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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macmillan_Publishers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Macmillan Publishers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macmillan_Publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career,_1924–1951" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career,_1924–1951"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political career, 1924–1951 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career,_1924–1951-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political career, 1924–1951 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career,_1924–1951-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_of_Parliament_(1924–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Parliament_(1924–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Member of Parliament (1924–1929) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Parliament_(1924–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_Parliament_(1931–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Parliament_(1931–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Member of Parliament (1931–1939) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Parliament_(1931–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phoney_War_(1939–1940)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoney_War_(1939–1940)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Phoney War (1939–1940) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoney_War_(1939–1940)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_Secretary,_Ministry_of_Supply_(1940–1942)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_Secretary,_Ministry_of_Supply_(1940–1942)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply (1940–1942) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_Secretary,_Ministry_of_Supply_(1940–1942)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Under-Secretary_(1942)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Under-Secretary_(1942)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Colonial Under-Secretary (1942) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Under-Secretary_(1942)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_Resident_in_the_Mediterranean_(1942–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_Resident_in_the_Mediterranean_(1942–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Minister Resident in the Mediterranean (1942–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_Resident_in_the_Mediterranean_(1942–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Secretary_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Secretary_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Air Secretary (1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Secretary_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_(1945–1951)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_(1945–1951)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Opposition (1945–1951) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_(1945–1951)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career,_1951–1957" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career,_1951–1957"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political career, 1951–1957 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career,_1951–1957-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political career, 1951–1957 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career,_1951–1957-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing_Minister_(1951–1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_Minister_(1951–1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Housing Minister (1951–1954) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_Minister_(1951–1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Defence_(1954–1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Defence_(1954–1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Minister of Defence (1954–1955) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Defence_(1954–1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary_(1955)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary_(1955)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign Secretary (1955) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary_(1955)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1955–1957)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1955–1957)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Chancellor of the Exchequer (1955–1957) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1955–1957)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Suez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession_to_Eden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_to_Eden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Succession to Eden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_Eden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1957–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1957–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prime Minister (1957–1963) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1957–1963)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prime Minister (1957–1963) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1957–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_government,_1957–1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government,_1957–1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 First government, 1957–1959 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_government,_1957–1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Domestic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Nuclear weapons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 1959 general election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_government,_1959–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_government,_1959–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Second government, 1959–1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_government,_1959–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Relations with the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_of_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_of_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Wind of Change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_of_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skybolt_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skybolt_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Skybolt crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skybolt_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty_(1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty_(1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty_(1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_premiership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_premiership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 End of premiership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_premiership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Profumo_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profumo_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Profumo affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profumo_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement,_1963–1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement,_1963–1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Retirement, 1963–1986 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Retirement,_1963–1986-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Retirement, 1963–1986 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Retirement,_1963–1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxford_chancellor_(1960–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford_chancellor_(1960–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Oxford chancellor (1960–1986) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford_chancellor_(1960–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Macmillan_Publishers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Macmillan_Publishers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Return to Macmillan Publishers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Macmillan_Publishers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 London clubs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Political interventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Margaret_Thatcher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Margaret_Thatcher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Relations with Margaret Thatcher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Margaret_Thatcher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death and funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours,_awards_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours,_awards_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Honours, awards and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours,_awards_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honours, awards and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honours,_awards_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historians'_assessments_of_Macmillan's_premiership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historians'_assessments_of_Macmillan's_premiership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Historians' assessments of Macmillan's premiership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historians'_assessments_of_Macmillan's_premiership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinets_(1957–1963)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinets_(1957–1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cabinets (1957–1963) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cabinets_(1957–1963)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cabinets (1957–1963) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cabinets_(1957–1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January_1957_–_October_1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_1957_–_October_1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 January 1957 – October 1959 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_1957_–_October_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_1959_–_July_1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_1959_–_July_1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 October 1959 – July 1960 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_1959_–_July_1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_1960_–_October_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_1960_–_October_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 July 1960 – October 1961 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_1960_–_October_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_1961_–_July_1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_1961_–_July_1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 October 1961 – July 1962 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_1961_–_July_1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_1962_–_October_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_1962_–_October_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 July 1962 – October 1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_1962_–_October_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cultural depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Cited texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Harold Macmillan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هارولد ماكميلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارولد ماكميلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Makmillan" title="Harold Makmillan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harold Makmillan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হ্যারল্ড ম্যাকমিলান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যারল্ড ম্যাকমিলান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаральд Мак-Мілан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаральд Мак-Мілан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаральд Макмілан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаральд Макмілан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Харолд Макмилан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харолд Макмилан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Χάρολντ Μακμίλαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάρολντ Μακμίλαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هارولد مک‌میلان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هارولد مک‌میلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arailt_MacMhaolain" title="Arailt MacMhaolain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arailt MacMhaolain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arailt_MacMhaolain" title="Arailt MacMhaolain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Arailt MacMhaolain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C_%EB%A7%A5%EB%B0%80%EB%9F%B0" title="해럴드 맥밀런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해럴드 맥밀런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հարոլդ Մակմիլան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարոլդ Մակմիլան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="हेरोल्ड माकमिलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेरोल्ड माकमिलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="הרולד מקמילן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרולד מקמילן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰაროლდ მაკმილანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაროლდ მაკმილანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гарольд Макмиллан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гарольд Макмиллан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haroldus_Macmillan" title="Haroldus Macmillan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Haroldus Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harolds_Makmillans" title="Harolds Makmillans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Harolds Makmillans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="हॅरल्ड मॅकमिलन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅरल्ड मॅकमिलन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هارولد ماكميلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارولد ماكميلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%DA%A9_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86" title="هارولد مک میلن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هارولد مک میلن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हेरोल्ड म्याकमिलान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेरोल्ड म्याकमिलान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ハロルド・マクミラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハロルド・マクミラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%86" title="ہیرلڈ میکملن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیرلڈ میکملن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DA%89_%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%90%D9%84%D9%86" title="هارولډ مکمېلن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هارولډ مکمېلن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Макмиллан, Гарольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макмиллан, Гарольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Харолд Макмилан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Харолд Макмилан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гарольд Макмиллан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарольд Макмиллан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99" title="ฮาโรลด์ แมคมิลแลน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาโรลด์ แมคมิลแลน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҳаролд Макмиллан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаролд Макмиллан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гарольд Макміллан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарольд Макміллан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%B1%B3%E4%BC%A6" title="哈罗德·麦克米伦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈罗德·麦克米伦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Harold Macmillan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E7%BE%8E%E5%80%AB" title="麥美倫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Stockton</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Macmillan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Harold Macmillan in December 1959" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harold_Macmillan_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Harold_Macmillan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Harold_Macmillan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="459" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Macmillan in 1959</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 January 1957 – 18 October 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State" title="First Secretary of State">First Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> (1962–63)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 January 1957 – 18 October 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Ministerial offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 December 1955 – 13 January 1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 7 April 1955 – 20 December 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 October 1954 – 7 April 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">The Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Housing and Local Government">Minister of Housing and Local Government</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 October 1951 – 19 October 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 May 1945 – 26 July 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Sinclair">Archibald Sinclair</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Wedgwood_Benn,_1st_Viscount_Stansgate" title="William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate">The Viscount Stansgate</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_Resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister Resident">Minister Resident</a> in Northwest Africa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 30 December 1942 – 25 May 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Balfour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Balfour">Harold Balfour</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 4 February 1942 – 30 December 1942</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Hall,_1st_Viscount_Hall" title="George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall">George Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cavendish,_10th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Secretary">Parliamentary Secretary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Supply" title="Minister of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 15 May 1940 – 4 February 1942</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Llewellin,_1st_Baron_Llewellin" title="John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin">John Llewellin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal" title="Wyndham Portal, 1st Viscount Portal">The Viscount Portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Temporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">Hereditary peerage</a> 24 February 1984 – 29 December 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macmillan,_2nd_Earl_of_Stockton" title="Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton">The 2nd Earl of Stockton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bromley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bromley</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 November 1945 – 25 September 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Campbell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Campbell, 1st Baronet">Edward Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_(British_politician,_born_1929)" title="John Hunt (British politician, born 1929)">John Hunt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton-on-Tees</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 October 1931 – 15 June 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fox_Riley" title="Frederick Fox Riley">Frederick Fox Riley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Chetwynd" title="George Chetwynd">George Chetwynd</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 29 October 1924 – 10 May 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Strother_Stewart" title="Robert Strother Stewart">Robert Strother Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fox_Riley" title="Frederick Fox Riley">Frederick Fox Riley</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Academic offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 March 1960 – 18 December 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Edward Wood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maurice Harold Macmillan</div> (1894-02-10)10 February 1894 London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1986(1986-12-29) (aged 92) <a href="/wiki/Horsted_Keynes" title="Horsted Keynes">Horsted Keynes</a>, West Sussex, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Horsted_Keynes" title="St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes">St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes</a>, West Sussex, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan" title="Lady Dorothy Macmillan">Lady Dorothy Cavendish</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1920; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1966)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Macmillan" title="Maurice Macmillan">Maurice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Faber" title="Lady Caroline Faber">Caroline</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Publisher</a></li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (1976)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a> (1984)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Macmillan_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harold Macmillan's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Harold_Macmillan_signature.svg/128px-Harold_Macmillan_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Harold_Macmillan_signature.svg/192px-Harold_Macmillan_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Harold_Macmillan_signature.svg/256px-Harold_Macmillan_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="151" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1914–1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Victory Medal (United Kingdom)">Victory Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_War_Medal" title="British War Medal">British War Medal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986) was a British statesman and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politician who was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> from 1957 to 1963.