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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cnut_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Cnut the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cnut_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_the_Confessor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_the_Confessor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Edward the Confessor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_the_Confessor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Norman Conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stephen_and_Matilda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stephen_and_Matilda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stephen and Matilda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stephen_and_Matilda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantagenets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantagenets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Plantagenets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantagenets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insignia_and_forms_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insignia_and_forms_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Insignia and forms of address</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Insignia_and_forms_of_address-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Insignia and forms of address subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Insignia_and_forms_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coronet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Coronet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Forms of address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_earldoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_earldoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of earldoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_earldoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Earl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84_(%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8)" title="إيرل (لقب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرل (لقب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erl" title="Erl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Erl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Эрл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Эрл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_(%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ارل (عنوان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارل (عنوان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_(titre)" title="Earl (titre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Earl (titre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarla" title="Iarla – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarla" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarla" title="Iarla – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iarla" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91" title="영국 백작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 백작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अर्ल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C_(%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94)" title="ארל (תואר אצולה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארל (תואר אצולה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ერლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlas" title="Erlas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erlas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Ерл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84" title="ايرل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Эрл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="ارل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ارل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Ерл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ерл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erl" title="Erl – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Erl" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erl" title="Erl – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Erl" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5" title="เอิร์ล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอิร์ล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl" title="Earl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Earl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Ерл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84" title="ارل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128240#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English title of nobility</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the title of nobility. For the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Earl_(given_name)" title="Earl (given name)">Earl (given name)</a>. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Earl_(surname)" title="Earl (surname)">Earl (surname)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Earl_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Earl (disambiguation)">Earl (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1082347012">.mw-parser-output .peerage 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks peerage"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coronet of a duke"><img alt="Coronet of a duke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/75px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/113px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Peerage" title="Category:Peerage">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Peerages in the<br />United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ranks</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke / Duchess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess / Marchioness</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earl / Countess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount / Viscountess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron / Baroness</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament" title="Lord of Parliament">Lord / Lady of Parliament</a>)</li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Types</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">Hereditary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Representative_peer" title="Representative peer">Representative</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Divisions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets" title="Welsh peers and baronets">Welsh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_peerage" title="History of the British peerage">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_of_peerage" title="Privilege of peerage">Privileges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robes_of_the_British_peerage" title="Robes of the British peerage">Robes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom">Courtesy titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forms of address in the United Kingdom">Forms of address</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">Family seat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_designation" title="Territorial designation">Territorial designation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Earl</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a rank of the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In modern Britain, an earl is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peerage</a>, ranking below a <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a> and above a <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscount</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feminine form of <i>earl</i> never developed;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead, <i>countess</i> is used. </p><p>The title originates in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">eorl</i></span>, meaning "a man of noble birth or rank".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is cognate with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Scandinavian</a> form <i><a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">jarl</a></i>. After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, it became the equivalent of the continental <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>. In Scotland, it assimilated the concept of <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaer</a>. Since the 1960s, earldoms have typically been created only for members of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a>. The last non-royal earldom, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earl of Stockton</a>, was created in 1984 for <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, prime minister from 1957 to 1963. </p><p>Alternative names for the rank equivalent to "earl" or "count" in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hakushaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakushaku">hakushaku</a></i> (伯爵) of the post-restoration <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Imperial era">Japanese Imperial era</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 7th century, the common <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> terms for nobility was <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eorl" class="extiw" title="wikt:eorl">eorl</a></i></span> or <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">eorlcund man</i></span>. However, this was later replaced by the term <i><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegn</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoyn1955530_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyn1955530-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century, under Danish influence, the Old English title <i><a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdorman</a></i> became <i>earl</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> word <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">jarl</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19686_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19686-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proto-Norse <i>eril</i>, or the later Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">jarl</i></span>, came to signify the rank of a leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindström2006113–115_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindström2006113–115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>-derived equivalent <i>count</i> (from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a></i></span>) was not introduced following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England though <i>countess</i> was and is used for the female title. Geoffrey Hughes writes, "It is a likely speculation that the <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a> title 'Count' was abandoned in England in favour of the Germanic 'Earl' [...] precisely because of the uncomfortable <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> proximity to <a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunt</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the other languages of Great Britain and Ireland, the term is translated as: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">iarll</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwenGruffydd201784_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenGruffydd201784-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iarla</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane2010186_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane2010186-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199261_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199261-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">erle</i></span>, <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">eirle</i></span> or <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">earle</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">yurl, yarl, yerl</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams186550_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams186550-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="England">England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Saxon_period">Anglo-Saxon period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglo-Saxon period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earldoms#Earldoms_in_England_before_1066" title="List of earldoms">List of earldoms § Earldoms in England before 1066</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ealdorman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</a></div> <p>The office of earl evolved from the ealdorman, an office within <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon government">Anglo-Saxon government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">English king</a> appointed the ealdorman to be the chief officer in a <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</a>. He commanded the local <a href="/wiki/Fyrd" title="Fyrd">fyrd</a> and presided over the <a href="/wiki/Shire_court" title="Shire court">shire court</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>. As compensation, he received the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/third_penny" class="extiw" title="wikt:third penny">third penny</a>: one-third of the shire court's profits and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">boroughs</a>' revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685–6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685–6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the ealdorman governed a single shire. Starting with <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 899–924</span>), it became customary for one ealdorman to administer three or four shires together as an ealdormanry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon198062–63_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon198062–63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cnut_the_Great">Cnut the Great</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cnut the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earldoms_of_Anglo-Saxon_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Earldoms_of_Anglo-Saxon_England.svg/220px-Earldoms_of_Anglo-Saxon_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Earldoms_of_Anglo-Saxon_England.svg/330px-Earldoms_of_Anglo-Saxon_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Earldoms_of_Anglo-Saxon_England.svg/440px-Earldoms_of_Anglo-Saxon_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Earldoms of Anglo-Saxon England</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a>'s reign (1016–1035), <i>ealdorman</i> changed to <i>earl</i> (related to Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">eorl</i></span> and Scandinavian <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">jarl</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19686_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19686-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon198063_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon198063-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut's realm, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a>, extended beyond England, forcing him to delegate power to earls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoyn1984133_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyn1984133-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earls were governors or <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a>, ruling in the king's name, keeping the peace, dispensing justice, and raising armies. Like the earlier ealdormen, they received the third penny from their jurisdictions. Earls ranked above <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a> in precedence and were the chief counselors in the <a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">witan</a> (king's council).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201628_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201628-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The office of earl was not hereditary. While sons of earls could expect to inherit their father's office, this was not automatic. Only the king could make someone an earl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200824_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200824-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Cnut kept Wessex for himself and divided the rest of England into three earldoms. He gave the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_East_Anglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of East Anglia">earldom of East Anglia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Northumbria">earldom of Northumbria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eadric_Streona" title="Eadric Streona">Eadric Streona</a> retained the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Mercia">earldom of Mercia</a> (having been unified with western Mercia in the tenure of earldorman Ælfhere), which he had held since 1007.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cnut gave Godwin the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Wessex">earldom of Wessex</a> in 1018.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually Godwin was also granted the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Kent">earldom of Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorkell vanished from the records after 1023, and Godwin became the leading earl.<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earldoms were not permanent territorial divisions; kings could transfer shires from one earldom to another. The fact that there was no local government administration beyond the shire also limited the autonomy of the earls. They could not raise taxation, mint coins, issue <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters" title="Anglo-Saxon charters">charters</a>, or hold their own courts (the shire courts that earls presided over were held in the king's name).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200823–24_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200823–24-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/F._W._Maitland" class="mw-redirect" title="F. W. Maitland">F. W. Maitland</a> wrote, "with the estates of the earls, we find it impossible to distinguish between private property and official property". He noted the existence of "<a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a> of the shire" and "comital <a href="/wiki/Vill" title="Vill">vills</a>" that belonged to the office rather than the officeholder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaitland1897168_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaitland1897168-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(historian)" title="Stephen Baxter (historian)">Stephen Baxter</a> argued that given the evidence, it must be "assumed that the 'comital manors' in each shire could be transferred by the king from one earl to another with relative ease". However, not all scholars agree with the existence of such "comital" property.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edward_the_Confessor">Edward the Confessor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edward the Confessor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> (1042–1066), the earls were still royal officers governing their earldoms in the king's name. However, they were developing more autonomy and becoming a threat to royal power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2017168_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2017168-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon198063_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon198063-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three great aristocratic families had emerged: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Godwin" title="House of Godwin">Godwins</a> of Wessex, <a href="/wiki/Leofric_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leofric of Mercia">Leofric of Mercia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siward_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Siward of Northumbria">Siward of Northumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoyn1984133_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyn1984133-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In theory, earls could be removed by the king. Edward deliberately broke the hereditary succession to Northumbria when Earl Siward died in 1055. He ignored the claims of Siward's son, <a href="/wiki/Waltheof,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria">Waltheof</a>, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" title="Tostig Godwinson">Tostig Godwinson</a> as earl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earldom of East Anglia appears to have been used as a training ground for new earls. Nevertheless, the earldoms of Wessex and Mercia were becoming hereditary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2017168_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2017168-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For four generations, Mercia was passed from father to son: <a href="/wiki/Leofwine,_Ealdorman_of_the_Hwicce" title="Leofwine, Ealdorman of the Hwicce">Leofwine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Leofric, Earl of Mercia">Leofric</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia">Ælfgar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Edwin, Earl of Mercia">Edwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To reward Godwin for his support, Edward made his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Godwinson" title="Sweyn Godwinson">Sweyn</a>, an earl in 1043.