CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Astrophotography - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"51336d86-8b90-4efc-9432-b2525af06eab","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Astrophotography","wgTitle":"Astrophotography","wgCurRevisionId":1279163525,"wgRevisionId":1279163525,"wgArticleId":143115,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Articles needing additional references from December 2021","All articles needing additional references","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles containing video clips","Astrophotography","Astronomical imaging","Space art","Photographic techniques","Photography by genre"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Astrophotography","wgRelevantArticleId":143115,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q280855","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Orion_Belt.jpg/1200px-Orion_Belt.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="954"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Orion_Belt.jpg/800px-Orion_Belt.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="636"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Orion_Belt.jpg/640px-Orion_Belt.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="509"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Astrophotography - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Astrophotography rootpage-Astrophotography skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Astrophotography" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Astrophotography" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Astrophotography" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Astrophotography" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_astrophotography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_astrophotography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Amateur astrophotography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amateur_astrophotography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Amateur astrophotography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amateur_astrophotography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Post-processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_and_brightness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_and_brightness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Color and brightness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_and_brightness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equipment_setups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_setups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Equipment setups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_setups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrophotography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografie" title="Astrofotografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Astrofotografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تصوير فلكي ضوئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير فلكي ضوئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotograf%C3%ADa" title="Astrofotografía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astrofotografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotoqrafiya" title="Astrofotoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astrofotoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografija" title="Astrofotografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astrofotografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografia" title="Astrofotografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astrofotografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografie" title="Astrofotografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astrofotografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografie" title="Astrofotografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astrofotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AF%DE%8A%DE%AE%DE%93%DE%AF%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A9" title="އެސްޓްރޯފޮޓޯގްރަފީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެސްޓްރޯފޮޓޯގްރަފީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotograafia" title="Astrofotograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astrofotograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αστροφωτογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστροφωτογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotograf%C3%ADa" title="Astrofotografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astrofotografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografio" title="Astrofotografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astrofotografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografia" title="Astrofotografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astrofotografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="عکاسی نجومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عکاسی نجومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotographie" title="Astrophotographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astrophotographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84%EC%88%A0" title="천체사진술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천체사진술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղալուսանկարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղալուսանկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलीय फोटोग्राफी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोलीय फोटोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografija" title="Astrofotografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astrofotografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_osise_mbara_igwe" title="Ihe osise mbara igwe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe osise mbara igwe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografi" title="Astrofotografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astrofotografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotographia" title="Astrophotographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astrophotographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografia" title="Astrofotografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astrofotografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="צילום אסטרונומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צילום אסטרונומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрофотография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астрофотография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрофотография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астрофотография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografie" title="Astrofotografie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astrofotografie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ബഹിരാകാശഛായാഗ്രഹണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹിരാകാശഛായാഗ്രഹണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografie" title="Astrofotografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astrofotografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="天体写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天体写真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografi" title="Astrofotografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astrofotografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografi" title="Astrofotografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astrofotografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografiya" title="Astrofotografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astrofotografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografia" title="Astrofotografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrofotografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografia" title="Astrofotografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astrofotografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografie" title="Astrofotografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astrofotografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрофотография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрофотография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astrophotography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografia" title="Astrofotografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astrofotografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астрофотографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрофотографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofotografija" title="Astrofotografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astrofotografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htivalokuvaus" title="Tähtivalokuvaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähtivalokuvaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomisk_fotografering" title="Astronomisk fotografering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astronomisk fotografering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானொளிப்படவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானொளிப்படவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การถ่ายภาพทางดาราศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถ่ายภาพทางดาราศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofoto%C4%9Fraf%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Astrofotoğrafçılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astrofotoğrafçılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрофотографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астрофотографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1" title="天文攝影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天文攝影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q280855#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Astrophotography" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Astrophotography" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Astrophotography" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&oldid=1279163525" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Astrophotography&id=1279163525&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrophotography"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrophotography"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Astrophotography&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomical_photography" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q280855" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Imaging of astronomical objects</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Belt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Orion_Belt.jpg/250px-Orion_Belt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Orion_Belt.jpg/375px-Orion_Belt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Orion_Belt.jpg/500px-Orion_Belt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>An image of <a href="/wiki/Orion%27s_Belt" title="Orion's Belt">Orion's Belt</a> composited from digitized black-and-white photographic plates recorded through red and blue astronomical filters, with a computer synthesized green channel. The plates were taken using the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oschin_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Oschin Telescope">Samuel Oschin Telescope</a> between 1987 and 1991.