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Supermac_(cartoon)" title="Supermac (cartoon)">Supermac</a>", he was known for his <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>, wit, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unflappability" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:unflappability">unflappability</a>. Macmillan was seriously injured as an infantry officer during the First World War. He suffered pain and partial immobility for the rest of his life. After the war he joined <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">his family book-publishing business</a>, then entered Parliament at the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924 general election</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton-on-Tees</a>. Losing his seat in 1929, he regained it in 1931, soon after which he spoke out against the high rate of unemployment in Stockton. He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> of Germany practised by the Conservative government. He rose to high office during the Second World War as a protégé of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. In the 1950s Macmillan served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> under <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>. When Eden resigned in 1957 following the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, Macmillan succeeded him as prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a>. He was a <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Tory" class="mw-redirect" title="One Nation Tory">One Nation Tory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Disraelian</a> tradition and supported the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and the necessity of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with some nationalised industries and strong trade unions. He championed a <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> strategy of <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a> to <a href="/wiki/Demand_management" title="Demand management">maintain demand</a> and pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> policies to develop the domestic market as the engine of growth. Benefiting from favourable international conditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1997422–23-2">[2]</a> he presided over an <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">age of affluence</a>, marked by low unemployment and high—if uneven—growth. In his speech of July 1957 he told the nation it had "never had it so good",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1997422-3">[3]</a> but warned of the dangers of inflation, summing up the fragile prosperity of the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He led the Conservatives to success in <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a> with an increased majority. In international affairs, Macmillan worked to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a> with the United States from the wreckage of the 1956 Suez Crisis (of which he had been one of the architects), and facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation</a> of Africa. Reconfiguring the nation's defences to meet the realities of the nuclear age, he ended <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">National Service</a>, strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">nuclear forces</a> by acquiring <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris#British_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a>, and pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Nuclear Test Ban</a> with the United States and the Soviet Union. After the <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Agreement" title="Nassau Agreement">Skybolt Crisis</a> undermined the Anglo-American strategic relationship, he sought a more active role for Britain in Europe, but his unwillingness to disclose United States nuclear secrets to France contributed to a French veto of the United Kingdom's entry into the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerboise_Bleue_(nuclear_test)" title="Gerboise Bleue (nuclear test)">independent French acquisition of nuclear weapons in 1960</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb199514–15-5">[5]</a> Near the end of his premiership, his government was rocked by the <a href="/wiki/Vassall_Tribunal" title="Vassall Tribunal">Vassall Tribunal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo affair</a>, which to cultural conservatives and supporters of opposing parties alike seemed to symbolise moral decay of the British establishment.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Following his resignation, Macmillan lived out a long retirement as an elder statesman, being an active member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in his final years. He died in December 1986 at the age of 92. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan was born on 10 February 1894, at 52 <a href="/wiki/Cadogan_Place" title="Cadogan Place">Cadogan Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a>, London, to Maurice Crawford Macmillan, a publisher, and the former Helen (Nellie) Artie Tarleton Belles, an artist and socialite from <a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Indiana" title="Spencer, Indiana">Spencer, Indiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher19822-7">[7]</a> He had two brothers, Daniel, eight years his senior, and Arthur, four years his senior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne20089-8">[8]</a> His paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_MacMillan" title="Daniel MacMillan">Daniel MacMillan</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>, was the son of a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Crofter" class="mw-redirect" title="Crofter">crofter</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Isle of Arran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010245-9">[9]</a> Macmillan considered himself a Scot.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_early_political_views">Education and early political views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education and early political views">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan received an intensive early education, closely guided by his American mother. He learned French at home every morning from a succession of nursery maids, and exercised daily at Mr Macpherson's Gymnasium and Dancing Academy, around the corner from the family home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200813-11">[11]</a> From the age of six or seven he received introductory lessons in classical Latin and Greek at <a href="/wiki/The_Eaton_House_Group_of_Schools#Eaton_House_Belgravia_Pre-Prep_and_Prep" title="The Eaton House Group of Schools">Mr Gladstone's day school</a>, close by in <a href="/wiki/Sloane_Square" title="Sloane Square">Sloane Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201015-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Macmillan attended <a href="/wiki/Summer_Fields_School" title="Summer Fields School">Summer Fields School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> (1903–06). He was Third Scholar at <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198815-14">[14]</a> but his time there (1906–10) was blighted by recurrent illness, starting with a near-fatal attack of pneumonia in his first half (term); he missed his final year after being taken ill,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200816-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and was taught at home by private tutors (1910–11), notably <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a>, who did much to instil his <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201019–26-17">[17]</a> He won an <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_(scholarship)" title="Exhibition (scholarship)">exhibition (scholarship)</a> to <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198815-14">[14]</a> In his youth, he was an admirer of the policies and leadership of a succession of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> prime ministers, starting with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>, who came to power when Macmillan was 11 years old and <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, whom he later described as having "intellectual sincerity and moral nobility", and particularly of Asquith's successor, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, whom he regarded as a "man of action", likely to accomplish his goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010-18">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Macmillan went up to Balliol College in 1912, where he joined many political societies. His political opinions at this stage were an eclectic mix of moderate conservatism, moderate liberalism and <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian</a> socialism. He read avidly about <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a>, but was also particularly impressed by a speech by Lloyd George at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Union Society">Oxford Union Society</a> in 1913, where he had become a member. Macmillan was a protégé of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Oxford_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Oxford Union">president of the Union Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Walter Monckton</a>, later a Cabinet colleague; as such, he became secretary then junior treasurer (elected unopposed in March 1914, then an unusual occurrence) of the Union, and would in his biographers' view "almost certainly" have been president had the war not intervened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198822-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He obtained a First in <a href="/wiki/Honour_Moderations" title="Honour Moderations">Honour Moderations</a>, informally known as 'Mods' (consisting of Latin and Greek, the first half of the four-year Oxford <a href="/wiki/Literae_Humaniores" class="mw-redirect" title="Literae Humaniores">Literae Humaniores</a> course, informally known as "Classics"), in 1914. With his final exams over two years away, he enjoyed an idyllic <a href="/wiki/Trinity_term" title="Trinity term">Trinity term</a> at Oxford, just before the outbreak of the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_service">War service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War service">edit</a>]</div> Volunteering as soon as war was declared, Macmillan was commissioned as a temporary <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps" title="King's Royal Rifle Corps">King's Royal Rifle Corps</a> on 19 November 1914.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Promoted to lieutenant on 30 January 1915,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> he soon transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He fought on the front lines in <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">France</a>, where the casualty rate was high, including the probability of an "early violent death".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He served with distinction and was wounded on three occasions. Shot in the right hand and receiving a glancing bullet wound to the head in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a> in September 1915, Macmillan was sent to Lennox Gardens in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea</a> for hospital treatment, then joined a reserve battalion at <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks" title="Chelsea Barracks">Chelsea Barracks</a> from January to March 1916, until his hand had healed. He then returned to the front lines in France. Leading an advance platoon in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette" title="Battle of Flers–Courcelette">Battle of Flers–Courcelette</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>) in September 1916, he was severely wounded, and lay for over twelve hours in a shell hole, sometimes feigning death when Germans passed, and reading <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> in the original <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Asquith" title="Raymond Asquith">Raymond Asquith</a>, eldest son of the prime minister, was a brother officer in Macmillan's regiment and was killed that month.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Macmillan spent the final two years of the war in <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Hospital" title="King Edward VII's Hospital">King Edward VII's Hospital</a> in Grosvenor Gardens undergoing a series of operations.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> He was still on crutches at the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> His hip wound took four years to heal completely, and he was left with a slight shuffle to his walk and a limp grip in his right hand from his previous wound, which affected his handwriting.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Macmillan saw himself as both a "gownsman" and a "swordsman" and would later display open contempt for other politicians (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>) who, often through no fault of their own, had not seen military service in either World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246–247-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_aide-de-campship">Canadian aide-de-campship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canadian aide-de-campship">edit</a>]</div> Of the scholars and exhibitioners of his year, only he and one other survived the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201031-33">[33]</a> As a result, he refused to return to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> to complete his degree, saying the university would never be the same;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200849-34">[34]</a> in later years he joked that he had been "sent down by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">the Kaiser</a>".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Owing to the impending contraction of the Army after the war, a regular commission in the Grenadiers was out of the question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201049-36">[36]</a> However, at the end of 1918 Macmillan joined the Guards Reserve Battalion at Chelsea Barracks for "light duties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201062-37">[37]</a> On one occasion he had to command reliable troops in a nearby park as a unit of Guardsmen was briefly refusing to reembark for France, although the incident was resolved peacefully. The incident prompted an inquiry from the War Office as to whether the Guards Reserve Battalion "could be relied on".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Macmillan then served in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada, in 1919 as <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> (ADC) to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, and his future father-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200852-39">[39]</a> The engagement of Captain Macmillan to the Duke's daughter Lady Dorothy was announced on 7 January 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201055-40">[40]</a> He relinquished his commission on 1 April 1920.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As was common for contemporary former officers, he continued to be known as 'Captain Macmillan' until the early 1930s and was listed as such in every general election between 1923 and 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201072,_76–77,_88,_109,_118-42">[42]</a> As late as his North African posting of 1942–43 he reminded Churchill that he held the rank of captain in the Guards reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989155-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macmillan_Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Macmillan Publishers">edit</a>]</div> On his return to London in 1920 he joined the family publishing firm <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a> as a junior partner. In 1936, Harold and his brother Daniel took control of the firm, with the former focusing on the political and non-fiction side of the business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010-18">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Harold resigned from the company on appointment to ministerial office in 1940. He resumed working with the firm from 1945 to 1951 when the party was in opposition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloch" title="Michael Bloch">Michael Bloch</a>, there have long been rumours that Macmillan was expelled from Eton for homosexuality. Macmillan's biographer <a href="/wiki/D._R._Thorpe" title="D. R. Thorpe">D. R. Thorpe</a> is of the view that he was removed by his mother when she discovered that he was being "used" by older boys.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Leonard" title="Dick Leonard">Dick Leonard</a> reports that <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> refers to "inevitable rumours" and that "he left for the 'usual reasons' for boys to be expelled from public schools".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan married <a href="/wiki/Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan" title="Lady Dorothy Macmillan">Lady Dorothy Cavendish</a>, the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Duke of Devonshire">9th Duke of Devonshire</a>, on 21 April 1920. Her great-uncle was <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire</a>, who was leader of the Liberal Party in the 1870s, and a close colleague of <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>. Lady Dorothy was also descended from <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire</a>, who served as prime minister from 1756 to 1757 in communion with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt the Elder">Pitt the Elder</a>. Her nephew <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Marquess_of_Hartington" title="William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington">William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a>, a sister of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. In 1929, Lady Dorothy began a lifelong affair with the Conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boothby" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Boothby">Robert Boothby</a>, an arrangement that scandalised high society but remained unknown to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201094–100-46">[46]</a> Philip Frere, a partner in Frere Cholmely solicitors, urged Macmillan not to divorce his wife, which at that time would have been fatal to a public career even for the "innocent party". Macmillan and Lady Dorothy lived largely separate lives in private thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The stress caused by that may have contributed to Macmillan's nervous breakdown in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> He was often treated with condescension by his aristocratic in-laws and was observed to be a sad and isolated figure at <a href="/wiki/Chatsworth_House" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth</a> in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198867-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">John Campbell</a> suggests that Macmillan's humiliation was first a major cause of his odd and rebellious behaviour in the 1930s then, in subsequent decades, made him a harder and more ruthless politician than his rivals Eden and Butler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010248-50">[50]</a> The Macmillans had four children: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Macmillan,_Viscount_Macmillan_of_Ovenden" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden">Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden</a> (1921–1984), Conservative politician and publisher. Married <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Macmillan,_Viscountess_Macmillan_of_Ovenden" title="Katharine Macmillan, Viscountess Macmillan of Ovenden">The Hon Katharine Ormsby-Gore</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Harlech" title="Baron Harlech">4th Baron Harlech</a>. His father outlived him by nearly three years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Faber" title="Lady Caroline Faber">Lady Caroline Macmillan</a> (1923–2016). Married <a href="/wiki/Julian_Faber" title="Julian Faber">Julian Faber</a>; five children.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Catherine_Amery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Catherine Amery (page does not exist)">Lady Catherine Macmillan</a> (1926–1991). Married <a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery" title="Julian Amery">Julian Amery</a> (later Baron Amery of Lustleigh), Conservative politician; four children.</li> <li>Sarah Macmillan (1930–1970). A family rumour that Boothby was her natural father has been discounted by the most recent and detailed study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010100-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Married Andrew Heath in 1953; two children. Having had an abortion in 1951, she was unable to have children of her own and the couple adopted two sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> She had an unhappy life, which was blighted by a drinking problem, and died aged only 40, her father outliving her by 16 years.</li></ul> Lady Dorothy died on 21 May 1966, aged 65. In old age, Macmillan was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Ava_Anderson,_Viscountess_Waverley" title="Ava Anderson, Viscountess Waverley">Ava Anderson, Viscountess Waverley</a>, née Bodley, the widow of <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201014116–14121-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Casey" title="Eileen O'Casey">Eileen O'Casey</a>, née Reynolds, the actress wife of Irish dramatist <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a>, was another female friend, Macmillan publishing her husband's plays. Although she is said to have replaced Lady Dorothy in Macmillan's affections, there is disagreement over how intimate they became after the deaths of their respective spouses, and whether he proposed.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career,_1924–1951">Political career, 1924–1951</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political career, 1924–1951">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_Parliament_(1924–1929)">Member of Parliament (1924–1929)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament (1924–1929)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan contested the depressed northern industrial constituency of <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton-on-Tees</a> in <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a>. The campaign cost him about £200-£300 out of his own pocket;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198869-58">[58]</a> at that time candidates were often expected to fund their own election campaigns. The collapse in the Liberal vote let him win in <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246-59">[59]</a> In 1927, four MPs, including Boothby and Macmillan, published a short book advocating radical measures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246-59">[59]</a> In 1928, Macmillan was described by his political hero, and now Parliamentary colleague, David Lloyd George, as a "born rebel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010-18">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher198232–33-60">[60]</a> Macmillan lost his seat in <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a> in the face of high regional unemployment. He almost became Conservative candidate for the safe seat of <a href="/wiki/Hitchin_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hitchin (UK Parliament constituency)">Hitchin</a> in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988243-61">[61]</a> However the sitting MP, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Kindersley" title="Guy Kindersley">Guy Kindersley</a> cancelled his retirement plans, in part because of his own association with the anti-Baldwin rebels and his suspicion of Macmillan's sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>'s promises of radical measures to reduce unemployment. Instead, the resignation of the new candidate at Stockton allowed Macmillan to be re-selected there, and he returned to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> for his old seat in <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher198232–33-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_Parliament_(1931–1939)">Member of Parliament (1931–1939)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament (1931–1939)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan spent the 1930s on the backbenches. In March 1932 he published "The State and Industry" (not to be confused with his earlier pamphlet "Industry and the State").