicts between dredgers and the spawning time of fish populations. Some US states, such as Montana, require an extensive permitting procedure, including permits. </p><p>Some large suction dredges [100 horsepower (75 kW) & 250 mm (10 in)] are used in commercial production throughout the world. Small suction dredges are much more efficient at extracting smaller gold than the old <i>bucket line</i>. This has improved the chances of finding gold. Smaller dredges with 50-to-100-millimetre (2 to 4 in) suction tubes are used to sample areas behind boulders and along potential pay streaks, until "colour" (gold) appears. </p><p>Other larger scale dredging operations take place on exposed river gravel bars at seasonal low water. These operations typically use a land based excavator to feed a gravel screening plant and sluice box floating in a temporary pond. The pond is excavated in the gravel bar and filled from the natural water table.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Pay" gravel is excavated from the front face of the pond and processed through the floating plant, with the gold trapped in the onboard sluice box and tailings stacked behind the plant, steadily filling in the back of the pond as the operation moves forward.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of gold mining is characterized by its low cost, as each rock is moved only once. It also has low environmental impact, as no stripping of vegetation or overburden is necessary, and all process water is fully recycled. Such operations are typical on New Zealand's South Island and in the Klondike region of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rocker_box">Rocker box</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rocker box"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_men_using_rocker_to_mine_for_gold_on_Nome_beach,_Alaska,_ca_1900_(HEGG_542).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Four_men_using_rocker_to_mine_for_gold_on_Nome_beach%2C_Alaska%2C_ca_1900_%28HEGG_542%29.jpeg/220px-Four_men_using_rocker_to_mine_for_gold_on_Nome_beach%2C_Alaska%2C_ca_1900_%28HEGG_542%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Four_men_using_rocker_to_mine_for_gold_on_Nome_beach%2C_Alaska%2C_ca_1900_%28HEGG_542%29.jpeg/330px-Four_men_using_rocker_to_mine_for_gold_on_Nome_beach%2C_Alaska%2C_ca_1900_%28HEGG_542%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Four_men_using_rocker_to_mine_for_gold_on_Nome_beach%2C_Alaska%2C_ca_1900_%28HEGG_542%29.jpeg/440px-Four_men_using_rocker_to_mine_for_gold_on_Nome_beach%2C_Alaska%2C_ca_1900_%28HEGG_542%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Four men using rocker boxes to mine for gold on Nome beach, Alaska.</figcaption></figure> <p>Also called a cradle, a rocker box uses riffles located in a high-walled box to trap gold in a similar manner to the sluice box. A rocker box uses less water than a sluice box and is well suited for areas where water is limited. A rocking motion provides the water movement needed for the gravity separation of gold in placer material.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rocker boxes gained popularity during the California Gold Rush in the 19th century and remain in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although simple and inexpensive, it is not efficient as the previously discussed mining techniques<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-:72_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gold_ore_processing">Gold ore processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gold ore processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gold_extraction" title="Gold extraction">Gold extraction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyanide_process">Cyanide process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cyanide process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_heap_leaching.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gold_heap_leaching.jpeg/220px-Gold_heap_leaching.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gold_heap_leaching.jpeg/330px-Gold_heap_leaching.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gold_heap_leaching.jpeg/440px-Gold_heap_leaching.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Cyanide leaching "heap" at a gold mining operation near <a href="/wiki/Elko,_Nevada" title="Elko, Nevada">Elko, Nevada</a>. On top of the large mounds of ore, are sprinklers dispensing a solution of cyanide.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dominant method for refining gold is a <a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">cyanide extraction</a> method, or gold cyanidation, introduced in the late 1800s. This a metallurgical technique used to extract gold from lower grade ores by converting gold into a water-soluble coordination complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finely ground rock is treated with a solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">sodium cyanide</a>. The extract is <a href="/wiki/Carbon_in_pulp" title="Carbon in pulp">absorbed onto carbon</a> and then removed from the carbon with a solution of caustic soda and cyanide. Gold cyanide is then converted to relatively pure gold through <a href="/wiki/Gold_parting" title="Gold parting">gold parting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthworks.org/issues/environmental-impacts-of-gold-mining/#:~:text=Gold%20mining%20is%20one%20of,health%20of%20people%20and%20ecosystems.">environmental hazards</a> associated with this extraction method, largely due to the high toxicity of the cyanide compounds. Furthermore, there are potentials for accidental spills or leaks to cause harm to aquatic ecosystems and human health.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in 2000, the <a href="/wiki/2000_Baia_Mare_cyanide_spill" title="2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill">Baia Mare cyanide spill</a> in northern Romania released approximately 100,000 cubic metres (3,500,000 cu ft) of waste water contaminated with heavy metal sludge and up to 120 long tons (122 t) of cyanide into the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> River.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury_process">Mercury process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mercury process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> was used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)#Use_in_mining" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">placer gold mining</a> in order to form mercury-gold <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a> with smaller gold particles, and thereby increase the gold recovery rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the gold ore is crushed and ground to a fine powder to expose the gold particles for amalgamation. Then, this finely ground ore is mixed with liquid mercury to amalgamate it.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercury forms an amalgam, an alloy, with gold particles to allow for the efficient capture of gold from the ore. The gold is concentrated by boiling away the mercury from the <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>. This process is called retorting.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is effective in extracting very small gold particles, but the process is hazardous due to the toxicity of mercury vapour.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:122_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale use of mercury stopped in the 1960s. However, mercury is still used in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM).