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<li id="toc-Paiute_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paiute_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Paiute influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paiute_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Round_Dance_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Round_Dance_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Round Dance influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Round_Dance_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghost_Dance_Ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghost_Dance_Ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ghost Dance Ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghost_Dance_Ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Prophet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Prophet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Prophet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prophet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_Cinema,_Theater_and_Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_Cinema,_Theater_and_Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Film, Cinema, Theater and Industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_Cinema,_Theater_and_Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_the_prophet's_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_the_prophet's_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spread of the prophet's message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_the_prophet's_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wounded_Knee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wounded_Knee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wounded Knee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wounded_Knee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rejection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Modern status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%AD" title="رقصة الشبح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رقصة الشبح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geistadonz" title="Geistadonz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geistadonz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostdance" title="Ghostdance – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ghostdance" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ndedans" title="Åndedans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Åndedans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geistertanz" title="Geistertanz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geistertanz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaimude_Tants" title="Vaimude Tants – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaimude Tants" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_de_los_esp%C3%ADritus" title="Danza de los espíritus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Danza de los espíritus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit-danco" title="Spirit-danco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spirit-danco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espirituen_dantza" title="Espirituen dantza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espirituen dantza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%AD" title="رقص شبح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رقص شبح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danse_des_Esprits" title="Danse des Esprits – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Danse des Esprits" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geasted%C3%BBns" title="Geastedûns – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Geastedûns" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_dos_esp%C3%ADritos" title="Danza dos espíritos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Danza dos espíritos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%8B%88%EC%82%AC%EB%82%98%ED%9D%90" title="나니사나흐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나니사나흐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarian_Hantu" title="Tarian Hantu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tarian Hantu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza_degli_spiriti" title="Danza degli spiriti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danza degli spiriti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szellemt%C3%A1nc" title="Szellemtánc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szellemtánc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ghost Dance" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taniec_Duch%C3%B3w" title="Taniec Duchów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taniec Duchów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a_dos_Fantasmas" title="Dança dos Fantasmas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dança dos Fantasmas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Пляска Духа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пляска Духа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghost Dance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ghost Dance" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ples_duhova" title="Ples duhova – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ples duhova" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ples_duhova" title="Ples duhova – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ples duhova" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkitanssi" title="Henkitanssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henkitanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andedans" title="Andedans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andedans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பேய் நடனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேய் நடனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayalet_Dans%C4%B1" title="Hayalet Dansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayalet Dansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Танець духів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Танець духів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American religious movement</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ghost Dance (disambiguation)">Ghost Dance (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghost_Dance_at_Pine_Ridge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ghost_Dance_at_Pine_Ridge.png/220px-Ghost_Dance_at_Pine_Ridge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ghost_Dance_at_Pine_Ridge.png/330px-Ghost_Dance_at_Pine_Ridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ghost_Dance_at_Pine_Ridge.png/440px-Ghost_Dance_at_Pine_Ridge.