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Astrophotography</b>, also known as <b>astronomical imaging</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Imaging" title="Imaging">imaging</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a>, celestial events, or areas of the <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a>. The first photograph of an astronomical object (the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>) was taken in 1839,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was not until the late 19th century that advances in technology allowed for detailed stellar photography. Besides being able to record the details of extended objects such as the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, modern astrophotography has the ability to image objects outside of the visible spectrum of the human eye such as dim <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>. This is accomplished through <a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">long time exposure</a> as both film and digital cameras can accumulate and sum <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> over long periods of time or using specialized optical filters which limit the photons to a certain wavelength. </p><p>Photography using extended exposure-times revolutionized the field of professional astronomical research, recording hundreds of thousands of new stars, and nebulae invisible to the human eye. Specialized and ever-larger <a href="/wiki/Optical_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical telescopes">optical telescopes</a> were constructed as essentially big cameras to record images on <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">photographic plates</a>. Astrophotography had an early role in sky surveys and star classification but over time it has used ever more sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> and other equipment and techniques designed for specific fields. </p><p>Since almost all <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> today uses photography, the term "astrophotography" usually refers to its use in <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">amateur astronomy</a>, seeking aesthetically pleasing images rather than scientific data. Amateurs use a wide range of special equipment and techniques. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P48_1994_Jean_Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P48_1994_Jean_Large.jpg/250px-P48_1994_Jean_Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P48_1994_Jean_Large.jpg/500px-P48_1994_Jean_Large.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4310" data-file-height="2932" /></a><figcaption>The large 48" Oschin <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt Camera</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With a few exceptions, astronomical photography employs <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">long exposures</a> since both film and digital imaging devices can accumulate light <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> over long periods of time. The amount of light hitting the film or detector is also increased by increasing the diameter of the primary optics (the <a href="/wiki/Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective</a>) being used. Urban areas produce <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> so equipment and observatories doing astronomical imaging are often located in remote locations to allow long exposures without the film or detectors being swamped with stray light. </p><p>Since the Earth is constantly rotating, telescopes and equipment are rotated in the opposite direction to follow the apparent motion of the stars overhead (called <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_motion" title="Diurnal motion">diurnal motion</a>). This is accomplished by using either <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_mount" title="Equatorial mount">equatorial</a> or computer-controlled <a href="/wiki/Altazimuth_mount" title="Altazimuth mount">altazimuth</a> telescope mounts to keep celestial objects centered while Earth rotates. All <a href="/wiki/Telescope_mount" title="Telescope mount">telescope mount</a> systems suffer from induced tracking errors due to imperfect motor drives, the mechanical sag of the telescope, and atmospheric refraction. Tracking errors are corrected by keeping a selected aiming point, usually a <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_star" title="Guide star">guide star</a></i>, centered during the entire exposure. Sometimes (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>) the object to be imaged is moving, so the telescope has to be kept constantly centered on that object. This guiding is done through a second co-mounted telescope called a "<i>guide scope</i>" or via some type of "<i>off-axis guider</i>", a device with a prism or optical <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitter</a> that allows the observer to view the same image in the telescope that is taking the picture. Guiding was formerly done manually throughout the exposure with an observer standing at (or riding inside) the telescope making corrections to keep a <a href="/wiki/Cross_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross hair">cross hair</a> on the guide star. Since the advent of computer-controlled systems, this is accomplished by an automated system in professional and even amateur equipment. </p><p>Astronomical photography was one of the earliest types of scientific photography<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and almost from its inception it diversified into subdisciplines that each have a specific goal including <a href="/wiki/Star_cartography" class="mw-redirect" title="Star cartography">star cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">stellar classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">polarimetry</a>, and the discovery of astronomical objects such as <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteor" title="Meteor">meteors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variable stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">novae</a>, and even unknown <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>. These often require specialized equipment such as telescopes designed for precise imaging, for wide field of view (such as <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt cameras</a>), or for work at specific wavelengths of light. <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device#Use_in_astronomy" title="Charge-coupled device">Astronomical CCD cameras</a> may cool the sensor to reduce <a href="/wiki/Thermal_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal noise">thermal noise</a> and to allow the detector to record images in other spectra such as in <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared astronomy</a>. Specialized <a href="/wiki/Filter_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (optics)">filters</a> are also used to record images in specific wavelengths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Draper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Henry_Draper.jpg/250px-Henry_Draper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Henry_Draper.jpg/330px-Henry_Draper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Henry_Draper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Henry Draper with a refractor telescope set up for photography (photo probably taken in the 1860s or early 1870).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The development of astrophotography as a scientific tool was pioneered in the mid-19th century for the most part by experimenters and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur astronomers">amateur astronomers</a>, or so-called "<a href="/wiki/Gentleman_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman scientist">gentleman scientists</a>" (although, as in other scientific fields, these were not always men). Because of the very long exposures needed to capture relatively faint astronomical objects, many technological problems had to be overcome. These included making telescopes rigid enough so they would not sag out of focus during the exposure, building clock drives that could rotate the telescope mount at a constant rate, and developing ways to accurately keep a telescope aimed at a fixed point over a long period of time. Early photographic processes also had limitations. The <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> process was far too slow to record anything but the brightest objects, and the wet plate <a href="/wiki/Collodion" title="Collodion">collodion</a> process limited exposures to the time the plate could stay wet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_W_Draper-The_first_Moon_Photograph_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/John_W_Draper-The_first_Moon_Photograph_1840.jpg/200px-John_W_Draper-The_first_Moon_Photograph_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/John_W_Draper-The_first_Moon_Photograph_1840.jpg/300px-John_W_Draper-The_first_Moon_Photograph_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/John_W_Draper-The_first_Moon_Photograph_1840.jpg/400px-John_W_Draper-The_first_Moon_Photograph_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>The earliest surviving dagerrotype of the Moon by Draper (1840)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known attempt at astronomical photography was by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Mand%C3%A9_Daguerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre">Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre</a>, inventor of the daguerreotype process which bears his name, who attempted in 1839 to photograph the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. Tracking errors in guiding the telescope during the long exposure meant the photograph came out as an indistinct fuzzy spot. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Draper" title="John William Draper">John William Draper</a>, New York University Professor of Chemistry, physician and scientific experimenter managed to make the first successful photograph of the Moon a year later on March 23, 1840, taking a 20-minute-long <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> image using a 5-inch (13 cm) <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sun may have been first photographed in an 1845 daguerreotype by the French physicists <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Hippolyte Fizeau</a>. A failed attempt to obtain a photograph of a Total Eclipse of the Sun was made by the Italian physicist, Gian Alessandro Majocchi during an eclipse of the Sun that took place in his home city of Milan, on July 8, 1842. He later gave an account of his attempt and the Daguerreotype photographs he obtained, in which he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A few minutes before and after totality an iodized plate was exposed in a camera to the light of the thin crescent, and a distinct image was obtained, but another plate exposed to the light of the corona for two minutes during totality did not show the slightest trace of photographic action. No photographic alteration was caused by the light of the corona condensed by a lens for two minutes, during totality, on a sheet of paper prepared with bromide of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg/200px-1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg/300px-1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg/400px-1851_07_28_Berkowski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>The first solar eclipse photograph was taken on July 28, 1851, by a daguerrotypist named Berkowski.