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988103-62">[62]</a> In September 1932 he made his first visit to the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988100-63">[63]</a> Macmillan also published "The Next Step". He advocated cheap money and <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">state direction of investment</a>. In 1933 he was the sole author of "Reconstruction: A Plea for a National Unity". In 1935 he was one of 15 MPs to write "Planning for Employment". His next publication, "The Next Five Years", was overshadowed by Lloyd George's proposed "New Deal" in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988103-62">[62]</a> Macmillan Press also published the work of the economist <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246-59">[59]</a> Macmillan resigned the government whip (but not the Conservative party one) in protest at the lifting of sanctions on Italy after her <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of Abyssinia">conquest of Abyssinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Channon" title="Henry Channon">"Chips" Channon</a> described him as the "unprepossessing, bookish, eccentric member for Stockton-on-Tees" and recorded (8 July 1936) that he had been sent a "frigid note" by Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>. Baldwin later mentioned that he had survived by steering a middle course between Macmillan and <a href="/wiki/John_Gretton" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gretton">John Gretton</a>, an extreme right-winger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010249-65">[65]</a> The Next Five Years Group, to which Macmillan had belonged, was wound up in November 1937. His book The Middle Way appeared in June 1938, advocating a broadly centrist political philosophy both domestically and internationally. Macmillan took control of the magazine New Outlook and made sure it published political tracts rather than purely theoretical work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988103-62">[62]</a> In 1936, Macmillan proposed the creation of a cross-party forum of antifascists to create democratic unity but his ideas were rejected by the leadership of both the Labour and Conservative parties.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Macmillan supported Chamberlain's first flight for talks with <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> at Berchtesgaden, but not his subsequent flights to Bad Godesberg and Munich. After <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich</a> he was looking for a "1931 in reverse", i.e. a Labour-dominated coalition in which some Conservatives would serve, the reverse of the Conservative-dominated coalition which had governed Britain since 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988117–118-67">[67]</a> He supported the independent candidate, <a href="/wiki/Sandie_Lindsay,_1st_Baron_Lindsay_of_Birker" title="Sandie Lindsay, 1st Baron Lindsay of Birker">Lindsay</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/1938_Oxford_by-election" title="1938 Oxford by-election">1938 Oxford by-election</a>. He wrote a pamphlet "The Price of Peace" calling for alliance between Britain, France and the USSR, but expecting Poland to make territorial "accommodation" to Germany (i.e. give up the <a href="/wiki/Danzig_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig corridor">Danzig corridor</a>). In "Economic Aspects of Defence", early in 1939, he called for a Ministry of Supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988119-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoney_War_(1939–1940)">Phoney War (1939–1940)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phoney War (1939–1940)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan visited Finland in February 1940, then the subject of great sympathy in Britain as it was being <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Finland">invaded by the USSR</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">loosely allied</a> to Nazi Germany. His last speech from the backbenches was to attack the government for not doing enough to help Finland. Britain was saved from a potentially embarrassing commitment when the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> ended in March 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988134–135-69">[69]</a> Macmillan voted against the Government in the <a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a> of May 1940, helping to bring down <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> as prime minister, and tried to join in with <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood,_1st_Baron_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood, 1st Baron Wedgwood">Colonel Josiah Wedgwood</a> singing "<a href="/wiki/Rule,_Britannia!" title="Rule, Britannia!">Rule, Britannia!</a>" in the House of Commons Chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988139-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_Secretary,_Ministry_of_Supply_(1940–1942)">Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply (1940–1942)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply (1940–1942)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan finally attained office by serving in the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">wartime coalition government</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Secretary">Parliamentary Secretary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> from 1940. Channon commented (29 May 1940) that there was "some amusement over Harold Macmillan's so obvious enjoyment of his new position".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010252-71">[71]</a> Macmillan's job was to provide armaments and other equipment to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. He travelled up and down the country to co-ordinate production, working with some success under <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> to increase the supply and quality of <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher198278–79-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_Under-Secretary_(1942)">Colonial Under-Secretary (1942)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colonial Under-Secretary (1942)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Macmillan_in_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Harold_Macmillan_in_1942.jpg/170px-Harold_Macmillan_in_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Harold_Macmillan_in_1942.jpg/255px-Harold_Macmillan_in_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Harold_Macmillan_in_1942.jpg/340px-Harold_Macmillan_in_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan in 1942</figcaption></figure> Macmillan was appointed <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> in 1942, in his own words "leaving a madhouse to enter a mausoleum".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Though a junior minister he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>, and he spoke in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> for <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretaries</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Moyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Moyne">Lord Moyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Cranborne</a>. Macmillan was given responsibility for increasing colonial production and trade, and signalled the future policy direction when in June 1942 he declared: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The governing principle of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Colonial Empire</a> should be the principle of partnership between the various elements composing it. Out of partnership comes understanding and friendship. Within the fabric of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> lies the future of the Colonial territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher198282-74">[74]</a></blockquote> Macmillan predicted that the Conservatives faced landslide defeat after the war, causing Channon to write (6 Sep 1944) of "the foolish prophecy of that nice ass Harold Macmillan". In October 1942 <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a> recorded Macmillan as predicting "extreme socialism" after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010254-75">[75]</a> Macmillan nearly resigned when <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a> was appointed Secretary of State in November 1942, as he would no longer be the spokesman in the Commons as he had been under Cranborne. <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Bracken" title="Brendan Bracken">Brendan Bracken</a> advised him not to quit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988151–160-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_Resident_in_the_Mediterranean_(1942–1945)">Minister Resident in the Mediterranean (1942–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minister Resident in the Mediterranean (1942–1945)">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a> had refused the job, Macmillan attained real power and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> rank late in 1942 as British Minister Resident at <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in the Mediterranean, recently liberated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. He reported directly to the Prime Minister instead of to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Lyttelton">Oliver Lyttelton</a> had a similar job at Cairo, while <a href="/wiki/Robert_Daniel_Murphy" title="Robert Daniel Murphy">Robert Murphy</a> was Macmillan's US counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988151–160-76">[76]</a> Macmillan built a rapport with US General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, then Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean (SACMED), which proved helpful in his career,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008158-77">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a> later recalled that Macmillan's "Greeks in the Roman Empire" metaphor dated from this time (i.e., that as the US replaced Britain as the world's leading power, British politicians and diplomats should aim to guide her in the same way that Greek slaves and freedmen had advised powerful Romans).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988160-78">[78]</a> Macmillan told Crossman: "We, my dear Crossman, are the Greeks in the American empire. You will find the Americans much as the Greeks found the Romans—great big, vulgar bustling people, more vigorous than we are and also more idle, with more unspoiled virtues, but also more corrupt. We must run AFHQ (<a href="/wiki/Allied_Forces_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Forces Headquarters">Allied Forces Headquarters</a>) as the Greek slaves ran the operations of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697-79">[79]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> Macmillan helped to secure US acceptance, if not recognition, of the <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988170-80">[80]</a> Macmillan wrote in his diary during the Casablanca conference: "I christened the two personalities the Emperor of the East and the Emperor of the West and indeed it was rather like a meeting of the late Roman empire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697-79">[79]</a> For Macmillan, the "remarkable and romantic episodes" as President Roosevelt met Prime Minister Churchill in Casablanca convinced him that personal diplomacy was the best way to deal with Americans, which later influenced his foreign policy as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697–698-81">[81]</a> On 22 February 1943, Macmillan was badly burned in a plane crash,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> trying to climb back into the plane to rescue a Frenchman. He had to have a plaster cast put on his face. In his delirium he imagined himself back in a Somme casualty clearing station and asked for a message to be passed to his mother, now dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988174-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/280px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/420px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/560px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan (top row, left) with Allied military leaders in the Sicilian campaign, 1943; <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Maj-Gen</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedell_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedell Smith">Bedell Smith</a> to his left. Front Row: General <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (then Supreme Commander, Mediterranean), <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Tedder</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Cunningham</a></figcaption></figure> Together with <a href="/wiki/Gladwyn_Jebb" title="Gladwyn Jebb">Gladwyn Jebb</a> he helped to negotiate the Italian armistice in August 1943, between the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Husky" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Husky">fall of Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salerno_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Salerno Landings">Salerno Landings</a>. This caused friction with Eden and the Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988195–199-84">[84]</a> He was based at <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a> for the rest of the war. He was appointed UK High Commissioner for the Advisory Council for Italy late in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988201-85">[85]</a> He visited London in October 1943 and again clashed with Eden. Eden appointed <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a> as Representative to the <a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">Free French government in Algeria</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">liberation of mainland France</a>, he later continued as Ambassador to France from November 1944) and <a href="/wiki/Noel_Charles" title="Noel Charles">Noel Charles</a> as Ambassador to Italy to reduce Macmillan's influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988210-86">[86]</a> In May 1944 Macmillan infuriated Eden by demanding an early peace treaty with Italy (at that time a pro-Allied regime under <a href="/wiki/Badoglio" class="mw-redirect" title="Badoglio">Badoglio</a> held some power in the southern, liberated, part of Italy), a move which Churchill favoured. In June 1944 he argued for a British-led thrust up the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Gap" title="Ljubljana Gap">Ljubljana Gap</a> into Central Europe (Operation "Armpit") instead of the planned diversion of US and Free French forces to the South of France (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>). This proposal impressed Churchill and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">General Alexander</a>, but did not meet with American approval. Eden sent out Robert Dixon to abolish the job of Resident Minister, there being then no job for Macmillan back in the UK, but he managed to prevent his job being abolished. Churchill visited Italy in August 1944. On 14 September 1944 Macmillan was appointed Chief Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Control Commission">Allied Control Commission</a> for Italy (in succession to General <a href="/wiki/Noel_Mason-MacFarlane" title="Noel Mason-MacFarlane">Noel Mason-MacFarlane</a>). He continued to be British Minister Resident at Allied Headquarters and British political adviser to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson,_1st_Baron_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson">"Jumbo" Wilson</a>, now Supreme Commander, Mediterranean. On 10 November 1944 he was appointed Acting President of the Allied Commission (the Supreme Commander being President).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988218–222-87">[87]</a> Macmillan visited Greece on 11 December 1944. As the Germans had withdrawn, British troops under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Scobie" title="Ronald Scobie">General Scobie</a> had deployed to Athens, but there were concerns that the pro-communist Greek resistance, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)" title="National Liberation Front (Greece)">EAM</a> and its military wing <a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">ELAS</a>, would take power (see <a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a>) or come into conflict with British troops. Macmillan rode in a tank and was under sniper fire at the British Embassy. Despite the hostility of large sections of British and American opinion, who were sympathetic to the guerrillas and hostile to what was seen as imperialist behaviour, he persuaded a reluctant Churchill, who visited Athens later in the month, to accept <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Damaskinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Damaskinos">Archbishop Damaskinos</a> as Regent on behalf of the exiled <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Greece" title="George II of Greece">King George II</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Varkiza_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkiza agreement">truce</a> was negotiated in January 1945, enabling a pro-British regime to remain in power, as Churchill had demanded in the <a href="/wiki/Percentages_agreement" title="Percentages agreement">Percentages agreement</a> the previous autumn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988230–240-88">[88]</a> In 1947 the US would take over Britain's role as "protector" of Greece and Turkey, to keep the Soviets out of the Mediterranean, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>". Macmillan was also the minister advising <a href="/wiki/General_Keightley" class="mw-redirect" title="General Keightley">General Keightley</a> of <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="V Corps (United Kingdom)">V Corps</a>, the senior <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> commander in Austria responsible for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a>, which included the forced repatriation of up to 70,000 prisoners of war to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in 1945. The deportations and Macmillan's involvement later became a source of controversy because of the harsh treatment meted out to <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaboration during World War II">Nazi collaborators</a> and anti-partisans by the receiving countries, and because in the confusion V Corps went beyond the terms agreed at <a href="/wiki/Yalta_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta conference">Yalta</a> and Allied Forces Headquarters directives by repatriating 4000 <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Cossacks_after_World_War_II" title="Repatriation of Cossacks after World War II">White Russian troops</a> and 11,000 civilian family members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008251–86-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Secretary_(1945)">Air Secretary (1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Air Secretary (1945)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan toyed with an offer to succeed Duff Cooper as MP for the safe Conservative seat of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_St_George%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster St George's">Westminster St George's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988243-61">[61]</a> Criticised locally for his long absence, he suggested that Lady Dorothy stand for Stockton in 1945, as she had been nursing the seat for five years. She was apparently willing. However, it was thought better for him to be seen to defend his seat, and Lord Beaverbrook had already spoken to Churchill to arrange that Macmillan be given another seat in the event of defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010234–35-92">[92]</a> Macmillan returned to England after the European war, feeling himself 'almost a stranger at home'.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a> for two months in <a href="/wiki/Churchill_caretaker_ministry" title="Churchill caretaker ministry">Churchill's caretaker government</a>, 'much of which was taken up in electioneering', there being 'nothing much to be done in the way of forward planning'.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_(1945–1951)">Opposition (1945–1951)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opposition (1945–1951)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan indeed lost Stockton in the landslide <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> victory of <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">July 1945</a>, but returned to Parliament in the November 1945 by-election in <a href="/wiki/Bromley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bromley</a>. In his diary <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a> noted the feelings of the Tory backbenchers: "They feel that Winston is too old and Anthony (Eden) too weak. They want Harold Macmillan to lead them."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> He was a member of the British delegation to the Consultative Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> from 1949 to 1951, and played a prominent role – as a key aide and ally of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> – in pressing for greater European integration as a bulwark against Soviet totalitarianism and to prevent a recurrence of the horrors of Nazi rule. Although Macmillan played an important role in drafting the "<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Charter" title="Industrial Charter">Industrial Charter</a>" ("Crossbencher" in the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Express">Sunday Express</a> called it the second edition of The Middle Way) he now, as MP for a safe seat, adopted a somewhat more right-wing public persona, defending private enterprise and fiercely opposing the Labour government in the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010255–256-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career,_1951–1957">Political career, 1951–1957</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political career, 1951–1957">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_Minister_(1951–1954)">Housing Minister (1951–1954)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Housing Minister (1951–1954)">edit</a>]</div> With the Conservative victory in <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a> Macmillan became <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing and Local Government">Minister of Housing & Local Government</a> under Churchill, who entrusted him with fulfilling the pledge to build 300,000 houses per year (up from the previous target of 200,000 a year), made in response to a speech from the floor at the 1950 Party Conference. Macmillan thought at first that Housing, which ranked 13 out of 16 in the Cabinet list, was a poisoned chalice, writing in his diary (28 October 1951) that it was "not my cup of tea at all ... I really haven't a clue how to set about the job". It meant obtaining scarce steel, cement and timber when the Treasury were trying to maximise exports and minimise imports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010256–257-97">[97]</a> 'It is a gamble—it will make or mar your political career,' Churchill said, 'but every humble home will bless your name if you succeed.'<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> By July 1952 Macmillan was already criticising Butler (then Chancellor of the Exchequer) in his diary, accusing him of "dislik(ing) and fear(ing) him"; in fact there is no evidence that Butler regarded Macmillan as a rival at this stage. In April 1953 Beaverbrook encouraged Macmillan to think that in a future leadership contest he might emerge in a dead heat between Eden and Butler, as the young Beaverbrook (Max Aitken as he had been at the time) had helped <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> to do in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010257–258-99">[99]</a> In July 1953 Macmillan considered postponing his gall bladder operation in case Churchill, who had just suffered a serious stroke while Eden was also in hospital, had to step down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010259-100">[100]</a> Macmillan achieved his housing target by the end of 1953, a year ahead of schedule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982139-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_of_Defence_(1954–1955)">Minister of Defence (1954–1955)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Minister of Defence (1954–1955)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchillcabinet1955.