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><i>The Ghost Dance of 1889–1891</i>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge Indian Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a> in 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ghost Dance</b> (<a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a>: <i lang="cad">Nanissáanah</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called the <b>Ghost Dance of 1890</b>) is a ceremony incorporated into numerous <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> belief systems. According to the <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> spiritual leader <a href="/wiki/Wovoka" title="Wovoka">Wovoka</a> (renamed Jack Wilson), proper practice of the dance would reunite the living with spirits of the dead, bring the spirits to fight on their behalf, end American <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a>, and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to Native American peoples throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basis for the Ghost Dance is the <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle dance</a>, a traditional Native American dance.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghost Dance was first practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> in 1889. The practice swept throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, quickly reaching areas of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. As the Ghost Dance spread from its original source, different tribes synthesized selective aspects of the ritual with their own beliefs. </p><p>The Ghost Dance has been associated with Wovoka's prophecy of an end to colonial expansion while preaching goals of clean living, an honest life, and cross-cultural cooperation by Native Americans. Practice of the Ghost Dance movement was believed to have contributed to <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> resistance to assimilation under the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a>. The Lakota variation on the Ghost Dance tended towards <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an innovation that distinguished the Lakota interpretation from Jack Wilson's original teachings. The <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> still practice the Ghost Dance today.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paiute_influence">Paiute influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paiute influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chufa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chufa.jpg/110px-Chufa.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chufa.jpg/165px-Chufa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chufa.jpg/220px-Chufa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_esculentus" title="Cyperus esculentus">Cyperus esculentus</a></i>, a root that the Northern Paiutes used to eat</figcaption></figure> <p>The Northern Paiutes living in <a href="/wiki/Mason_Valley_(Nevada)" title="Mason Valley (Nevada)">Mason Valley</a>, in what became the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, were known collectively as the Tövusidökadö (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">(<i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus" title="Cyperus">Cyperus</a></i>) bulb eaters</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) at the time of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European contact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. This is the only source found for the name of this band of Northern Paiutes, but it's very out of date and may not reflect later Numu orthographies or traditional names. (August 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The Northern Paiute community at this time was thriving upon a subsistence pattern of fishing, hunting wild game, and foraging for <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nuts</a> and roots such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_esculentus" title="Cyperus esculentus">Cyperus esculentus</a></i>. </p><p>The Tövusidökadö tended to follow various spiritual leaders and community organizers. Community events centered on the observance of seasonal ceremonies such as harvests or hunting. In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Wodziwob" title="Wodziwob">Hawthorne Wodziwob</a>, a Paiute man, organized a series of community dances to announce a vision. He spoke of a journey to the land of the dead and of promises made to him by the souls of the recently deceased. They promised to return to their loved ones within a period of three to four years.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe,_B_Alice_pp._32_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe,_B_Alice_pp._32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wodziwob's peers accepted this vision, likely due to his reputable status as a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">healer</a>. He urged the populace to dance the common circle dance as was customary during a time of celebration. He continued preaching this message for three years with the help of a local "weather doctor" named Tavibo, father of <a href="/wiki/Wovoka" title="Wovoka">Wovoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe,_B_Alice_pp._32_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe,_B_Alice_pp._32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to Wodziwob's religious movement, a devastating <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> epidemic struck in 1867. This and other European diseases killed approximately one-tenth of the total population,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in widespread psychological and emotional trauma. The disruption brought disorder to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> and society. Many families were prevented from continuing their <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> lifestyle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Round_Dance_influence">Round Dance influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Round Dance influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">round dance</a> is a circular community dance held usually around an individual who leads the ceremony. Round dances may be ceremonial or purely social. Usually, the dancers are accompanied by a group of singers who may also play hand <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a> in unison. The dancers join hands to form a large circle. The dancers move with a side-shuffle step to reflect the long-short pattern of the <a href="/wiki/Drum_beat" title="Drum beat">drum beat</a>, bending their knees to emphasize the pattern. </p><p>During his studies of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> tribes the <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Spier" title="Leslie Spier">Leslie Spier</a> used the term "<a href="/wiki/Prophetic_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic dance">prophet dances</a>" to describe ceremonial round dances where the participants seek <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>, exhortations and <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>. Spier studied peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia plateau</a> (a region including <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, and parts of western <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>). By the time of his studies the only dances he was allowed to witness were social dances or ones that had already incorporated <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> elements, making investigation of the round dance's origin complicated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghost_Dance_Ceremony">Ghost Dance Ceremony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ghost Dance Ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eyewitness accounts of the Ghost Dance prior to the Wounded knee massacre include <a href="/wiki/Ella_Cara_Deloria" title="Ella Cara Deloria">Ella Cara Deloria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goodale_Sisters" title="Goodale Sisters">Goodale Sisters.</a> The Ghost Dance included hundreds of participants in its peak, with many visiting from near by reservations to participate, with those participants fasting for one to two days prior to the ceremony. On the day of the dance, Men and Women enter a separate <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">Sweat lodge</a>. During a period of two to four days dancers hold hands with their heads looking upwards and slowly sideways shuffle their feet in a clockwise formation while singing Ghost Dance songs. Shamans will wave eagle wing fans in the faces of the participants. The combination of days-long dancing caused with exhaustion and ensued with participants falling unconscious into the center, and the gap was closed by other dancers. The goal was to enter a <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a>, where the dancer is transported into the afterworld and met with lost realties, and times before the arrival of Europeans when the <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> was found in abundance. Wailing, cries, and perplexed looks were found from the dancers as they woke from their unconscious state and retold their experiences to the shamans. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ghost Dance is danced with Ghost Dance songs. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Crow_Dog" title="Leonard Crow Dog">Leonard Crow Dog</a> recalls in his memoir during the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation" title="Wounded Knee Occupation">Wounded Knee Occupation</a> of 1973 the chants they were singing: </p><p>"The whole world is coming, a nation is coming, a nation is coming, the eagle brought the message, says the father, says the father, the whole world is coming, the buffalo are coming, the buffalo are coming, the crow has brought the message, says the father , says the father. The crow nation is coming, says the father, says the father." <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Prophet">The Prophet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Prophet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg/110px-Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg/165px-Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg/220px-Wovoka_Paiute_Shaman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Wovoka–<a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> spiritual leader and creator of the Ghost Dance</figcaption></figure> <p>Jack Wilson, the prophet otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Wovoka" title="Wovoka">Wovoka</a>, was believed to have had a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_January_1,_1889" title="Solar eclipse of January 1, 1889">solar eclipse on January 1, 1889</a>. It was reportedly not his first time experiencing a vision, but as a young adult, he claimed that he was then better equipped, spiritually, to handle this message. Jack had received training from an experienced holy man under his parents' guidance after they realized that he was having difficulty interpreting his previous visions. Jack was also training to be a "weather doctor", following in his father's footsteps. He was known throughout <a href="/wiki/Mason_Valley_(Nevada)" title="Mason Valley (Nevada)">Mason Valley</a> as a gifted and blessed young leader. Preaching a message of universal love, he often presided over circle dances, which symbolized the sun's heavenly path across the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">James Mooney</a> conducted an interview with Wilson prior to 1892. Mooney confirmed that his message matched that given to his fellow Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study compared letters between tribes. According to Mooney, Wilson's letter said he stood before God in heaven and had seen many of his ancestors engaged in their favorite pastimes, and that God showed Wilson a beautiful land filled with wild game and instructed him to return home to tell his people that they must love each other and not fight. He also stated that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was being reincarnated on Earth in 1892, that the people must work, not steal or lie, and that they must not engage in the old practices of war or the traditional self-mutilation practices connected with mourning the dead. He said that if his people abided by these rules, they would be united with their friends and family in the other world, and in God's presence, there would be no sickness, disease, or old age.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mooney writes that Wilson was given the Ghost Dance and commanded to take it back to his people. He preached that if the five-day dance was performed in the proper intervals, the performers would secure their happiness and hasten the reunion of the living and deceased. Wilson said that the Creator gave him powers over the weather and that he would be the deputy in charge of affairs in the western United States, leaving current <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">President Harrison</a> as God's deputy in the East. Jack claims that he was then told to return home and preach God's message.