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold</a>, Godwin's second oldest son, was made the earl of East Anglia. In 1045, an earldom was created for Godwin's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Beorn_Estrithson" title="Beorn Estrithson">Beorn Estrithson</a>. After Sweyn left England in disgrace in 1047, some of his estates were taken over by Harold and Beorn. <a href="/wiki/Ralf_of_Mantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralf of Mantes">Ralf of Mantes</a>, Edward's Norman nephew, was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Hereford" title="Earl of Hereford">earl of Hereford</a>, a territory formerly part of Sweyn's earldom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199774_&_89–91,_93–94_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199774_&_89–91,_93–94-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1053, Harold succeeded his father, and Ælfgar, son of Earl Leofric, became earl of East Anglia. A major reshuffle occurred after both Leofric and Ralf died in 1057. Ælfgar succeeded his father in Mercia, and <a href="/wiki/Gyrth_Godwinson" title="Gyrth Godwinson">Gyrth Godwinson</a> took East Anglia. An earldom was created for <a href="/wiki/Leofwine_Godwinson" title="Leofwine Godwinson">Leofwine Godwinson</a> out of the south-eastern shires belonging to Harold. In exchange, Harold received Ralf's earldom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997127_&_197_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997127_&_197-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1065, a rebellion deposed Tostig and recognised <a href="/wiki/Morcar" title="Morcar">Morcar</a>, the brother of Earl Edwin of Mercia, as Northumbria's new earl. The king accepted this, and Tostig was expelled from England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997237_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997237-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1066, according to the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, the Godwin family estates were valued at £7,000, Earl Leofric of Mercia at £2,400, and Earl Siward of Northumbria at £350. In comparison, the king's lands were valued at £5,000. This concentration of land and wealth in the hands of the earls, and one family in particular, weakened the Crown's authority. The situation was reversed when Harold Godwinson became king, and he was able to restore the Crown's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201620_&_23_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201620_&_23-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_Conquest">Norman Conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Norman Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earls_in_the_reign_of_William_the_Conqueror" title="List of earls in the reign of William the Conqueror">List of earls in the reign of William the Conqueror</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg/118px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg/178px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg/237px-Odo_bayeux_tapestry_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Odo of Bayeux, fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> as shown in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>. Odo was later made Earl of Kent.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066 introduced a new <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> aristocracy that gradually replaced the old Anglo-Saxon elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196833_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196833-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of France</a>, the equivalent of an earl was a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201761_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201761-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition and powers of French counts varied widely. Some counts were nearly independent rulers who gave only nominal loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a>. In Normandy, counts were junior members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Norman dynasty</a> with responsibility for guarding border regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199254–56_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199254–56-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1066, there were three Norman counts: <a href="/wiki/Richard,_Count_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Richard, Count of Évreux">Richard of Évreux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Eu" title="Robert, Count of Eu">Robert of Eu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Mortain" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Mortain">Robert of Mortain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196818_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196818-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1066–1087</span>) reduced the size of earldoms; those created after 1071 had responsibility for one shire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199257_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199257-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Norman counts, earls became military governors assigned to vulnerable border or coastal areas. To protect the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>, the king made <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Montgomery" title="Roger de Montgomery">Roger de Montgomery</a> the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Earl of Shrewsbury">earl of Shrewsbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_d%27Avranches,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester">Hugh d'Avranches</a> the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">earl of Chester</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lord</a>)</span>. Likewise, the king's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Bayeux" title="Odo of Bayeux">Odo of Bayeux</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kent" title="Earl of Kent">earl of Kent</a> to guard the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201682–83_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201682–83-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Earls" title="Revolt of the Earls">Revolt of the Earls</a> in 1075, only four earldoms remained, all held by Anglo-Normans: Kent, Shrewsbury, Chester, and Northumbria. This number was reduced to three after 1082 when Odo of Bayeux was arrested and deprived of Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196832–33_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196832–33-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the death of <a href="/wiki/William_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rufus">William Rufus</a> in 1100, there were five earldoms: Chester, Shrewsbury, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Surrey" title="Earl of Surrey">Surrey</a> (or Warrenne), <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Warwick" title="Earl of Warwick">Warwick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Earl of Huntingdon">Huntingdon</a>–<a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northampton" title="Earl of Northampton">Northampton</a>. In 1122, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> made his <a href="/wiki/Illegitimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate">illegitimate</a> son <a href="/wiki/Robert,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester">Robert</a> the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Earl of Gloucester">earl of Gloucester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196851_&_60_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196851_&_60-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Conquest, new earldoms tended to be named for the city and castle in which they were based. Some titles became attached to the family name rather than location. For example, the holder of the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Surrey">earldom of Surrey</a> was more commonly called "Earl Warenne". The same was true of the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Buckingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Buckingham">earldom of Buckingham</a>, whose holder was called "Earl Gifford". These earls may have preferred to be known by family names that were older and more prestigious than their newer territorial designations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199257–58_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199257–58-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stephen_and_Matilda">Stephen and Matilda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stephen and Matilda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of earls rose from seven in 1135 to twenty in 1141 as King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">Stephen</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1135–1154</span>) <a href="/wiki/List_of_earls_in_the_reign_of_Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of earls in the reign of Stephen of England">created twelve new earls</a> to reward supporters during <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">the Anarchy</a>, the civil war fought with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a> for the English throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201762_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201762-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201683_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201683-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1138, Stephen created eight new earldoms:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196866–67_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196866–67-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_de_Beaumont,_1st_Earl_of_Worcester" title="Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester">Waleran de Beaumont</a>, who was already <a href="/wiki/County_of_Meulan" title="County of Meulan">Count of Meulan</a> in Normandy and the twin brother of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester">2nd Earl of Leicester</a>, was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Worcester" title="Earl of Worcester">earl of Worcester</a>.</li> <li>Waleran's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Beaumont,_1st_Earl_of_Bedford" title="Hugh de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Bedford">Hugh de Beaumont</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Bedford" title="Earl of Bedford">earl of Bedford</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke">Gilbert de Clare</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Earl of Pembroke">earl of Pembroke</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_1st_Earl_of_Hertford" title="Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford">Gilbert de Clare</a>, nephew of the Earl of Pembroke, was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Hertford" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Hertford">earl of Hertford</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_le_Gros,_Earl_of_York" title="William le Gros, Earl of York">William de Aumale</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_York" title="Earl of York">earl of York</a> in reward for service during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Standard" title="Battle of the Standard">Battle of the Standard</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ferrers,_1st_Earl_of_Derby" title="Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby">Robert de Ferrers</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Derby" title="Earl of Derby">earl of Derby</a> in reward for service during the Battle of the Standard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_d%27Aubigny,_1st_Earl_of_Arundel" title="William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel">William d'Aubigny</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Earl of Lincoln">earl of Lincoln</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Roumare,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="William de Roumare, Earl of Lincoln">William de Roumare</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Earl of Cambridge">earl of Cambridge</a>.