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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_affecting_depth_of_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_affecting_depth_of_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Factors affecting depth of field</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_affecting_depth_of_field-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors affecting depth of field subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_affecting_depth_of_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_lens_aperture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_lens_aperture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Effect of lens aperture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_lens_aperture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_circle_of_confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_circle_of_confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Effect of circle of confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_circle_of_confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Camera movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-field_calculation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-field_calculation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Object-field calculation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-field_calculation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overcoming_DOF_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overcoming_DOF_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overcoming DOF limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overcoming_DOF_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffraction_and_DOF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffraction_and_DOF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diffraction and DOF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffraction_and_DOF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOF_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOF_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>DOF scales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOF_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperfocal_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperfocal_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hyperfocal distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperfocal_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near:far_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near:far_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Near:far distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near:far_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOF_formulae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOF_formulae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>DOF formulae</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-DOF_formulae-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle DOF formulae subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-DOF_formulae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Focus_and_f-number_from_DOF_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus_and_f-number_from_DOF_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Focus and f-number from DOF limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus_and_f-number_from_DOF_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreground_and_background_blur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreground_and_background_blur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Foreground and background blur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreground_and_background_blur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Depth of field</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velddiepte" title="Velddiepte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Velddiepte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84" title="عمق الحقل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمق الحقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondura_de_campu" title="Fondura de campu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fondura de campu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্ষেত্রের গভীরতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্ষেত্রের গভীরতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Дълбочина на рязкост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дълбочина на рязкост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A4rfndiaf" title="Schärfndiaf – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schärfndiaf" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profunditat_de_camp" title="Profunditat de camp – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Profunditat de camp" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hloubka_ostrosti" title="Hloubka ostrosti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hloubka ostrosti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarphedsdybde" title="Skarphedsdybde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skarphedsdybde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%A4rfentiefe" title="Schärfentiefe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schärfentiefe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βάθος πεδίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάθος πεδίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profundidad_de_campo" title="Profundidad de campo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Profundidad de campo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampa_profundo" title="Kampa profundo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kampa profundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremu_sakontasun" title="Eremu sakontasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eremu sakontasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%82_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمق میدان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عمق میدان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profondeur_de_champ" title="Profondeur de champ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Profondeur de champ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profundidade_de_campo" title="Profundidade de campo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Profundidade de campo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%84_%EC%8B%AC%EB%8F%84" title="피사계 심도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피사계 심도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feld-profundeso" title="Feld-profundeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Feld-profundeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedalaman_ruang" title="Kedalaman ruang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kedalaman ruang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profondit%C3%A0_di_campo" title="Profondità di campo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Profondità di campo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%94" title="עומק שדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עומק שדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%A1kumo_gylis" title="Ryškumo gylis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ryškumo gylis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lys%C3%A9g%C3%A9less%C3%A9g" title="Mélységélesség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mélységélesség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%82" title="ദൃശ്യത്തിന്റെ ആഴം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദൃശ്യത്തിന്റെ ആഴം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherptediepte" title="Scherptediepte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scherptediepte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%86%99%E7%95%8C%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6" title="被写界深度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="被写界深度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dybdeskarphet" title="Dybdeskarphet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dybdeskarphet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82%C4%99bia_ostro%C5%9Bci" title="Głębia ostrości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głębia ostrości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profundidade_de_campo" title="Profundidade de campo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Profundidade de campo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Глубина резко изображаемого пространства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глубина резко изображаемого пространства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B9%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB" title="ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගැඹුර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගැඹුර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globinska_ostrina" title="Globinska ostrina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Globinska ostrina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubina_polja" title="Dubina polja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dubina polja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that are in focus in an image</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Depth of field (disambiguation)">Depth of field (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg/220px-DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg/330px-DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg/440px-DOF-ShallowDepthofField.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photograph</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Defocus_aberration" title="Defocus aberration">defocused effect</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">shallow depth of field</a> on a tilted page of text</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_bud_at_f22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tree_bud_at_f22.jpg/220px-Tree_bud_at_f22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tree_bud_at_f22.jpg/330px-Tree_bud_at_f22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tree_bud_at_f22.jpg/440px-Tree_bud_at_f22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>This photo was taken with an aperture of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1263863036">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>, creating a mostly in-focus background.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_bud_in_spring_f1.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tree_bud_in_spring_f1.8.jpg/220px-Tree_bud_in_spring_f1.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tree_bud_in_spring_f1.8.jpg/330px-Tree_bud_in_spring_f1.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tree_bud_in_spring_f1.8.jpg/440px-Tree_bud_in_spring_f1.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The same scene as above with an aperture of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.8</span>. Notice how much blurrier the background appears in this photo.