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sun's solar corona was first successfully imaged during the <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_July_28,_1851" title="Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851">Solar eclipse of July 28, 1851</a>. Dr. August Ludwig Busch, the Director of the Königsberg Observatory gave instructions for a local daguerreotypist named Johann Julius Friedrich Berkowski to image the eclipse. Busch himself was not present at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Russia), but preferred to observe the eclipse from nearby Rixhoft. The telescope used by Berkowski was attached to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch (17 cm) Königsberg <a href="/wiki/Heliometer" title="Heliometer">heliometer</a> and had an aperture of only 2.4 in (6.1 cm), and a focal length of 32 in (81 cm). Commencing immediately after the beginning of totality, Berkowski exposed a daguerreotype plate for 84 seconds in the focus of the telescope, and on developing an image of the corona was obtained. He also exposed a second plate for about 40 to 45 seconds but was spoiled when the Sun broke out from behind the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More detailed photographic studies of the Sun were made by the British astronomer <a href="/wiki/Warren_De_la_Rue" title="Warren De la Rue">Warren De la Rue</a> starting in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first photograph of a star other than the Sun was a daguerreotype of the star <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> by astronomer <a href="/wiki/William_Cranch_Bond" title="William Cranch Bond">William Cranch Bond</a> and daguerreotype photographer and experimenter <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Whipple" title="John Adams Whipple">John Adams Whipple</a>, on July 16 and 17, 1850 with <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a>'s 15 inch <a href="/wiki/Great_refractor" title="Great refractor">Great refractor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863 the English chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Miller" title="William Allen Miller">William Allen Miller</a> and English amateur astronomer Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> used the wet collodion plate process to obtain the first ever photographic <a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">spectrogram</a> of a star, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capella_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capella (star)">Capella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASTROLab_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTROLab-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872 American physician <a href="/wiki/Henry_Draper" title="Henry Draper">Henry Draper</a>, the son of John William Draper, recorded the first spectrogram of a star (Vega) to show <a href="/wiki/Absorption_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption lines">absorption lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASTROLab_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTROLab-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg/250px-Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg/330px-Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg/440px-Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Henry Draper's 1880 photograph of the Orion Nebula, the first ever taken.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg/220px-Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg/330px-Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg/440px-Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>One of Andrew Ainslie Common's 1883 photographs of the same nebula, the first to show that a long exposure could record stars and nebulae invisible to the human eye.</figcaption></figure> <p>Astronomical photography did not become a serious research tool until the late 19th century, with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Dry_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry plate">dry plate</a> photography.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first used by Sir William Huggins and his wife <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lindsay_Huggins" title="Margaret Lindsay Huggins">Margaret Lindsay Huggins</a>, in 1876, in their work to record the spectra of astronomical objects. In 1880, Henry Draper used the new dry plate process with photographically corrected 11 in (28 cm) <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Alvan_Clark" title="Alvan Clark">Alvan Clark</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make a 51-minute exposure of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_Nebula" title="Orion Nebula">Orion Nebula</a>, the first photograph of a nebula ever made. A breakthrough in astronomical photography came in 1883, when amateur astronomer <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ainslie_Common" title="Andrew Ainslie Common">Andrew Ainslie Common</a> used the dry plate process to record several images of the same nebula in exposures up to 60 minutes with a 36 in (91 cm) reflecting telescope that he constructed in the backyard of his home in Ealing, outside London. These images for the first time showed stars too faint to be seen by the human eye.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first all-sky photographic <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a> project, <a href="/wiki/Carte_du_Ciel" title="Carte du Ciel">Astrographic Catalogue and Carte du Ciel</a>, was started in 1887. It was conducted by 20 observatories all using special photographic telescopes with a uniform design called <i>normal <a href="/wiki/Astrograph" title="Astrograph">astrographs</a></i>, all with an aperture of around 13 in (330 mm) and a focal length of 11 ft (3.4 m), designed to create images with a uniform scale on the photographic plate of approximately 60 <a href="/wiki/Arc_minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc minute">arcsecs</a>/mm while covering a 2° × 2° field of view. The attempt was to accurately map the sky down to the 14th <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitude</a> but it was never completed. </p><p>The beginning of the 20th century saw the worldwide construction of refracting telescopes and sophisticated large reflecting telescopes specifically designed for photographic imaging. Towards the middle of the century, giant telescopes such as the <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">200 in (5.1 m) Hale Telescope</a> and the 48 in (120 cm) <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oschin_telescope" title="Samuel Oschin telescope">Samuel Oschin telescope</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a> were pushing the limits of film photography. </p><p>Some progress was made in the field of photographic emulsions and in the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">forming gas hypersensitization</a>, cryogenic cooling,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and light amplification, but starting in the 1970s after the invention of the CCD, photographic plates were gradually replaced by electronic imaging in professional and amateur observatories. CCD's are far more light sensitive, do not drop off in sensitivity over long exposures the way film does ("<a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocity failure">reciprocity failure</a>"), have the ability to record in a much wider spectral range, and simplify storage of information. Telescopes now use many configurations of CCD sensors including linear arrays and large mosaics of CCD elements equivalent to 100 million pixels, designed to cover the focal plane of telescopes that formerly used 10–14-inch (25–36 cm) photographic plates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HST-SM4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/220px-HST-SM4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/330px-HST-SM4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HST-SM4.jpeg/440px-HST-SM4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/STS-125" title="STS-125">STS-125</a> maintenance mission in 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 20th century saw advances in astronomical imaging take place in the form of new hardware, with the construction of giant multi-mirror and <a href="/wiki/Segmented_mirror" title="Segmented mirror">segmented mirror</a> telescopes. It would also see the introduction of space-based telescopes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>. Operating outside the atmosphere's turbulence, scattered ambient light and the vagaries of weather allows the Hubble Space Telescope, with a mirror diameter of 2.4 metres (94 in), to record stars down to the 30th magnitude, some 100 times dimmer than what the 5-meter Mount Palomar Hale Telescope could record in 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_astrophotography">Amateur astrophotography<span class="anchor" id="Amateur"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amateur astrophotography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">Amateur astronomy</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997.jpeg/250px-Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997.jpeg/330px-Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Comet-Hale-Bopp-29-03-1997.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>2 minute time exposure of the comet Hale-Bopp imaged using a camera on a fixed tripod. The tree in the foreground was illuminated using a small flashlight.</figcaption></figure> <p>Astrophotography is a popular hobby among photographers and amateur astronomers. Techniques ranges from basic film and digital cameras on tripods up to methods and equipment geared toward advanced imaging. Amateur astronomers and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_telescope_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur telescope maker">amateur telescope makers</a> also use homemade equipment and modified devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Images are recorded on many types of media and imaging devices including <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">single-lens reflex cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/35mm_format" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm format">35 mm film</a>, 120 film, <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">digital single-lens reflex cameras</a>, simple amateur-level, and professional-level commercially manufactured astronomical CCD and CMOS cameras, <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video cameras</a>, and even off-the-shelf <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Lucky_imaging" title="Lucky imaging">Lucky imaging</a>. </p><p>The conventional over-the-counter film has long been used for astrophotography. Film exposures range from seconds to over an hour. Commercially available color film stock is subject to <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">reciprocity failure</a> over long exposures, in which sensitivity to light of different wavelengths appears to drop off at different rates as the exposure time increases, leading to a color shift in the image and reduced sensitivity over all as a function of time. This is compensated for, or at least reduced, by cooling the film (see <a href="/wiki/Cold_camera_photography" title="Cold camera photography">Cold camera photography</a>). This can also be compensated for by using the same technique used in professional astronomy of taking photographs at different wavelengths that are then combined to create a correct color image. Since the film is much slower than digital sensors, tiny errors in tracking can be corrected without much noticeable effect on the final image. Film astrophotography is becoming less popular due to the lower ongoing costs, greater sensitivity, and the convenience of <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/220px--Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="93" data-mwtitle="Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm/Milky_way_-route_292_shiga_kusatsu_road-_1920x1080.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of night sky made with <a href="/wiki/DSLR_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR camera">DSLR camera's</a> <a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse</a> feature. The camera itself is moving in these shots on a motorized mount.