</li></ol> <p>In 1140, Roumare was given the earldom of Lincoln in exchange for Cambridge, and William d'Aubigny received the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Arundel" title="Earl of Arundel">earldom of Sussex (commonly known as Arundel)</a>. The same year, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Mandeville,_Earl_of_Essex" title="Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex">Geoffrey de Mandeville</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Essex" title="Earl of Essex">earl of Essex</a>, and his is the oldest surviving charter of creation. Around the same time, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Hugh Bigod</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Earl of Norfolk">earl of Norfolk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196866–67_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196866–67-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1141, Stephen was captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1141)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1141)">Battle of Lincoln</a>, and Empress Matilda elected "Lady of the English" in April. At this time, she created three earldoms for her own supporters. Her illegitimate brother <a href="/wiki/Reginald_de_Dunstanville,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Reginald de Dunstanville</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Earl of Cornwall">earl of Cornwall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon">Baldwin de Redvers</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Devon" title="Earl of Devon">earl of Devon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_de_Mohun,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="William de Mohun, 1st Earl of Somerset">William de Mohun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudal_barony_of_Dunster" title="Feudal barony of Dunster">lord of Dunster</a>, was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Somerset">earl of Somerset</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_de_Vere,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford">Aubrey de Vere</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford" title="Earl of Oxford">earl of Oxford</a> in 1142. Sometime around 1143, Matilda's constable <a href="/wiki/Patrick,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Patrick, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Patrick of Salisbury</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">earl of Salisbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196867_&_69_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196867_&_69-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Anarchy, earls took advantage of the power vacuum to assume Crown rights. Robert of Gloucester, Patrick of Salisbury, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_2nd_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester">Robert of Leicester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Scotland" title="Henry of Scotland">Henry of Northumbria</a> all minted their own coinage. Earls and <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">barons</a> had also built <a href="/wiki/Adulterine_castle" title="Adulterine castle">adulterine castles</a> (castles built without royal permission).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2010166_&_175_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2010166_&_175-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plantagenets">Plantagenets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plantagenets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedingham_Castle_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hedingham_Castle_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Hedingham_Castle_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hedingham_Castle_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Hedingham_Castle_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hedingham_Castle_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Hedingham_Castle_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hedingham_Castle" title="Hedingham Castle">Hedingham Castle</a>, seat of the Earls of Oxford, is in Essex where most of the earl's land was concentrated</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earls_Procession_to_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Earls_Procession_to_Parliament.jpg/220px-Earls_Procession_to_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Earls_Procession_to_Parliament.jpg/330px-Earls_Procession_to_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Earls_Procession_to_Parliament.jpg/440px-Earls_Procession_to_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>The royal procession to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> on 4 February 1512. Left to right: The <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Marquess of Dorset">Marquess of Dorset</a> (second from left), <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Earl of Northumberland">Earl of Northumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Surrey" title="Earl of Surrey">Earl of Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Earl of Shrewsbury">Earl of Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Essex" title="Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kent" title="Earl of Kent">Earl of Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Derby" title="Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Wiltshire" title="Earl of Wiltshire">Earl of Wiltshire</a>. From Parliament Procession Roll of 1512.</figcaption></figure> <p>It fell to Stephen's successor <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1154–1189</span>) to again curtail the power of earls. He confiscated or demolished illegal castles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2010166_&_175_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2010166_&_175-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He <a href="/wiki/List_of_earls_in_the_reign_of_Henry_II_of_England" title="List of earls in the reign of Henry II of England">reduced the number of earldoms</a> by allowing them to die with their holders and did not create new ones. During his reign, "the title became a mark of rank, rather than a substantive office: the real power lay with the king's sheriffs and justices."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201762_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201762-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The real power possessed by any individual earl in this period depended on the amount of land and wealth he possessed that could be translated into patronage and influence. The more land and resources concentrated in a region, the more influence an earl had. The most powerful were the earls of Chester, who <a href="/wiki/List_of_earls_in_the_reign_of_Henry_III_of_England" title="List of earls in the reign of Henry III of England">by the middle of the 13th century</a> were described as <a href="/wiki/Earls_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls Palatine">earls palatine</a>. Their power derived from owning most of the land in Cheshire. As a result, the shire court and the earl's <a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">honour court</a> were identical, and the sheriff answered to the earl. The <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford" title="Earl of Oxford">earl of Oxford</a> possessed less than an acre of land in Oxfordshire (most of his land was in Essex), and therefore possessed no power in the county.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199262–63_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199262–63-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An earldom along with its land was inherited generally according to <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>. If the only heirs were female, then the land would be partitioned equally between co-heirs with the eldest co-heir receiving the title. In 1204, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_4th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester">Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester</a>, died without children. His heirs were his sisters, <a href="/wiki/Amice,_Countess_of_Rochefort" title="Amice, Countess of Rochefort">Amice</a> and Margaret. Amice's son, <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>, succeeded as earl of Leicester, and Margaret's husband, <a href="/wiki/Saer_de_Quincy,_1st_Earl_of_Winchester" title="Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester">Saer de Quincy</a>, was created the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Winchester" title="Earl of Winchester">earl of Winchester</a> in 1207. This was the first new hereditary earldom created since the reign of Stephen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968111_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968111-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An earldom could be dramatically impacted upon by multiple partitions. In 1232, <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_de_Blondeville,_6th_Earl_of_Chester" title="Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester">Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester</a> died childless. His lands were divided between his four sisters with the title going to the eldest's son, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Scotland,_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon">John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon</a>. John died in 1237, and once again the estate had to be divided between five co-heirs (the two daughters of his eldest sister and his three surviving sisters). Before the land could be divided, King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II of Scotland</a> claimed the earldom of Huntingdon. While the king's council dismissed this claim, the Scottish king was granted the lands attached to Huntingdon but not the title. This reduced the land available to John's co-heirs and created the possibility of an earl who was virtually landless. Earl Ranulf had been the greatest landholder in England, but after two partitions in five years, the land granted to each co-heir was small. <a href="/wiki/William_de_Forz,_4th_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle">William de Forz</a>, husband of the senior co-heir, argued that as a county palatine