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>depth of field</b> (<b>DOF</b>) is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a> in an image captured with a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>. See also the closely related <b><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">depth of focus</a></b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_affecting_depth_of_field">Factors affecting depth of field</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Factors affecting depth of field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depth_of_field_illustration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Depth_of_field_illustration.svg/220px-Depth_of_field_illustration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Depth_of_field_illustration.svg/330px-Depth_of_field_illustration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Depth_of_field_illustration.svg/440px-Depth_of_field_illustration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Effect of aperture on blur and DOF (Depth of Field). The points in focus (<b>2</b>) project points onto the image plane (<b>5</b>), but points at different distances (<b>1</b> and <b>3</b>) project blurred images, or <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">circles of confusion</a>. Decreasing the aperture size (<b>4</b>) reduces the size of the blur spots for points not in the focused plane, so that the blurring is imperceptible, and all points are within the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr>.</figcaption></figure> <p>For cameras that can only focus on one object distance at a time, depth of field is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in the image.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalvaggioStroebel2009110-_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvaggioStroebel2009110--1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Acceptably sharp focus" is defined using a property called the "<a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">circle of confusion</a>". </p><p>The depth of field can be determined by <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a>, distance to subject (object to be imaged), the acceptable circle of confusion size, and aperture.<sup id="cite_ref-LondonStone2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonStone2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limitations of depth of field can sometimes be overcome with various techniques and equipment. The approximate depth of field can be given by: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx {\frac {2u^{2}Nc}{f^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DOF</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>N</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx {\frac {2u^{2}Nc}{f^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/187d5ad538cee7781bf148b2226c86317b83cd31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.653ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx {\frac {2u^{2}Nc}{f^{2}}}}"></span> </p><p>for a given maximum acceptable circle of confusion <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">c</span>, focal length <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">f</span>, <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">N</span>, and distance to subject <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">u</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenTriantaphillidou2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenTriantaphillidou2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As distance or the size of the acceptable circle of confusion increases, the depth of field increases; however, increasing the size of the aperture (i.e., reducing <span class="nowrap">f-number</span>) or increasing the focal length reduces the depth of field. Depth of field changes linearly with <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> and circle of confusion, but changes in proportion to the square of the distance to the subject and inversely in proportion to the square of the focal length. As a result, photos taken at extremely close range (i.e., so small <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">u</span>) have a proportionally much smaller depth of field. </p><p>Rearranging the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> equation shows that it is the ratio between distance and focal length that affects <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr>; </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx 2Nc\left({\frac {u}{f}}\right)^{2}=2Nc\left(1-{\frac {1}{M_{T}}}\right)^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>DOF</mtext> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>N</mi> <mi>c</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>u</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>N</mi> <mi>c</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx 2Nc\left({\frac {u}{f}}\right)^{2}=2Nc\left(1-{\frac {1}{M_{T}}}\right)^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68cc238e1c4c38d20220a5cac214402476f008d8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:39.363ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx 2Nc\left({\frac {u}{f}}\right)^{2}=2Nc\left(1-{\frac {1}{M_{T}}}\right)^{2}}"></span> </p><p>Note that <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle M_{T}=-{\frac {f}{u-f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle M_{T}=-{\frac {f}{u-f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2feca604cfdb93c4d5792e258d67a81f3846b079" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:12.509ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle M_{T}=-{\frac {f}{u-f}}}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Magnification#Single_lens" title="Magnification">transverse magnification</a> which is the ratio of the lateral image size to the lateral subject size.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sensor_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensor size">Image sensor size</a> affects <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> in counterintuitive ways. Because the circle of confusion is directly tied to the sensor size, decreasing the size of the sensor while holding focal length and aperture constant will <em>decrease</em> the depth of field (by the crop factor). The resulting image however will have a different field of view. If the focal length is altered to maintain the field of view, while holding the <em>f-number constant</em>, the change in focal length will counter the decrease of <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> from the smaller sensor and <em>increase</em> the depth of field (also by the crop factor). However, if the focal length is altered to maintain the field of view, while holding the <em>aperture diameter constant</em>, the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> will remain constant. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_lens_aperture">Effect of lens aperture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effect of lens aperture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a given subject framing and camera position, the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> is controlled by the lens aperture diameter, which is usually specified as the <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a> (the ratio of lens focal length to aperture diameter). Reducing the aperture diameter (increasing the <span class="nowrap">f-number</span>) increases the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> because only the light travelling at shallower angles passes through the aperture so only cones of rays with shallower angles reach the image plane. In other words, the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">circles of confusion</a> are reduced or increasing the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a given size of the subject's image in the focal plane, the same <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> on any focal length lens will give the same depth of field.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is evident from the above <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> equation by noting that the ratio <span class="texhtml"><i>u</i>/<i>f</i></span> is constant for constant image size. For example, if the focal length is doubled, the subject distance is also doubled to keep the subject image size the same. This observation contrasts with the common notion that "focal length is twice as important to defocus as f/stop",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which applies to a constant subject distance, as opposed to constant image size. </p><p>Motion pictures make limited use of aperture control; to produce a consistent image quality from shot to shot, cinematographers usually choose a single aperture setting for interiors (e.g., scenes inside a building) and another for exteriors (e.g., scenes in an area outside a building), and adjust exposure through the use of camera filters or light levels. Aperture settings are adjusted more frequently in still photography, where variations in depth of field are used to produce a variety of special effects. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:762px;max-width:762px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dof_blocks_f1_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dof_blocks_f1_4.jpg/250px-Dof_blocks_f1_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dof_blocks_f1_4.jpg/375px-Dof_blocks_f1_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dof_blocks_f1_4.jpg/500px-Dof_blocks_f1_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aperture<span class="nowrap"> </span>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.4</span>. <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr><span class="nowrap"> </span>= 0.8<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dof_blocks_f4_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dof_blocks_f4_0.jpg/250px-Dof_blocks_f4_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dof_blocks_f4_0.jpg/375px-Dof_blocks_f4_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dof_blocks_f4_0.jpg/500px-Dof_blocks_f4_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aperture<span class="nowrap"> </span>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/4.0</span>. <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr><span class="nowrap"> </span>= 2.2<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dof_blocks_f22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dof_blocks_f22.jpg/250px-Dof_blocks_f22.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dof_blocks_f22.jpg/375px-Dof_blocks_f22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dof_blocks_f22.jpg/500px-Dof_blocks_f22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aperture<span class="nowrap"> </span>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>. <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr><span class="nowrap"> </span>= 12.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Depth of field for different values of aperture using 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm objective lens and full-frame DSLR camera. Focus point is on the first blocks column.