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the late 1990s amateurs have been following the professional observatories in the switch from film to digital CCDs for astronomical imaging. CCDs are more sensitive than film, allowing much shorter exposure times, and have a linear response to light. Images can be captured in many short exposures to create a synthetic long exposure. Digital cameras also have minimal or no moving parts and the ability to be operated remotely via an infrared remote or computer tethering, limiting vibration. Simple digital devices such as <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> can be modified to allow access to the focal plane and even (after the cutting of a few wires), for <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">long exposure</a> photography. Digital video cameras are also used. There are many techniques and pieces of commercially manufactured equipment for attaching <a href="/wiki/DSLR_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR camera">digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras</a> and even basic <a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">point and shoot</a> cameras to telescopes. Consumer-level digital cameras suffer from <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">image noise</a> over long exposures, so there are many techniques for cooling the camera, including <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> cooling. Astronomical equipment companies also now offer a wide range of purpose-built astronomical CCD cameras complete with hardware and processing software. Many commercially available DSLR cameras have the ability to take long time exposures combined with sequential (<a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">time-lapse</a>) images allowing the photographer to create a motion picture of the night sky. CMOS cameras are increasingly replacing CCD cameras in the amateur sector.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern CMOS sensors offer higher quantum efficiency, lower thermal and read noise and faster readout speeds than commercially available CCD sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-processing">Post-processing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_(by).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg/250px-Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg/330px-Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg/500px-Bob_Star_-_M45_Carranza_Field_%28by%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The Pleiades Star Cluster photographed with a 6 megapixel DSLR connected to an 80mm refracting telescope piggybacked on a larger telescope. Made from seven 180 second images combined and processed in Photoshop with a noise reduction plugin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both digital camera images and scanned film images are usually adjusted in <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">image processing</a> software to improve the image in some way. Images can be brightened and manipulated in a computer to adjust color and increase the contrast. More sophisticated techniques involve capturing multiple images (sometimes thousands) to composite together in an additive process to sharpen images to <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_seeing#Overcoming_atmospheric_seeing" title="Astronomical seeing">overcome atmospheric seeing</a>, negating tracking issues, bringing out faint objects with a poor <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>, and filtering out light pollution. </p><p>Digital camera images may also need further processing to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">image noise</a> from long exposures, including <a href="/wiki/Dark_frame_subtraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark frame subtraction">subtracting a “dark frame”</a> and a processing called <i>image stacking</i> or "<i><a href="/wiki/Shift-and-add" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift-and-add">Shift-and-add</a></i>". Commercial, <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> packages are available specifically for astronomical photographic image manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Lucky_imaging" title="Lucky imaging">Lucky imaging</a>" is a secondary technique that involves taking a video of an object rather than standard long exposure photos. Software can then select the highest quality images which can then be stacked. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_and_brightness">Color and brightness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Color and brightness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronomical pictures, like <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> and photography from <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, show astronomical objects and phenomena in different colors and brightness, and often as composite images. This is done to highlight different features or reflect different conditions, and makes the note of these conditions necessary. </p><p>Images attempting to reproduce the <a href="/wiki/False_color#True_color" title="False color">true color</a> and appearance of an astronomical object or phenomenon need to consider many factors, including how the human eye works. Particularly under different atmospheric conditions images need to evaluate several factors to produce analyzable or representative images, like images of space missions from the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Don_Davis_Space_Art_t191_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Don_Davis_Space_Art_t191-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Singapore_2021_g242_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singapore_2021_g242-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_j874_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_j874-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_1959_f372_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_1959_f372-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astrophotographic hardware among non-professional astronomers varies widely since the photographers themselves range from general photographers shooting some form of aesthetically pleasing images to very serious amateur astronomers collecting data for scientific research. As a hobby, astrophotography has many challenges that have to be overcome that differ from conventional photography and from what is normally encountered in professional astronomy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NGC_281,_the_%27Pacman_Nebula%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NGC_281%2C_the_%27Pacman_Nebula%27.jpg/200px-NGC_281%2C_the_%27Pacman_Nebula%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NGC_281%2C_the_%27Pacman_Nebula%27.jpg/300px-NGC_281%2C_the_%27Pacman_Nebula%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/NGC_281%2C_the_%27Pacman_Nebula%27.jpg/400px-NGC_281%2C_the_%27Pacman_Nebula%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="2742" /></a><figcaption>NGC281, popularly the 'Pacman Nebula', imaged from a suburban location using a 130mm amateur telescope and a DSLR camera.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since most people live in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, equipment often needs to be portable so that it can be taken far away from the lights of major cities or towns to avoid urban <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>. Urban astrophotographers may use special light-pollution or narrow-band filters and advanced computer processing techniques to reduce ambient urban light in the background of their images. They may also stick to imaging bright targets like the Sun, Moon and planets. Another method used by amateurs to avoid light pollution is to set up, or rent time, on a remotely operated telescope at a dark sky location. Other challenges include setup and alignment of portable telescopes for accurate tracking, working within the limitations of “off the shelf” equipment, the endurance of monitoring equipment, and sometimes manually tracking astronomical objects over long exposures in a wide range of weather conditions. </p><p>Some camera manufacturers modify their products to be used as astrophotography cameras, such as Canon's <a href="/wiki/EOS_60Da" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS 60Da">EOS 60Da</a>, based on the EOS 60D but with a modified infrared filter and a low-noise sensor with heightened <a href="/wiki/H-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="H-alpha">hydrogen-alpha</a> sensitivity for improved capture of red hydrogen emission nebulae.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also cameras specifically designed for amateur astrophotography based on commercially available imaging sensors. They may also allow the sensor to be cooled to reduce thermal noise in long exposures, provide raw image readout, and to be controlled from a computer for automated imaging. Raw image readout allows later better image processing by retaining all the original image data which along with stacking can assist in imaging faint deep sky objects. </p><p>With very low light capability, a few specific models of <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> are popular for solar, lunar, and planetary imaging. Mostly, these are manually focused cameras containing a CCD sensor instead of the more common CMOS. The lenses of these cameras are removed and then these are attached to telescopes to record images, videos, or both. In newer techniques, videos of very faint objects are taken and the sharpest frames of the video are 'stacked' together to obtain a still image of respectable contrast. The Philips PCVC 740K and SPC 900 are among the few webcams liked by astrophotographers. Any <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> that allows long exposures can be used for this purpose, but some phones have a specific mode for astrophotography that will stitch together multiple exposures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equipment_setups">Equipment setups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equipment setups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Fixed or tripod</dt></dl> <p>The most basic types of astronomical photographs are made with standard cameras and photographic lenses mounted in a fixed position or on a tripod. Foreground objects or landscapes are sometimes composed in the shot. Objects imaged are <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>, interesting planetary configurations, meteors, and bright comets. Exposure times must be short (under a minute) to avoid having the stars point image become an elongated line due to the Earth's rotation. Camera lens focal lengths are usually short, as longer lenses will show image trailing in a matter of seconds. A <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> called the <i>500 rule</i> states that, to keep stars point-like, </p> <dl><dd>Maximum <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">exposure time</a> in seconds = <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">500</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a> in mm × <a href="/wiki/Crop_factor" title="Crop factor">Crop factor</a></span></span>⁠</span></dd></dl> <p>regardless of <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">ISO setting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, with a 35 mm lens on an <a href="/wiki/APS-C" title="APS-C">APS-C</a> sensor, the maximum time is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">500</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35 × 1.5</span></span>⁠</span> ≈ 9.5 s. A more accurate calculation takes into account <a href="/wiki/Pixel_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel pitch">pixel pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allowing the stars to intentionally become elongated lines in exposures lasting several minutes or even hours, called “<a href="/wiki/Star_trail" title="Star trail">star trails</a>”, is an artistic technique sometimes used. </p> <dl><dt>Tracking mounts</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starwatching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Starwatching.jpg/250px-Starwatching.