the earldom of Chester should not be partitioned, but this argument was rejected by the king's court. Ultimately, the king himself gained possession of all the lands attached to the Chester earldom through a series of land exchanges with the co-heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968162–166_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968162–166-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1227, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1216–1272</span>) granted his <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">justiciar</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_chief_ministers" title="List of English chief ministers">chief minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh,_1st_Earl_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent">Hubert de Burgh</a>, the earldom of Kent. The terms of inheritance were unprecedented: the earldom was to pass to Hubert's son by his third wife <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Countess_of_Kent" title="Margaret of Scotland, Countess of Kent">Margaret of Scotland</a>, thereby passing over his eldest son by his first wife. It may have been thought that Margaret's royal blood made her children more worthy of inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968147_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968147-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 13th century earls had a social rank just below the king and princes, but were not necessarily more powerful or wealthier than other noblemen. The only way to become an earl was to inherit the title or to marry into one—and the king reserved a right to prevent the transfer of the title. By the 14th century, creating an earl included a special public ceremony where the king personally tied a sword belt around the waist of the new earl, emphasizing the fact that the earl's rights came from him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Earls still held influence and, as "companions of the king", generally acted in support of the king's power. They showed their own power prominently in 1327 when they deposed King <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>. They would later do the same with other kings of whom they disapproved. In 1337 <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> declared that he intended to <a href="/wiki/List_of_earls_in_the_reign_of_Edward_III_of_England" title="List of earls in the reign of Edward III of England">create six new earldoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2013_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Earl" title="Special:EditPage/Earl">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first Irish earldom was the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ulster" title="Earl of Ulster">Earl of Ulster</a>, granted to the Norman knight <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_1st_Earl_of_Ulster" title="Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster">Hugh de Lacy</a> in 1205 by <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of England">John</a>, King of England and <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a>. Other early earldoms were <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick_(Ireland)" title="Earl of Carrick (Ireland)">Earl of Carrick</a> (1315), <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Leinster" title="Duke of Leinster">Earl of Kildare</a> (1316), <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Desmond#Earls_of_Desmond.2C_first_creation_.281329.29" title="Earl of Desmond">Earl of Desmond</a> (1329) and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Earl of Shrewsbury">Earl of Waterford</a> (1446, extant). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor reconquest of Ireland</a> (1530s–1603), native <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Irish kings</a> and clan chiefs were encouraged to submit to the English king (now also <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a>) and were, in return, granted noble titles in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a>. Notable among those who agreed to this policy of "<a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">surrender and regrant</a>" were <a href="/wiki/Ulick_na_gCeann_Burke,_1st_Earl_of_Clanricarde" title="Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde">Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murrough_O%27Brien,_1st_Earl_of_Thomond" title="Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond">Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_McCarthy,_1st_Earl_of_Clancare" title="Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare">Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rory_O%27Donnell,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell" title="Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell">Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randal_MacDonnell,_1st_Earl_of_Antrim" title="Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim">Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a>. The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell later rebelled against the crown and were forced to flee Ireland in 1607; their departure, along with about ninety followers, is famed in Irish history as the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>, seen as the ultimate demise of native Irish monarchy. </p><p>Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1801, and the last Irish earldom was created in 1824. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> does not recognise titles of nobility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Notable later Irish earls include Jacobite leader <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield,_1st_Earl_of_Lucan" title="Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan">Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan</a>; Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty</a>; Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne</a> (later made a <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a>); and the (alleged) murderer <a href="/wiki/John_Bingham,_7th_Earl_of_Lucan" title="John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan">John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland">Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Earl" title="Special:EditPage/Earl">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Earl_coronation_robes.jpg/130px-Earl_coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Earl_coronation_robes.jpg/195px-Earl_coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Earl_coronation_robes.jpg/260px-Earl_coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Earl's <a href="/wiki/British_coronation" class="mw-redirect" title="British coronation">coronation</a> robes</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest earldoms in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Dunbar_and_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Dunbar and March">Earldom of Dunbar and March</a>) originated from the office of <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaer</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Fife" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormaer of Fife">Mormaer of Fife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Strathearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormaer of Strathearn">of Strathearn</a>, etc.; subsequent earldoms developed by analogy. The principal distinction between earldom and mormaer is that earldoms were granted as <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a> of the King, while mormaers were virtually independent. The <i>earl</i> is thought to have been introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">anglophile</a> king <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>. While the power attached to the office of earl was swept away in England by the Norman Conquest, in Scotland earldoms retained substantial powers, such as <a href="/wiki/Regality" class="mw-redirect" title="Regality">regality</a> throughout the Middle Ages. </p><p>It is important to distinguish between the land controlled directly by the earl, in a landlord-like sense, and the region over which he could exercise his office. Scottish use of Latin terms <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">comitatus</i></span> makes the difference clear. Initially these terms were synonymous, as in England, but by the 12th century they were seen as distinct concepts, with <i>comitatus</i> referring to the land under direct control of the earl, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span> referring to the province; hence, the <i>comitatus</i> might now only be a small region of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span>. Thus, unlike England, the term <i>county</i>, which ultimately evolved from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">comitatus</i></span>, was not historically used for Scotland's main political subdivisions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_court" title="Sheriff court">Sheriffs</a> were introduced at a similar time to earls, but unlike England, where sheriffs were officers who implemented the decisions of the shire court, in Scotland they were specifically charged with upholding the king's interests in the region, thus being more like a <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroner</a>. As such, a parallel system of justice arose, between that provided by magnates (represented by the earls), and that by the king (represented by sheriffs), in a similar way to England having both <a href="/wiki/Court_Baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Baron">Courts Baron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Magistrates</a>, respectively. Inevitably, this led to a degree of <a href="/wiki/Forum_shopping" title="Forum shopping">forum shopping</a>, with the king's offering – the Sheriff – gradually winning. </p><p>As in England, as the centuries wore on, the term <i>earl</i> came to be disassociated from the office, and later kings started granting the title of <i>earl</i> without it, and gradually without even an associated <i>comitatus</i>. By the 16th century there started to be earls of towns, of villages, and even of isolated houses; it had simply become a label for marking status, rather than an office of intrinsic power. In 1746, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heritable_Jurisdictions_(Scotland)_Act_1746" title="Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746">Heritable Jurisdictions Act</a> brought the powers of the remaining ancient earldoms under the control of the sheriffs; <i>earl</i> is now simply a noble rank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wales">Wales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets" title="Welsh peers and baronets">Welsh peers and baronets</a></div> <p>Some of the most significant Earls (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i>ieirll</i>, singular <i>iarll</i>) in Welsh history were those from the West of England. As Wales remained independent of any Norman jurisdiction, the more powerful Earls in England