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Churchillcabinet1955.png/220px-Churchillcabinet1955.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Churchillcabinet1955.png/330px-Churchillcabinet1955.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Churchillcabinet1955.png/440px-Churchillcabinet1955.png 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption> Churchill's Cabinet, 1955 (Macmillan sitting on the far left)</figcaption></figure> Macmillan was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Minister of Defence</a> from October 1954, but found his authority restricted by Churchill's personal involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982143-103">[103]</a> In the opinion of <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>: 'He gave the impression that his own undoubted capacity for imaginative running of his own show melted way when an august superior was breathing down his neck.'<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> A major theme of his tenure at Defence was the ministry's growing reliance on the nuclear deterrent, in the view of some critics, to the detriment of conventional forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982144–145-105">[105]</a> The Defence White Paper of February 1955, announcing the decision to produce the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>, received cross-party support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982145-106">[106]</a> "It breaks my heart to see the lion-hearted Churchill begin to sink into a sort of <a href="/wiki/Petain" class="mw-redirect" title="Petain">Petain</a>", Macmillan wrote in his diary as the Prime Minister's mental and physical powers visibly decayed. Macmillan was one of the few ministers brave enough to tell Churchill to his face that it was time for him to retire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988353–354-107">[107]</a> Petain, a successful French general in the First World War, had become senile while heading the pro-German <a href="/wiki/Vichy_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy Regime">Vichy Regime</a>. During the Second World War Macmillan's toothy grin, baggy trousers and rimless glasses had given him, as his biographer puts it, "an air of an early Bolshevik leader".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988155-108">[108]</a> By the 1950s he had had his teeth capped, grew his hair in a more shapely style, wore Savile Row suits and walked with the ramrod bearing of a former Guards officer, acquiring the distinguished appearance of his later career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989244–245-109">[109]</a> Campbell writes "there has been no more startling personal reinvention in British politics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010249,_254-110">[110]</a> He very often wore either an Old Etonian or a Brigade of Guards tie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989122-111">[111]</a> Campbell also suggests that Harold Wilson's image change during Macmillan's premiership from "boring young statistician into lovable Yorkshire comic" was made in conscious imitation of Macmillan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010254-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Secretary_(1955)">Foreign Secretary (1955)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary (1955)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> in April–December 1955 in the government of Anthony Eden, who had taken over as prime minister from the retiring Churchill. Returning from the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit</a> of that year he made headlines by declaring: 'There ain't gonna be no war.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982150-112">[112]</a> Of the role of Foreign Secretary Macmillan observed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Nothing he can say can do very much good and almost anything he may say may do a great deal of harm. Anything he says that is not obvious is dangerous; whatever is not trite is risky. He is forever poised between the cliché and the indiscretion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982150-112">[112]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer_(1955–1957)">Chancellor of the Exchequer (1955–1957)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chancellor of the Exchequer (1955–1957)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budget">Budget</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> in December 1955.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> He had enjoyed his eight months as Foreign Secretary and did not wish to move. He insisted on being "undisputed head of the home front" and that Eden's de facto deputy <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>, whom he was replacing as Chancellor, not have the title "Deputy Prime Minister" and not be treated as senior to him. He even tried (in vain) to demand that Salisbury, not Butler, should preside over the Cabinet in Eden's absence. Macmillan later claimed in his memoirs that he had still expected Butler, his junior by eight years, to succeed Eden, but correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Woolton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Woolton">Lord Woolton</a> at the time makes clear that Macmillan was very much thinking of the succession. As early as January 1956 he told Eden's press secretary <a href="/wiki/William_D._Clark" title="William D. Clark">William D. Clark</a> that it would be "interesting to see how long Anthony can stay in the saddle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010261–262,_264-114">[114]</a> Macmillan planned to reverse the 6d cut in income tax which Butler had made a year previously, but backed off after a "frank talk" with Butler, who threatened resignation, on 28 March 1956. He settled for spending cuts instead, and himself threatened resignation until he was allowed to cut bread and milk subsidies, something the Cabinet had not permitted Butler to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010264–265-115">[115]</a> One of his innovations at the <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">Treasury</a> was the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Premium_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium bonds">premium bonds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> announced in his budget of 17 April 1956.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008383-117">[117]</a> Although the Labour Opposition initially decried them as a 'squalid raffle', they proved an immediate hit with the public, with £1,000 won in the first prize draw in June 1957. A young <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> attended the presentation of the budget, and attributes his political ambitions to this event.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suez">Suez</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Suez">edit</a>]</div> In November 1956, Britain invaded <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in collusion with France and Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>. According to Labour Shadow Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, Macmillan was 'first in, first out':<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> first very supportive of the invasion, then a prime mover in Britain's humiliating withdrawal in the wake of the financial crisis caused by pressure from the US government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008441-120">[120]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 1952">Egyptian Revolution of 1952</a>, relations between Britain and Egypt had deteriorated. The Egyptian government, which came to be dominated by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, was opposed to the British military presence in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a>. The Egyptian nationalisation of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> by Nasser on 26 July 1956 prompted the British government and the French government of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Mollet" title="Guy Mollet">Guy Mollet</a> to commence plans for invading Egypt, regaining the canal, and toppling Nasser. Macmillan wrote in his diary: "If Nasser 'gets away with it', we are done for. The whole Arab world will despise us ... <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri</a> [es-Said, British-backed Prime Minister of Iraq] and our friends will fall. It may well be the end of British influence and strength forever. So, in the last resort, we must use force and defy opinion, here and overseas".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Macmillan threatened to resign if force was not used against Nasser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010265-122">[122]</a> He was heavily involved in the secret planning of the invasion with France and Israel. It was he who first suggested collusion with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200674-123">[123]</a> On 5 August 1956 Macmillan met Churchill at <a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a>, and told him that the government's plan for simply regaining control of the canal was not enough and suggested involving Israel, recording in his diary for that day: "Surely, if we landed we must seek out the Egyptian forces; destroy them; and bring down Nasser's government. Churchill seemed to agree with all this."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Macmillan knew President Eisenhower well, but misjudged his strong opposition to a military solution. Macmillan met Eisenhower privately on 25 September 1956 and convinced himself that the US would not oppose the invasion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200673–74-125">[125]</a> despite the misgivings of the British Ambassador, Sir <a href="/wiki/Roger_Makins" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Makins">Roger Makins</a>, who was also present. Macmillan failed to heed a warning from Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> that whatever the British government did should wait until after the US presidential election on 6 November, and failed to report Dulles' remarks to Eden. The treasury was his portfolio, but he did not recognise the financial disaster that could result from US government actions. Sterling was draining out of the Bank of England at an alarming rate. The canal was blocked by the Egyptians, and most oil shipments were delayed as tankers had to go around Africa. The US government refused any financial help until Britain withdrew its forces from Egypt. When he did realise this, he changed his mind and called for withdrawal on US terms, while exaggerating the financial crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Diane_B._Kunz_1991_pp_130-126">[126]</a> On 6 November Macmillan informed the Cabinet that Britain had lost $370m in the first few days of November alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987237-127">[127]</a> Faced with Macmillan's prediction of doom, the cabinet had no choice but to accept these terms and withdraw. The Canal remained in Egyptian hands, and Nasser's government continued its support of Arab and African national resistance movements opposed to the British and French presence in the region and on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Diane_B._Kunz_1991_pp_130-126">[126]</a> In later life Macmillan was open about his failure to read Eisenhower's thoughts correctly and much regretted the damage done to Anglo-American relations, but always maintained that the Anglo-French military response to the nationalisation of the Canal had been for the best.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010267-128">[128]</a> D. R. Thorpe rejects the charge that Macmillan deliberately played false over Suez (i.e. encouraged Eden to attack in order to destroy him as prime minister), noting that Macmillan privately put the chances of success at 51–49.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010356-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Succession_to_Eden">Succession to Eden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Succession to Eden">edit</a>]</div> Britain's humiliation at the hands of the US caused deep anger among Conservative MPs. After the ceasefire a motion on the Order Paper attacking the US for "gravely endangering the Atlantic Alliance" attracted the signatures of over a hundred MPs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987239-130">[130]</a> Macmillan tried, but failed, to see Eisenhower (who was also refusing to see Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a>) behind Butler's and Eden's back. Macmillan had a number of meetings with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">US Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Winthrop_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Winthrop Aldrich">Winthrop Aldrich</a>, in which he said that if he were prime minister the US Administration would find him much more amenable. Eisenhower encouraged Aldrich to have further meetings. Macmillan and Butler met Aldrich on 21 November. Eisenhower spoke highly of Macmillan ("A straight, fine man, and so far as he is concerned, the outstanding one of the British he served with during the war").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987242-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On the evening of 22 November 1956 Butler, who had just announced British withdrawal, addressed the <a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> (Conservative backbenchers) with Macmillan. After Butler's downbeat remarks, ten minutes or so in length, Macmillan delivered a stirring 35-minute speech described by <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a> as "one of the most horrible things that I remember in politics ... (Macmillan) with all the skill of the old <a href="/wiki/Actor_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Actor manager">actor manager</a> succeeded in false-footing Rab. The sheer devilry of it verged upon the disgusting." He expounded on his metaphor that henceforth the British must aim to be "Greeks in the Roman Empire", and according to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Goodhart" title="Philip Goodhart">Philip Goodhart</a>'s recollection almost knocked Butler off his chair with his expansive arm gestures. Macmillan wrote "I held the Tory Party for the weekend, it was all I intended to do". Macmillan had further meetings with Aldrich and Winston Churchill after Eden left for Jamaica (23 November) while briefing journalists (disingenuously) that he planned to retire and go to the Lords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987240–241-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010353–354-134">[134]</a> He was also hinting that he would not serve under Butler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010269-135">[135]</a> Butler later recorded that during his period as acting Head of Government at Number 10, he noticed constant comings and goings of ministers to Macmillan's study in Number 11 next door, and that those who attended all seemed to receive promotions when Macmillan became prime minister. Macmillan had opposed Eden's trip to Jamaica and told Butler (15 December, the day after Eden's return) that younger members of the Cabinet wanted Eden out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987244-136">[136]</a> Macmillan argued at Cabinet on 4 January that Suez should be regarded as a "strategic retreat" like <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons" title="Battle of Mons">Mons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk</a>. This did not meet with Eden's approval at Cabinet on 7 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010358-137">[137]</a> His political standing destroyed, Eden resigned on grounds of ill health on 9 January 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200677–78-138">[138]</a> At that time the Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for selecting a new leader, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> appointed Macmillan Prime Minister after taking advice from Churchill and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">the Marquess of Salisbury</a>, who had asked the Cabinet individually for their opinions, all but two or three opting for Macmillan. This surprised some observers who had expected that Eden's deputy Rab Butler would be chosen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010361–362-139">[139]</a> The political situation after Suez was so desperate that on taking office on 10 January he told the Queen he could not guarantee his government would last "six weeks", though ultimately he would be in charge of the government for more than six years.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1957–1963)">Prime Minister (1957–1963)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1957–1963)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harold Macmillan"><img alt="Harold Macmillan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-5.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-5.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-5.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="4116" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Premiership of Harold Macmillan 10 January 1957 – 18 October 1963</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th><div align="left"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></div></th><td><div>Harold Macmillan</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_government,_1957%E2%80%931964" title="Conservative government, 1957–1964">Macmillan ministry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Election</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Anthony_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Alec_Douglas-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 8px;" /> <div class="center"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:6px 0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></div> <div style="line-height:normal; min-height:1px; padding-bottom:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_HM_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of HM Government">Coat of arms of HM Government</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_government,_1957%E2%80%931964" title="Conservative government, 1957–1964">Conservative government, 1957–1964</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_government,_1957–1959">First government, 1957–1959</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: First government, 1957–1959">edit</a>]</div> From the start of his premiership, Macmillan set out to portray an image of calm and style, in contrast to his excitable predecessor. He silenced the klaxon on the Prime Ministerial car, which Eden had used frequently. He advertised his love of reading <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, and on the door of the Private Secretaries' room at Number Ten he hung a quote from <a href="/wiki/The_Gondoliers" title="The Gondoliers">The Gondoliers</a>: "Quiet, calm deliberation disentangles every knot".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne19895,_13-141">[141]</a> Macmillan filled government posts with 35 Old Etonians, seven of them in Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> He was also devoted to family members: when <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cavendish,_11th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire">Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire</a> was later appointed (Minister for Colonial Affairs from 1963 to 1964 among other positions) he described his uncle's behaviour as "the greatest act of nepotism ever".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Macmillan's Defence Minister, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a>, wrote at the time: "Eden had no gift for leadership; under Macmillan as PM everything is better, Cabinet meetings are quite transformed".<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.169-144">[144]</a> Many ministers found Macmillan to be more decisive and brisk than either Churchill or Eden had been.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.169-144">[144]</a> Another of Macmillan's ministers, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Luton" title="Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton">Charles Hill</a>, stated that Macmillan dominated Cabinet meetings "by sheer superiority of mind and of judgement".<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> Macmillan frequently made allusions to history, literature and the classics at cabinet meetings, giving him a reputation as being both learned and entertaining, though many ministers found his manner too authoritarian.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> Macmillan had no "inner cabinet", and instead maintained one-on-one relationships with a few senior ministers such as Rab Butler who usually served as acting prime minister when Macmillan was on one of his frequent visits abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> Selwyn Lloyd described Macmillan as treating most of his ministers like "junior officers in a unit he commanded".<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> Lloyd recalled that Macmillan: "regarded the Cabinet as an instrument to play upon, a body to be molded to his will...very rarely did he fail to get his way"<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> Macmillan generally allowed his ministers much leeway in managing their portfolios, and only intervened if he felt something had gone wrong.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.169-144">[144]</a> Macmillan was especially close to his three private secretaries, Tom Bligh, Freddie Bishop and <a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Zulueta" title="Philip de Zulueta">Philip de Zulueta</a>, who were his favourite advisers.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> Many cabinet ministers often complained that Macmillan took the advice of his private secretaries more seriously than he did their own.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> He was nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Supermac_(cartoon)" title="Supermac (cartoon)">Supermac</a>" in 1958 by the cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisz" title="Victor Weisz">Victor Weisz</a>, who intended to suggest that Macmillan was trying set himself up as a "Superman" figure.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">[145]</a> It was intended as mockery but backfired, coming to be used in a neutral or friendly fashion. Weisz tried to label him with other names, including "Mac the Knife" at the time of widespread <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1962)" title="Night of the Long Knives (1962)">cabinet changes in 1962</a>, but none caught on.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Besides foreign affairs, the economy was Macmillan's other prime concern.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> His <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="One Nation Conservatism">One Nation</a> approach to the economy was to seek high or full employment, especially with a general election looming. This contrasted with the Treasury ministers who argued that support of sterling required spending cuts and, probably, a rise in unemployment. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 the three Treasury ministers — <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a>, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel Birch">Nigel Birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Economic Secretary to the Treasury">Economic Secretary to the Treasury</a>, and Enoch Powell, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a> and seen as their intellectual ringleader — resigned. D. R. Thorpe argues that this, coming after the resignations of Labour ministers <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Freeman_(British_politician)" title="John Freeman (British politician)">John Freeman</a> and Harold Wilson in April 1951 (who had wanted higher expenditure), and the cuts made by Butler and Macmillan as Chancellors in 1955–56, was another step in the development of "stop-go" economics, as opposed to prudent medium-term management.