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Starwatching.jpg/330px-Starwatching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Starwatching.jpg/500px-Starwatching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An astrophotography set up with an automated guide system connected to a laptop.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Telescope_mount" title="Telescope mount">Telescope mounts</a> that compensate for the Earth's rotation are used for longer exposures without objects being blurred. They include commercial equatorial mounts and homemade equatorial devices such as <a href="/wiki/Barn_door_tracker" title="Barn door tracker">barn door trackers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_platform" title="Equatorial platform">equatorial platforms</a>. Mounts can suffer from inaccuracies due to backlash in the gears, wind, and imperfect balance, and so a technique called <a href="/wiki/Autoguider" title="Autoguider">auto guiding</a> is used as a closed feedback system to correct for these inaccuracies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tracking mounts can come in two forms; single axis and dual axis. Single axis mounts are often known as star trackers. Star trackers have a single motor which drives the <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> axis. This allows the mount to compensate for the Earth's rotation. Star trackers rely on the user ensuring the mount is polar aligned with high accuracy, as it is unable correct in the secondary declination axis, limiting exposure times. </p><p>Dual axis mounts use two motors to drive both the right ascension and the declination axis together. This mount will compensate for the Earth's rotation by driving the right ascension axis, similar to a star tracker. However using an auto-guiding system, the secondary declination axis can also be driven, compensating for errors in polar alignment, allowing for significantly longer exposure times.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>"Piggyback" photography</dt></dl> <p>Piggyback astronomical photography is a method where a camera/lens is mounted on an equatorially mounted astronomical telescope. The telescope is used as a guide scope to keep the field of view centered during the exposure. This allows the camera to use a longer exposure and/or a longer focal length lens or even be attached to some form of photographic telescope co-axial with the main telescope. </p> <dl><dt>Telescope focal plane photography</dt></dl> <p>In this type of photography, the telescope itself is used as the "lens" collecting light for the film or CCD of the camera. Although this allows for the magnification and light-gathering power of the telescope to be used, it is one of the most difficult astrophotography methods.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because of the difficulties in centering and focusing sometimes very dim objects in the narrow field of view, contending with magnified vibration and tracking errors, and the added expense of equipment (such as sufficiently sturdy telescope mounts, camera mounts, camera couplers, off-axis guiders, guide scopes, illuminated cross-hairs, or auto-guiders mounted on primary telescope or the guide-scope.) There are several different ways cameras (with removable lenses) are attached to amateur astronomical telescopes including:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Prime focus</b> – In this method the image produced by the telescope falls directly on the film or CCD with no intervening optics or telescope eyepiece.</li> <li><b>Positive projection</b> – A method in which the telescope <a href="/wiki/Eyepiece" title="Eyepiece">eyepiece</a> (<i>eyepiece projection</i>) or a positive lens (placed after the <a href="/wiki/Focal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal plane">focal plane</a> of the telescope objective) is used to project a much more magnified image directly onto the film or CCD. Since the image is magnified with a narrow field of view this method is generally used for lunar and planetary photography.</li> <li><b>Negative projection</b> – This method, like positive projection, produces a magnified image. A negative lens, usually a <a href="/wiki/Barlow_lens" title="Barlow lens">Barlow</a> or a photographic <a href="/wiki/Teleconverter" title="Teleconverter">teleconverter</a>, is placed in the light cone before the focal plane of the telescope objective.</li> <li><b>Compression</b> – Compression uses a positive lens (also called a <i>focal reducer</i>), placed in the converging cone of light before the focal plane of the telescope objective, to reduce overall image magnification. It is used on very long focal length telescopes, such as <a href="/wiki/Maksutov_telescope" title="Maksutov telescope">Maksutovs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope" title="Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope">Schmidt–Cassegrains</a>, to obtain a wider field of view, or to reduce the focal ratio of the setup thereby increasing the <a href="/wiki/Lens_speed" title="Lens speed">speed of the system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When the camera lens is not removed (or cannot be removed) a common method used is <a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">afocal photography</a>, also called <i>afocal projection</i>. In this method, both the camera lens and the telescope eyepiece are attached. When both are focused at infinity the light path between them is parallel (<a href="/wiki/Afocal_system" title="Afocal system">afocal</a>), allowing the camera to basically photograph anything the observer can see. This method works well for capturing images of the moon and brighter planets, as well as narrow field images of stars and nebulae. Afocal photography was common with early 20th-century consumer-level cameras since many models had non-removable lenses. It has grown in popularity with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Point-and-shoot_camera" title="Point-and-shoot camera">point and shoot</a> digital cameras since most models also have non-removable lenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filters">Filters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Filters can be categorised into two classes; broadband and narrowband. Broadband filters allow a wide range of wavelengths to pass through, removing small amounts of light pollution. Narrowband filters only allow light from very specific wavelengths to pass through, blocking out the vast majority of the spectrum.</dd> <dd>Astronomical filters usually come as sets and are manufactured to specific standards, in order to allow different observatories to make observations at the same standard. A common filter standard in the astronomy community is the Johnson Morgan UVB, designed to match a CCD’s color response to that of photographic film. However there are over 200 standards available.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Remote Telescope</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Astrophotography" title="Special:EditPage/Astrophotography">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fast <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> in the last part of the 20th century, and advances in computer-controlled telescope mounts and CCD cameras, allows use of 'Remote Telescopes' for amateur astronomers not aligned with major telescope facilities to partake in research and deep-sky imaging. This enables the imager to control a telescope far away in a dark location. The observers can image through the telescopes using CCD cameras. </p><p>Imaging can be done regardless of the location of the user or the telescopes they wish to use. The digital data collected by the telescope is then transmitted and displayed to the user by means of the Internet. An example of a digital remote telescope operation for public use via the Internet is <a href="/wiki/Bareket_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bareket observatory">The Bareket Observatory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestial_tree_under_the_milky_way.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="20sec exposure photograph taken with a tripod mounted DSLR camera with 18-55mm lens"><img alt="20sec exposure photograph taken with a tripod mounted DSLR camera with 18-55mm lens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Celestial_tree_under_the_milky_way.JPG/68px-Celestial_tree_under_the_milky_way.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Celestial_tree_under_the_milky_way.JPG/102px-Celestial_tree_under_the_milky_way.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Celestial_tree_under_the_milky_way.JPG/136px-Celestial_tree_under_the_milky_way.JPG 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">20sec exposure photograph taken with a tripod mounted DSLR camera with 18-55mm lens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1%E5%8D%81%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B9%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A6Img042.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fixed tripod mounted camera capturing "star trails""><img alt="Fixed tripod mounted camera capturing "star trails"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1%E5%8D%81%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B9%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A6Img042.jpg/150px-%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1%E5%8D%81%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B9%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A6Img042.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1%E5%8D%81%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B9%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A6Img042.jpg/225px-%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1%E5%8D%81%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B9%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A6Img042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1%E5%8D%81%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B9%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A6Img042.jpg/300px-%E6%98%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1%E5%8D%81%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%9D%E3%83%BB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B9%AF%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A6Img042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fixed tripod mounted camera capturing "<a href="/wiki/Star_trail" title="Star trail">star trails</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Space_Station_star_trails_-_JSC2012E052684.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Star trails photographed in earth orbit from the International Space Station"><img alt="Star trails photographed in earth orbit from the International Space Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/International_Space_Station_star_trails_-_JSC2012E052684.jpg/250px-International_Space_Station_star_trails_-_JSC2012E052684.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/International_Space_Station_star_trails_-_JSC2012E052684.jpg/330px-International_Space_Station_star_trails_-_JSC2012E052684.