were <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">encouraged to invade</a> and establish effective "<a href="/wiki/Buffer_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer states">buffer states</a>" to be run as <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">autonomous lordships</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a> included the earls of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Earl of Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Hereford" title="Earl of Hereford">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Earl of Pembroke">Pembroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Earl of Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March#Earls_of_March_in_the_Peerage_of_England" title="Earl of March">English Earls of March</a>). </p><p>The first Earldoms created within Wales were the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Glamorgan" title="Lordship of Glamorgan">Lordship of Glamorgan</a> (a comital title) and the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Pembroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Pembroke">Earldom of Pembroke</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tir_Iarll" title="Tir Iarll">Tir Iarll</a> (English: <i>Earl's land</i>) is an area of <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, which has traditionally had a particular resonance in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh culture">Welsh culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008872_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008872-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>An earldom became, with a few exceptions, the default rank of the peerage to which a former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a> was elevated. The last prime minister to accept an earldom was <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">earl of Stockton</a> in 1984. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insignia_and_forms_of_address">Insignia and forms of address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Insignia and forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronet">Coronet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Coronet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="British Viscount Coronet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg/220px-Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg/330px-Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg/440px-Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2165" data-file-height="2317" /></a><figcaption>A coronet of a British earl</figcaption></figure> <p>A British earl is entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Coronet" title="Coronet">coronet</a> bearing eight <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a> leaves (four visible) and eight <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> balls (or <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>) around the rim (five visible). The actual coronet is rarely, if ever, worn except at the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> of a new monarch, but in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> an earl may bear his coronet of rank on his <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> above the shield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_address">Forms of address</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Earl" title="Special:EditPage/Earl">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An earl has the title <i>Earl of [X]</i> when the title originates from a placename, or <i>Earl [X]</i> when the title comes from a surname. In either case, he is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a> [X]</i>, and his wife as <i><a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a> [X]</i>. A countess who holds an earldom in her own right also uses <i>Lady [X]</i>, but her husband does not have a title (unless he has one in his own right). </p><p>The eldest son of an earl, though not himself a <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peer</a>, is entitled to use a <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy title</a>, usually the highest of his father's lesser titles (if any). For instance, prior to his father's elevation to the Dukedom of Edinburgh, the eldest son of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Earl of Wessex</a> was styled as <a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James, Viscount Severn</a>. The eldest son of the eldest son of an earl is entitled to use one of his grandfather's lesser titles, normally the second-highest of the lesser titles. Younger sons are styled <i>The Honourable</i> [<i>Forename</i>] [<i>Surname</i>], and daughters, <i>The Lady</i> [<i>Forename</i>] [<i>Surname</i>] (<a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a> being a well-known example). </p><p>There is no difference between the courtesy titles given to the children of earls and the children of countesses in their own right, provided the husband of the countess has a lower rank than she does. If her husband has a higher rank, their children will be given titles according to his rank. </p><p>In the peerage of Scotland, when there are no courtesy titles involved, the heir to an earldom, and indeed any level of peerage, is styled <i>Master of [X]</i>, and successive sons as <i>The Honourable [Firstname Surname]</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_earldoms">List of earldoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of earldoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earldoms" title="List of earldoms">List of earldoms</a></div> <p>There are many earldoms, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_earls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fictional earls">List of fictional earls</a></div> <p>Earls have appeared in various works of fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The form <i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/earless#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:earless">earless</a></i> is rarely attested, but considered nonstandard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin, it was rendered as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201761_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201761-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godwin became an earl in 1018 with control of eastern Wessex. After 1020, Godwin gained all of Wessex.<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sweyn's earldom was probably located in the south-west <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> in the shires of Somerset, Hereford, Gloucester, Oxford, and Berkshire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199791_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199791-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/earl">"Earl"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins Dictionary">Collins Dictionary</a>. 23 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earl&rft.pub=Collins+Dictionary&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fearl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2007">Stevenson 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58971?rskey=wkLmqc&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid">"Earl"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F58971%3Frskey%3DwkLmqc%26result%3D1%26isAdvanced%3Dfalse%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyn1955530-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoyn1955530_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoyn1955">Loyn 1955</a>, p. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19686-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19686_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19686_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindström2006113–115-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindström2006113–115_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindström2006">Lindström 2006</a>, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1998_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1998">Hughes 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenGruffydd201784-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwenGruffydd201784_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwenGruffydd2017">Owen & Gruffydd 2017</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane2010186-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane2010186_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKane2010">Kane 2010</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199261-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199261_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch1992">Crouch 1992</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/erle_n">"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: DOST :: erle n"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionaries+of+the+Scots+Language%3A%3A+DOST+%3A%3A+erle+n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fentry%2Fdost%2Ferle_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams186550-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams186550_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1865">Williams 1865</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685–6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685–6_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon198062–63-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon198062–63_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon1980">Lyon 1980</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon198063-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon198063_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon198063_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon1980">Lyon 1980</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19685_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201761-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201761_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201761_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2017">Green 2017</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoyn1984133-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoyn1984133_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoyn1984133_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoyn1984">Loyn 1984</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201628-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201628_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200824-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200824_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2008">Williams 2008</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis19687_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Eadric [Edric] Streona". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8511">10.1093/ref:odnb/8511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eadric+%5BEdric%5D+Streona&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwin-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10887">"Godwine [Godwin], earl of Wessex (d. 1053), magnate"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10887">10.1093/ref:odnb/10887</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Godwine+%5BGodwin%5D%2C+earl+of+Wessex+%28d.