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010401–407-148">[148]</a> Macmillan, away on a tour of the Commonwealth, brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". He bore no grudge against Thorneycroft and brought him and Powell, of whom he was more wary, back into the government in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010407-149">[149]</a> This period also saw the first stirrings of more active <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_bank_rate" title="Official bank rate">Official bank rate</a>, which had been kept low since the 1930s, was hiked in September 1958.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010401–407-148">[148]</a> The change in bank rate prompted rumours in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City</a> that some financiers – who were <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> directors with senior positions in private firms – took advantage of advance knowledge of the rate change in what resembled <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a>. Political pressure mounted on the Government, and Macmillan agreed to the <a href="/wiki/1957_Bank_Rate_Tribunal" title="1957 Bank Rate Tribunal">1957 Bank Rate Tribunal</a>. Hearing evidence in the winter of 1957 and reporting in January 1958, this inquiry exonerated all involved in what some journalists perceived to be a <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">whitewash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Domestic policies">edit</a>]</div> During his time as prime minister, average living standards steadily rose<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> while numerous social reforms were carried out. The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act 1956</a> was passed during his time as Chancellor; his premiership saw the passage of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Housing_Act_1957&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housing Act 1957 (page does not exist)">Housing Act 1957</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Offices_Act_1960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Offices Act 1960 (page does not exist)">Offices Act 1960</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_Abatement_Act_1960&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noise Abatement Act 1960 (page does not exist)">Noise Abatement Act 1960</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Factories_Act_1961" title="Factories Act 1961">Factories Act 1961</a>; the introduction of a graduated pension scheme to provide an additional income to retirees,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Child%27s_Special_Allowance" title="Child's Special Allowance">Child's Special Allowance</a> for the orphaned children of divorced parents,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and a reduction in the standard <a href="/wiki/Work_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Work week">work week</a> from 48 to 42 hours.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senandmacmillan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Senandmacmillan.JPG/220px-Senandmacmillan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Senandmacmillan.JPG/330px-Senandmacmillan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Senandmacmillan.JPG/440px-Senandmacmillan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption> Macmillan with Indian Minister and head of Indian delegation <a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Kumar_Sen" title="Ashoke Kumar Sen">Ashoke Kumar Sen</a> and wife Anjana, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sudhi_Ranjan_Das" title="Sudhi Ranjan Das">Sudhi Ranjan Das</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Diplomacy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/International_Diplomacy.jpg/220px-International_Diplomacy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/International_Diplomacy.jpg/330px-International_Diplomacy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/International_Diplomacy.jpg/440px-International_Diplomacy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan meeting Eisenhower in Bermuda</figcaption></figure> Macmillan took close control of foreign policy. He worked to narrow the post-<a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis (1956)</a> rift with the United States, where his wartime friendship with Eisenhower was key; the two had a productive conference in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> as early as March 1957. In February 1959, Macmillan visited the Soviet Union. Talks with <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> eased tensions in east–west relations over <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> and led to an agreement in principle to stop nuclear tests and to hold a further summit meeting of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">Allied</a> and Soviet heads of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982214-156">[156]</a> In the Middle East, faced by the 1958 collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Baghdad Pact</a> and the spread of Soviet influence, Macmillan acted decisively to restore the confidence of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> allies, using the Royal Air Force and <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">special forces</a> to defeat a revolt backed by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and Egypt against the Sultan of Oman, <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur" title="Said bin Taimur">Said bin Taimur</a>, in July 1957;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982193-157">[157]</a> deploying airborne battalions to defend <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> against <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republican</a> subversion in July 1958;<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and deterring Iraqi demands of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> by landing a brigade group in June 1961 during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vantage" title="Operation Vantage">Iraq–Kuwait crisis of 1961</a> .<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Macmillan was a major proponent and architect of <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> was granted independence as <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1957. "The material strength of the Old Commonwealth members, if joined with the moral influence of the Asiatic members, meant that a united Commonwealth would always have a very powerful voice in world affairs," said Macmillan in a 1957 speech during a tour of the former British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_weapons">Nuclear weapons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nuclear weapons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg/170px-OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg/255px-OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg/340px-OperationGrappleXmasIslandHbomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>First successful British <a href="/wiki/Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller–Ulam design">H-bomb</a> test—Operation Grapple X Round C1, which took place over <a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Kiritimati</a></figcaption></figure> In April 1957, Macmillan reaffirmed his strong support for the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">British nuclear weapons programme</a>. A succession of prime ministers since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> had been determined to persuade the United States to revive <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship_(US-UK)#Nuclear_weapons_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Relationship (US-UK)">wartime co-operation</a> in the area of nuclear weapons research. Macmillan believed that one way to encourage such co-operation would be for the United Kingdom to speed up the development of its own <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Grapple_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapple X">successfully tested</a> on 8 November 1957. Macmillan's decision led to increased demands on the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_Piles" title="Windscale Piles">Windscale</a> and (subsequently) <a href="/wiki/Calder_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Calder Hall">Calder Hall</a> nuclear plants to produce <a href="/wiki/Plutonium#Explosives" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> for military purposes.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> As a result, safety margins for radioactive materials inside the Windscale reactor were eroded. This contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a> on the night of 10 October 1957, which broke out in the plutonium plant of Pile No. 1, and nuclear contaminants travelled up a chimney where the filters blocked some, but not all, of the contaminated material. The radioactive cloud spread to south-east England and fallout reached mainland Europe. Although scientists had warned of the dangers of such an accident for some time, the government blamed the workers who had put out the fire for 'an error of judgement', rather than the political pressure for fast-tracking the megaton bomb.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Concerned that public confidence in the nuclear programme might be shaken and that technical information might be misused by opponents of defence co-operation in the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a>, Macmillan withheld all but the summary of a report into the fire prepared for the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Energy Authority">Atomic Energy Authority</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney" title="William Penney, Baron Penney">Sir William Penney</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Research_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Weapons Research Establishment">Atomic Weapons Research Establishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Subsequently released files show that 'Macmillan's cuts were few and covered up few technical details',<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and that even the full report found no danger to public health, but later official estimates acknowledged that the release of <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a> may have led directly to 25 to 50 deaths, and anti-nuclear groups linked it to 1,000 fatal cancers.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> On 25 March 1957, Macmillan acceded to Eisenhower's request to base 60 <a href="/wiki/Thor_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Thor missile">Thor IRBMs</a> in England under joint control to replace the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomber">nuclear bombers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a>, which had been stationed under joint control since 1948 and were approaching obsolescence. Partly as a consequence of this favour, in late October 1957 the US <a href="/wiki/McMahon_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon Act">McMahon Act</a> was eased to facilitate nuclear co-operation between the two governments, initially with a view to producing cleaner weapons and reducing the need for duplicate testing.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1958_US-UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement">Mutual Defence Agreement</a> followed on 3 July 1958, speeding up British <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> development,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> notwithstanding unease expressed at the time about the impetus co-operation might give to <a href="/wiki/Atomic_proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic proliferation">atomic proliferation</a> by arousing the jealousy of France and other allies.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Macmillan saw an opportunity to increase British influence over the United States with the launching of the Soviet satellite <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a>, which caused <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">a severe crisis of confidence</a> in the United States as Macmillan wrote in his diary: "The Russian success in launching the satellite has been something equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbour</a>. The American cockiness is shaken....President is under severe attack for the first time...The atmosphere is now such that almost anything might be decided, however revolutionary".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005699-171">[171]</a> The "revolutionary" change that Macmillan sought was a more equal Anglo-American partnership as he used the Sputnik crisis to press Eisenhower to in turn press Congress to repeal the 1946 MacMahon Act, which forbade the United States to share nuclear technology with foreign governments, a goal accomplished by the end of 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005699–700-172">[172]</a> In addition, Macmillan succeeded in having Eisenhower to agree to set up Anglo-American "working groups" to examine foreign policy problems and for what he called the "Declaration of Interdependence" (a title not used by the Americans who called it the "Declaration of Common Purpose"), which he believed marked the beginning of a new era of Anglo-American partnership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005700-173">[173]</a> Subsequently, Macmillan was to learn that neither Eisenhower nor Kennedy shared the assumption that he applied to the "Declaration of Interdependence" that the American president and the British Prime Minister had equal power over the decisions of war and peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005702-174">[174]</a> Macmillan believed that the American policies towards the Soviet Union were too rigid and confrontational, and favoured a policy of détente with the aim of relaxing Cold War tensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005703-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959_general_election">1959 general election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 1959 general election">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan led the Conservatives to victory in the <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959 general election</a>, increasing his party's majority from 60 to 100 seats. The campaign was based on the economic improvements achieved as well as the low unemployment and improving standard of living; the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own 1957 remark, "indeed let us be frank about it—most of our people have never had it so good,"<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good." Such rhetoric reflected a new reality of working-class affluence; it has been argued that "the key factor in the Conservative victory was that average real pay for industrial workers had risen since Churchill's 1951 victory by over 20 per cent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb199562-177">[177]</a> The scale of the victory meant that not only had the Conservatives won three successive general elections, but they had also increased their majority each time. It sparked debate as to whether Labour (now led by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Hugh Gaitskell</a>) could win a general election again. The standard of living had risen enough that workers could participate in a consumer economy, shifting the working class concerns away from traditional Labour Party views.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_government,_1959–1963">Second government, 1959–1963</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Second government, 1959–1963">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy_2">Economy </h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Britain's <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> problems led Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a> to impose a seven-month <a href="/wiki/Wage_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage freeze">wage freeze</a> in 1961<a href="#cite_note-papers-179">[179]</a> and, amongst other factors, this caused the government to lose popularity and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_1962#United_Kingdom" title="List of elections in 1962">series of by-elections in March 1962</a>, of which the most famous was <a href="/wiki/1962_Orpington_by-election" title="1962 Orpington by-election">Orpington</a> on 14 March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010518-180">[180]</a> Butler leaked to the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> on 11 July 1962 that a major reshuffle was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010520-181">[181]</a> Macmillan feared for his own position and later (1 August) claimed to Lloyd that Butler, who sat for <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Walden_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency)">a rural East Anglian seat</a> likely to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">EC agricultural protectionism</a>, had been planning to split the party over EC entry (there is no evidence that this was so).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010524-182">[182]</a> In the 1962 cabinet reshuffle known as the "<a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1962)" title="Night of the Long Knives (1962)">Night of the Long Knives</a>", Macmillan sacked eight Ministers, including Selwyn Lloyd. The Cabinet changes were widely seen as a sign of panic, and the young Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Jeremy Thorpe</a> said of Macmillan's dismissals, "greater love hath no man than this, than to lay down his friends for his life". Macmillan was openly criticised by his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Lord Avon</a>, an almost unprecedented act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010525-183">[183]</a> Macmillan supported the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_Development_Council" title="National Economic Development Council">National Economic Development Council</a> (NEDC, known as "Neddy"), which was announced in the summer of 1961 and first met in 1962. However, the National Incomes Commission (NIC, known as "Nicky"), set up in October 1962 to institute controls on income as part of his growth-without-inflation policy, proved less effective. This was largely due to employers and the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> (TUC) boycotting it.<a href="#cite_note-papers-179">[179]</a> A further series of subtle indicators and controls was introduced during his premiership. The report The Reshaping of British Railways<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> (or Beeching I report) was published on 27 March 1963. The report starts by quoting the brief provided by the prime minister, Harold Macmillan, from 1960, "First, the industry must be of a size and pattern suited to modern conditions and prospects. In particular, the railway system must be modelled to meet current needs, and the modernisation plan must be adapted to this new shape",<a href="#cite_note-185">[note 1]</a> and with the premise that the railways should be run as a profitable business.<a href="#cite_note-186">[note 2]</a> This led to the notorious <a href="/wiki/Beeching_Axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeching Axe">Beeching Axe</a>, destroying many miles of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way">permanent way</a> and severing towns from the railway network. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy_2">Foreign policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold-Macmillan-in-Finland-1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Harold-Macmillan-in-Finland-1961.jpg/220px-Harold-Macmillan-in-Finland-1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Harold-Macmillan-in-Finland-1961.jpg/330px-Harold-Macmillan-in-Finland-1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Harold-Macmillan-in-Finland-1961.jpg/440px-Harold-Macmillan-in-Finland-1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="5044" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan (left) on 1 August 1961 in <a href="/wiki/Valkeakoski" title="Valkeakoski">Valkeakoski</a>, Finland. In the middle, the Finnish Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahti_Karjalainen" title="Ahti Karjalainen">Ahti Karjalainen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lambert" title="Anthony Lambert">Sir Anthony Lambert</a> standing to the right.</figcaption></figure> In the age of jet aircraft Macmillan travelled more than any previous prime minister, apart from Lloyd George who made many trips to conferences in 1919–22.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010275-187">[185]</a> Macmillan planned an important role in setting up a four power summit in Paris to discuss the Berlin crisis that was supposed to open in May 1960, but which Khrushchev refused to attend owing to the U-2 incident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005703–704-188">[186]</a> Macmillan pressed Eisenhower to apologise to Khrushchev, which the president refused to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005704-189">[187]</a> Macmillan's failure to make Eisenhower "say sorry" to Khrushchev forced him to reconsider his "Greeks and Romans" foreign policy as he privately conceded that could no "longer talk usefully to the Americans".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005704-189">[187]</a> The failure of the Paris summit changed Macmillan's attitude towards the European Economic Community, which he started to see as a counterbalance to American power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005705-190">[188]</a> At the same time, the Anglo-American "working groups", which Macmillan attached such importance to turned out to be largely ineffective as the Americans did not wish to have their options limited by a British veto; by in-fighting between agencies of the U.S. government such as the State Department, Defense Department, etc.; and because of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Maclean-Burgess affair</a> of 1951 the Americans believed the British government was full of Soviet spies and thus could not be trusted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005705-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_United_States">Relations with the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Relations with the United States">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">special relationship</a> with the United States continued after the election of President John F. Kennedy, whose sister Kathleen Cavendish had married <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Marquess_of_Hartington" title="William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington">William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington</a>, the nephew of Macmillan's wife. Macmillan initially was concerned that the Irish-American Catholic Kennedy might be an Anglophobe, which led Macmillan, who knew of Kennedy's special interest in the Third World, to suggest that Britain and the United States spend more money on aid to the Third World.