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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-合作博弈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#合作博弈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>合作博弈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-合作博弈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-學習實驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#學習實驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>學習實驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-學習實驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">实验经济学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。24种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="علم اقتصاد تجريبي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم اقتصاد تجريبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99cr%C3%BCbi_iqtisadiyyat" title="Təcrübi iqtisadiyyat – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təcrübi iqtisadiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Експериментална икономика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Експериментална икономика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentelle_%C3%96konomik" title="Experimentelle Ökonomik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Experimentelle Ökonomik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Πειραματικά οικονομικά – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πειραματικά οικονομικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Experimental economics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_experimental" title="Economía experimental – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía experimental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اقتصاد تجربی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد تجربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokeellinen_taloustiede" title="Kokeellinen taloustiede – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kokeellinen taloustiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_exp%C3%A9rimentale" title="Économie expérimentale – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie expérimentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փորձարարական տնտեսագիտություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փորձարարական տնտեսագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_eksperimental" title="Ekonomi eksperimental – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekonomi eksperimental" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_sperimentale" title="Economia sperimentale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia sperimentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="実験経済学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="実験経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="실험경제학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실험경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Опитна економија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опитна економија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_eksperymentalna" title="Ekonomia eksperymentalna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekonomia eksperymentalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_experimental" title="Economia experimental – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia experimental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Экспериментальная экономика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экспериментальная экономика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiks_na_eksperimental" title="Ekonomiks na eksperimental – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekonomiks na eksperimental" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deneysel_iktisat" title="Deneysel iktisat – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deneysel iktisat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Експериментальна економіка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Експериментальна економіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-left:0;padding-right:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_in_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg/294px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="294" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg/441px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg/588px-Map_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_in_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5834" data-file-height="3021" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap;padding-bottom:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%9D%87%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B1%87%E7%8E%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="各国人均国内生产总值列表 (国际汇率)">各国人均国内生产总值地圖</a>（2024年）</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">各地區經濟</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="Category:各國經濟">各国经济列表</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="非洲經濟">非洲经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北美洲经济（页面不存在）">北美洲经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="南美洲经济">南美洲经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="亞洲經濟">亚洲经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="欧洲经济">欧洲经济</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大洋洲经济（页面不存在）">大洋洲经济</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/JEL%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="JEL分类系统">经济学分支</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="微观经济学">微观经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学">宏观经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="经济思想史">经济思想史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="经济学方法">经济学方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E6%B5%81%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="非主流經濟學">非正统经济学思想</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/JEL%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="JEL分类系统">经济学方法</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">实验经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="國民收入">国民收入</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/JEL%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="JEL分类系统">学科分支</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="经济体系">经济体系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2" title="经济史">经济史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF" title="经济增长">经济增长</a></li> <li><a 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title="自然资源经济学（页面不存在）">自然资源经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="环境经济学">环境经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="城市经济学">城市经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="农村经济学">农村经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="产业组织理论">产业组织理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="生態經濟學">生态经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="社會經濟學">社會經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="教育经济学">教育经济学</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="經濟學期刊列表">期刊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经济学重要出版物列表（页面不存在）">出版物</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:经济学">目录</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:经济学">主题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经济学家列表（页面不存在）">经济学家</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="经济体系">经济体系</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="封閉經濟">封闭经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="二元经济">二元经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="礼物经济">礼物经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="非正式經濟">非正式经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="市场经济">市场经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="混合经济">混合经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="伊斯兰经济">伊斯兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%94%BE%E4%BB%BB" title="自由放任">自由放任</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="开放经济">开放经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" 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.navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-b0741a44" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Economics"></div></div></div> <p><b>實驗經濟學</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Experimental economics</span>）是一門利用真人<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗">實驗</a>測試不同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經濟理論（页面不存在）">經濟理論</a>及新<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="市場機制">市場機制</a>的方法。