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href="https://www.balzan.org/fr/laureats">Lauréats</a><i class="fa-solid fa-circle"></i>Reinhard Genzel</nav></section> <section id="contenuto"> <div class="container contenuto-premiato"> <div class="row row-eq-height row-o-full-height"> <div class="col-lg-8"> <h4>Allemagne</h4> <h1> Reinhard Genzel</h1> <h2 class="materia">Prix Balzan 2003 pour l'astronomie infrarouge</h2> <h3 class="motivazione">On doit à Reinhard Genzel des contributions fondamentales à l’astronomie infrarouge. Il a développé une instrumentation qui l’ont conduit, avec des collègues, à des découvertes remarquables, y compris celle d’un trou noir massif situé au centre de notre galaxie.</h3> <p>La lumière infrarouge est une radiation qui tombe en dehors du spectre de la lumière visible à l’&oelig;il humain. Toutefois, la Terre étant atteinte par les radiations infrarouges émises par différents astres dans l’Univers, au cours des dernières décennies, on a développé des instruments de plus en plus efficaces pour détecter ces radiations infrarouges.<br>Un grand avantage de la radiation infrarouge et du rayonnement radio est qu’ils pénètrent à travers la poussière galactique de l’espace interstellaire beaucoup plus facilement que la radiation visible. Ainsi, par exemple, il est possible de voir à travers les épais nuages de poussière qui entourent les lieux où naissent les étoiles, et aussi d’atteindre l’intéressante région située autour du centre de notre Galaxie, région qui se cache derrière de vastes zones de poussière. Un des plus importants progrès récemment accomplis dans l’astronomie infrarouge est le développement de l’optique adaptative qui, grâce à un miroir déformable placé sur le trajet optique, corrige l’image brouillée par la turbulence de l’atmosphère terrestre.<br><br>Reinhard Genzel est un excellent expérimentateur qui a conçu et construit des équipements infrarouges innovants et les a utilisés sur des télescopes terrestres, ainsi qu’à bord d’avions volant à haute altitude et sur des navettes spatiales. Reinhard Genzel et ses collaborateurs ont contribué au projet du Very Large Telescope de l’European Southern Observatory installé au Chili avec la réalisation de certains des instruments les plus importants et les plus innovants, comme par exemple le spectrographe SINFONI qui – combiné avec un système d’optique adaptative à rayon laser – développe un spectre à partir de chaque pixel. Le groupe de Reinhard Genzel a été aussi largement impliqué dans le développement d’instrumentation infrarouge pour les satellites, comme par exemple le Infrared Space Observatory, et pour la future mission Herschel/FIRST de la European Space Agency.<br><br>Reinhard Genzel a exploré les régions où se forment les étoiles. Il a étudié les sources maser à base d’eau dans la nébuleuse d’Orion, c’est-à-dire les nuages interstellaires contenant des molécules d’eau qui, excités par des radiations extérieures, émettent à certaines fréquences radio. Grâce à des observations simultanées à partir de télescopes radio installés sur les différents continents, on a obtenu une résolution spatiale très élevée.<br>D’après les indices recueillis jusqu’ici, les galaxies massives semblent se former et s’agrandir pour la plupart en fusionnant ou en absorbant les plus petites d’entre elles. C’est ainsi que se forment ce qu’on appelle les galaxies infrarouges ultralumineuses qui émettent d’énormes quantités d’énergie dans le domaine infrarouge. Reinhard Genzel et son groupe ont étudié les émissions des galaxies ultralumineuses en utilisant des données obtenues avec des télescopes terrestres et les observations de l’Infrared Space Observatory.<br>Le centre de notre galaxie, situé à une distance de 25.000 années-lumière, est caché aux télescopes optiques par d’énormes amas de poussières cosmiques. Toutefois, les radiations infrarouges peuvent pénétrer les poussières, et Reinhard Genzel et son groupe ont commencé par étudier les vitesses des gaz qui entourent le centre galactique. Son but était de pénétrer avec une résolution de plus en plus élevée le plus près possible du centre galactique lui-même.<br><br>Le groupe de Reinhard Genzel a démontré que les orbites des étoiles proches du centre de la Galaxie sont mesurables et qu’une de ces étoiles tourne autour de la source radio centrale à une vitesse dépassant les 5.000 km/s et avec une période orbitale de 15 ans seulement. La taille de cette orbite galactique est de l’ordre de celle du système solaire. La concentration de masse est énorme et la seule conclusion possible est que le centre galactique cache un trou noir d’une masse de trois millions de fois la masse du Soleil.</p> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 text-center sidebar"> <img src="https://www.balzan.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Genzel-Reinhard-PremioBalzan2003-380x380.jpg" srcset="https://www.balzan.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Genzel-Reinhard-PremioBalzan2003.jpg 380w, https://www.balzan.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Genzel-Reinhard-PremioBalzan2003-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.balzan.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Genzel-Reinhard-PremioBalzan2003-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.balzan.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Genzel-Reinhard-PremioBalzan2003-215x215.jpg 215w" sizes="(max-width: 380px) 100vw, 380px" alt="" width="380" height="380"> <div class="content"> <p class="nazione">Allemagne</p> <p class="nome"> Reinhard Genzel</p> <p class="materia">Prix Balzan 2003 pour l'astronomie infrarouge</p> <ul> <li class="page_item page-item-9720"><a href="https://www.balzan.org/fr/laureats/reinhard-genzel/bio-bibliographie-allemand">Bio-bibliographie (allemand)</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-9730"><a href="https://www.balzan.org/fr/laureats/reinhard-genzel/discours-de-remerciement-berne-07-11-2003-allemand">Discours de remerciement – Berne, 07.11.2003 (allemand)</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-9741"><a href="https://www.balzan.org/fr/laureats/reinhard-genzel/outward-bound-from-the-galactic-center-to-the-early-universe-anglais">Outward Bound: From the Galactic Center to the Early Universe – Berne, 07.11.2003 (anglais)</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-9758"><a href="https://www.balzan.org/fr/laureats/reinhard-genzel/projet-de-recherche-pdf-anglais">Projet de recherche</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-9766"><a href="https://www.balzan.org/fr/laureats/reinhard-genzel/interview-avec-natascha-forster-schreiber-13-10-2009">Interview avec Natascha Förster Schreiber, chercheure en chef du projet SINS de R. 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