+1053%29%2C+magnate&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10887&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-10887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotheby's" class="citation web cs1">Sotheby's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2012/the-history-of-script-sixty-important-manuscript-leaves-from-the-schyen-collection/lot.37.html">"The Godwine charter, granting to Leofwine the Red the swine-pasture of Swithraedingden (probably Southernden, Kent) for the rent of forty pence and two pounds and an allowance of corn, in Anglo-Saxon, single-sheet document on vellum [Kent (probably Christ Church, Canterbury), 1013-20]"</a>. <i>Sotheby's</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>Godwine rose to power under King Cnut the Great (d.1035) and his immediate successors, being made earl of Wessex c.1018, and according to the twelfth-century historian Eadmer, the earl of Kent. He was step-father to King Edward the Confessor (c.1003-1066) and father to Harold Godwinesson, the last Anglo-Saxon king, killed in 1066 at Hastings by the Norman invaders. Domesday Book records that immediately before the Norman Conquest Broughton Malherbe and its estates were held by one "Ælfwine ... from Earl Godwine" (DB., Kent, 5:79).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sotheby%27s&rft.atitle=The+Godwine+charter%2C+granting+to+Leofwine+the+Red+the+swine-pasture+of+Swithraedingden+%28probably+Southernden%2C+Kent%29+for+the+rent+of+forty+pence+and+two+pounds+and+an+allowance+of+corn%2C+in+Anglo-Saxon%2C+single-sheet+document+on+vellum+%5BKent+%28probably+Christ+Church%2C+Canterbury%29%2C+1013-20%5D&rft.au=Sotheby%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fauctions%2Fecatalogue%2F2012%2Fthe-history-of-script-sixty-important-manuscript-leaves-from-the-schyen-collection%2Flot.37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200823–24-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200823–24_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2008">Williams 2008</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaitland1897168-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaitland1897168_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaitland1897">Maitland 1897</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter2007">Baxter 2007</a>, p. 13 quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2008">Williams 2008</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2017168-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2017168_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2017168_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2017">Green 2017</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199791-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199791_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1997">Barlow 1997</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow199774_&_89–91,_93–94-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow199774_&_89–91,_93–94_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1997">Barlow 1997</a>, pp. 74 & 89–91, 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997127_&_197-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997127_&_197_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1997">Barlow 1997</a>, pp. 127 & 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997237-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlow1997237_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlow1997">Barlow 1997</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201620_&_23-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201620_&_23_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, pp. 20 & 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196833-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196833_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199254–56-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199254–56_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch1992">Crouch 1992</a>, pp. 54–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196818-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196818_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199257-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199257_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch1992">Crouch 1992</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201682–83-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201682–83_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196832–33-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196832–33_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196851_&_60-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196851_&_60_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, pp. 51 & 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199257–58-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199257–58_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch1992">Crouch 1992</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201762-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201762_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201762_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2017">Green 2017</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201683-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuscroft201683_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuscroft2016">Huscroft 2016</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196866–67-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196866–67_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196866–67_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196867_&_69-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis196867_&_69_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, pp. 67 & 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2010166_&_175-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2010166_&_175_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2010166_&_175_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkey2010">Starkey 2010</a>, pp. 166 & 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch199262–63-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch199262–63_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch1992">Crouch 1992</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968111-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968111_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968162–166-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968162–166_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, pp. 162–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968147-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968147_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyton2013-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyton2013_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyton2013">Ayton 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008872-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008872_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008">Davies et al. 2008</a>, p. 872.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyton2013" class="citation web cs1">Ayton, Andrew (30 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deremilitari.org/2013/12/edward-iii-and-the-english-aristocracy-at-the-beginning-of-the-hundred-years-war/">"Edward III and the English Aristocracy at the Beginning of the Hundred Years War"</a>. <i>De Re Militari</i>. The Society for Medieval Military History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118022034/http://deremilitari.org/2013/12/edward-iii-and-the-english-aristocracy-at-the-beginning-of-the-hundred-years-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Re+Militari&rft.atitle=Edward+III+and+the+English+Aristocracy+at+the+Beginning+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.aulast=Ayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fderemilitari.org%2F2013%2F12%2Fedward-iii-and-the-english-aristocracy-at-the-beginning-of-the-hundred-years-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(historian)" title="Stephen Baxter (historian)">Baxter, Stephen</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQxREAAAQBAJ"><i>The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Later Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191528217" title="Special:BookSources/9780191528217"><bdi>9780191528217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earls+of+Mercia%3A+Lordship+and+Power+in+Later+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780191528217&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQxREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Barlow_(historian)" title="Frank Barlow (historian)">Barlow, Frank</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyqFAwAAQBAJ"><i>Edward the Confessor</i></a> (New ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07156-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07156-6"><bdi>978-0-300-07156-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Confessor&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07156-6&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyqFAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch, David</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nW2IAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415755047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415755047"><bdi>978-0415755047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+of+Aristocracy+in+Britain%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0415755047&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnW2IAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Jenkins" title="Nigel Jenkins">Jenkins, Nigel</a>; Menna, Baines; Lynch, Peredur I., eds. (2008). <i>The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Green_(historian)" title="Judith Green (historian)">Green, Judith A.