<sup id="cite_ref-:132_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business">Business</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_operations">Small operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Small operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="garimpeiros"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guinea_Siguiri_miner_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Guinea_Siguiri_miner_woman.jpg/220px-Guinea_Siguiri_miner_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Guinea_Siguiri_miner_woman.jpg/330px-Guinea_Siguiri_miner_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Guinea_Siguiri_miner_woman.jpg/440px-Guinea_Siguiri_miner_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Woman panning for gold in Guinea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_with_old_bellows_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Harold_with_old_bellows_1976.jpg/220px-Harold_with_old_bellows_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Harold_with_old_bellows_1976.jpg/330px-Harold_with_old_bellows_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Harold_with_old_bellows_1976.jpg/440px-Harold_with_old_bellows_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Old hand <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> on abandoned gold mine in western <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artisanal_gold_Dodoma003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Artisanal_gold_Dodoma003.jpg/220px-Artisanal_gold_Dodoma003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Artisanal_gold_Dodoma003.jpg/330px-Artisanal_gold_Dodoma003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Artisanal_gold_Dodoma003.jpg/440px-Artisanal_gold_Dodoma003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">Artisanal subsurface mining</a> in Tanzania</figcaption></figure> <p>While most gold is produced by major corporations, there are an estimated 10 to 15 million small-scale <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal</a> gold miners worldwide. Around 4.5 million of them are women, and an estimated 600,000 children work in illegal artisanal gold mines. Artisanal miners use rudimentary methods to extract and process gold. Many of these people are mining to escape <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>, unemployment and <a href="/wiki/Landlessness" title="Landlessness">landlessness</a>. </p><p>In Ghana, <i><a href="/wiki/Galamsey" title="Galamsey">galamsey</a></i> miners are estimated to number 20,000 to 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In neighboring francophone countries, such workers are called <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/orpailleur" class="extiw" title="fr:orpailleur">orpailleurs</a>.</i> In Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, and French Guiana, workers are called <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/garimpeiros" class="extiw" title="fr:garimpeiros">garimpeiros</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These workers are not required to claim responsibility for their social and environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miners risk government persecution, mine shaft collapses, and toxic poisoning from unsafe chemicals used in processing, such as mercury. For example, in Ghana during 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Dompoase_mine_collapse" title="Dompoase mine collapse">Dompoase mine collapse</a> killed 18 workers. It was the worst mining disaster in Ghanaian history.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children in these mines suffer extremely harsh working conditions and various hazards such as collapsing tunnels, explosions, and chemical exposure. Children may be especially vulnerable to these hazards and many suffer from serious respiratory conditions, hearing, and vision problems.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_companies">Large companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Large companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gold mining by large <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multi-national corporations</a> produces about 80% of the gold supply. Most gold is mined in developing nations. Large mining companies play a key role in <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">globalisation of the economy</a> by linking rich and poor companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newmont" title="Newmont">Newmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold" title="Barrick Gold">Barrick Gold</a> are the largest gold mining companies in the world, but there are many smaller corporations in the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local communities are frequently vulnerable to environmental degradation caused by large mining companies and may lack government protection or industry regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, thousands of people around <a href="/wiki/Lega_Dembi_Mine" title="Lega Dembi Mine">Lega Dembi mine</a> are exposed to mercury, arsenic, and other toxins resulting in widespread health problems and birth defects.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vulnerable communities may also lose their land to the mine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some large companies have attempted to build local legitimacy through <a href="/wiki/Corporate_responsibility" title="Corporate responsibility">corporate responsibility</a> initiatives and local development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects_and_responses">Adverse effects and responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Adverse effects and responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gold#Pollution" title="Gold">Gold § Pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_gold_mining_disasters" title="List of gold mining disasters">List of gold mining disasters</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gold mining can significantly alter the natural environment. Gold mining activities in tropical forests are increasingly causing deforestation along rivers and in remote areas rich in biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Asner2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asner2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining has increased rainforest loss up to 70km beyond lease boundaries, causing nearly 11,670 km<sup>2</sup> of deforestation between 2005 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 9% of gold mining occurs outside of these regulated lease boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other gold mining impacts, particularly in aquatic systems with residual cyanide or mercury (used in the recovery of gold from ore), can be highly toxic to people and wildlife even at relatively low concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illegal gold mining exacerbates the ecological vulnerability of the remaining forest ultimately leading to permanent forest loss.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold mining clears native forests for mineral extraction, but also indirectly facilitates access to more land and further clearing. Rainforest recovery rates are the lowest ever recorded for tropical forests, with there being little to no tree regeneration at abandoned mining camps, even after several years.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> is at risk for 'savannization', which is the gradual transformation of a tropical rainforest into a savannah.