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005707-191">[189]</a> The emphasis on aid to the Third World also coincided well with Macmillan's "one nation conservatism" as he wrote in a letter to Kennedy advocating reforms to capitalism to ensure full employment: "If we fail in this, Communism will triumph, not by war or even by subversion but by seemingly to be a better way of bringing people material comforts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005707-191">[189]</a> Macmillan was scheduled to visit the United States in April 1961, but with the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> winning a series of victories in the <a href="/wiki/Laotian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian civil war">Laotian civil war</a>, Macmillan was summoned on what he called the "Laos dash" for an emergency summit with Kennedy in Key West on 26 March 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005708–709-192">[190]</a> Macmillan was strongly opposed to the idea of sending British troops to fight in Laos, but was afraid of damaging relations with the United States if he did not, making him very apprehensive as he set out for Key West, especially as he had never met Kennedy before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005709-193">[191]</a> Macmillan was especially opposed to intervention in Laos as he had been warned by his Chiefs of Staff on 4 January 1961 that if Western troops entered Laos, then China would probably intervene in Laos as Mao Zedong had made it quite clear he would not accept Western forces in any nation that bordered China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch200320-194">[192]</a> The same report stated that a war with China in Laos would "be a bottomless pit in which our limited military resources would rapidly disappear".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch200320-194">[192]</a> Kennedy for his part wanted Britain to commit forces to Laos if the United States did for political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005709–710-195">[193]</a> The meeting in Key West was very tense as Macmillan was heard to mutter "He's pushing me hard, but I won't give way".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005709-193">[191]</a> However, Macmillan did reluctantly agree if the Americans intervened in Laos, then so too would Britain. The Laos crisis had a major crisis in Anglo-Thai relations as the Thais pressed for armed forces of all SEATO members to brought to "Charter Yellow", a state of heightened alert that the British representative to SEATO vetoed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch200322-196">[194]</a> The Thais wanted to change the voting procedure for SEATO from requiring unanimous consent to a three-quarter majority, a measure that Britain vetoed, causing the Thais to lose interest in SEATO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch200322-23-197">[195]</a> The failure of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a> in April 1961 made Kennedy distrust the hawkish advice he received from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the CIA, and he ultimately decided against intervention in Laos, much to Macmillan's private relief. Macmillan's second meeting with Kennedy in April 1961 was friendlier and his third meeting in London in June 1961 after Kennedy had been bested by Khrushchev at a summit in Vienna even more so. It was at his third meeting in London that Macmillan started to assume the mantle of an elder statesman, who offered Kennedy encouragement and his experience that formed a lasting friendship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005710-198">[196]</a> Believing that personal diplomacy was the best way to influence Kennedy, Macmillan appointed <a href="/wiki/David_Ormsby-Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="David Ormsby-Gore">David Ormsby-Gore</a> as his ambassador in Washington as he was a long-time friend of the Kennedy family, whom he had known since the 1930s when Kennedy's father had served as the American ambassador in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005712-199">[197]</a> He was supportive throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> of 1962 and Kennedy consulted him by telephone every day. The Ambassador David Ormsby-Gore was a close family friend of the president and actively involved in White House discussions on how to resolve the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> About the Congo crisis, Macmillan clashed with Kennedy as he was against having United Nations forces put an end to the secessionist regime of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a> backed by Belgium and the Western mining companies, which he claimed would destabilise the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005719-201">[199]</a> By contrast, Kennedy felt that the regime of Katanga was a Belgian puppet state and its mere existence was damaging to the prestige of the West in the Third World. Over Macmillan's objections, Kennedy decided to have the United Nations forces to evict the white mercenaries from Katanga and reintegrate Katanga into the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005719-201">[199]</a> For his part, Kennedy pressed Macmillan unsuccessfully to have Britain join the American economic embargo against Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005719-201">[199]</a> Macmillan told his Foreign Secretary, Lord Home "there is no reason for us to help the Americans with Cuba".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005719-201">[199]</a> Macmillan was a supporter of the nuclear test ban treaty of 1963, and in the first half of 1963 he had Ormsby-Gore quietly apply pressure on Kennedy to resume the talks in the spring of 1963 when negotiations became stalled. Feeling that the Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>, was being obstructionist, Macmillan telephoned Kennedy on 11 April 1963 to suggest a joint letter to Khrushchev to break the impasse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005713-202">[200]</a> Through Khrushchev's reply to the Macmillan-Kennedy letter was mostly negative, Macmillan pressed Kennedy to take up the one positive aspect in his reply, namely that if a senior Anglo-American team would arrive in Moscow, he would welcome them to discuss how best to proceed about a nuclear test ban treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005713-202">[200]</a> The two envoys who arrived in Moscow were <a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> representing the United States and <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a> representing the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005714-203">[201]</a> Through Lord Hailsham's role was largely that of an observer, the talks between Harriman and the Soviet foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> resulted in the breakthrough that led to the <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> of August 1963, banning all above ground nuclear tests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005714-203">[201]</a> Macmillan had pressing domestic reasons for the nuclear test ban treaty. Newsreel footage of Soviet and American nuclear tests throughout the 1950s had terrified segments of the British public who were highly concerned about the possibility of weapons with such destructive power being used against British cities, and this led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a> (CND), whose rallies in the late 1950s-early 1960s calling for British nuclear disarmament were well attended. Macmillan believed in the value of nuclear weapons both as a deterrent against the Soviet Union and to maintain Britain's claim to be a great power, but he was also worried about the popularity of the CND.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright199910-204">[202]</a> For Macmillan, banning above-ground nuclear tests, which generated film footage of the ominous mushroom clouds raising far above the earth, was the best way to dent the appeal of the CND, and in this the Partial Nuclear Ban Treaty of 1963 was successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright199910-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_of_Change">Wind of Change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Wind of Change">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/280px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/420px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png/560px-British_Decolonisation_in_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>British decolonisation in Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-17.jpg/220px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-17.jpg/330px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-17.jpg/440px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-1-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan meets the <a href="/wiki/Litunga" title="Litunga">Litunga</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Barotse" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotse">Barotse</a> in Northern Rhodesia, 1960</figcaption></figure> Macmillan's first government had seen the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> independence movement, which accelerated under his second government.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The most problematic of the colonies was the Central African Federation, which had united Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland together in 1953 largely out of the fear that the white population of Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe) might want to join South Africa, which had since 1948 had been led by Afrikaner nationalists distinctly unfriendly to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.176-206">[204]</a> Through the Central African Federation had been presented as a multi-racial attempt to develop the region, the federation had been unstable right from the start with the black population charging that the whites had been given a privileged position.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.176-206">[204]</a> Macmillan felt that if the costs of holding onto a particular territory outweighed the benefits then it should be dispensed with. During the <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan Emergency">Kenyan Emergency</a>, the British authorities tried to protect the Kikuyu population from the Mau Mau guerrillas (who called themselves the "Land and Freedom Army") by interning the Kikuyu in camps. A scandal erupted when the guards at the Hola camp <a href="/wiki/Hola_massacre" title="Hola massacre">publicly beat 11 prisoners to death</a> on 3 March 1959, which attracted much adverse publicity as the news filtered out from Kenya to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.176-206">[204]</a> Many in the British media compared the living conditions in the Kenyan camps to the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, saying that the people in the camps were emaciated and sickly. The report of the <a href="/wiki/Devlin_Commission" title="Devlin Commission">Devlin Commission</a> in July 1959 concerning the suppression of demonstrators in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) called Nyasaland "a police state".<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.176-206">[204]</a> In the aftermath of criticism about colonial policies in Kenya and Nyasland, Macmillan from 1959 onward started to see the African colonies as a liability, arguing at cabinet meetings that the level of force required to hang onto them would result in more domestic criticism, international opprobrium, costly wars, and would allow the Soviet Union to establish influence in the Third World by supporting self-styled "liberation" movements that would just make things worse.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.176-206">[204]</a> After securing a third term for the Conservatives in 1959 he appointed <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> as Colonial Secretary. Macleod greatly accelerated decolonisation and by the time he was moved to Conservative Party chairman and Leader of the Commons in 1961 he had made the decision to give independence to <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Macmillan embarked on his "Wind of Change" tour of Africa, starting in Ghana on 6 January 1960. He made the famous <a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">'wind of change' speech</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> on 3 February 1960.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> It is considered a landmark in the process of decolonisation. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg/200px-Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg/300px-Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg/400px-Nasser_and_Macmillan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan meets Egypt 's President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> on the sidelines of United Nations General Assembly, 1960</figcaption></figure> Nigeria, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">Southern Cameroons</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> were granted independence in 1960, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and Tanganyika in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> in 1962, and Kenya in 1963. <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> merged with Tanganyika to form <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> in 1963. All remained within the Commonwealth except British Somaliland, which merged with <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>. Macmillan's policy overrode the hostility of white minorities and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Conservative Monday Club</a>. South Africa left the multiracial Commonwealth in 1961 and Macmillan acquiesced to the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</a> by the end of 1963. In Southeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, Sabah (<a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">British North Borneo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and Singapore became independent as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> in 1963. Because Singapore with its ethnic Chinese majority was the largest and wealthiest city in the region, Macmillan was afraid that a federation of Malaya and Singapore together would result in a Chinese majority state, and insisted on including Sarawak and British North Borneo into the federation of Malaysia to ensure the new state was a Malay majority state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999181-209">[207]</a> During the Malaya Emergency, the majority of the Communist guerrillas were ethnic Chinese, and British policies tended to favour the Muslim Malays whose willingness to follow their sultans and imams made them more anti-communist. Southeast Asia was a region where racial-ethno-religious politics predominated, and the substantial Chinese minorities in the region were widely disliked on the account of their greater economic success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999180-210">[208]</a> Macmillan wanted Britain to retain military bases in the new state of Malaysia to ensure that Britain was a military power in Asia and thus he wanted the new state of Malaysia to have a pro-Western government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999181-209">[207]</a> This aim was best achieved by having the same Malay elite who had worked with the British colonial authorities serve as the new elite in Malaysia, hence Macmillan's desire to have a Malay majority who would vote for Malay politicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999181-209">[207]</a> Macmillan especially wanted to keep the British base at Singapore, which he like other prime ministers saw as the linchpin of British power in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2003174-211">[209]</a> The Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> strongly objected to the new federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999187-190-212">[210]</a> On 8 December 1962, Indonesia sponsored a rebellion in the British protectorate of Brunei, leading to Macmillan to dispatch Gurkhas to put down the rebellion against the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2003176-213">[211]</a> In January 1963 Sukarno started a policy of konfrontasi ("confrontation") with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2003174-211">[209]</a> Macmillan detested Sukarno, partly because he had been a Japanese collaborator in World War Two, and partly because of his fondness for elaborate uniforms despite never having personally fought in a war offended the World War I veteran Macmillan, who had a strong contempt for any man who had not seen combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999190-214">[212]</a> In his diary, Macmillan called Sukarno "a cross between Liberace and Little Lord Fauntleroy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999189-215">[213]</a> Macmillan felt that giving in to Sukarno's demands would be "appeasement" and clashed with Kennedy over the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999190-214">[212]</a> Sukarno was the leader of the most populous nation in Southeast Asia and though officially neutral in the Cold War, tended to take anti-Western positions, and Kennedy favoured accommodating him to bring him closer to the West; for example, supporting Indonesia's claim to Dutch New Guinea even through the Netherlands was a NATO ally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999190-214">[212]</a> Macmillan feared the expenses of an all-out war with Indonesia, but also felt to give in to Sukarno would damage British prestige, writing on 5 August 1963 that Britain's position in Asia would be "untenable" if Sukarno were to triumph over Britain in the same manner he had over the Dutch in New Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2003182-183-216">[214]</a> To help reduce the expenses of the war, Macmillan appealed to the Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Menzies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Menzies">Sir Robert Menzies</a> to send troops to defend Malaysia. On 25 September 1963, Sukarno announced in a speech that Indonesia would "ganyang Malaysia" ("gobble Malaysia raw") and on the same day a mob burned down the British embassy in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusch2003174-211">[209]</a> The result was the Indonesian Confrontation, an undeclared war between Britain vs. Indonesia that began in 1963 and continued to 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubritzy1999189-190-217">[215]</a> The speedy transfer of power maintained the goodwill of the new nations, but critics contended it was premature. In justification Macmillan quoted <a href="/wiki/Lord_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</a> in 1851: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Many politicians of our time are in the habit of laying it down as a self-evident proposition that no people ought to be free until they are fit to use their freedom. The maxim is worthy of the fool in the old story, who resolved not to go into the water until he had learnt to swim. If men are to wait for liberty until they become wise and good in slavery, they may indeed wait for ever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982230-218">[216]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skybolt_crisis">Skybolt crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Skybolt crisis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKWHP-ST-A22-1-61.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/JFKWHP-ST-A22-1-61.tif/lossy-page1-220px-JFKWHP-ST-A22-1-61.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/JFKWHP-ST-A22-1-61.tif/lossy-page1-330px-JFKWHP-ST-A22-1-61.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/JFKWHP-ST-A22-1-61.tif/lossy-page1-440px-JFKWHP-ST-A22-1-61.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> confer in 1961</figcaption></figure> Macmillan cancelled the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_ballistic_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Streak ballistic missile">Blue Streak ballistic missile</a> in April 1960 over concerns about its vulnerability to a pre-emptive attack, but continued with the development of the air-launched <a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel stand-off missile</a>, which was about to enter trials. For the replacement for Blue Steel he opted for Britain to join the American <a href="/wiki/Skybolt_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Skybolt missile">Skybolt missile</a> project. From the same year Macmillan permitted the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> to station <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris submarines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Holy_Loch#US_Navy_at_Holy_Loch" title="Holy Loch">Holy Loch</a>, Scotland, as a replacement for Thor. When Skybolt was unilaterally cancelled by US Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a>, Macmillan negotiated with President Kennedy the purchase of Polaris missiles under the <a href="/wiki/Nassau_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau agreement">Nassau agreement</a> in December 1962.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan worked with states outside the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC) to form the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA), which from 3 May 1960 established a free-trade area. As the EC proved to be an economic success, membership of the EC started to look more attractive compared to the EFTA.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.178-219">[217]</a> A report from Sir Frank Lee of the Treasury in April 1960 predicated that the three major power blocs in the decades to come would be those headed by the United States, the Soviet Union and the EC, and argued to avoid isolation Britain would to have decisively associate itself with one of the power blocs.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.178-219">[217]</a> Macmillan wrote in his diary about his decision to apply to join the EC: "Shall we be caught between a hostile (or at least less and less friendly) America and a boastful, powerful '<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Empire of Charlemagne</a>'-now under French, but later bound to come under German control?...It's a grim choice".<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.178-219">[217]</a> Through Macmillan had decided upon joining the EC in 1960, he waited until July 1961 to formally make the application, for he feared the reaction of the Conservative Party backbenchers, the farmers' lobby and the populist newspaper chain owned by the right-wing Canadian millionaire <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a>, who saw Britain joining the EC as a betrayal of the British empire.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.178-219">[217]</a> As expected, the Beaverbrook newspapers whose readers tended to vote Conservative offered up ferocious criticism of Macmillan's application to join the EC, accusing him of betrayal. Negotiations to join the EC were complicated by Macmillan's desire to allow Britain to continue its traditional policy of importing food from the Commonwealth nations of Australia, New Zealand and Canada, which led the EC nations, especially France, to accuse Britain of negotiating in bad faith.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.178-219">[217]</a> Macmillan also saw the value of rapprochement with the EC, to which his government sought belated entry, but Britain's application was vetoed by French president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> on 29 January 1963. De Gaulle was always strongly opposed to British entry for many reasons. He sensed the British were inevitably closely linked to the Americans. He saw the European Communities as a continental arrangement primarily between France and Germany, and felt that if Britain joined, France's role would diminish.