<sup id="cite_ref-photoskop_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photoskop-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Citation is to an Adobe Flash animation, which is dead. (February 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_circle_of_confusion">Effect of circle of confusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effect of circle of confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Precise focus is only possible at an exact distance from a lens;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at that distance, a point object will produce a small spot image. Otherwise, a point object will produce a larger or blur spot image that is typically and approximately a circle. When this circular spot is sufficiently small, it is visually indistinguishable from a point, and appears to be in focus. The diameter of the largest circle that is indistinguishable from a point is known as the <a href="/wiki/Acceptable_circle_of_confusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptable circle of confusion">acceptable circle of confusion</a>, or informally, simply as the circle of confusion. </p><p>The acceptable circle of confusion depends on how the final image will be used. The circle of confusion as 0.25 mm for an image viewed from 25 cm away is generally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavazzi2011109_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavazzi2011109-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm</a> motion pictures, the image area on the film is roughly 22 mm by 16 mm. The limit of tolerable error was traditionally set at 0.05 mm (0.0020 in) diameter, while for <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm film</a>, where the size is about half as large, the tolerance is stricter, 0.025 mm (0.00098 in).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More modern practice for 35 mm productions set the circle of confusion limit at 0.025 mm (0.00098 in).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_movements">Camera movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Camera movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">View camera</a></div> <p>The term "camera movements" refers to swivel (swing and tilt, in modern terminology) and shift adjustments of the lens holder and the film holder. These features have been in use since the 1800s and are still in use today on view cameras, technical cameras, cameras with tilt/shift or perspective control lenses, etc. Swiveling the lens or sensor causes the plane of focus (POF) to swivel, and also causes the field of acceptable focus to swivel with the <abbr title="plane of focus">POF</abbr>; and depending on the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> criteria, to also change the shape of the field of acceptable focus. While calculations for <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> of cameras with swivel set to zero have been discussed, formulated, and documented since before the 1940s, documenting calculations for cameras with non-zero swivel seem to have begun in 1990. </p><p>More so than in the case of the zero swivel camera, there are various methods to form criteria and set up calculations for <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> when swivel is non-zero. There is a gradual reduction of clarity in objects as they move away from the <abbr title="plane of focus">POF</abbr>, and at some virtual flat or curved surface the reduced clarity becomes unacceptable. Some photographers do calculations or use tables, some use markings on their equipment, some judge by previewing the image. </p><p>When the <abbr title="plane of focus">POF</abbr> is rotated, the near and far limits of <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> may be thought of as wedge-shaped, with the apex of the wedge nearest the camera; or they may be thought of as parallel to the <abbr title="plane of focus">POF</abbr>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerklinger199349–56_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerklinger199349–56-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillmanns199771_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillmanns199771-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Object-field_calculation_methods">Object-field calculation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Object-field calculation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional depth-of-field formulas can be hard to use in practice. As an alternative, the same effective calculation can be done without regard to the focal length and <span class="nowrap">f-number</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Rohr" title="Moritz von Rohr">Moritz von Rohr</a> and later Merklinger observe that the effective absolute aperture diameter can be used for similar formula in certain circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerklinger1992_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerklinger1992-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, traditional depth-of-field formulas assume equal acceptable circles of confusion for near and far objects. Merklinger<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that distant objects often need to be much sharper to be clearly recognizable, whereas closer objects, being larger on the film, do not need to be so sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerklinger1992_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerklinger1992-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of detail in distant objects may be particularly noticeable with extreme enlargements. Achieving this additional sharpness in distant objects usually requires focusing beyond the <a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">hyperfocal distance</a>, sometimes almost at infinity. For example, if photographing a cityscape with a <a href="/wiki/Bollard#Road_bollard" title="Bollard">traffic bollard</a> in the foreground, this approach, termed the <i>object field method</i> by Merklinger, would recommend focusing very close to infinity, and stopping down to make the bollard sharp enough. With this approach, foreground objects cannot always be made perfectly sharp, but the loss of sharpness in near objects may be acceptable if recognizability of distant objects is paramount. </p><p>Other authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a> have taken the opposite position, maintaining that slight unsharpness in foreground objects is usually more disturbing than slight unsharpness in distant parts of a scene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams198051_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams198051-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overcoming_DOF_limitations">Overcoming DOF limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overcoming DOF limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some methods and equipment allow altering the apparent <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr>, and some even allow the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> to be determined after the image is made. These are based or supported by computational imaging processes. For example, <a href="/wiki/Focus_stacking" title="Focus stacking">focus stacking</a> combines multiple images focused on different planes, resulting in an image with a greater (or less, if so desired) apparent depth of field than any of the individual source images. Similarly, in order to <a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">reconstruct</a> the 3-dimensional shape of an object, a <a href="/wiki/Depth_map" title="Depth map">depth map</a> can be generated from multiple photographs with different depths of field. Xiong and Shafer concluded, in part, "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>the improvements on precisions of focus ranging and defocus ranging can lead to efficient shape recovery methods."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another approach is focus sweep. The focal plane is swept across the entire relevant range during a single exposure. This creates a blurred image, but with a convolution kernel that is nearly independent of object depth, so that the blur is almost entirely removed after computational deconvolution. This has the added benefit of dramatically reducing motion blur.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Light_scanning_photomacrography" title="Light scanning photomacrography">Light Scanning Photomacrography</a> (LSP) is another technique used to overcome depth of field limitations in macro and micro photography. This method allows for high-magnification imaging with exceptional depth of field. LSP involves scanning a thin light plane across the subject that is mounted on a moving stage perpendicular to the light plane. This ensures the entire subject remains in sharp focus from the nearest to the farthest details, providing comprehensive depth of field in a single image. Initially developed in the 1960s and further refined in the 1980s and 1990s, LSP was particularly valuable in scientific and biomedical photography before digital focus stacking became prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke2024_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke2024-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other technologies use a combination of lens design and post-processing: <a href="/wiki/Wavefront_coding" title="Wavefront coding">Wavefront coding</a> is a method by which controlled aberrations are added to the optical system so that the focus and depth of field can be improved later in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lens design can be changed even more: in colour <a href="/wiki/Apodization" title="Apodization">apodization</a> the lens is modified such that each colour channel has a different lens aperture. For example, the red channel may be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.4</span>, green may be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.4</span>, whilst the blue channel may be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/5.6</span>. Therefore, the blue channel will have a greater depth of field than the other colours. The image processing identifies blurred regions in the red and green channels and in these regions copies the sharper edge data from the blue channel. The result is an image that combines the best features from the different <span class="nowrap">f-numbers</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKayMatherWalton2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayMatherWalton2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the extreme, a <a href="/wiki/Plenoptic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenoptic camera">plenoptic camera</a> captures <a href="/wiki/4D_light_field" class="mw-redirect" title="4D light field">4D light field</a> information about a scene, so the focus and depth of field can be altered after the photo is taken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffraction_and_DOF">Diffraction and DOF</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diffraction and DOF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">Diffraction</a> causes images to lose sharpness at high <span class="nowrap">f-numbers</span> (i.e., narrow aperture stop opening sizes), and hence limits the potential depth of field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197564_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson197564-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This effect is not considered in the above formula