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Star trails photographed in earth orbit from the International Space Station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RBerteig_-_Early_Partial_Phase_(by)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fixed tripod image of a solar eclipse using a digital-SLR camera with a 500 mm lens"><img alt="Fixed tripod image of a solar eclipse using a digital-SLR camera with a 500 mm lens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RBerteig_-_Early_Partial_Phase_%28by%29_%281%29.jpg/120px-RBerteig_-_Early_Partial_Phase_%28by%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RBerteig_-_Early_Partial_Phase_%28by%29_%281%29.jpg/250px-RBerteig_-_Early_Partial_Phase_%28by%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fixed tripod image of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> using a digital-SLR camera with a 500 mm lens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_-_Late_Summer_Milky_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milky Way, 1 minute exposure using ISO 800 film, wide angle lens, piggybacked on an equatorial telescope"><img alt="Milky Way, 1 minute exposure using ISO 800 film, wide angle lens, piggybacked on an equatorial telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fall_-_Late_Summer_Milky_Way.jpg/150px-Fall_-_Late_Summer_Milky_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fall_-_Late_Summer_Milky_Way.jpg/225px-Fall_-_Late_Summer_Milky_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fall_-_Late_Summer_Milky_Way.jpg/300px-Fall_-_Late_Summer_Milky_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, 1 minute exposure using ISO 800 film, wide angle lens, piggybacked on an equatorial telescope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_over_Munich_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet Hale-Bopp, camera with a 300mm lens piggybacked"><img alt="Comet Hale-Bopp, camera with a 300mm lens piggybacked" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Comet_over_Munich_1.jpg/150px-Comet_over_Munich_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Comet_over_Munich_1.jpg/225px-Comet_over_Munich_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Comet_over_Munich_1.jpg/300px-Comet_over_Munich_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4139" data-file-height="2737" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale-Bopp" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Hale-Bopp">Comet Hale-Bopp</a>, camera with a 300mm lens piggybacked</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M31(Kennett).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Film image of the Andromeda Galaxy shot at the prime focus of an 8" f/4 Schmidt–Newton telescope"><img alt="Film image of the Andromeda Galaxy shot at the prime focus of an 8" f/4 Schmidt–Newton telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/M31%28Kennett%29.jpg/250px-M31%28Kennett%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/M31%28Kennett%29.jpg/330px-M31%28Kennett%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Film image of the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> shot at the prime focus of an 8" f/4 <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Newton_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt–Newton telescope">Schmidt–Newton telescope</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M8-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lagoon and Trifid Nebulae in a montage of two film exposures with an 8" Schmidt–Newton telescope, manually guided"><img alt="Lagoon and Trifid Nebulae in a montage of two film exposures with an 8" Schmidt–Newton telescope, manually guided" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M8-20.jpg/96px-M8-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M8-20.jpg/144px-M8-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/M8-20.jpg/192px-M8-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lagoon_Nebula" title="Lagoon Nebula">Lagoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trifid_Nebula" title="Trifid Nebula">Trifid</a> Nebulae in a montage of two film exposures with an 8" Schmidt–Newton telescope, manually guided</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Bresson_-_Sud-lune--2008-05-14_(by).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of the moon taken with a Nikon Coolpix P5000 digital camera via Afocal projection through an 8-inch Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope"><img alt="Image of the moon taken with a Nikon Coolpix P5000 digital camera via Afocal projection through an 8-inch Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Bresson_-_Sud-lune--2008-05-14_%28by%29.JPG/145px-Thomas_Bresson_-_Sud-lune--2008-05-14_%28by%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Bresson_-_Sud-lune--2008-05-14_%28by%29.JPG/217px-Thomas_Bresson_-_Sud-lune--2008-05-14_%28by%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Bresson_-_Sud-lune--2008-05-14_%28by%29.JPG/290px-Thomas_Bresson_-_Sud-lune--2008-05-14_%28by%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1059" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of the moon taken with a <a href="/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_P5000" title="Nikon Coolpix P5000">Nikon Coolpix P5000</a> digital camera via <a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal projection</a> through an 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope" title="Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope">Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afocal_image_of_the_Apennine_Mountains.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Moon photographed using the Afocal technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image."><img alt="The Moon photographed using the Afocal technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Afocal_image_of_the_Apennine_Mountains.png/250px-Afocal_image_of_the_Apennine_Mountains.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Afocal_image_of_the_Apennine_Mountains.png/330px-Afocal_image_of_the_Apennine_Mountains.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Moon photographed using the <a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a> technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibbous_Moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A composite of several Digital-SLR photos compiled in Photoshop taken via eyepiece projection from an 8-inch Schmidt Cassegrain telescope."><img alt="A composite of several Digital-SLR photos compiled in Photoshop taken via eyepiece projection from an 8-inch Schmidt Cassegrain telescope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gibbous_Moon.jpg/139px-Gibbous_Moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gibbous_Moon.jpg/209px-Gibbous_Moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gibbous_Moon.jpg/278px-Gibbous_Moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A composite of several Digital-SLR photos compiled in <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Photoshop</a> taken via eyepiece projection from an 8-inch Schmidt Cassegrain telescope.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn image using negative projection (Barlow lens) with a webcam attached to a 250mm Newtonian telescope. It is a Composite image made from 10% of the best exposures out of 1200 images."><img alt="Saturn image using negative projection (Barlow lens) with a webcam attached to a 250mm Newtonian telescope. It is a Composite image made from 10% of the best exposures out of 1200 images." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/250px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg/330px-Saturn-27-03-04.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saturn image using negative projection (<a href="/wiki/Barlow_lens" title="Barlow lens">Barlow lens</a>) with a <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> attached to a 250mm <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_telescope" title="Newtonian telescope">Newtonian telescope</a>. It is a Composite image made from 10% of the best exposures out of 1200 images.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afocal_image_of_Jupiter.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jupiter photographed using the Afocal technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image."><img alt="Jupiter photographed using the Afocal technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Afocal_image_of_Jupiter.png/250px-Afocal_image_of_Jupiter.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Afocal_image_of_Jupiter.png/330px-Afocal_image_of_Jupiter.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> photographed using the <a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a> technique, using 10 seconds of video stacked to create a final image.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Cameras <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_20Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EOS 20Da">Canon EOS 20Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_60Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EOS 60Da">Canon EOS 60Da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_D810A" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon D810A">Nikon D810A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bortle_scale" title="Bortle scale">Bortle scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_anniversary_images" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hubble anniversary images">List of Hubble anniversary images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LRGB" title="LRGB">LRGB</a> (Luminance, Red, Green, and Blue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montage_(image_software)" title="Montage (image software)">Montage (image software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society_%E2%80%93_Palomar_Observatory_Sky_Survey" title="National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey">National Geographic Society – Palomar Observatory Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_trail" title="Star trail">Star trail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite photography">Satellite photography</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Astrophotographers</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Emerson_Barnard" title="Edward Emerson Barnard">Edward Emerson Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Crawford_(astrophotographer)" title="Ken Crawford (astrophotographer)">Ken Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gendler" title="Robert Gendler">Robert Gendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roberts" title="Isaac Roberts">Isaac Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/apsnews/2013/01/first-daguerrotype-moon-1839">"January 2, 1839: First daguerrotype of the moon"</a>. <i>www.aps.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aps.org&rft.atitle=January+2%2C+1839%3A+First+daguerrotype+of+the+moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fapsnews%2F2013%2F01%2Ffirst-daguerrotype-moon-1839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSidney_F._Ray1999" class="citation book cs1">Sidney F. Ray (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VT-DRMGg194C"><i>Scientific Photography and Applied Imaging</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51323-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-51323-2"><bdi>978-0-240-51323-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Photography+and+Applied+Imaging&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-240-51323-2&rft.au=Sidney+F.+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVT-DRMGg194C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hastingshistoricalsociety.blogspot.com/2010/04/house-tour-preview-henry-drapers.html">Hastings Historical Society (blogspot.com)</a>, Thursday, April 15, 2010, House Tour Preview: Henry Draper’s Observatory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/hdraper.pdf">Memoir, Henry Draper 1837–1882</a>, George F. Barker read before the National Academy, April 18, 1888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrombino1980" class="citation journal cs1">Trombino, Don (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1980JBAA...90..565T">"Dr. John William Draper"</a>. <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">565–</span>571. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JBAA...90..565T">1980JBAA...90..565T</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Dr.+John+William+Draper&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E571&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980JBAA...90..565T&rft.aulast=Trombino&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1980JBAA...90..565T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommonTaylor1890" class="citation journal cs1">Common, Andrew Ainslie & Taylor, Albert (1890). "Eclipse Photography". <i>American Journal of Photography</i>: <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Photography&rft.atitle=Eclipse+Photography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Common&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Ainslie&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchielickeWittmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Schielicke, Reinhard E.; Wittmann, Axel D. (2005). "On the Berkowski daguerreotype (Königsberg, 1851 July 28): the first correctly-exposed photograph of the solar corona". In Wittmann, A. D.; Wolfschmidt, G.; Duerbeck, H. W. (eds.). <i>Development of Solar Research / Entwicklung der Sonnenforschung</i>. Deutsch. pp. <span class="nowrap">128–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8171-1755-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-8171-1755-8"><bdi>3-8171-1755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Berkowski+daguerreotype+%28K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C+1851+July+28%29%3A+the+first+correctly-exposed+photograph+of+the+solar+corona&rft.btitle=Development+of+Solar+Research+%2F+Entwicklung+der+Sonnenforschung&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.pub=Deutsch&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-8171-1755-8&rft.aulast=Schielicke&rft.aufirst=Reinhard+E.&rft.au=Wittmann%2C+Axel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Emerson_Barnard1895" class="citation book cs1">Edward Emerson Barnard (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erh_Fx5LpasC&pg=PA66"><i>Astronomical Photography</i></a>. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Photography&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Edward+Emerson+Barnard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Derh_Fx5LpasC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hco.cfa.harvard.edu/facilities/GreatRefractor">"The Great Refractor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory" title="Harvard College Observatory">Harvard College Observatory</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>In 1850 [...] the first daguerreotype ever made of a star, the bright Vega, was taken by J.A. Whipple working under W.C. Bond</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Refractor&rft.pub=Harvard+College+Observatory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhco.cfa.harvard.edu%2Ffacilities%2FGreatRefractor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASTROLab-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASTROLab_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASTROLab_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro-canada.ca/_en/a2311.html">Spectrometers, ASTROLab of Mont-Mégantic National Park</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebastian2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Sebastian">Sebastian, Anton</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKMNuwMAmr4C&pg=PA75"><i>A Dictionary of the History of Science</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85070-418-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85070-418-8"><bdi>978-1-85070-418-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Science&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85070-418-8&rft.aulast=Sebastian&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKMNuwMAmr4C%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loen.ucolick.org/12-inch_Refurb_Project/History/index.htm">loen.ucolick.org, Lick Observatory 12-inch Telescope</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._Hearnshaw1996" class="citation book cs1">J. B. Hearnshaw (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/measurementofsta0000hear"><i>The Measurement of Starlight: Two Centuries of Astronomical Photometry</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/measurementofsta0000hear/page/122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40393-1"><bdi>978-0-521-40393-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Measurement+of+Starlight%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Astronomical+Photometry&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40393-1&rft.au=J.+B.+Hearnshaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeasurementofsta0000hear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucolick.org/public/telescopes/crossley.html">UCO Lick Observatory page on the Crossley telescope</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,038,669, Cryogenic Cameras, John M. Guerra, July 26, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-blogs/imaging-foundations-richard-wright/ccds-cmos-and-the-future-of-astrophotography/">"CCDs, CMOS, and the Future of Astrophotography"</a>. <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. American Astronomical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=CCDs%2C+CMOS%2C+and+the+Future+of+Astrophotography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyandtelescope.org%2Fastronomy-blogs%2Fimaging-foundations-richard-wright%2Fccds-cmos-and-the-future-of-astrophotography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telescope.live/blog/cmos-vs-ccd-data-which-one-best">"CMOS VS CCD data. Which one is the best?"</a>. <i>Telescope Live</i>. Telescope Live Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telescope+Live&rft.atitle=CMOS+VS+CCD+data.+Which+one+is+the+best%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelescope.live%2Fblog%2Fcmos-vs-ccd-data-which-one-best&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChan,_Maria2022" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Maria (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dopeguides.com/astrophotography-stacking-software/">"Best Astrophotography Stacking Software [Ultimate Guide]"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+Astrophotography+Stacking+Software+%5BUltimate+Guide%5D&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Chan%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdopeguides.com%2Fastrophotography-stacking-software%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGladysz2008" class="citation book cs1">Gladysz, Szymon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329770189">"Lucky imaging and speckle discrimination for the detection of faint companions with adaptive optics"</a>. In Hubin, Norbert; Max, Claire E; Wizinowich, Peter L (eds.). <i>Adaptive Optics Systems</i>. Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 7015. pp. 70152H. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7015E..2HG">2008SPIE.7015E..2HG</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.788442">10.1117/12.788442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121543131">121543131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lucky+imaging+and+speckle+discrimination+for+the+detection+of+faint+companions+with+adaptive+optics&rft.btitle=Adaptive+Optics+Systems&rft.series=Proceedings+of+SPIE&rft.pages=70152H&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121543131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.788442&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SPIE.7015E..2HG&rft.aulast=Gladysz&rft.aufirst=Szymon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329770189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Don_Davis_Space_Art_t191-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Don_Davis_Space_Art_t191_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donaldedavis.com/PARTS/MARSCLRS.html">"Martian colors"</a>. <i>Don Davis Space Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don+Davis+Space+Art&rft.atitle=Martian+colors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donaldedavis.com%2FPARTS%2FMARSCLRS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singapore_2021_g242-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singapore_2021_g242_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingapore2021" class="citation web cs1">Singapore, AFP (24 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factcheck.afp.com/image-has-been-enhanced-photo-venus-taken-soviet-spacecraft-venera-13">"This image has been enhanced from a photo of Venus taken by Soviet spacecraft Venera 13"</a>. <i>Fact Check</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact+Check&rft.atitle=This+image+has+been+enhanced+from+a+photo+of+Venus+taken+by+Soviet+spacecraft+Venera+13&rft.date=2021-01-24&rft.aulast=Singapore&rft.aufirst=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactcheck.afp.com%2Fimage-has-been-enhanced-photo-venus-taken-soviet-spacecraft-venera-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_j874-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_j874_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Don P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentallandscape.com/V_DigitalImages.htm">"Images of Venus"</a>. <i>Don P. Mitchell</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don+P.+Mitchell&rft.atitle=Images+of+Venus&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentallandscape.com%2FV_DigitalImages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_1959_f372-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_1959_f372_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1959" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Don P. (7 October 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentallandscape.com/V_Cameras.htm">"Soviet Space Cameras"</a>. <i>Don P. Mitchell</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don+P.+Mitchell&rft.atitle=Soviet+Space+Cameras&rft.date=1959-10-07&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentallandscape.com%2FV_Cameras.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/digital-cameras/1291546/canoneos-60da-astrophotography-camera-announced">"CanonEOS 60Da astrophotography camera announced"</a>. 24 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CanonEOS+60Da+astrophotography+camera+announced&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expertreviews.co.uk%2Fdigital-cameras%2F1291546%2Fcanoneos-60da-astrophotography-camera-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Alan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25bqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><i>How to Photograph & Process Nightscapes and Time-Lapses</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0993958907" title="Special:BookSources/0993958907"><bdi>0993958907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Photograph+%26+Process+Nightscapes+and+Time-Lapses&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=0993958907&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25bqBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobackyard.com/the-500-rule">"Why You Should Still Use the 500 Rule for Astrophotography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+You+Should+Still+Use+the+500+Rule+for+Astrophotography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobackyard.com%2Fthe-500-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/advice/what-is-an-autoguider/">"What is an autoguider?"