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb1995164–65,_Chapters_14_and_15-221">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty_(1963)">Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan's previous attempt to create an agreement at the May 1960 summit in Paris had collapsed due to the <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a>. He was a force in the negotiations leading to the signing of the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> by the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union. He sent <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a> to negotiate the Test Ban Treaty, a sign that he was grooming him as a potential successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010551–552-222">[220]</a> President Kennedy visited Macmillan's country home, <a href="/wiki/Birch_Grove" title="Birch Grove">Birch Grove</a>, on 29–30 June 1963, for talks about the planned <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Force" title="Multilateral Force">Multilateral Force</a>. They never met again, and this was to be Kennedy's last visit to the UK. He was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassinated</a> in November, shortly after the end of Macmillan's premiership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010504–05-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_premiership">End of premiership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: End of premiership">edit</a>]</div> By the early 1960s, many were starting to find Macmillan's courtly and urbane Edwardian manners anachronistic, and satirical journals such as <a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a> and the television show <a href="/wiki/That_Was_the_Week_That_Was" title="That Was the Week That Was">That Was the Week That Was</a> mercilessly mocked him as a doddering, clueless leader.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.179-224">[222]</a> Macmillan's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Vassall_Tribunal" title="Vassall Tribunal">Vassall affair</a> – in which an Admiralty clerk, John Vassall, was convicted in October 1962 of passing secrets to the Soviet Union – undermined his "Super-Mac" reputation for competence.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.179-224">[222]</a> D. R. Thorpe writes that from January 1963 "Macmillan's strategy lay in ruins", leaving him looking for a "graceful exit". The Vassall affair turned the press against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010613-225">[223]</a> In the same month, opposition leader Hugh Gaitskell died suddenly at the age of 56. With a general election due before the end of the following year, Gaitskell's death threw the future of British politics into fresh doubt.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The following month Harold Wilson was elected as the new Labour leader, and he proved to be a popular choice with the public.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Profumo_affair">Profumo affair</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Profumo affair">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo affair</a> of 1963 permanently damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government. The revelation of the affair between <a href="/wiki/John_Profumo" title="John Profumo">John Profumo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>) and an alleged call-girl, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Keeler" title="Christine Keeler">Christine Keeler</a>, who was simultaneously sleeping with the Soviet naval attache Captain <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Ivanov_(spy)" title="Yevgeny Ivanov (spy)">Yevgeny Ivanov</a> made it appear that Macmillan had lost control of his government and of events in general.<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.180-228">[226]</a> In the ensuing Parliamentary debate he was seen as a pathetic figure, while <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel Birch">Nigel Birch</a> declared, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Browning</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wordsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>, that it would be "Never glad confident morning again!".<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> On 17 June 1963, he survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69,<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> one fewer than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. However, Butler and <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a> (who was very popular with backbench MPs at that time) declined to push for his resignation, especially after a tide of support from Conservative activists around the country. Many of the salacious revelations about the sex lives of "Establishment" figures during the Profumo affair damaged the image of "the Establishment" that Macmillan was seen as a part of, giving him the image by 1963 of a "failing representative of a decadent elite".<a href="#cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.180-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation">Resignation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Resignation">edit</a>]</div> By the summer of 1963 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Chairman">Conservative Party Chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Lord Poole</a> was urging the ageing Macmillan to retire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010551–552-222">[220]</a> The full <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Denning,_Baron_Denning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Denning, Baron Denning">Denning</a> report into the Profumo Scandal was published on 26 September 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb1995488-231">[229]</a> Macmillan had a meeting with Butler on 11 September and was careful to keep his options open (retire now, retire in the New Year, or fight the next election). He talked the matter over with his son Maurice and other senior ministers. Over lunch with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Lord Swinton</a> on 30 September he favoured stepping down, but only if <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Baron Hailsham</a> could be shoehorned in as his successor. He saw Butler on the morning of 7 October and told him he planned to stay on to lead the Conservatives into the next General Election, then was struck down by prostate problems on the night of 7–8 October, on the eve of the Conservative Party conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010284–285-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010558–559-233">[231]</a> Macmillan was operated on at 11:30 am on 10 October. Although it is sometimes stated that he believed himself to have inoperable <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, he in fact knew it was benign before the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010565-234">[232]</a> Macmillan was almost ready to leave hospital within ten days of the diagnosis and could easily have carried on, in the opinion of his doctor Sir John Richardson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb1995491-235">[233]</a> His illness gave him a way out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010566–567-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Succession">Succession</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Succession">edit</a>]</div> While recovering in hospital, Macmillan wrote a memorandum (dated 14 October) recommending the process by which "soundings" would be taken of party opinion to select his successor, which was accepted by the Cabinet on 15 October. This time backbench MPs and junior ministers were to be asked their opinion, rather than just the Cabinet as in 1957, and efforts would be made to sample opinion amongst peers and constituency activists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010566–567-236">[234]</a> Enoch Powell claimed that it was wrong of Macmillan to seek to monopolise the advice given to the Queen in this way. In fact, this was done at the Palace's request, so that the Queen was not being seen to be involved in politics as had happened in January 1957, and had been decided as far back as June when it had looked as though the government might fall over the Profumo scandal. <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Ben Pimlott</a> later described this as the "biggest political misjudgement of her reign".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010569–570-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Macmillan was succeeded by Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> in a controversial move; it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed "The Magic Circle", who had slanted their "soundings" of opinion among MPs and Cabinet Ministers to ensure that Butler was (once again) not chosen.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> He finally resigned, receiving the Queen from his hospital bed, on 18 October 1963, after nearly seven years as prime minister. He felt privately that he was being hounded from office by a backbench minority: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Some few will be content with the success they have had in the assassination of their leader and will not care very much who the successor is. ... They are a band that in the end does not amount to more than 15 or 20 at the most.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement,_1963–1986">Retirement, 1963–1986</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Retirement, 1963–1986">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_in_Downing_Street_in_1985_to_mark_the_250th_anniversary_of_Robert_Walpole%27s_occupancy_of_No.10_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/The_Queen_in_Downing_Street_in_1985_to_mark_the_250th_anniversary_of_Robert_Walpole%27s_occupancy_of_No.10_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-The_Queen_in_Downing_Street_in_1985_to_mark_the_250th_anniversary_of_Robert_Walpole%27s_occupancy_of_No.10_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/The_Queen_in_Downing_Street_in_1985_to_mark_the_250th_anniversary_of_Robert_Walpole%27s_occupancy_of_No.10_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan with Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in 1985</figcaption></figure> Macmillan initially refused a peerage and retired from politics in September 1964, standing down at the following month's <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">election</a>, which the Conservatives narrowly lost to Labour, now led by Harold Wilson.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> His service in the House of Commons totalled 37 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford_chancellor_(1960–1986)">Oxford chancellor (1960–1986)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Oxford chancellor (1960–1986)">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan had been elected <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a> in 1960, in a campaign masterminded by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a>, and held this office for the rest of his life, frequently presiding over college events, making speeches and tirelessly raising funds. According to Sir <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Neill,_Baron_Neill_of_Bladen" title="Patrick Neill, Baron Neill of Bladen">Patrick Neill</a> QC, the vice-chancellor, Macmillan "would talk late into the night with eager groups of students who were often startled by the radical views he put forward, well into his last decade."<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Macmillan_Publishers">Return to Macmillan Publishers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Return to Macmillan Publishers">edit</a>]</div> In retirement Macmillan took up the chairmanship of his family's publishing house, Macmillan Publishers, from 1964 to 1974. The publishing firm remained in family hands until a majority share was purchased in 1995 by the <a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" title="Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a>; the imprint persists. Macmillan brought out a six-volume autobiography: <ol><li>Winds of Change, 1914–1939 (1966) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-06639-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-06639-1">0-333-06639-1</a></li> <li>The Blast of War, 1939–1945 (1967) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-00358-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-00358-6">0-333-00358-6</a></li> <li>Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955 (1969) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-04077-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-04077-5">0-333-04077-5</a></li> <li>Riding the Storm, 1956–1959 (1971) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-10310-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-10310-6">0-333-10310-6</a></li> <li>Pointing the Way, 1959–1961 (1972) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-12411-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-12411-1">0-333-12411-1</a></li> <li>At the End of the Day, 1961–1963 (1973) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-12413-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-12413-8">0-333-12413-8</a></li></ol> Macmillan's biographer acknowledges that his memoirs were considered "heavy going".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010587-243">[241]</a> Reading these volumes was said by Macmillan's political enemy Enoch Powell to induce "a sensation akin to that of chewing on cardboard".<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> Butler wrote in his review of Riding the Storm: "Altogether this massive work will keep anybody busy for several weeks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987353-245">[243]</a> Macmillan's wartime diaries were better received. <ul><li>War Diaries: Politics and War in the Mediterranean, January 1943 – May 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1984) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-37198-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-37198-4">0-333-37198-4</a></li></ul> Since Macmillan's death, his diaries for the 1950s and 1960s have also been published, both edited by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Catterall" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Catterall">Peter Catterall</a>: <ul><li>The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years 1950–57 (London: Macmillan, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-71167-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-71167-X">0-333-71167-X</a></li> <li>The Macmillan Diaries Vol II: Prime Minister and After 1957–1966 (London: Macmillan, 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-405-04721-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-405-04721-6">1-405-04721-6</a></li></ul> Macmillan burned his diary for the climax of the Suez Affair, supposedly at Eden's request, although in Campbell's view more likely to protect his own reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010266-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_clubs">London clubs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: London clubs">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan was a member of many clubs. On his first evening as prime minister he made a public show of taking the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Chief Whip</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> for oysters at the <a href="/wiki/Turf_Club_(Gentlemen%27s_Club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turf Club (Gentlemen's Club)">Turf Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne19895,_13-141">[141]</a> He became president of the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a> in 1977 and would often stay at the club when he had to stay in London overnight. Within a few months of becoming president, he merged the Carlton and <a href="/wiki/Junior_Carlton_Club" title="Junior Carlton Club">Junior Carlton</a>. He was also a member of <a href="/wiki/Buck%27s_Club" title="Buck's Club">Buck's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratt%27s" title="Pratt's">Pratt's</a>, the Turf Club and <a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Club" title="Beefsteak Club">Beefsteak Club</a>. He also once commented that <a href="/wiki/White%27s" title="White's">White's</a> was 75% gentlemen and 25% crooks, the perfect combination for a club.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010605-247">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_interventions">Political interventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Political interventions">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan made occasional political interventions in retirement. Responding to a remark made by Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson about not having boots in which to go to school, Macmillan retorted: 'If Mr Wilson did not have boots to go to school that is because he was too big for them.'<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Macmillan accepted the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> In October of that year he called for "a Government of National Unity" including all parties, which could command the public support to resolve <a href="/wiki/1976_Sterling_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Sterling crisis">the economic crisis</a>. Asked who could lead such a coalition, he replied: "Mr Gladstone formed his last Government when he was eighty-three. I'm only eighty-two. You mustn't put temptation in my way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982359–360-250">[248]</a> He discussed the idea with Eden, but the IMF loan saved the country and the Labour government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982359–360-250">[248]</a> Macmillan still travelled widely, visiting China in October 1979, where he held talks with senior Vice-Premier <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982355-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Margaret_Thatcher">Relations with Margaret Thatcher</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Relations with Margaret Thatcher">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thatcher-loc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thatcher-loc.jpg/170px-Thatcher-loc.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thatcher-loc.jpg/255px-Thatcher-loc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thatcher-loc.jpg/340px-Thatcher-loc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>Macmillan became critical of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (pictured in 1975)</figcaption></figure> Macmillan found himself drawn more actively into politics after <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> became Conservative leader in February 1975.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> After she ended Labour's five-year rule and became prime minister in <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">May 1979</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> he told <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Fisher" title="Nigel Fisher">Nigel Fisher</a> (his biographer, and himself a Conservative MP): "Ted [Heath] was a very good No2 {pause} not a leader {pause}. Now, you have a real leader. {long pause} Whether she's leading you in the right direction ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982362-254">[252]</a> The record of Macmillan's own premiership came under attack from the <a href="/wiki/Monetarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarists">monetarists</a> in the party, whose theories Thatcher supported.<a href="#cite_note-vinen2009-255">[253]</a>: 27  In a celebrated speech he wondered aloud where such theories had come from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Was it America? Or was it <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>? It is quite true, many of Your Lordships will remember it operating in the <a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">nursery</a>. How do you treat a cold? One <a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">nanny</a> said, 'Feed a cold'; she was a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian">neo-Keynesian</a>. The other said, 'Starve a cold'; she was a monetarist.<a href="#cite_note-Apple-256">[254]</a></blockquote> Macmillan was one of several people who advised Thatcher to set up a small <a href="/wiki/War_Cabinet#Falklands_War" class="mw-redirect" title="War Cabinet">War Cabinet</a> to manage the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010663-257">[255]</a> On his advice she excluded the Treasury from this body.<a href="#cite_note-vinen2009-255">[253]</a>: 148  Having first inquired whether Argentina was known to have atomic weapons, Macmillan's advice was to appoint a senior military advisor, as <a href="/wiki/Pug_Ismay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pug Ismay">Pug Ismay</a> had been in the Second World War (in the event <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Lewin" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Lewin">Admiral Lewin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of Defence Staff</a>, performed this role). She had already received advice to exclude the Treasury from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cooper_(civil_servant)" title="Frank Cooper (civil servant)">Frank Cooper</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Under-Secretary">Permanent Under-Secretary</a> for Defence), not least because of Macmillan's own behaviour, as Chancellor, in demanding a halt to the Suez operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2013679–680-258">[256]</a> She later recalled: 'I never regretted following Harold Macmillan's advice. We were never tempted to compromise the security of our forces for financial reasons. Everything we did was governed by military necessity.'<a href="#cite_note-thatcher1993-259">[257]</a>: 188  With hereditary peerages again being created under Thatcher, Macmillan requested the earldom that had been customarily bestowed to departing prime ministers, and on 24 February 1984 he was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earl of Stockton</a> and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> He is the last non-royal recipient of a hereditary peerage. He took the title from his former parliamentary seat on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a> coalfields, and in his maiden speech in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> he criticised Thatcher's handling of the <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–85)">coal miners' strike</a> and her characterisation of striking miners as "the enemy within".<a href="#cite_note-thatcher1993-259">[257]</a>: 370  He received an unprecedented standing ovation for his oration, which included the words: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It breaks my heart to see — and I cannot interfere — what is happening in our country today. This terrible strike, by the best men in the world, who beat the Kaiser's and Hitler's armies and never gave in. It is pointless and we cannot afford that kind of thing. Then there is the growing division of comparative prosperity in the south and an ailing <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>. We used to have battles and rows but they were quarrels. Now there is a new kind of wicked hatred that has been brought in by different types of people.<a href="#cite_note-Apple-256">[254]</a></blockquote> As Chancellor of Oxford University, Macmillan condemned its refusal in February 1985 to award Thatcher an honorary degree. He noted that the decision represented a break with tradition, and predicted that the snub would rebound on the university.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> Macmillan is widely supposed to have likened Thatcher's policy of <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> to "selling the family silver". His precise quote, at a dinner of the <a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Overseas_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Overseas League">Royal Overseas League</a> on 8 November 1985, was on the subject of the sale of assets commonplace among individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: "First of all the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> silver goes. And then all that nice furniture that used to be in the <a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">salon</a>. Then the <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canalettos</a> go." Profitable parts of the steel industry and the railways had been privatised, along with <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a>: "They were like two <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandts</a> still left."