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:152_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would ultimately lead to a collapse of biodiversity, ecosystems, and climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:152_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gold mining produces more waste than mining of other minerals, because it can be mined at a lower grade. Tailings can contain lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. These toxins can pose health risks for local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> is typically found in gold-containing ores, and gold processing may <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">contaminate groundwater</a> or the atmosphere. This pollution may persist for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, mining operations use large quantities of water for processing ore and can result in the contamination of water sources with heavy metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide</a>, used in the extraction process.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pollution can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">Soil degradation</a> has also been found to be impacted by gold mining.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining activities can disturb soil structure, leading to erosion, sedimentation of waterways, and loss of fertile land for agriculture or vegetation regrowth.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More evidently, dust and emissions from mining machiner and processing facilities can contribute to air pollution, impacting air quality and potentially causings respiratory problems for nearby communities.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_and_cultural_impacts">Social and cultural impacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Social and cultural impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large-scale gold mining projects may require land acquisition and resettlement of local communities, leading to displacement, loss of livelihoods, and disruption of traditional ways of life.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the possible respiratory problems that could be acquired, individuals may be exposed to hazardous chemicals used in gold extraction such as mercury and cyanide. These chemicals pose risks to gold miners, communities, and wildlife; resulting in further medical problems involving <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">waterborne diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:182_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:182-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gold mining in some regions has been associated with conflicts over land rights, labour rights violations, and exploitation of vulnerable populations, including Indigenous peoples and artisanal miners.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining activities can damage or destroy cultural heritage sites, artifacts, and sacred areas; further impacting cultural identities and heritages. In the Amazon rainforest, Indigenous peoples have been killed and had their rightfully owned land stolen from them.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of this, some have left the rainforest to move to cities which further puts them at risk to disease, homelessness, and poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artisanal gold mining is widespread across <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, occurring in numerous countries including <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many individuals and communities in rural Africa, <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mining in Africa">artisanal gold mining</a> represents a critical source of income and livelihood, providing employment opportunities and economic support in regions with limited alternative options.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artisanal mining operations vary in scale, from individuals panning for gold in rivers and streams, to small groups working collectibely in informal mining camps, often referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Galamsey" title="Galamsey">galamsey</a>' in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_impacts">Economic impacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Economic impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gold mining can create employment opportunities in mining operations and related sectors. Howevers, these jobs may be temporary. The sector's reliance on fluctuating global gold prices can lead to economic stability for communities dependent on mining. The discovery of significant gold deposits in a region often sees a flood of resources and development, which lasts as long as the mines are economic. When goldfields begin to decline in production, local economies find themselves destabilised and overly reliant upon an industry that will inevitably abandon the region when gold deposits are sufficiently depleted; <sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving the areas without proper rehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The some instances, the '<a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">resource curse</a>' phenomenon may occur, where countries rich in natural resources, like gold, may experience economic challenges, corruption, inequality, and governence issues instead of sustained development.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the existence of several laws that regulate environmental crimes, illegal practices in mining tends to happen because of an absence of enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules for gold mining create ambiguities between the types of 'legal' mining; leaving loopholes for those to exploit.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_market_impacts">Global market impacts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Global market impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gold prices are subject to global market trands, economic uncertainties, and geopolitical factors. Fluctuation in gold prices can influence investment decisions, currency values, and trade balances in gold-producing and consuming countries.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the global gold supply chain involves complex networks of mining companies, refineries, traders, and retailers. Ensuring ethical and sustainable practices throughout this supply chain, including addressing issues such as child labour and environmental degradation, remains a challenge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses">Responses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> produced a report in 2015 that outlined some of challenges faced globally. The report notes that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thousands of children in the Philippines risk their lives every day mining gold. Children work in unstable 25-meter-deep pits that could collapse at any moment. They mine gold underwater, along the shore, or in rivers, with oxygen tubes in their mouths. They also process gold with mercury, a toxic metal, risking irreversible health damage from mercury poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>Fairtrade</i> and <i>Fairmined</i> dual certification for <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> was launched across the United Kingdom on 14 February 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a joint scheme between <a href="/wiki/The_Fairtrade_Foundation" title="The Fairtrade Foundation">The Fairtrade Foundation</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Association_for_Responsible_Mining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Association for Responsible Mining (page does not exist)">The Association for Responsible Mining</a>. The <i>Fairmined</i> mark ensures that the gold has been extracted in a fair and responsible manner. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Tree_Gold_Mine_From_The_California_Zephyr_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lone_Tree_Gold_Mine_From_The_California_Zephyr_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Lone_Tree_Gold_Mine_From_The_California_Zephyr_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lone_Tree_Gold_Mine_From_The_California_Zephyr_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Lone_Tree_Gold_Mine_From_The_California_Zephyr_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lone_Tree_Gold_Mine_From_The_California_Zephyr_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Lone_Tree_Gold_Mine_From_The_California_Zephyr_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="2111" /></a><figcaption>Lone Tree gold mine taken from the California Zephyr train; showing the extent of deforestation.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> investigation reported human rights abuses such as sexual exploitation of women and children, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>, and child labor affecting communities where illegal gold production occurs. The reports said global buyers such as <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, through which roughly two-thirds of global trade transits, need to ensure that human rights are respected throughout supply chains.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "No Dirty Gold" campaign, working with a number of campaigning partners, was established in 2004 and aims "to ensure that gold mining operations respect human rights and the environment" through a call for changes in gold mining techniques and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impacts of mining on the environment are long-lasting, and active land management and restoration are needed to ensure recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A barrier to the restoration of environments is cost. Limited funding is a major barrier in implementing commitments.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restoration costs vary widely between difference approaches, such as passive and active restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, governments have started to promote the formalization of gold mining.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formalization puts the government in a better position to govern the sectors, manage environmental impacts, and direct mining away from ecologically sensitive areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_5_Gold_Producers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Top_5_Gold_Producers.png/220px-Top_5_Gold_Producers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Top_5_Gold_Producers.png/330px-Top_5_Gold_Producers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Top_5_Gold_Producers.png/440px-Top_5_Gold_Producers.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Trends in the top five gold-producing countries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png/220px-World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png/330px-World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png/440px-World_Gold_Production_1900-2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>World mined gold production, 1900–2014. Data from USGS</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peak_gold">Peak gold</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Peak gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Peak gold is the date at which the maximum rate of global <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> extraction is reached. According to <a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubbert peak">Hubbert peak</a> theory, after the peak, the rate of production <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">declines</a> until it approaches zero. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, which is destroyed in use, gold can be reused and recycled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_and_demand">Supply and demand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Supply and demand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World gold <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">demand</a> (defined in terms of total consumption excluding central banks) in 2007 was 3,519 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-gwc0811301_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwc0811301-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold demand is subdivided into central bank reserve increases, jewellery production, industrial consumption (including dental), and investment (bars, coins, <a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">exchange-traded funds</a>, etc.) </p><p>The supply of gold is provided by mining, official sales (typically gold by central banks), de-hedging (physical delivery of metal sold months before by mining companies on terminal markets), and old gold scraps. The total world supply of gold in 2007 was 3,497 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-gwc0811302_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwc0811302-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold production does not need to make up for gold demand because gold is a reusable resource. Currently, yearly gold mining produces 2% of the existing above-ground gold which is 158,000 tonnes (as of 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-gfms070415_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfms070415-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, gold mining produced 2,400 tonnes of gold, official gold sales close to 300 tonnes, and dehedging (physical delivery of metal sold months before by mining companies on terminal markets) close to 500 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-gfms090115_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfms090115-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing_of_peak_production">Timing of peak production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Timing of peak production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>World mined gold production has peaked four times since 1900: in 1912, 1940, 1971, and 2001, which each peak being higher than previous peaks. The latest peak was in 2001, when production reached 2,600 metric tons, then declined for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production started to increase again in 2009, spurred by high <a href="/wiki/Gold_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold price">gold prices</a>, and achieved record new highs each year from 2011 through 2015, when production reached 3,100 tonnes. Early estimates of 2016 gold production indicate that it was flat to 2015 production, at 3,100 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold" title="Barrick Gold">Barrick</a> CEO Aaron Regent claimed that global production had peaked in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrick's production costs have been "trending down" despite this peak, reaching $465 per troy ounce ($15.0/g). In 2006, with gold at $650 per troy ounce ($21/g), <a href="/wiki/Roland_Watson" title="Roland Watson">Roland Watson</a> claimed that gold production had peaked in 2001 due to falling exploration in the 1990s, when gold prices were low. He predicted that higher prices and new technologies would boost gold production to higher levels in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2012, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_Resource_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural Resource Holdings (page does not exist)">Natural Resource Holdings</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Roy_Sebag" title="Roy Sebag">Roy Sebag</a> wrote a report entitled "2012 World Gold Deposit Ranking"<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming that gold production would peak between 2022 and 2025 due to the markedly lower grades and remote locations of the remaining known undeveloped deposits. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Consequently, the guaranteed depletion in the existing production mix coupled with a more realistic introduction of new mines into the mix (as opposed to our theoretical tomorrow scenario) makes it clear that barring multiple high-grade, multi-million ounce discoveries each year, a significant increase in gold production is unlikely. Moreover our calculations point towards gold production peaking at some point between 2022 and 2025 assuming the 90 million troy ounces [2,800 tonnes] per year figure is maintained."</p></blockquote> <p>Charles Jeannes, the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Goldcorp" title="Goldcorp">Goldcorp</a>, the world's largest gold miner by market capitalization, stated in September 2014 that Peak Gold would be reached in either 2014 or 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Whether it is this year or next year, I don't think we will ever see the gold production reach these levels again," he claimed. "There are just not that many new mines being found and developed." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_of_gold">Economics of gold</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Economics of gold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gold price compared to other valuable metals consistently holds its value and is less prone to price changes as other metals. Gold production tends to excel when there are turbulent market conditions with investors seeking a different investment opportunity outside the stock, bond or real estate markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the factors affecting gold prices are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_bank_gold_reserves">Central bank gold reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Central bank gold reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central banks diversify their reserves with gold to protect the value of the dollar during challenging economic times.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When banks are forced to print more money to prevent economic turmoil they are simultaneously devaluing the currency. Gold, unlike money, is a finite valuable material which can be used as a hedge against the inflation cause by increasing the money supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold has this inverse relationship with the US dollar which is used as a reserve asset by many central banks thus protecting the central banks reserves when there is a dip in the US dollar or the money supply increases.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value_of_the_U.S._dollar">Value of the U.S. dollar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Value of the U.S. dollar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned above the value of the U.S. dollar is normally inversely related to the value of gold, this is because gold is dollar-denominated.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the U.S. dollar is stronger it tends to keep the price of gold lower and controlled and when there is a weaker U.S. dollar the price of gold is likely to increase as well as the demand for it.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibanye_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibanye Gold">Sibanye Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_extraction" title="Gold extraction">Gold extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_prospecting" title="Gold prospecting">Gold prospecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis" title="Ore genesis">Ore genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak gold">Peak gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_reef_mining" title="Quartz reef mining">Quartz reef mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_gold_mining" title="Recreational gold mining">Recreational gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gold_nuggets_by_size" title="List of gold nuggets by size">List of gold nuggets by size</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Gold mining by country:</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> around <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand Basin">Witwatersrand Basin</a> in South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining#Records" title="Mining">Deepest mines</a> on earth are the gold mines in South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Brazil" title="Gold mining in Brazil">Gold mining in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mining in Africa">Gold mining in Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mining in South Africa">Gold mining in South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Gold mining in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Gold mining in the United States">Gold mining in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Alaska" title="Gold mining in Alaska">Gold mining in Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_l%27Or" title="Cité de l'Or">City of Gold</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining in China</a></li> <li>Gold mining in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatti_Gold_Mines" title="Hatti Gold Mines">Hatti Gold Mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_Gold_Fields" title="Kolar Gold Fields">Kolar Gold Fields</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gold mining in <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_gold_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora gold mine">Aurora gold mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omai_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Omai mine">Omai mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroparu_mine" title="Toroparu mine">Toroparu mine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gold mining in Pakistan: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reko_Diq_Mine" title="Reko Diq Mine">Reko Diq Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saindak_Copper_Gold_Project" title="Saindak Copper Gold Project">Saindak Copper Gold Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_gold" title="Welsh gold">Welsh gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukari_mine" title="Sukari mine">Sukari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li>Gold mining in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li>Gold mine Gondo<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grasberg_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasberg Mine">Grasberg Mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookmount_Gold" title="Brookmount Gold">Brookmount Gold</a>'s Talawaan Mine in <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>,<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gold rushes:</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>United States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia Gold Rush</a> (beginning 1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> (1848–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a> (1858–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holcomb_Valley" title="Holcomb Valley">Holcomb Valley gold rush</a> (1860s)</li></ul></li> <li>British Commonwealth: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> (1850s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian Gold Rush</a> (1851–1860s)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> (late 1850s), Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> (1880s), South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a> (1896–1899), Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a> (1860s), New