</a>. <i>BBC Sky at Night Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sky+at+Night+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+is+an+autoguider%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyatnightmagazine.com%2Fadvice%2Fwhat-is-an-autoguider%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallard1988" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, Jim (1988). <i>The Handbook for Star Trackers</i>. Sky Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0933346476" title="Special:BookSources/0933346476"><bdi>0933346476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+for+Star+Trackers&rft.pub=Sky+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0933346476&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prescottastronomyclub.org/prime_focus.html">Prime focus astrophotography – Prescott Astronomy Club</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731184636/http://www.prescottastronomyclub.org/prime_focus.html">Archived</a> July 31, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Covington1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Covington (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzXv4WrvZ-EC"><i>Astrophotography for the Amateur</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62740-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62740-5"><bdi>978-0-521-62740-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrophotography+for+the+Amateur&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62740-5&rft.au=Michael+A.+Covington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzXv4WrvZ-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~astrokeith/methods/methods.htm">Keith Mackay, Keith's Astrophotography and Astronomy site, Methods of Astrophotography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831081806/http://home.comcast.net/~astrokeith/methods/methods.htm">Archived</a> August 31, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-blogs/imaging-foundations-richard-wright/how-focal-ratio-affects-your-astro-images/">"How Focal Ratio Affects Your Astro Images"</a>. <i>Sky & Telescope</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&rft.atitle=How+Focal+Ratio+Affects+Your+Astro+Images&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyandtelescope.org%2Fastronomy-blogs%2Fimaging-foundations-richard-wright%2Fhow-focal-ratio-affects-your-astro-images%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallaway2020" class="citation book cs1">Gallaway, Mark (2020). <i>An Introduction to Observational Astrophysics</i> (2nd ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43551-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43551-6"><bdi>978-3-030-43551-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Observational+Astrophysics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Switzerland+AG&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-43551-6&rft.aulast=Gallaway&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakich2003" class="citation book cs1">Bakich, Michael E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50511043"><i>The Cambridge encyclopedia of amateur astronomy</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81298-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81298-4"><bdi>0-521-81298-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50511043">50511043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+encyclopedia+of+amateur+astronomy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50511043&rft.isbn=0-521-81298-4&rft.aulast=Bakich&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50511043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._Peres2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael R. Peres (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYyldcYfq3MC&pg=PA508"><i>The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9"><bdi>978-0-240-80740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Focal+Encyclopedia+of+Photography%3A+Digital+Imaging%2C+Theory+and+Applications%2C+History%2C+and+Science&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80740-9&rft.au=Michael+R.+Peres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYyldcYfq3MC%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikihow.com/Photograph-the-Night-Sky">WikiHOW - <i>How to Photograph the Night Sky (Astrophotography)</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Astrophotography</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Astrophotography" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Astrophotography">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomical_photography" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Astronomical photography">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Astrophotography" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Astrophotography">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Astrophotography" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Astrophotography">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Astrophotography" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Astrophotography">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Astrophotography" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Astrophotography">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Astrophotography" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Astrophotography">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Photography, Celestial"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Photography,_Celestial">"Photography, Celestial" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">523–</span>525.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Photography%2C+Celestial&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E523-%3C%2Fspan%3E525&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrophotography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://n2t.net/ark:/38305/f19c6wg4">Large collection of astronomical photographs taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library’s Digital Collections</a></li> <li>History of Astrophotography Timeline – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422095828/http://www.artdeciel.com/Exposure/post/2009/09/13/The-History-of-Astrophotography.aspx">1800–1860</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122623/http://www.catchersofthelight.com/catchers/page/History-of-Astrophotography-Timeline-1861-1900.aspx">1861–1900</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kritik-der-fotografie.at/foto/32/02.htm">One of the first photos of the Sun</a> (taken in 1845)</li> <li>Peter Abrahams: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europa.com/~telscope/astrphot.txt">The Early History of Astrophotography</a></li> <li>Ricky Leon Murphy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomyonline.org/Astrophotography/CCDversusPlates.asp">CCD's Versus Professional Plate Film</a> (astronomyonline.org)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrosurf.com/re/projects.html">The History of Astrophotography</a> (astrosurf.com)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astropix.com/HTML/I_ASTROP/TOC_AP.HTM">Astrophotography Techniques – Astropix.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rawastrodata.com/pages/typesofimages.html">Description of the types of images used in astrophotography.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/2365039795/">The Beauty of Space Photography</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/wiki/Off_Book_(web_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Off Book (web series)">Off Book (web series)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skiesandscopes.com/astrophotography/">Beginners Guide to Astrophotography</a> (Skies & Scopes)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guidedreview.com/how-did-space-photography-help-astronomers/">What is Astrophotography</a>?</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography477" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/20px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/40px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/20px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/40px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/20px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/40px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/20px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/40px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280855#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2073" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280855#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2073" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280855#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Astrofotografie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122059-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Astronomical photography"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009000">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Photographie astronomique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383576">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Photographie astronomique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119383576">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572874">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="astrofotografie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph766120&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fotografía astronómica"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX534042">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007295074905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=44551">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&oldid=1279163525">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&oldid=1279163525</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrophotography" title="Category:Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_imaging" title="Category:Astronomical imaging">Astronomical imaging</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_art" title="Category:Space art">Space art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photographic_techniques" title="Category:Photographic techniques">Photographic techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Photography_by_genre" title="Category:Photography by genre">Photography by genre</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2021">Articles needing additional references from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 March 2025, at 22:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrophotography&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrophotography</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5fc656d596-zjssv","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.644","walltime":"0.867","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3763,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":116893,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5418,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":134540,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 696.541 1 -total"," 26.58% 185.112 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.19% 105.774 13 Template:Cite_web"," 10.09% 70.247 1 Template:Photography"," 9.81% 68.345 1 Template:Navbox"," 8.29% 57.753 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.04% 55.987 1 Template:Sisterlinks"," 7.04% 49.036 12 Template:Cite_book"," 6.16% 42.904 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.11% 35.582 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.365","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9125593,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-xmlgm","timestamp":"20250326143958","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Astrophotography","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astrophotography","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q280855","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q280855","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-01T21:15:51Z","dateModified":"2025-03-06T22:25:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Orion_Belt.jpg","headline":"specialized type of photography for recording images of astronomical objects and large areas of the night sky"}</script> </body> </html>