<sup id="cite_ref-reference_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jack Wilson claimed to have left the presence of God convinced that if every Indian in the West danced the new dance to "hasten the event", all evil in the world would be swept away, leaving a renewed Earth filled with food, love, and faith. Quickly accepted by his Paiute brethren, the new religion was termed, "Dance In A Circle". Because the first European contact with the practice came by way of the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>, their expression "Spirit Dance" was adopted as a descriptive title for all such practices. This was subsequently translated as "Ghost Dance".<sup id="cite_ref-reference_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film,_Cinema,_Theater_and_Industrialization"><span id="Film.2C_Cinema.2C_Theater_and_Industrialization"></span>Film, Cinema, Theater and Industrialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Film, Cinema, Theater and Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">Kinetoscope</a> created and developed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Dickson" title="William Kennedy Dickson">William Kennedy Dickson</a> were part of the beginning of a movement to cast and film Indigenous North Americans performing ceremonies, dances, and hunting. The kinetoscope was largely popular in the 1890s in both the East and West coast of the United States. These motion pictures were produced to contain a level of shock value to satisfy the viewers who would pay fifty cents to watch it. Films of Indigenous North Americans include a twenty-two second video of "Sioux Ghost Dance", passing around of the peace pipe, the buffalo dance, and the Omaha war dance. The Sioux Ghost Dance film offers non-natives who watched the kinetoscope an inaccurate depiction of the Ghost Dance, in the film there is a drum but the dance itself does not include instruments. The dancers heads are face downwards, hands are holding pipes and moving their feet in a fast paced motion, whereas the original dance is slow, hands are held together and heads are usually looking upwards. Dancers are crammed into the small stage to accomodate the small space for the kinetoscope to view. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise in popularity coincided with Buffalo Bill's <a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a> where, "The role of Indian people was both essential and anomalous in the Wild West. At least in the big shows, they generally were treated and paid the same as other performers. They were able to travel with their families, and they earned a living not possible to them on their reservations. They were encouraged by Buffalo Bill and others to retain their language and rituals. They gained access to political and economic leaders, and their causes were sometimes argued in the published show programs.Yet they were stereotyped as mounted, war-bonneted warriors, the last impediment to civilization. Thus they had to re-fight a losing war nightly; and their hollow victory in the Little Big Horn enactments demonstrated over and over to their audiences the justification for American conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread_of_the_prophet's_message"><span id="Spread_of_the_prophet.27s_message"></span>Spread of the prophet's message</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spread of the prophet's message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/220px--Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Sioux_Ghost_Dance_(1894).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sioux_Ghost_Dance_(1894).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm/Sioux_Ghost_Dance_%281894%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sioux Nation">Great Sioux Nation</a> tribe dancers, in dance regalia, 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>Through Native Americans and some white settlers, Wilson's message spread across much of the western portion of the United States. Early in the religious movement, many tribes sent members to investigate the self-proclaimed prophet, while other communities sent delegates only to be cordial. Regardless of their initial motivations, many left as believers and returned to their homeland preaching his message. The Ghost Dance was also investigated by many <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, for whom the concepts of the Indian prophet were familiar and often accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many followers of the Ghost Dance believed Wovoka to be a teacher of pacifism and peace, others did not. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg/220px-Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg/330px-Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg/440px-Ghost_Dance_shirt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> buckskin ghost shirt, ca 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>An elaboration of the Ghost Dance concept was the development of <a href="/wiki/Ghost_shirt" title="Ghost shirt">ghost shirts</a>, which were special <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> that warriors could wear. They were rumored to repel bullets through spiritual power. It is uncertain where this belief originated. Scholars believe that in 1890 Chief <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bear" title="Kicking Bear">Kicking Bear</a> introduced the concept to his people, the Lakota,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while James Mooney argued that the most likely source is the Mormon <a href="/wiki/Temple_garment" title="Temple garment">temple garment</a> (which Mormons believe protect the pious wearer from evil).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lakota interpretation drew from their traditional idea of a "renewed Earth" in which "all evil is washed away". This Lakota interpretation included the removal of all European Americans from their lands:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They told the people they could dance a new world into being. There would be landslides, earthquakes, and big winds. Hills would pile up on each other. The earth would roll up like a carpet with all the white man's ugly things – the stinking new animals, sheep and pigs, the fences, the telegraph poles, the mines and factories. Underneath would be the wonderful old-new world as it had been before the white fat-takers came. ...The white men will be rolled up, disappear, go back to their own continent. (p. 228)</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/John_Fire_Lame_Deer" title="John Fire Lame Deer">Lame Deer</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_influence">Political influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1890, the United States government broke a <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a> treaty by adjusting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> (an area that formerly encompassed the majority of the state) and breaking it up into five smaller reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government was accommodating white homesteaders from the eastern United States; in addition, it intended to "break up tribal relationships" and "conform Indians to the white man's ways, peaceably if they will, or forcibly if they must".