Zealand</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-VANBRUUN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VANBRUUN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25210-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25210-8"><bdi>978-0-471-25210-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+power+of+gold%3A+the+history+of+an+obsession&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-471-25210-8&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButcher2020" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Kevin, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1157153560"><i>Debasement: manipulation of coin standards in pre-modern monetary systems</i></a>. Oxford ; Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-398-6"><bdi>978-1-78925-398-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1157153560">1157153560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debasement%3A+manipulation+of+coin+standards+in+pre-modern+monetary+systems&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1157153560&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-398-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fon1157153560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Oancea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Mining.com/Apr2008h.pdf">A Tale of Gold</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230636/http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Mining.com/Apr2008h.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191118115109/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/K-hertage.htm">"The Golden Heritage of Karnataka"</a>. <i>ernet.in</i>. 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(2018). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Incas</i>. Oxford handbooks. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021935-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021935-2"><bdi>978-0-19-021935-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Incas&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Oxford+handbooks&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021935-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuadraDunkerley1991" class="citation journal cs1">Cuadra, W. 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Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-81957-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-81957-6"><bdi>978-3-030-81957-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+participatory+dialogue+in+archaeological+and+cultural+heritage+interpretation%3A+multinational+perspectives&rft.place=Cham&rft.edition=1st+ed.+2022&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-030-81957-6&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Baugher%2C+Sherene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/romania-gold-mining-fight-rosia-montana-unesco">"Romania Backtracks on Bid to Protect Roman Gold Mine in Transylvania"</a>. <i>Environment</i>. 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2016). <i>Networks of trade in raw materials and technological innovations in prehistory and protohistory, Volume 12/session B34: an archaeometry approach</i>. Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-424-0"><bdi>978-1-78491-424-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+of+trade+in+raw+materials+and+technological+innovations+in+prehistory+and+protohistory%2C+Volume+12%2Fsession+B34%3A+an+archaeometry+approach&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Proceedings+of+the+XVII+UISPP+World+Congress&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Archaeology&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78491-424-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallenderReeson2008" class="citation book cs1">Callender, R. M.; Reeson, Patrick F. (2008). <i>The Scottish gold rush of 1869</i>. British mining. Sheffield, Yorkshire: The Northern Mine Research Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901450-63-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901450-63-0"><bdi>978-0-901450-63-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+gold+rush+of+1869&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+Yorkshire&rft.series=British+mining&rft.pub=The+Northern+Mine+Research+Society&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-901450-63-0&rft.aulast=Callender&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Reeson%2C+Patrick+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurenson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Laurenson, Sarah (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2373518X.2016.1204865">"Material landscapes: the production and consumption of men's jewellery during the Scottish gold rush of 1869"</a>. <i>History of Retailing and Consumption</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 129–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2373518X.2016.1204865">10.1080/2373518X.2016.1204865</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-518X">2373-518X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Retailing+and+Consumption&rft.atitle=Material+landscapes%3A+the+production+and+consumption+of+men%27s+jewellery+during+the+Scottish+gold+rush+of+1869&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-142&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2373518X.2016.1204865&rft.issn=2373-518X&rft.aulast=Laurenson&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F2373518X.2016.1204865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo2018" class="citation web cs1">Lo, Chris (23 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-technology.com/features/dragons-hoard-allure-welsh-gold/">"Dragon's hoard: the allure of Welsh gold"</a>. <i>Mining Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Welsh+gold+wedding+ring+continues+royal+tradition&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-south-west-wales-13196514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/australian-gold-rush-begins">"Australian Gold Rush Begins"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Broadway, N.S.W., Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949288-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949288-29-5"><bdi>978-0-949288-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australians%2C+historical+statistics&rft.place=Broadway%2C+N.S.W.%2C+Australia&rft.series=Australians%2C+a+historical+library&rft.pub=Fairfax%2C+Syme+%26+Weldon+Associates&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-949288-29-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonvan_Helten1984" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson, Peter; van Helten, Jean-Jacques (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597284">"The Development of the South African Gold-Mining Industry, 1895-1918"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2597284">10.2307/2597284</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597284">2597284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+South+African+Gold-Mining+Industry%2C+1895-1918&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2597284&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2597284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=van+Helten%2C+Jean-Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2597284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetherling1997" class="citation book cs1">Fetherling, George (1997). <i>The gold crusades: a social history of gold rushes, 