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEzODgAAQBAJ"><i>Forging the Kingdom: Power in English Society, 973–1189</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521193597" title="Special:BookSources/9780521193597"><bdi>9780521193597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+the+Kingdom%3A+Power+in+English+Society%2C+973%E2%80%931189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780521193597&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEzODgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1998" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Geoffrey (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yR1sZmrIBeoC&pg=PT47"><i>Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141954325" title="Special:BookSources/9780141954325"><bdi>9780141954325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swearing%3A+A+Social+History+of+Foul+Language%2C+Oaths+and+Profanity+in+English&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780141954325&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyR1sZmrIBeoC%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuscroft2016" class="citation book cs1">Huscroft, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKNYCwAAQBAJ"><i>Ruling England, 1042-1217</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138786554" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138786554"><bdi>978-1138786554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+England%2C+1042-1217&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138786554&rft.aulast=Huscroft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKNYCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2010" class="citation book cs1">Kane, Brendan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0XO7i7hUgYC&dq=iarla+earl&pg=PA186"><i>The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541-1641</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521898645" title="Special:BookSources/9780521898645"><bdi>9780521898645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+and+Culture+of+Honour+in+Britain+and+Ireland%2C+1541-1641&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521898645&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk0XO7i7hUgYC%26dq%3Diarla%2Bearl%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindström2006" class="citation book cs1">Lindström, Fredrik (2006). <i>Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse</i>. [Stockholm]: A. Bonnier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789100107895" title="Special:BookSources/9789100107895"><bdi>9789100107895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svitjods+underg%C3%A5ng+och+Sveriges+f%C3%B6delse&rft.place=%5BStockholm%5D&rft.pub=A.+Bonnier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789100107895&rft.aulast=Lindstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyn1955" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Loyn" title="H. R. Loyn">Loyn, H. R.</a> (1955). "Gesiths and Thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the Seventh to Tenth Century". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>70</b> (277): 529–549. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXX.CCLXXVII.529">10.1093/ehr/LXX.CCLXXVII.529</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/558038">558038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Gesiths+and+Thegns+in+Anglo-Saxon+England+from+the+Seventh+to+Tenth+Century&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=277&rft.pages=529-549&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXX.CCLXXVII.529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F558038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Loyn&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyn1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Loyn" title="H. R. Loyn">Loyn, H. R.</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governanceofangl0000loyn"><i>The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087</i></a></span>. Governance of England. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804712170" title="Special:BookSources/9780804712170"><bdi>9780804712170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+Anglo-Saxon+England%2C+500%E2%80%931087&rft.series=Governance+of+England&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780804712170&rft.aulast=Loyn&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernanceofangl0000loyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Lyon" title="Bryce Lyon">Lyon, Bryce</a> (1980). <i>A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England</i> (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95132-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-95132-4"><bdi>0-393-95132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitutional+and+Legal+History+of+Medieval+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-393-95132-4&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Bryce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span> 1st edition available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalle0000bryc">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitland1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland, Frederic William</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fYtateB8pX0C"><i>Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domesday+Book+and+Beyond%3A+Three+Essays+in+the+Early+History+of+England&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Maitland&rft.aufirst=Frederic+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfYtateB8pX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwenGruffydd2017" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Hywel Wyn; Gruffydd, Ken Lloyd (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deyVDwAAQBAJ&dq=iarll+earl&pg=PA84"><i>Place-Names of Flintshire</i></a>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786831118" title="Special:BookSources/9781786831118"><bdi>9781786831118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place-Names+of+Flintshire&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781786831118&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Hywel+Wyn&rft.au=Gruffydd%2C+Ken+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeyVDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Diarll%2Bearl%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellWallis1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell, J. Enoch</a>; Wallis, Keith (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseoflordsinmi0000powe"><i>The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297761056" title="Special:BookSources/0297761056"><bdi>0297761056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+History+of+the+English+House+of+Lords+to+1540&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0297761056&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=J.+Enoch&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseoflordsinmi0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2010). <i>Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy</i>. HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007307715" title="Special:BookSources/9780007307715"><bdi>9780007307715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+and+Country%3A+A+History+of+England+through+the+Monarchy&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780007307715&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng0001unse_b7h4"><i>Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i></a></span>. Vol. 1 A-M (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2"><bdi>978-0-19-920687-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920687-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorteroxfordeng0001unse_b7h4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1865" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Robert (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5OqOwppe4IYC&dq=yurl+earl+cornish&pg=RA1-PA50"><i>Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall</i></a>. Llandovery, Wales: Roderic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+Cornu-Britannicum%3A+A+Dictionary+of+the+Ancient+Celtic+Language+of+Cornwall&rft.place=Llandovery%2C+Wales&rft.pub=Roderic&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5OqOwppe4IYC%26dq%3Dyurl%2Bearl%2Bcornish%26pg%3DRA1-PA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Williams, Ann</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYCvAwAAQBAJ"><i>The World Before Domesday: The English Aristocracy, 900–1066</i></a>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847252395" title="Special:BookSources/9781847252395"><bdi>9781847252395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Before+Domesday%3A+The+English+Aristocracy%2C+900%E2%80%931066&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781847252395&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYCvAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2004" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Emma (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPhC5mlZQb4C"><i>The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty</i></a>. London: Hambledon and London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852853891" title="Special:BookSources/9781852853891"><bdi>9781852853891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Godwine%3A+The+History+of+a+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+and+London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781852853891&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPhC5mlZQb4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Earls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Earls">Earls</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>Morris, Marc (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/kings-companions">"The King's Companions"</a>. <i>History Today</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:British royal titles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_royal_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British royal titles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_royal_titles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British royal titles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_dukedoms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom">Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">Queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_princess" title="British princess">Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales" title="Princess of Wales">Princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Royal" title="Princess Royal">Princess Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_dukedoms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom">Royal Dukedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall" title="Duchess of Cornwall">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Edinburgh" title="Duchess of Edinburgh">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Gloucester" title="Duchess of Gloucester">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Kent" title="Duke of Kent">Duke of Kent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Kent" title="Duchess of Kent">Duchess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex" title="Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_York" title="Duchess of York">Duchess</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_queen_mothers" title="British queen mothers">Queen Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence" title="Duke of Clarence">Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence_and_St_Andrews" title="Duke of Clarence and St Andrews">Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Cumberland" title="Duchess of Cumberland">Duchess</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale" title="Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale">Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Hereford" title="Duke of Hereford">Duke of Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Kendal" title="Duke of Kendal">Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ross" title="Duke of Ross">Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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