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the reduced reservations, the government allocated family units on 320-acre (1.3 km<sup>2</sup>) plots for individual households. The Lakota were expected to farm and raise livestock, and to send their children to <a href="/wiki/Native_American_boarding_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American boarding school">boarding schools</a>. With the goal of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">assimilation</a>, the schools taught English and Christianity, as well as American cultural practices. Generally, they forbade inclusion of Indian traditional cultures and languages. </p><p>To help support the Lakota during the period of transition, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA) was to supplement the Lakota with food and to hire white farmers as teachers for the people. The farming plan failed to take into account the difficulty that Lakota farmers would have in trying to cultivate crops in the semi-arid region of South Dakota. By the end of the 1890 growing season, a time of intense heat and low rainfall, it was clear that the land was unable to produce substantial agricultural yields. Unfortunately, this was also the time when the government's patience with supporting the so-called "lazy Indians" ran out. They cut rations for the Lakota in half. With the <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> having been virtually eradicated a few years earlier, the Lakota were at risk of starvation. </p><p>The people turned to the Ghost Dance ritual, which frightened the supervising agents of the BIA. Those who had been residing in the area for a long time recognized that the ritual was often held shortly before battle was to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kicking Bear was forced to leave Standing Rock, but when the dances continued unabated, <a href="/wiki/James_McLaughlin_(Indian_agent)" title="James McLaughlin (Indian agent)">Agent James McLaughlin</a> asked for more troops. He claimed the <a href="/wiki/Hunkpapa" title="Hunkpapa">Hunkpapa</a> spiritual leader <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a> was the real leader of the movement. A former agent, <a href="/wiki/Valentine_McGillycuddy" title="Valentine McGillycuddy">Valentine McGillycuddy</a>, saw nothing extraordinary in the dances and ridiculed the panic that seemed to have overcome the agencies, saying:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The coming of the troops has frightened the Indians. If the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> prepare the ascension robes for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming of the Savior</a>, the United States Army is not put in motion to prevent them. Why should not the Indians have the same privilege? If the troops remain, trouble is sure to come.</p></blockquote> <p>Nonetheless, thousands of additional U.S. Army troops were deployed to the reservation. On December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull was arrested for failing to stop his people from practicing the Ghost Dance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the incident, one of Sitting Bull's men, Catch the Bear, fired at Lieutenant "Bull Head", striking his right side. He instantly wheeled and shot Sitting Bull, hitting him in the left side, between the tenth and eleventh ribs;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this exchange resulted in deaths on both sides, including that of Sitting Bull. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wounded_Knee">Wounded Knee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wounded Knee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Elk" title="Spotted Elk">Spotted Elk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>: <i>Unpan Glešká</i> – also known as Big Foot) was a <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a> leader on the U.S. Army's list of 'trouble-making' Indians. On December 29, 1890, he was stopped while <i>en route</i> to convene with the remaining Lakota chiefs. U.S. Army officers forced him to relocate with his people to a small camp close to the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a> Agency. Here the soldiers could more closely watch the old chief. That evening, December 28, the small band of Lakota erected their <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipis</a> on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Creek" title="Wounded Knee Creek">Wounded Knee Creek</a>. The following day, during an attempt by the officers to collect weapons from the band, one young, deaf Lakota warrior refused to relinquish his arms. A struggle followed in which somebody's weapon discharged into the air. One U.S. officer gave the command to open fire, and the Lakota responded by taking up previously confiscated weapons; the U.S. forces responded with <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbine</a> firearms and several rapid-fire light-artillery <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun" title="Hotchkiss gun">Hotchkiss guns</a> mounted on the overlooking hill. When the fighting had concluded, 25 U.S. soldiers lay dead, many killed by friendly fire. Among the 153 dead Lakota, most were women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-keh8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keh8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the massacre, Chief <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bear" title="Kicking Bear">Kicking Bear</a> officially surrendered his weapon to General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twenty U.S. soldiers received <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a> for their actions (some sources state the number as 18 or 23).<sup id="cite_ref-NebHistMedals_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NebHistMedals-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Indian and human rights activists have referred to these as "Medals of Dis-Honor" and called for the awards to be rescinded, but none have been revoked.<sup id="cite_ref-NebHistMedals_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NebHistMedals-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Wounded Knee Massacre, open participation in the Ghost Dance movement declined gradually for fear of continued violence against practitioners. Like most Indian ceremonies, it became clandestine rather than dying out completely. </p><p>Congress officially apologized for the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1990 but did not rescind any Medals of Honor.