1849-1929</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8046-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8046-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8046-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+gold+crusades%3A+a+social+history+of+gold+rushes%2C+1849-1929&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8046-2&rft.aulast=Fetherling&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMountfordTuffnell2018" class="citation book cs1">Mountford, Benjamin; Tuffnell, Stephen, eds. (2018). <i>A global history of gold rushes</i>. California world history library. Oakland, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29454-7"><bdi>978-0-520-29454-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+global+history+of+gold+rushes&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.series=California+world+history+library&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29454-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1974" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, W.R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002200947400900204">"The North-West Mounted Police and the Klondike Gold Rush"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 93–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900204">10.1177/002200947400900204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+North-West+Mounted+Police+and+the+Klondike+Gold+Rush&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-105&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947400900204&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=W.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947400900204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpudeSociety_for_Historical_Archaeology2011" class="citation book cs1">Spude, Catherine Holder; Society for Historical Archaeology, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/712115576"><i>Eldorado! the archaeology of gold mining in the far North</i></a>. Historical archaeology of the American West. Lincoln : [Rockville, Md.]: University of Nebraska Press ; Society for Historical Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1099-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-1099-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712115576">712115576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eldorado%21+the+archaeology+of+gold+mining+in+the+far+North&rft.place=Lincoln+%3A+%5BRockville%2C+Md.%5D&rft.series=Historical+archaeology+of+the+American+West&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press+%3B+Society+for+Historical+Archaeology&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712115576&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1099-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F712115576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkie1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilkie, Rab (1992). <i>Skookum Jim: Native and Non-Native Stories and Views About His Life and Times and the Klondike Gold Rush</i>. Heritage Branch, Department of Tourism, Government of the Yukon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skookum+Jim%3A+Native+and+Non-Native+Stories+and+Views+About+His+Life+and+Times+and+the+Klondike+Gold+Rush&rft.pub=Heritage+Branch%2C+Department+of+Tourism%2C+Government+of+the+Yukon&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Wilkie&rft.aufirst=Rab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/klgo/learn/goldrush.htm">"What Was the Klondike Gold Rush? - Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+Klondike+Gold+Rush%3F+-+Klondike+Gold+Rush+National+Historical+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fklgo%2Flearn%2Fgoldrush.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/about-gold/gold-supply/gold-mining/how-much-gold-has-been-mined">"How Much Gold Has Been Mined?"</a>. <i>www.gold.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929224149/https://www.gold.org/about-gold/gold-supply/gold-mining/how-much-gold-has-been-mined">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gold.org&rft.atitle=How+Much+Gold+Has+Been+Mined%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Fabout-gold%2Fgold-supply%2Fgold-mining%2Fhow-much-gold-has-been-mined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Mining.com/Jul2008e.pdf">"Dan Oancea – Carlin: Where the Train Stops and the Gold Rush Begins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102253/http://www.infomine.com/publications/docs/Mining.com/Jul2008e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dan+Oancea+%E2%80%93+Carlin%3A+Where+the+Train+Stops+and+the+Gold+Rush+Begins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Fpublications%2Fdocs%2FMining.com%2FJul2008e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/gold-demand-trends/gold-demand-trends-full-year-2022/supply">"Supply"</a>. <i>World Gold Council</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413032332/https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/gold-demand-trends/gold-demand-trends-full-year-2022/supply">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Survey+2008+-+Update+2&rft.pub=GFMS+Ltd&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfms.co.uk%2FMarket%2520Commentary%2FGold%2520Survey%25202008%2520Update%25202%2520Toronto%2520Launch%2520Presentation.pdf%3FvideoId%3D92028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Chaise, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.goldseek.com/Dani/1273767071.php">World gold production 2010</a>, 13 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Geological Survey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/">Gold</a>, Mineral commodity summaries, Jan. 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/mining/6546579/Barrick-shuts-hedge-book-as-world-gold-supply-runs-out.html">Barrick shuts hedge book as world gold supply runs out</a>; Telegraph Media Group, November 11, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekingalpha.com/article/16607-in-defense-of-peak-gold-evidence-gold-production-peaked-in-2001">In Defense of Peak Gold: Evidence Gold Production Peaked in 2001</a>; Seeking Alpha, September 10, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrh.co.il/i/pdf/NRH_Research_2012%20World_Gold_Deposits.pdf">2012 World Gold Deposit Ranking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429122247/http://www.nrh.co.il/i/pdf/NRH_Research_2012%20World_Gold_Deposits.pdf">Archived</a> April 29, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; NRH Research, July 26, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mining.com/goldcorp-we-have-hit-peak-gold-48704/">Goldcorp: We have hit PEAK gold</a>; Mining.com, September 8, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0311/what-drives-the-price-of-gold.aspx">"What Drives the Price of Gold?"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=What+Drives+the+Price+of+Gold%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Ffinancial-edge%2F0311%2Fwhat-drives-the-price-of-gold.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/plus/why-central-banks-buy-gold">"Why Central Banks Buy Gold"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803214230if_/https://www.reuters.com/plus/why-central-banks-buy-gold">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Why+Central+Banks+Buy+Gold&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fplus%2Fwhy-central-banks-buy-gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebalancemoney.com/the-relationship-between-gold-and-the-u-s-dollar-808978">"What Is the Real Relationship Between Gold and the US Dollar?"