giving approximate <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> values.) In general photography this is rarely an issue; because large <span class="nowrap">f-numbers</span> typically require long exposure times to acquire acceptable image brightness, <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">motion blur</a> may cause greater loss of sharpness than the loss from diffraction. However, diffraction is a greater issue in close-up photography, and the overall image sharpness can be degraded as photographers are trying to maximize depth of field with very small apertures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197553_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson197553-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefkowitz197984_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELefkowitz197984-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hansma and Peterson have discussed determining the combined effects of defocus and diffraction using a root-square combination of the individual blur spots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansma1996_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansma1996-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson1996_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1996-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansma's approach determines the <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> that will give the maximum possible sharpness; Peterson's approach determines the minimum <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> that will give the desired sharpness in the final image and yields a maximum depth of field for which the desired sharpness can be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In combination, the two methods can be regarded as giving a maximum and minimum <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> for a given situation, with the photographer free to choose any value within the range, as conditions (e.g., potential motion blur) permit. Gibson gives a similar discussion, additionally considering blurring effects of camera lens aberrations, enlarging lens diffraction and aberrations, the negative emulsion, and the printing paper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197564_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson197564-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Couzin gave a formula essentially the same as Hansma's for optimal <span class="nowrap">f-number</span>, but did not discuss its derivation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouzin1982_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouzin1982-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkins,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1955_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1955-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stokseth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokseth1969_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokseth1969-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Williams and Becklund<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBecklund1989_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBecklund1989-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have discussed the combined effects using the <a href="/wiki/Modulation_transfer_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation transfer function">modulation transfer function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DOF_scales">DOF scales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: DOF scales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many lenses include scales that indicate the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> for a given focus distance and <span class="nowrap">f-number</span>; the 35 mm lens in the image is typical. That lens includes distance scales in feet and meters; when a marked distance is set opposite the large white index mark, the focus is set to that distance. The <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> scale below the distance scales includes markings on either side of the index that correspond to <span class="nowrap">f-numbers</span>. When the lens is set to a given <span class="nowrap">f-number</span>, the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> extends between the distances that align with the <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> markings. </p><p>Photographers can use the lens scales to work backwards from the desired depth of field to find the necessary focus distance and aperture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994315_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994315-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the 35 mm lens shown, if it were desired for the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> to extend from 1 m to 2 m, focus would be set so that index mark was centered between the marks for those distances, and the aperture would be set to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a view camera, the focus and <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> can be obtained by measuring the depth of field and performing simple calculations. Some view cameras include <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> calculators that indicate focus and <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> without the need for any calculations by the photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillmanns199767-68_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillmanns199767-68-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994230-231_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994230-231-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DOF_scale_detail.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from a lens set to f/11. The point half-way between the 1 m and 2 m marks, the DOF limits at f/11, represents the focus distance of approximately 1.33 m (the reciprocal of the mean of the reciprocals of 1 and 2 being 4/3)."><img alt="Detail from a lens set to f/11. The point half-way between the 1 m and 2 m marks, the DOF limits at f/11, represents the focus distance of approximately 1.33 m (the reciprocal of the mean of the reciprocals of 1 and 2 being 4/3)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DOF_scale_detail.png/200px-DOF_scale_detail.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DOF_scale_detail.png/300px-DOF_scale_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/DOF_scale_detail.png/400px-DOF_scale_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from a lens set to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>. The point half-way between the 1 m and 2 m marks, the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> limits at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/11</span>, represents the focus distance of approximately 1.33 m (the reciprocal of the mean of the reciprocals of 1 and 2 being 4/3).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TessinaDOF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DOF scale on Tessina focusing dial"><img alt="DOF scale on Tessina focusing dial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TessinaDOF.jpg/200px-TessinaDOF.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TessinaDOF.jpg/300px-TessinaDOF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/TessinaDOF.jpg/400px-TessinaDOF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> scale on Tessina focusing dial</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hyperfocal_distance">Hyperfocal distance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hyperfocal distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperfocal_distance&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minox_LX_hyperfocal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minox_LX_hyperfocal.JPG/220px-Minox_LX_hyperfocal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minox_LX_hyperfocal.JPG/330px-Minox_LX_hyperfocal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Minox_LX_hyperfocal.JPG/440px-Minox_LX_hyperfocal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Minox LX camera with hyperfocal red dot</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_28mm_lens_at_hyperfocus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nikon_28mm_lens_at_hyperfocus.jpg/220px-Nikon_28mm_lens_at_hyperfocus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nikon_28mm_lens_at_hyperfocus.jpg/330px-Nikon_28mm_lens_at_hyperfocus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nikon_28mm_lens_at_hyperfocus.jpg/440px-Nikon_28mm_lens_at_hyperfocus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5606" data-file-height="3741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikon" title="Nikon">Nikon</a> 28mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.8</span> lens with markings for the depth of field. The lens is set at the hyperfocal distance for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span>. The orange mark corresponding to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/22</span> is at the infinity mark (<span class="texhtml">∞</span>). Focus is acceptable from under <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999700000000000000♠"></span>0.7 m</span> to infinity.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minolta_100-300_at_hyperfocal_distance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Minolta_100-300_at_hyperfocal_distance.jpg/220px-Minolta_100-300_at_hyperfocal_distance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Minolta_100-300_at_hyperfocal_distance.jpg/330px-Minolta_100-300_at_hyperfocal_distance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Minolta_100-300_at_hyperfocal_distance.jpg/440px-Minolta_100-300_at_hyperfocal_distance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minolta" title="Minolta">Minolta</a> 100–300 mm zoom lens. The depth of field, and thus hyperfocal distance, changes with the focal length as well as the f-stop. This lens is set to the hyperfocal distance for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/32</span> at a focal length of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999100000000000000♠"></span>100 mm</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">hyperfocal distance</a> is a distance from a lens beyond which all objects can be brought into an "acceptable" <a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a>. As the hyperfocal distance is the focus distance giving the maximum depth of field, it is the most desirable distance to set the focus of a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_focus_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed focus lens">fixed-focus camera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyperfocal_distance_Kingslake1951_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyperfocal_distance_Kingslake1951-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hyperfocal distance is entirely dependent upon what level of sharpness is considered to be acceptable. </p><p>The hyperfocal distance has a property called "consecutive depths of field", where a lens focused at an object whose distance from the lens is at the hyperfocal distance <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">H</span> will hold a depth of field from <span class="texhtml"><i>H</i>/2</span> to infinity, if the lens is focused to <span class="texhtml"><i>H</i>/2</span>, the depth of field will be from <span class="texhtml"><i>H</i>/3</span> to <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">H</span>; if the lens is then focused to <span class="texhtml"><i>H</i>/3</span>, the depth of field will be from <span class="texhtml"><i>H</i>/4</span> to <span class="texhtml"><i>H</i>/2</span>, etc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutton_(photographer)" title="Thomas Sutton (photographer)">Thomas Sutton</a> and George Dawson first wrote about hyperfocal distance (or "focal range") in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyperfocal_distance_:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyperfocal_distance_:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Derr in 1906 may have been the first to derive a formula for hyperfocal distance. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kingslake" title="Rudolf Kingslake">Rudolf Kingslake</a> wrote in 1951 about the two methods of measuring hyperfocal distance. </p> Some cameras have their hyperfocal distance marked on the focus dial. For example, on the <a href="/wiki/Minox" title="Minox">Minox</a> LX focusing dial there is a red dot between <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠"></span>2 m</span> and infinity; when the lens is set at the red dot, that is, focused at the hyperfocal distance, the depth of field stretches from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠"></span>2 m</span> to infinity. Some lenses have markings indicating the hyperfocal range for specific <a href="/wiki/F-stop" class="mw-redirect" title="F-stop">f-stops</a>, also called a <i>depth-of-field scale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contessa_hyperfocal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Contessa_hyperfocal.JPG/220px-Contessa_hyperfocal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Contessa_hyperfocal.JPG/330px-Contessa_hyperfocal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Contessa_hyperfocal.JPG/440px-Contessa_hyperfocal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Zeiss Ikon Contessa with red marks for hyperfocal distance 20 ft at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Near:far_distribution">Near:far distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Near:far distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> beyond the subject is always greater than the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> in front of the subject. When the subject is at the hyperfocal distance or beyond, the far <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> is infinite, so the ratio is 1:∞; as the subject distance decreases, near:far <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> ratio increases, approaching unity at high magnification. For large apertures at typical portrait distances, the ratio is still close to 1:1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DOF_formulae">DOF formulae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: DOF formulae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section covers some additional formula for evaluating depth of field; however they are all subject to significant simplifying assumptions: for example, they assume the <a href="/wiki/Paraxial_approximation" title="Paraxial approximation">paraxial approximation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_optics" title="Gaussian optics">Gaussian optics</a>. They are suitable for practical photography, lens designers would use significantly more complex ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus_and_f-number_from_DOF_limits">Focus and f-number from DOF limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Focus and f-number from DOF limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For given near and far <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> limits <span class="texhtml"><i>D</i><sub>N</sub></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>D</i><sub>F</sub></span>, the required <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a> is smallest when focus is set to </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\frac {2D_{\mathrm {N} }D_{\mathrm {F} }}{D_{\mathrm {N} }+D_{\mathrm {F} }}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\frac {2D_{\mathrm {N} }D_{\mathrm {F} }}{D_{\mathrm {N} }+D_{\mathrm {F} }}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9357209c9b4095bac2a109e3c44bf8a7ae6423fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:15.131ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\frac {2D_{\mathrm {N} }D_{\mathrm {F} }}{D_{\mathrm {N} }+D_{\mathrm {F} }}},}"></span> </p><p>the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_mean" title="Harmonic mean">harmonic mean</a> of the near and far distances. In practice, this is equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">arithmetic mean</a> for shallow depths of field.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, view camera users refer to the difference <span class="texhtml"><i>v</i><sub>N</sub> − <i>v</i><sub>F</sub></span> as the <i>focus spread</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansma199655_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansma199655-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreground_and_background_blur">Foreground and background blur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreground and background blur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a subject is at distance <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">s</span> and the foreground or background is at distance <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">D</span>, let the distance between the subject and the foreground or background be indicated by </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {d} }=|D-s|.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {d} }=|D-s|.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ab191f7e559a917fa6c4c5d39690e4795f9c6a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.37ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {d} }=|D-s|.}"></span> </p><p>The blur disk diameter <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">b</span> of a detail at distance <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i><sub>d</sub></span> from the subject can be expressed as a function of the subject magnification <span class="texhtml"><i>m</i><sub>s</sub></span>, focal length <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">f</span>, <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">N</span>, or alternatively the <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">d</span>, according to </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b={\frac {fm_{\mathrm {s} }}{N}}{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{s\pm x_{\mathrm {d} }}}=dm_{\mathrm {s} }{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{D}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo>±</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi>D</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b={\frac {fm_{\mathrm {s} }}{N}}{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{s\pm x_{\mathrm {d} }}}=dm_{\mathrm {s} }{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{D}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c75c6b4d8017fcf377fb113d37c003782e9528a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:27.568ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b={\frac {fm_{\mathrm {s} }}{N}}{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{s\pm x_{\mathrm {d} }}}=dm_{\mathrm {s} }{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{D}}.}"></span> </p><p>The minus sign applies to a foreground object, and the plus sign applies to a background object. </p><p>The blur increases with the distance from the subject; when <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">b</span> is less than the circle of confusion, the detail is within the depth of field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle of view">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">Camera angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth-of-field_adapter" title="Depth-of-field adapter">Depth-of-field adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_lens" title="Frazier lens">Frazier lens</a> (very deep depth of field)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-field_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-field camera">Light-field camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_aperture" title="Numerical aperture">Numerical aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion_(photography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective distortion (photography)">Perspective distortion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strictly, at an exact distance from a plane.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notwithstanding that the <span class="nowrap">f-number</span> is derived from the focal length.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Englander describes a similar approach in his paper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823214205/http://www.englander-workshops.com/documents/depth.pdf">Apparent Depth of Field: Practical Use in Landscape Photography</a>; Conrad discusses this approach, under Different Circles of Confusion for Near and Far Limits of Depth of Field, and The Object Field Method, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.largeformatphotography.info/articles/DoFinDepth.pdf">Depth of Field in Depth</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson does not give a closed-form expression for the minimum <span class="nowrap">f-number</span>, though such an expression obtains from simple algebraic manipulation of his Equation 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The analytical section at the end of <a href="#CITEREFGibson1975">Gibson (1975)</a> was originally published as "Magnification and Depth of Detail in Photomacrography" in the <i>Journal of the Photographic Society of America</i>, Vol. 26, No. 6, June 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The focus distance to have the <abbr title="depth of field">DOF</abbr> extend between given near and far object distances is the harmonic mean of the <i>object conjugates</i>. Most helicoid-focused lenses are marked with image plane-to-subject distances,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> so the focus determined from the lens distance scale is not exactly the harmonic mean of the marked near and far distances.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalvaggioStroebel2009110--1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalvaggioStroebel2009110-_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalvaggioStroebel2009">Salvaggio & Stroebel 2009</a>, pp. 110-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LondonStone2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LondonStone2016_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_LondonJim_StoneJohn_Upton2005" class="citation book cs1">Barbara London; Jim Stone; John Upton (2005). <i>Photography</i> (8th ed.). Pearson. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-448202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-448202-6"><bdi>978-0-13-448202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-448202-6&rft.au=Barbara+London&rft.au=Jim+Stone&rft.au=John+Upton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllenTriantaphillidou2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllenTriantaphillidou2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_AllenSophie_Triantaphillidou2011" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Allen; Sophie Triantaphillidou (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfWivY3mIgAC&pg=PA111"><i>The Manual of Photography</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EAS+Publications+Series&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Wavefront+Coding+for+Incoherent+Imaging&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Feas%2F1359005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120502243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1633-4760&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013EAS....59...77R&rft.aulast=Mary&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Roche%2C+M.&rft.au=Theys%2C+C.&rft.au=Aime%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edp-open.org%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fbooks%2Ffulldl%2Feas_59%2Feas59_pp077-092.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayMatherWalton2011-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKayMatherWalton2011_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKayMatherWalton2011">Kay, Mather & Walton 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson197564-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197564_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197564_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1975">Gibson 1975</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson197553-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197553_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1975">Gibson 1975</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELefkowitz197984-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELefkowitz197984_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLefkowitz1979">Lefkowitz 1979</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansma1996-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansma1996_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansma1996">Hansma 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson1996-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson1996_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson1996">Peterson 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECouzin1982-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECouzin1982_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCouzin1982">Couzin 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1955-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins1955_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkins1955">Hopkins 1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokseth1969-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokseth1969_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokseth1969">Stokseth 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBecklund1989-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsBecklund1989_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamsBecklund1989">Williams & Becklund 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.largeformatphotography.info/articles/DoFinDepth.pdf">Depth of Field in Depth</a>", Jeff Conrad</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/rec-photo/lenses/tutorial/">Photographic Lenses Tutorial</a>", David M. Jacobson, 26 October 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994315-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994315_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1994">Ray 1994</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETillmanns199767-68-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillmanns199767-68_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTillmanns1997">Tillmanns 1997</a>, p. 67-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1994230-231-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1994230-231_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1994">Ray 1994</a>, p. 230-231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyperfocal_distance_Kingslake1951-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyperfocal_distance_Kingslake1951_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingslake1951" class="citation book cs1">Kingslake, Rudolf (1951). <i>Lenses in Photography: The Practical Guide to Optics for Photographers</i>. Garden City, NY: Garden City Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenses+in+Photography%3A+The+Practical+Guide+to+Optics+for+Photographers&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Garden+City+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Kingslake&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyperfocal_distance_:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyperfocal_distance_:0_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttonDawson1867" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Thomas; Dawson, George (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofphot00sutt"><i>A Dictionary of Photography</i></a>. London: Sampson Low, Son & Marston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Photography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Son+%26+Marston&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Dawson%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofphot00sutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinolta1985" class="citation book cs1">Minolta (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/md_zoom_images"><i>Minolta MD Zoom Lenses owner's manual</i></a>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minolta+MD+Zoom+Lenses+owner%27s+manual&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Minolta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmd_zoom_images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrad" class="citation web cs1">Conrad, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.largeformatphotography.info/articles/DoFinDepth.pdf">"Depth of Field in Depth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Large Format Photography Info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Large+Format+Photography+Info&rft.atitle=Depth+of+Field+in+Depth&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.largeformatphotography.info%2Farticles%2FDoFinDepth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansma199655-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansma199655_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansma1996">Hansma 1996</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1980" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ansel (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cameraadam00adam"><i>The Camera</i></a></span>. New York Graphic Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821210925" title="Special:BookSources/9780821210925"><bdi>9780821210925</bdi></a>. <q>Adams, Ansel. 1980. <i>The Camera</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camera&rft.pub=New+York+Graphic+Society&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780821210925&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ansel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcameraadam00adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouzin1982" class="citation journal cs1">Couzin, Dennis (November 1982). "Depths of Field". <i>SMPTE Journal</i>: <span class="nowrap">1096–</span>1098. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FJ00204">10.5594/J00204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SMPTE+Journal&rft.atitle=Depths+of+Field&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1096-%3C%2Fspan%3E1098&rft.date=1982-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2FJ00204&rft.aulast=Couzin&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span> Available in PDF <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/cinetechinfo/atts/dof_82.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gibson, H. Lou (1975). <i>Close-Up Photography and Photomacrography</i>. Kodak Publication No. N-16. Vol. II: <i>Photomacrography</i> (2nd combined ed.). Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, Professional and Finishing Markets Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87985-160-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87985-160-0"><bdi>0-87985-160-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1991448">1991448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Close-Up+Photography+and+Photomacrography&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.series=Kodak+Publication+No.+N-16&rft.edition=2nd+combined&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company%2C+Professional+and+Finishing+Markets+Division&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1991448&rft.isbn=0-87985-160-0&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=H.+Lou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansma1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Hansma, Paul K. (March–April 1996). "View Camera Focusing in Practice". <i>Photo Techniques</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photo+Techniques&rft.atitle=View+Camera+Focusing+in+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1996-03%2F1996-04&rft.aulast=Hansma&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span> "Available as GIF images on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101000000*/http://www.largeformatphotography.info/">Large Format page</a>".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1955" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, H. H. (1955). "The frequency response of a defocused optical system". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>231</b> (1184): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955RSPSA.231...91H">1955RSPSA.231...91H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1955.0158">10.1098/rspa.1955.0158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121289809">121289809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+frequency+response+of+a+defocused+optical+system&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=1184&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121289809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1955.0158&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955RSPSA.231...91H&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayMatherWalton2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kay, Andrew; Mather, Jonathan; Walton, Harry (1 December 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opg.optica.org/ol/viewmedia.cfm?uri=ol-36-23-4614&seq=0&html=true">"Extended Depth of Field by Colored Apodization"</a></span>. <i>Optics Letters</i>. <b>36</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">4614–</span>4616. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011OptL...36.4614K">2011OptL...36.4614K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOL.36.004614">10.1364/OL.36.004614</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-9592">0146-9592</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22139260">22139260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics+Letters&rft.atitle=Extended+Depth+of+Field+by+Colored+Apodization&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4614-%3C%2Fspan%3E4616&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOL.36.004614&rft.issn=0146-9592&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22139260&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011OptL...36.4614K&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Mather%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Walton%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopg.optica.org%2Fol%2Fviewmedia.cfm%3Furi%3Dol-36-23-4614%26seq%3D0%26html%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefkowitz1979" class="citation book cs1">Lefkowitz, Lester (1979). <i>The Manual of Close-Up Photography</i>. Garden City, NY: Amphoto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8174-2456-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8174-2456-3"><bdi>0-8174-2456-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4883084">4883084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manual+of+Close-Up+Photography&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Amphoto&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4883084&rft.isbn=0-8174-2456-3&rft.aulast=Lefkowitz&rft.aufirst=Lester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerklinger1992" class="citation book cs1">Merklinger, Harold M. (1992). <i>The INs and OUTs of FOCUS: An Alternative Way to Estimate Depth-of-Field and Sharpness in the Photographic Image</i> (v. 1.0.3 ed.). Bedford, Nova Scotia: Seaboard Printing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9695025-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9695025-0-8"><bdi>0-9695025-0-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23651332">23651332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+INs+and+OUTs+of+FOCUS%3A+An+Alternative+Way+to+Estimate+Depth-of-Field+and+Sharpness+in+the+Photographic+Image&rft.place=Bedford%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.edition=v.+1.0.3&rft.pub=Seaboard+Printing+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23651332&rft.isbn=0-9695025-0-8&rft.aulast=Merklinger&rft.aufirst=Harold+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span> Version 1.03e available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/TIAOOFe.pdf">PDF</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/">http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/</a> .</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerklinger1993" class="citation book cs1">Merklinger, Harold M. (1993). <i>Focusing the View Camera: A Scientific Way to Focus the View Camera and Estimate Depth of Field</i> (v. 1.0 ed.). Bedford, Nova Scotia: Seaboard Printing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9695025-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9695025-2-4"><bdi>0-9695025-2-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1072495227">1072495227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focusing+the+View+Camera%3A+A+Scientific+Way+to+Focus+the+View+Camera+and+Estimate+Depth+of+Field&rft.place=Bedford%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.edition=v.+1.0&rft.pub=Seaboard+Printing+Limited&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1072495227&rft.isbn=0-9695025-2-4&rft.aulast=Merklinger&rft.aufirst=Harold+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span> Version 1.6.1 available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/FVC161.pdf">PDF</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/">http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Stephen (March–April 1996). "Image Sharpness and Focusing the View Camera". <i>Photo Techniques</i>: <span class="nowrap">51–</span>53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photo+Techniques&rft.atitle=Image+Sharpness+and+Focusing+the+View+Camera&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1996-03%2F1996-04&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span> Available as GIF images on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.largeformatphotography.info/">Large Format page</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1994" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Sidney F. (1994). <i>Photographic Lenses and Optics</i>. Oxford: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51387-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51387-8"><bdi>0-240-51387-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31648843">31648843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photographic+Lenses+and+Optics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31648843&rft.isbn=0-240-51387-8&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sidney+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2000" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Sidney F. (2000). "The Geometry of Image Formation". In Jacobson, Ralph E.; Ray, Sidney F.; Atteridge, Geoffrey G.; Axford, Norman R. (eds.). <i>The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging</i> (9th ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51574-9"><bdi>0-240-51574-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44267873">44267873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geometry+of+Image+Formation&rft.btitle=The+Manual+of+Photography%3A+Photographic+and+Digital+Imaging&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44267873&rft.isbn=0-240-51574-9&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sidney+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2002" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Sidney F. (2002). <i>Applied Photographic Optics</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51540-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51540-4"><bdi>0-240-51540-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47868399">47868399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Photographic+Optics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47868399&rft.isbn=0-240-51540-4&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sidney+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvaggioStroebel2009" class="citation book cs1">Salvaggio, Nanette; Stroebel, Leslie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71uE_OrGw5oC&pg=PA110"><i>Basic Photographic Materials and Processes</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 110–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80984-7"><bdi>978-0-240-80984-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Photographic+Materials+and+Processes&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80984-7&rft.aulast=Salvaggio&rft.aufirst=Nanette&rft.au=Stroebel%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71uE_OrGw5oC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavazzi2011" class="citation book cs1">Savazzi, Enrico (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YabFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>Digital Photography for Science (Hardcover)</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-91133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-91133-2"><bdi>978-0-557-91133-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Photography+for+Science+%28Hardcover%29&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-557-91133-2&rft.aulast=Savazzi&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYabFAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipman1977" class="citation book cs1">Shipman, Carl (1977). <i>SLR Photographers Handbook</i>. Tucson, AZ: H.P. Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912656-59-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-912656-59-X"><bdi>0-912656-59-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3403925">3403925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SLR+Photographers+Handbook&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pub=H.P.+Books&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3403925&rft.isbn=0-912656-59-X&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokseth1969" class="citation journal cs1">Stokseth, Per A. (October 1969). "Properties of a Defocused Optical System". <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i>. <b>59</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1314–</span>1321. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969JOSA...59.1314S">1969JOSA...59.1314S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.59.001314">10.1364/JOSA.59.001314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Properties+of+a+Defocused+Optical+System&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1314-%3C%2Fspan%3E1321&rft.date=1969-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.59.001314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969JOSA...59.1314S&rft.aulast=Stokseth&rft.aufirst=Per+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroebel1976" class="citation book cs1">Stroebel, Leslie (1976). <i>View Camera Technique</i> (3rd ed.). London: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-50901-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-50901-3"><bdi>0-240-50901-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3856606">3856606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=View+Camera+Technique&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3856606&rft.isbn=0-240-50901-3&rft.aulast=Stroebel&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillmanns1997" class="citation book cs1">Tillmanns, Urs (1997). <i>Creative Large Format: Basics and Applications</i> (2nd ed.). Feuerthalen, Switzerland: Sinar AG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7231-0030-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7231-0030-9"><bdi>3-7231-0030-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1193525959">1193525959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+Large+Format%3A+Basics+and+Applications&rft.place=Feuerthalen%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sinar+AG&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1193525959&rft.isbn=3-7231-0030-9&rft.aulast=Tillmanns&rft.aufirst=Urs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Rohr1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Rohr" title="Moritz von Rohr">von Rohr, Moritz</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924002932287&seq=5"><i>Die optischen Instrumente</i></a>. Leipzig, Germany: B. G. Teubner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750993595">750993595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+optischen+Instrumente&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubner&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750993595&rft.aulast=von+Rohr&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924002932287%26seq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsBecklund1989" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Charles S.; Becklund, Orville (1989). <i>Introduction to the Optical Transfer Function</i>. New York: Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">293–</span>300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Optical+Transfer+Function&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft.au=Becklund%2C+Orville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted 2002, Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8194-4336-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8194-4336-0">0-8194-4336-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1990" class="citation book cs1">Williams, John B. (1990). <i>Image Clarity: High-Resolution Photography</i>. Boston: Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80033-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80033-8"><bdi>0-240-80033-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19514912">19514912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+Clarity%3A+High-Resolution+Photography&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19514912&rft.isbn=0-240-80033-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel2001" class="citation book cs1">Hummel, Rob, ed. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancinemato0000unse_p1a9/mode/2up"><i>American Cinematographer Manual</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Hollywood, Cal.: The ASC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935578-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-935578-15-3"><bdi>0-935578-15-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49686312">49686312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cinematographer+Manual&rft.place=Hollywood%2C+Cal.&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=The+ASC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49686312&rft.isbn=0-935578-15-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancinemato0000unse_p1a9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADepth+of+field" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depth_of_field&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" class="extiw" title="commons:Depth of field"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Depth of field</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Maple" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Maple">Maple</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Maple/Depth_of_field_for_optical_lens" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Maple/Depth of field for optical lens">Depth of field for optical lens</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naturettl.com/depth-of-field/">Depth of Field in Photography—Beginner's Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dofmaster.com/dofjs.html">Online Depth of Field Calculator</a> Simple depth of field and hyperfocal distance calculator</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photoskop.com/player.html?l=all&ch=3&sec=0">photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons</a>—Interactive depth of field</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dofsimulator.net/en/">Bokeh simulator and depth of field calculator</a>—Interactive depth of field calculator with background blur simulation feature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mhmyers.com/1.4dg.html">Lens Comparison: Nikon 50mm f/1.4D vs. 50mm f/1.4G</a>—Demonstration of varying apertures on depth of field</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0d-r_1NgfE">Depth of Field for Beginners</a>—A quick explainer video for DOF</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinematic_techniques90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template talk:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinematic_techniques90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_light" title="Background light">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_lighting" title="Cameo lighting">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_light" title="Fill light">Fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-key_lighting" title="High-key lighting">High-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_light" title="Key light">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-key_lighting" title="Low-key lighting">Low-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_lighting" title="Mood lighting">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_lighting" title="Rembrandt lighting">Rembrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft light">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Diegetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Non-diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Non-diegetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">Sound effects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)" title="Shot (filmmaking)">Shooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Field size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_shot" title="Wide shot">Wide / Long / Full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_shot" title="American shot">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_shot" title="Medium shot">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-up" title="Close-up">Close-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian shot">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_shot" title="Two shot">Two shot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera placement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-shoulder_shot" title="Over-the-shoulder shot">Over-the-shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of view shot">Point-of-view <span style="font-size:85%;">(POV)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot/reverse_shot" title="Shot/reverse shot">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_shot" title="Trunk shot">Trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">Single</a> / <a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera setup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">Camera angle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial shot">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-angle_shot" title="High-angle shot">High-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view" title="Bird's-eye view">Bird's-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_shot" title="Crane shot">Crane shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib_(camera)" title="Jib (camera)">Jib shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-angle_shot" title="Low-angle shot">Low-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm%27s-eye_view" title="Worm's-eye view">Worm's-eye view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_angle" title="Dutch angle">Dutch angle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchained_camera_technique" title="Unchained camera technique">Unchained camera technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whip_pan" title="Whip pan">Whip pan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-held_camera" title="Hand-held camera">Hand-held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaky_camera" title="Shaky camera">Shaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_shot" title="Tracking shot">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_dolly" title="Camera dolly">Dolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnorriCam" title="SnorriCam">SnorriCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_and_talk" title="Walk and talk">Walk and talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_shot" title="Follow shot">Follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lens effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">Focus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racking_focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racking focus">Racking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">Deep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooming_(filmmaking)" title="Zooming (filmmaking)">Zooming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Establishing_shot" title="Establishing shot">Establishing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_shot" title="Master shot">Master shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-roll" title="B-roll">B-roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-frame_shot" title="Freeze-frame shot">Freeze-frame shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_take" title="Long take">Long take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">Insert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_effects" title="Template:Special effects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_effects" title="Template talk:Special effects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_effects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special effects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_effects104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_rigging" title="Aerial rigging">Aerial rigging</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wire-flying" title="Wire-flying">wire-flying</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_bladder_effect" title="Air bladder effect">Air bladder effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hit_squib" title="Bullet hit squib">Bullet hit squib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumed_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumed character">Costumed character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">Creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-character_costume" title="Dead-character costume">Dead-character costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitbashing" title="Kitbashing">Kitbashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_effect" title="Miniature effect">Miniature effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanging_miniature" title="Hanging miniature">hanging</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">Prosthetic makeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_mask" title="Rubber mask">Rubber mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_blood" title="Theatrical blood">Theatrical blood</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">In-camera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipack" title="Bipack">Bipacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">Forced perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Front projection">Front projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting effects">Lighting effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">Rear projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit-scan">Slit-scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilted_plane_focus" title="Tilted plane focus">Tilted plane focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast motion">Fast motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_ramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed ramping">Speed ramping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">Chroma key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">Go motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introvision" title="Introvision">Introvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">Optical printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallgantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallgantics">Smallgantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_screen_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split screen (filmmaking)">Split screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop 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