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rejection">Rejection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rejection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the widespread acceptance of the Ghost Dance movement, <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> leaders described the Ghost Dance as "worthless words" in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-keh8_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keh8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, <a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">James Mooney</a> arrived at the Navajo reservation in northern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> during his study of the Ghost Dance movement and found the Navajo never incorporated the ritual into their society. </p><p>Kehoe believed the movement did not gain traction with the tribe due to the Navajo's higher levels of social and economic satisfaction at the time. Another factor was cultural norms among the Navajo, which inculcated a <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">fear of ghosts</a> and spirits, based on religious beliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_status">Modern status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wounded Knee massacre was not the end of the Ghost Dance religious movement. Instead, it went underground. <a href="/wiki/Wovoka" title="Wovoka">Wovoka</a> continued to spread its message, along with <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bear" title="Kicking Bear">Kicking Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Short_Bull" title="Arnold Short Bull">Short Bull</a> and other spiritual leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ghost Dance is practiced by most notably the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a>, but details are confined to the participants not the public.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a> of 1973, Lakota men and women, including <a href="/wiki/Mary_Brave_Bird" title="Mary Brave Bird">Mary Brave Bird</a>, did the ghost dance ceremony on the site where their ancestors had been killed. In her book <i><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Woman" title="Lakota Woman">Lakota Woman</a></i>, Brave Bird wrote that ghost dances continue as private ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Occupation" title="Wounded Knee Occupation">Wounded Knee Occupation</a> from February 27 – May 8, 1973, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1899–1901), during which Boxers claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_spirit_possession" title="Chinese spirit possession">spirits protected them from bullets</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Weldon" title="Caroline Weldon">Caroline Weldon</a>, an artist and activist helping Sitting Bull.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennarianism_in_colonial_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennarianism in colonial societies">Millennarianism in colonial societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumboism" title="Mumboism">Mumboism</a>, a spiritual movement that protested British colonial rule in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemattanew" title="Nemattanew">Nemattanew</a>, a captain of the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a>, died in 1622, who believed himself invulnerable to bullets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nongqawuse" title="Nongqawuse">Nongqawuse</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a> prophetess who in the 1850s led the Xhosa cattle-killing movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Isio" title="Papa Isio">Papa Isio</a>, a shaman who led forces in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki_Unquy" title="Taki Unquy">Taki Unquy</a>, a millenarian spiritual movement of the Indigenous Andean peoples, that took expression in dancing and chanting, against the then recent and ongoing <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, Randlett. <i>Nusht'uhti?ti? Hasinay: Caddo Phrasebook.</i> Richardson, TX: Various Indian Peoples Publishing, 2003: 19. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884655-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-884655-00-9">1-884655-00-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney2012" class="citation book cs1">Mooney, James (August 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d0nCAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Ghost-Dance Religion and Wounded Knee</i></a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486143330" title="Special:BookSources/9780486143330"><bdi>9780486143330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost-Dance+Religion+and+Wounded+Knee&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.isbn=9780486143330&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd0nCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/the-ghost-dance-religion-among-the-sioux/">"The Ghost Dance Religion among the Sioux"</a>. <i>Teaching American History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teaching+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Ghost+Dance+Religion+among+the+Sioux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Fdocument%2Fthe-ghost-dance-religion-among-the-sioux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2017" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Stephanie (November 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2017/11/james-mooney-recordings-ghost-dance-songs/">"James Mooney Recordings of American Indian Ghost Dance Songs, 1894 | Folklife Today"</a>. <i>The Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=James+Mooney+Recordings+of+American+Indian+Ghost+Dance+Songs%2C+1894+%7C+Folklife+Today&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Ffolklife%2F2017%2F11%2Fjames-mooney-recordings-ghost-dance-songs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/calib_1278-3331_1998_num_3_1_1362.pdf">Rahal, Sheryl Ann. “The Ghost Dance as a Millenarian Phenomenon.” Caliban 3, no. 1 (1998): 171–81.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caddolegacy.com/CaddoSongsandDances.aspx">"Caddo Songs and Dances"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824074430/http://caddolegacy.com/CaddoSongsandDances.aspx">Archived</a> August 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Caddo Legacy from Caddo People</i>. Retrieved December 9, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1939" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Omer C. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-004.pdf">"The Northern Paiute Bands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anthropological Records</i>. <b>2</b> (3). Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Records&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Paiute+Bands&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=142&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Omer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fanthpubs%2Fucb%2Ftext%2Fucar002-004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kehoe,_B_Alice_pp._32-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe,_B_Alice_pp._32_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe,_B_Alice_pp._32_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Beck_Kehoe" title="Alice Beck Kehoe">Kehoe, Alice Beck</a> (2006) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edMYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and Revitalization</i></a> (2nd ed.). Long Grove, Il: Waveland Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57766-453-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57766-453-1"><bdi>1-57766-453-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+Dance%3A+Ethnohistory+and+Revitalization&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+Il&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-57766-453-1&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Alice+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedMYAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kehoe, <i>The Ghost Dance</i>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ghost_Dance/">"Ghost Dance"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielnpaul.com/WoundedKnee.html">"Massacre: Wounded Knee, South Dakota, USA, December 29, 1890"</a>. <i>We Were Not the Savages: First Nation History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Were+Not+the+Savages%3A+First+Nation+History&rft.atitle=Massacre%3A+Wounded+Knee%2C+South+Dakota%2C+USA%2C+December+29%2C+1890&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielnpaul.com%2FWoundedKnee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkie2022" class="citation web cs1">Winkie, Davis (July 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2022/07/20/medals-of-honor-for-soldiers-who-perpetrated-wounded-knee-massacre-may-be-rescinded/">"Medals of Honor for soldiers who perpetrated Wounded Knee massacre may be rescinded"</a>. <i>Military Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=Medals+of+Honor+for+soldiers+who+perpetrated+Wounded+Knee+massacre+may+be+rescinded&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft.aulast=Winkie&rft.aufirst=Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarytimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpentagon-congress%2F2022%2F07%2F20%2Fmedals-of-honor-for-soldiers-who-perpetrated-wounded-knee-massacre-may-be-rescinded%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renee Sansom Flood, <i>Lost Bird of Wounded Knee</i> (Scribner, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ghost_Dance/">"Ghost Dance"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ghost+Dance&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FGhost_Dance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Crow Dog with Richard Erdoes, <i><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Woman" title="Lakota Woman">Lakota Woman</a></i> (Grove Weidenfeld, 1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahti2018" class="citation book cs1">Lahti, Janne (September 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315643212"><i>The American West and the World</i></a>. New York: Routledge. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315643212">10.4324/9781315643212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-64321-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-64321-2"><bdi>978-1-315-64321-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+West+and+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315643212&rft.isbn=978-1-315-64321-2&rft.aulast=Lahti&rft.aufirst=Janne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315643212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andersson, Rani-Henrik. <i>The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890</i>. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1073-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1073-8">978-0-8032-1073-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dee_Brown_(writer)" title="Dee Brown (writer)">Brown, Dee</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bury_My_Heart_at_Wounded_Knee" title="Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee">Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee</a>: An Indian History of the American West</i>. New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6669-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6669-2">978-0-8050-6669-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="Cora DuBois">DuBois, Cora</a>. <i>The 1870 Ghost Dance</i>. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6662-9">978-0-8032-6662-9</a>.</li> <li>Gage, Justin. <i>We Do Not Want the Gates Closed Between Us: Native Networks and the Spread of the Ghost Dance</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6725-1">978-0-8061-6725-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Beck_Kehoe" title="Alice Beck Kehoe">Kehoe, Alice Beck</a> (2006) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edMYAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and Revitalization</i></a> (2nd ed.). Long Grove, Il: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57766-453-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57766-453-1"><bdi>1-57766-453-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+Dance%3A+Ethnohistory+and+Revitalization&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+Il&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-57766-453-1&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Alice+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DedMYAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhost+Dance" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostdanceethnoh0000keho/page/n4/mode/1up">1st ed.</a>)</li> <li>Osterreich, Shelley Anne. <i>The American Indian Ghost Dance, 1870 and 1890</i>. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27469-5">978-0-313-27469-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stannard" title="David Stannard">Stannard, David E</a>. <i>American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508557-0">978-0-19-508557-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_S._Warren" title="Louis S. Warren">Warren, Louis S</a>. <i>God's Red Son: The Ghost Dance Religion and the Making of Modern America</i>. New York: Basic Books, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465015023" title="Special:BookSources/9780465015023">9780465015023</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Dance&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghost_Dance" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nativeamericannetworks.com/ghostdance/">"Communicating the Ghost Dance" on NativeAmericanNetworks.