</a>. <i>The Balance</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618012137if_/https://www.thebalancemoney.com/the-relationship-between-gold-and-the-u-s-dollar-808978">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Balance&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Real+Relationship+Between+Gold+and+the+US+Dollar%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebalancemoney.com%2Fthe-relationship-between-gold-and-the-u-s-dollar-808978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See German Wikipedia > <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldmine_Gondo" class="extiw" title="de:Goldmine Gondo">Goldmine Gondo</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2006" class="citation cs2">Ali, Saleem H. (2006), "Gold Mining and the Golden Rule: A Challenge for Developed and Developing Countries", <i>Journal of Cleaner Production</i>, <b>14</b> (3–4): 455–462, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2004.05.009">10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.05.009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cleaner+Production&rft.atitle=Gold+Mining+and+the+Golden+Rule%3A+A+Challenge+for+Developed+and+Developing+Countries&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=455-462&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2004.05.009&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Saleem+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gudde, Erwin G. <i>California Gold Camps: A Geographical and Historical Dictionary of Camps, Towns, and Localities Where Gold Was Found and Mined; Wayside Stations and Trading Centers</i> (Univ of California Press, 1975).</li> <li>Hess, Frank L., C. W. Hayes, and W. Lindgren. "Gold mining in the Randsburg quadrangle, California." <i>Contributions to Economic Geology: US Geological Survey Bulletin</i> (1910): 23–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRUMAAAAYAAJ&dq=+California+gold+Mining&pg=PA23">Online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley1954" class="citation cs2">Kelley, Robert L. (1954), "Forgotten Giant: The Hydraulic Gold Mining Industry in California", <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>, <b>23</b> (4): 343–356, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3634653">10.2307/3634653</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634653">3634653</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Forgotten+Giant%3A+The+Hydraulic+Gold+Mining+Industry+in+California&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343-356&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3634653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3634653%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paul, Rodman Wilson, ed. <i>The California Gold Discovery: Sources, Documents, Accounts, and Memoirs Relating to the Discovery of Gold at Sutter's Mill</i> (Talisman Press, 1967), Primary sources.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohe1985" class="citation cs2">Rohe, Randall E. (1985), "Hydraulicking in the American West: The Development and Diffusion of a Mining Technique", <i>Montana: The Magazine of Western History</i>, <b>35</b> (2): 18–35, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4518885">4518885</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montana%3A+The+Magazine+of+Western+History&rft.atitle=Hydraulicking+in+the+American+West%3A+The+Development+and+Diffusion+of+a+Mining+Technique&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18-35&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4518885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rohe&rft.aufirst=Randall+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohe1986" class="citation cs2">Rohe, Randall (1986), "Origins & Diffusion of Traditional Placer Mining in the West", <i>Material Culture</i>, <b>18</b> (3): 127–166, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29763779">29763779</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Material+Culture&rft.atitle=Origins+%26+Diffusion+of+Traditional+Placer+Mining+in+the+West&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=127-166&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29763779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rohe&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGold+mining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>White F. Miner with a Heart of Gold: biography of a mineral science and engineering educator. Friesen Press, Victoria. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5255-7765-9 (Hardcover), 978-1-5255-7766-6 (Paperback), 978-1-5255-7767-3 (eBook).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_mining&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foteinfo.com/blog/world-gold-resources-map.html">Gold Ore Resources Status and Annual Production of Countries by Continent</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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#FFCC33;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gold_rush" title="Template:Gold rush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gold_rush" title="Template talk:Gold rush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gold_rush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gold rush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gold_rushes_of_the_18th,_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a> of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Gold Rush">Carolina</a> (1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks</a> (1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">Queen Charlottes</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon</a> (1858–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Rock Creek Gold Rush">Rock Creek</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush" title="Similkameen Gold Rush">Similkameen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush" title="Stikine Gold Rush">Stikine</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo</a> (1861–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia Gold Rush">Nova Scotia</a> (1861–1874, 1896–1903, 1932–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Horse_Creek_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush">Wild Horse Creek</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leechtown,_British_Columbia" title="Leechtown, British Columbia">Leechtown</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush" title="Omineca Gold Rush">Omineca</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassiar Gold Rush">Cassiar</a> (1871–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush" title="Cayoosh Gold Rush">Cayoosh</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine</a> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush" title="New South Wales gold rush">New South Wales</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian</a> (1880s–1890s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_gold_rush" title="West Coast gold rush">West Coast</a> (1864–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes" title="Coromandel Gold Rushes">Coromandel</a> (1860s–1870s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto, Brazil</a> (1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego (Chile-Argentina)</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_Pelada" title="Serra Pelada">Serra Pelada, Brazil</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicklow_gold_rush" title="Wicklow gold rush">Wicklow, Ireland</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Kildonan, Scotland</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush" title="Lapland gold rush">Lapland, Finland</a> (1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand, South Africa</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush" title="Kakamega gold rush">Kakamega, Kenya</a> (1930s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC33;"><div>Part of a series on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gold mining</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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