利用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%97%E8%A9%A6%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="受試者（页面不存在）">受試者</a>的金錢動機創造出類似真實世界的動機，幫助<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實驗者（页面不存在）">實驗者</a>及人們瞭解市場及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="交易">交易</a>系統運作的原理。實驗可以在實驗室或在一個真實的環境進行。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有關實驗經濟學的歷史及方法在，2002年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾經濟學獎">諾貝爾經濟學獎</a>得主<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%86%9C%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="弗农·史密斯">弗農·史密斯</a>曾在1987出版的彙整性論著中提到： </p><p>「從歷史的角度，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>方法及論述一直以來被視為無法<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗">實驗</a>（或實地觀察）的科學，比較接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="氣象學">氣象學</a>，而不同於<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>。基於一般的、內省地『合理化』，假設人們的偏好，及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="生產者">生產者</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99" title="供给">供給</a>背後的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="成本">成本</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="技術">技術</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學家">經濟學家</a>一直在尋求貼近現實，如同天文學的資料。然而，將天文學與經濟學視為方法論上的均等也許有問題。天文學和經濟學有兩個主要的不同可以幫我們理清經濟學上的數理<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>問題。首先，基於維持<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平行主義（页面不存在）">平行主義</a>（物理法則適用於萬物的假設），<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>借重了許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古典力學">古典力學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子物理學">量子物理學</a>的理論，這些理論都是經由精密嚴謹的實驗所得到的。其次，傳統的觀點，經濟學並沒有類似環境可利用控制良好的實驗來測試行為準則，而這些準則在適用於經濟運作時常假設其偏誤可以忽略來處理。類似的觀點，如天文學和物理學之間，近年來有一個新興的領域結合了經濟學及實驗心理學共同關心的話題。」 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="實驗主題"><span id=".E5.AF.A6.E9.A9.97.E4.B8.BB.E9.A1.8C"></span>實驗主題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：實驗主題"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>實驗經濟學可以大致分為下例幾個主題：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="市場">市場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="決策">決策</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%B0%E5%83%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="議價（页面不存在）">議價</a>、口頭競價、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%94%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="協調（页面不存在）">協調</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%81%8F%E5%A5%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會偏好（页面不存在）">社會偏好</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="學習">學習</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%92%AE%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="撮合（页面不存在）">撮合</a>、及實地實驗。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="合作博弈"><span id=".E5.90.88.E4.BD.9C.E5.8D.9A.E5.BC.88"></span>合作博弈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：合作博弈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>協調<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a>為具有多元均衡的賽局，通常可按 Pareto 次序。在實驗經濟學中有兩個一般性的問題集，通常賽局會如此設計： </p> <ol><li>在多元均衡下，實驗的受試者是否可以協調，或學習到協調？如果是這樣，是否有一般性的準則能預測哪一個均衡較可能會達成？</li> <li>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%9B%B7%E6%89%98%E6%9C%80%E9%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="帕雷托最適">帕雷托最適</a>均衡下，實驗的受試者是否可以協調，或學習到協調？如果不能，是否有條件或機制可以協助受試者達成 Pareto 最適均衡？</li></ol> <p>演繹選擇原則可以就賽局本身的特性提出<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E6%B8%AC" title="預測">預測</a>的方法。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="歸納">歸納</a>選則原則可以用來預測動態的性質。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="學習實驗"><span id=".E5.AD.B8.E7.BF.92.E5.AF.A6.E9.A9.97"></span>學習實驗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：學習實驗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>之所以需要學習模型起源於受試者通常在實驗中重覆進行決策。此外，在兩人或多人賽局，受試者也許會形成對其他受試者的信念可能會隨著時間改變的信念。這個過程被解釋成信念學習。受試者也許會跳離那些過去導致糟糕報償的決策然後朝向那些過去高報償的決策方向。這個過程稱為強化學習。 </p><p>直到1990年代，簡單的調適性模型，一般使用的方法如 Cournor 最適反應或虛構競賽。在90年代中期，Alvin Roth 及 Ido Erev 展示了強化學習可以有效的預測實驗賽局。1999年，Colin Camerer 及 Teck Ho 引入經驗權重吸子（experience weighted attraction）法，簡稱為 EWA。其為強化學習和信念學習的一般化模型，同時也顯示虛構競賽（根據過去歷史的權重）在數學上等同於一般化的強化法，所有未實際採行的策略都被強化。對於 EWA 的批評包括因為參數過多所導致的過度配適，對於賽局缺乏一般性，以及想要解釋 EWA 參數所可能遭遇的困難。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="代表人物"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>代表人物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>实验经济学的重要代表人物包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔经济学奖">诺贝尔经济学奖</a>得主<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%A7%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="丹尼爾·卡內曼">丹尼爾·卡內曼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%86%9C%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="弗农·史密斯">弗農·史密斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="加州理工学院">加州理工学院</a>教授<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E8%8E%AB%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柯林·凯莫若（页面不存在）">柯林·凯莫若</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%BB%8E%E4%B8%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="苏黎世大学">苏黎世大学</a>教授<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·费尔">恩斯特·費爾</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economicscience.org/">实验经济学会（Economic Science Association）</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080704182503/http://www.economicscience.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style 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href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E8%B2%A8" title="財貨">財貨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E8%B2%A8" title="財貨">經濟財</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B2%A1" title="自由財">自由財</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E8%B2%A1" title="私有財">私有財</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81" title="公共物品">公共財</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="商品及服務" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Goods and services"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E5%8F%8A%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商品及服務（页面不存在）">商品及服務</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services" class="extiw" title="en:Goods and services"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Goods and services</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="商品">商品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="服务">服务</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%9D%9F%E6%A5%B5%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96" title="約束極大化">約束極大化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="经济成本" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economic cost"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="經濟成本">经济成本</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_cost" class="extiw" title="en:Economic cost"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economic cost</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="平均成本" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Average cost"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平均成本（页面不存在）">平均成本</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_cost" class="extiw" title="en:Average cost"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Average cost</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="边际成本">边际成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="机会成本">机会成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="社会成本">社会成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%B2%A1%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="沉没成本">沉没成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="交易成本">交易成本</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%81%AF" title="利息">利息</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%9C%9F%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="跨期選擇">跨期選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E8%88%87%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" title="需求與供給">需求與供給</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="供給曲線">供給曲線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="需求曲線">需求曲線</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7_(%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6)" title="弹性 (经济学)">彈性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1" title="經濟均衡">經濟均衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="一般均衡理论">一般均衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%A1%8D%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="超額需求">超額需求</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%A1%8D%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" title="超額供給">超額供給</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%85%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="消费者理论">消費者理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%A5%BD" title="偏好">偏好</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="效用">效用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="无差异曲线">等優曲線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E7%AE%97%E7%B7%9A" title="預算線">預算線</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="收入–消費曲線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Income–consumption curve"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E2%80%93%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="收入–消費曲線（页面不存在）">收入–消費曲線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income%E2%80%93consumption_curve" class="extiw" title="en:Income–consumption curve"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Income–consumption curve</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">不確定性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%8E%8C%E6%81%B6" title="风险厌恶">风险厌恶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1%E8%A7%84%E9%81%BF" title="损失规避">损失规避</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="效用">效用</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="预期效用假说">预期效用假说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E6%95%88%E7%94%A8" title="边际效用">边际效用</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7" title="需求的价格弹性">需求的价格弹性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">企業理論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%A0" title="生产要素">生產要素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A5" title="分工">分工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E9%85%AC%E9%81%9E%E6%B8%9B" title="報酬遞減">報酬遞減</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生產成本（页面不存在）">生產成本</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="固定成本">固定成本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%8B%95%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="變動成本">變動成本</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%BD%A4" title="利潤">利潤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="等成本曲線">等成本曲線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="等产量曲线">等产量曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%B6%A6%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96" title="利润最大化">利润最大化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="规模经济">规模经济</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E4%B8%8D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="規模不經濟">規模不經濟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="範圍經濟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economies of scope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%84%E5%9C%8D%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="範圍經濟（页面不存在）">範圍經濟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scope" class="extiw" title="en:Economies of scope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economies of scope</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%9B%86%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="聚集經濟">集聚经济</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">市場分析</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA" title="市场">市场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="市场形式">市场形式</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="市场竞争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Competition (economics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="市场竞争（页面不存在）">市场竞争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(economics)" class="extiw" title="en:Competition (economics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Competition (economics)</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E6%80%A7%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89" title="垄断性竞争">垄断性竞争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89" title="完全竞争">完全竞争</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%A4%B4%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="双头垄断">双头垄断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E5%8D%A0" title="独占">垄断</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%BE%B9%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="双边寡头垄断">双边寡头垄断</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="买方垄断">买方垄断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%8D%A0" title="寡占">寡頭壟斷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" title="买方寡头垄断">买方寡头垄断</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E7%81%B5" title="市场失灵">市场失灵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="价格">价格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%89%A9%E9%A4%98" title="經濟剩餘">經濟剩餘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%89%A9%E9%A4%98" title="經濟剩餘">消費者剩餘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%89%A9%E9%A4%98" title="經濟剩餘">生產者剩餘</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%B0%93%E6%8D%9F%E5%A4%B1" title="无谓损失">無謂損失</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E6%80%A7" title="外部性">外部性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="经济效率">經濟效率</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="經濟公平" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Equity (economics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經濟公平（页面不存在）">經濟公平</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(economics)" class="extiw" title="en:Equity (economics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Equity (economics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會抉擇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social choice"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%8A%89%E6%93%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會抉擇（页面不存在）">社會抉擇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice" class="extiw" title="en:Social choice"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social choice</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="行為經濟學">行為經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="商业经济学">商业经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="計算經濟學">計算經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E8%AE%BA" title="决策论">决策论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="應用經濟學">應用經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="工程經濟">工程經濟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土木工程经济学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Engineering economics (civil engineering)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土木工程经济学（页面不存在）">土木工程经济学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_economics_(civil_engineering)" class="extiw" title="en:Engineering economics (civil engineering)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Engineering economics (civil engineering)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="演化经济学">演化经济学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">实验经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="博弈论">博弈论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="产业组织理论">产业组织理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="制度经济学">制度经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="勞動經濟學">勞動經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="法律经济学">法律经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="企业经济学">管理经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="数理经济学">数理经济学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微观基础" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microfoundations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E" title="微觀基礎">宏观经济学的微观基础</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfoundations" class="extiw" title="en:Microfoundations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microfoundations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%B1%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="運籌學">運籌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最优化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="福利经济学">福利经济学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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