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123015324/http://www.ghostdance.us/">Ghostdance.us</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_043900_wovoka.htm">Wovoka (Jack Wilson)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021130074539/http://www.college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_043900_wovoka.htm">Archived</a> November 30, 2002, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027134520/http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/9656/kickingbear2.html">Speech</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kicking_Bear" title="Kicking Bear">Kicking Bear</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cI0Jfdkq4z8"><i>Short video about Wovoka and the Ghost Dance</i> on YouTube.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720012046/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/G/GH001.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Ghost Dance Religion</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Circle_dance" title="Template:Circle dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Circle_dance" title="Template talk:Circle dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Circle_dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Circle dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Circle_dance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">Circle dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_(dance)" title="Adana (dance)">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_dro" title="An dro">An dro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">khigga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballu_tundu" title="Ballu tundu">Ballu tundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berd" title="Berd">Berd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachua" title="Cachua">Cachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese dance">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganggangsullae" title="Ganggangsullae">Ganggangsullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost dance">Ghost dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halay" title="Halay">Halay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora_(dance)" title="Hora (dance)">Hora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karik%C3%A1z%C3%B3" title="Karikázó">Karikázó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorovod" title="Khorovod">Khorovod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">Kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rt%C3%A1nc" title="Körtánc">Körtánc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letkajenkka" title="Letkajenkka">Letkajenkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayim_Mayim" title="Mayim Mayim">Mayim Mayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamzara" title="Tamzara">Tamzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantella" title="Tarantella">Tarantella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabal_chongba" title="Thabal chongba">Thabal chongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresenica" title="Tresenica">Tresenica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmaley_Fountain" title="Barmaley Fountain">Barmaley Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">Circumambulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation dance">Participation dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_a_Ring_o%27_Roses" title="Ring a Ring o' Roses">Ring a Ring o' Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="Sacred dance">Sacred dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Wosien" title="Bernhard Wosien">Bernhard Wosien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_dances" title="List of dances">List of dances</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dances_of_Native_American_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dances_of_Native_American_Nations" title="Template:Dances of Native American Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dances_of_Native_American_Nations" title="Template talk:Dances of Native American Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dances_of_Native_American_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dances of Native American Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dances_of_Native_American_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dances of Native American Nations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pow_wow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pow wow">Pow wow</a>–associated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_dance" title="Fancy dance">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourd_Dance" title="Gourd Dance">Gourd Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_dance" title="Grass dance">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicken_dance_(Powwow)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicken dance (Powwow) (page does not exist)">Chicken dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Hoop_Dance" title="Native American Hoop Dance">Hoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_dress" title="Jingle dress">Jingle dress</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Traditional_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Traditional dance (page does not exist)">Northern Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_dance" title="Straight dance">Straight</a> (Southern Traditional)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional/Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Dance" title="Bear Dance">Bear Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booger_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Booger Dance">Booger Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_dance" title="Buffalo dance">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_music" title="Yaqui music">Deer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalako" title="Shalako">Shalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_dance" title="Turkey dance">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bustle_(regalia)" title="Bustle (regalia)">Bustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roach_(headdress)" title="Roach (headdress)">Roach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Dance_Theatre" title="American Indian Dance Theatre">American Indian Dance Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inu-Yupiaq" title="Inu-Yupiaq">Inu-Yupiaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God 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title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" 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