<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> Macmillan's speech was much commented on, and a few days later he made a speech in the House of Lords, referring to it: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When I ventured the other day to criticise the system I was, I am afraid, misunderstood. As a Conservative, I am naturally in favour of returning into private ownership and private management all those <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and distribution which are now controlled by state capitalism. I am sure they will be more efficient. What I ventured to question was the using of these huge sums as if they were income.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Death and funeral">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Giles%27_Church,_Horsted_Keynes_(Macmillan_Family_Grave).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Giles%27_Church%2C_Horsted_Keynes_%28Macmillan_Family_Grave%29.JPG/220px-St_Giles%27_Church%2C_Horsted_Keynes_%28Macmillan_Family_Grave%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Giles%27_Church%2C_Horsted_Keynes_%28Macmillan_Family_Grave%29.JPG/330px-St_Giles%27_Church%2C_Horsted_Keynes_%28Macmillan_Family_Grave%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Giles%27_Church%2C_Horsted_Keynes_%28Macmillan_Family_Grave%29.JPG/440px-St_Giles%27_Church%2C_Horsted_Keynes_%28Macmillan_Family_Grave%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The Macmillan family graves in 2012 at <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Horsted_Keynes" title="St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes">St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes</a>. Macmillan's grave is on the right.</figcaption></figure> Macmillan had often play-acted being an old man long before real old age set in. As early as 1948 <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Berkeley" title="Humphry Berkeley">Humphry Berkeley</a> wrote of how "he makes a show of being feeble and decrepit", mentioning how he had suddenly stopped shambling and sprinted for a train. Nigel Fisher tells an anecdote of how Macmillan initially greeted him to his house leaning on a stick, but later walked and climbed steps perfectly well, twice acting lame again and fetching his stick when he remembered his "act". However, in genuine old age he became almost blind, causing him to need sticks and a helping arm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982361–362-264">[262]</a> On the evening of 29 December 1986, Macmillan died at <a href="/wiki/Birch_Grove" title="Birch Grove">Birch Grove</a>, the Macmillan family mansion on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Ashdown_Forest" title="Ashdown Forest">Ashdown Forest</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Horsted_Keynes" title="Horsted Keynes">Horsted Keynes</a>, West Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> His grandson and heir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macmillan,_2nd_Earl_of_Stockton" title="Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton">Alexander</a>, said: "In the last 48 hours he was very weak but entirely reasonable and intelligent. His last words were, 'I think I will go to sleep now'."<a href="#cite_note-Foster-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toronto-268">[266]</a> His lifespan of 92 years and 322 days was the longest of any British prime minister until surpassed by <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> on 14 February 2005.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> Paying tribute, Thatcher hailed Macmillan as "a very remarkable man and a very great patriot", and said that his dislike of "selling the family silver" had never come between them. He was "unique in the affection of the British people".<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> Additional tributes came from around the world. US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> said: "The American people share in the loss of a voice of wisdom and humanity who, with eloquence and gentle wit, brought to the problems of today the experience of a long life of public service."<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-242">[240]</a> Outlawed <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> president <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> sent his condolences: 'As South Africans we shall always remember him for his efforts to encourage the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime to bow to the <a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">winds of change</a> that continue to blow in South Africa.'<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-242">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Commonwealth Secretary-General</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal" title="Shridath Ramphal">Shridath Ramphal</a> affirmed: "His own leadership in providing from Britain a worthy response to African national consciousness shaped the post-war era and made the modern Commonwealth possible."<a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-242">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macmillan_memorial_tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Macmillan_memorial_tablet.jpg/170px-Macmillan_memorial_tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Macmillan_memorial_tablet.jpg/255px-Macmillan_memorial_tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Macmillan_memorial_tablet.jpg/340px-Macmillan_memorial_tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="4175" /></a><figcaption>Memorial tablet in <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Horsted_Keynes" title="St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes">St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes</a></figcaption></figure> A private funeral was held on 5 January 1987 at <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Horsted_Keynes" title="St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes">St Giles' Church</a>, Horsted Keynes, West Sussex, where he had regularly worshipped and read the lesson.<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-271">[269]</a> Two hundred mourners attended,<a href="#cite_note-Toronto-268">[266]</a> including 64 members of the Macmillan family, Thatcher and former premiers Lord Home and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, as well as Lord Hailsham,<a href="#cite_note-Foster-267">[265]</a> and "scores of country neighbours".<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-271">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Prince of Wales</a> sent a wreath "in admiring memory".<a href="#cite_note-Foster-267">[265]</a> He was buried beside his wife and next to his parents and his son <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Macmillan" title="Maurice Macmillan">Maurice</a>, who had died in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-271">[269]</a> The House of Commons paid its tribute on 12 January 1987, with much reference made to his book <a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Way_(book)" title="The Middle Way (book)">The Middle Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-272">[270]</a> Thatcher said: "In his retirement Harold Macmillan occupied a unique place in the nation's affections", while Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Neil Kinnock</a> struck a more critical note: <blockquote>Death and distance cannot lend sufficient enchantment to alter the view that the period over which he presided in the 1950s, while certainly and thankfully a period of rising affluence and confidence, was also a time of opportunities missed, of changes avoided. Harold Macmillan was, of course, not solely or even pre-eminently responsible for that. But we cannot but record with frustration the fact that the vigorous and perceptive attacker of the status quo in the 1930s became its emblem for a time in the late 1950s before returning to be its critic in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-272">[270]</a></blockquote> A public memorial service, attended by the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen</a> and thousands of mourners, was held on 10 February 1987 in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> Macmillan's estate was assessed for probate on 1 June 1987, with a value of £51,114 (equivalent to £181,601 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-274">[272]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours,_awards_and_legacy">Honours, awards and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Honours, awards and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Macmillan was an elected <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS) in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> In 1976 he received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>. In 1984 he received the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award#Freedom_Medal" title="Four Freedoms Award">Freedom medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Study_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Study Center">Roosevelt Study Center</a>. Macmillan's archives are located at Oxford University's <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> Macmillan was awarded a number of honorary degrees, including: <ul><li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a></li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/DePauw_University" title="DePauw University">DePauw University</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a></li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, together with Eisenhower<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a></li> <li>1961 – <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historians'_assessments_of_Macmillan's_premiership">Historians' assessments of Macmillan's premiership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Historians' assessments of Macmillan's premiership">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a> wrote to Macmillan that his reputation would endure as, like Churchill, he was "psychologically interesting".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010619-283">[281]</a> An early biographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hutchinson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Hutchinson (historian) (page does not exist)">George Hutchinson</a> called him "The Last Edwardian at Number Ten" (1980), mistakenly in the view of Nigel Fisher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982369-284">[282]</a> Fisher described him as "complex, almost chameleon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982364-285">[283]</a> At times he portrayed himself as the descendant of a Scottish crofter, as a businessman, aristocrat, intellectual and soldier. Labour leader Harold Wilson wrote that his "role as a poseur was itself a pose".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982365-286">[284]</a> Wilson also argued that behind the public nonchalance lay a real professional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982369-284">[282]</a> Fisher also wrote that he "had a talent for pursuing progressive policies but presenting them tactfully in a Conservative tone of voice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982367-287">[285]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(historian)" title="John Vincent (historian)">John Vincent</a> explores the image Macmillan crafted of himself for his colleagues and constituents: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He presented himself as a patrician, as the last Edwardian, as a Whig (in the tradition of his wife's family), as a romantic Tory, as intellectual, as a man shaped by the comradeship of the trenches and by the slump of the 1930s, as a shrewd man of business of bourgeois Scottish stock, and as a venerable elder statesman at home with modern youth. There was something in all these views, which he did little to discourage, and which commanded public respect into the early 1960s. Whether he was ever a mainstream Conservative, rather than a skilful exponent of the postwar consensus, is more doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a>, his official biographer, concedes that after his re-election in 1959 Macmillan's premiership suffered a series of major setbacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989214-289">[287]</a> Campbell writes that: "a late developer who languished on the back benches ... in the 1930s, Macmillan seized his opportunity when it came with flair and ruthlessness, and [until about 1962] filled the highest office with compelling style". However, he argues that Macmillan is remembered as having been "a rather seedy conjuror", famous for Premium Bonds, Beeching's cuts to the railways, and the Profumo Scandal. He is also remembered for "stop-go" economics. In the 1980s the aged Macmillan was seen as "a revered but slightly pathetic figure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010292-290">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Sandbrook" title="Dominic Sandbrook">Dominic Sandbrook</a> writes that Macmillan's final weeks were typical of his premiership, "devious, theatrical and self-seeking". Macmillan is best remembered for the "affluent society", which he inherited rather than created in the late 1950s, but chancellors came and went and by the early 1960s economic policy was "nothing short of a shambles", while his achievements in foreign policy made little difference to the lives of the public. By the time he left office, largely unlamented at the time, he was associated not with prosperity but with "anachronism and decay".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/D._R._Thorpe" title="D. R. Thorpe">D. R. Thorpe</a> writes that by the early 1960s Macmillan was seen as "the epitome of all that was wrong with anachronistic Britain. This was an unfair charge." "The essence of his persona was as elusive as mercury." He was not a member of "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">the Establishment</a>"—in fact he was a businessman who had married into the aristocracy and a rebel Chancellor of Oxford. "He had style in abundance, (and) was a star on the world stage". Thorpe argues that despite his 1960 "Winds of Change" speech, he was largely pushed into rapid independence for African countries by Maudling and Macleod.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010614–17-291">[289]</a> Richard Lamb argues that Macmillan was "by far the best of Britain's postwar Prime Ministers, and his administration performed better than any of their successors". Lamb argues that it is unfair to blame Macmillan for excessively quick African independence (resulting in many former colonies becoming dictatorships), or for the Beeching Plan (which was accepted by Labour in 1964, although Macmillan himself had reservations and had asked civil servants to draw up plans for extra road building), and argues that had he remained in power Macmillan would never have allowed inflation to get as far out of hand as it did in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb199514–15-5">[5]</a> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earls_of_Stockton_family_tree" title="Template:Earls of Stockton family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earls_of_Stockton_family_tree" title="Template talk:Earls of Stockton family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earls_of_Stockton_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earls of Stockton family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earls of Stockton</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_MacMillan" title="Daniel MacMillan">Daniel MacMillan</a> (1813–1857)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Maurice Crawford Macmillan (1853–1936)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earl of Stockton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Macmillan_of_Ovenden" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden">Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden</a>, 1984)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">(Maurice) Harold Macmillan</a> (1894–1986) 1st Earl of Stockton</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Macmillan" title="Maurice Macmillan">Maurice Victor Macmillan</a> (1921–1984) styled Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macmillan,_2nd_Earl_of_Stockton" title="Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton">Alexander Daniel Alan Macmillan</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1943) 2nd Earl of Stockton, 2nd Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Adam Julian Robert Macmillan (1948–2016)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">David Maurice Benjamin Macmillan (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1957)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Macmillan,_Viscount_Macmillan_of_Ovenden" title="Daniel Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden">Daniel Maurice Alan Macmillan</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1974) styled Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Frederick Maurice Brian Macmillan (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1990)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Joshua Gabriel P. Macmillan (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1995)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Finn Joshua Marcus Macmillan (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1995)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em">Heir apparent to the Earldom of Stockton</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cabinets_(1957–1963)">Cabinets (1957–1963)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Cabinets (1957–1963)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_1957_–_October_1959">January 1957 – October 1959</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: January 1957 – October 1959">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kilmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kilmuir">Lord Kilmuir</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Lord Home</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations">Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations</a></li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">David Eccles</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Luton" title="Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton">Charles Hill</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>: Minister of Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Maclay,_1st_Viscount_Muirshiel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott Maclay, 1st Viscount Muirshiel">John Scott Maclay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat_Amory" class="mw-redirect" title="Derick Heathcoat Amory">Derick Heathcoat Amory</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Arthur_Watkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Arthur Watkinson">Harold Arthur Watkinson</a>: Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Edwin_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Edwin Sandys">Duncan Edwin Sandys</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (UK)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Herbert_Mills,_1st_Baron_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Herbert Mills, 1st Baron Mills">Lord Mills</a>: Minister of Power</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a>: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs</li></ul> Change <ul><li>March 1957 – Lord Home succeeds Lord Salisbury as Lord President, remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary.</li> <li>September 1957 – Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_William_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey William Lloyd">Geoffrey Lloyd</a> succeeds Hailsham as Minister of Education. The Chief Secretary to the Treasury, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a>, enters the Cabinet.</li> <li>January 1958 – Derick Heathcoat Amory succeeds Peter Thorneycroft as Chancellor of the Exchequer. <a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">John Hare</a> succeeds Amory as Minister of Agriculture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_1959_–_July_1960">October 1959 – July 1960</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: October 1959 – July 1960">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Harold Macmillan: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kilmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kilmuir">Lord Kilmuir</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Lord Home</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations">Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minister of Science (page does not exist)">Minister of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat_Amory" class="mw-redirect" title="Derick Heathcoat Amory">Derick Heathcoat Amory</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Luton" title="Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton">Charles Hill</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Eccles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Eccles">Sir David Eccles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Minister of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Herbert_Mills,_1st_Viscount_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Herbert Mills, 1st Viscount Mills">Lord Mills</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marples" title="Ernest Marples">Ernest Marples</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Minister of Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Edwin_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Edwin Sandys">Duncan Edwin Sandys</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Aviation">Minister of Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Arthur_Watkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Arthur Watkinson">Harold Arthur Watkinson</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (UK)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Maclay,_1st_Viscount_Muirshiel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott Maclay, 1st Viscount Muirshiel">John Scott Maclay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">John Hare</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Housing">Minister of Housing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing and Local Government">Local Government and Welsh Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_1960_–_October_1961">July 1960 – October 1961</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: July 1960 – October 1961">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kilmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kilmuir">Lord Kilmuir</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and Minister of Science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Lord Home</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Edwin_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Edwin Sandys">Duncan Edwin Sandys</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations">Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Luton" title="Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton">Charles Hill</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Eccles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Eccles">Sir David Eccles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Minister of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>: Minister of Science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Herbert_Mills,_1st_Viscount_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Herbert Mills, 1st Viscount Mills">Lord Mills</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marples" title="Ernest Marples">Ernest Marples</a>: Minister of Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a>: Minister of Aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Arthur_Watkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Arthur Watkinson">Harold Arthur Watkinson</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (UK)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Maclay,_1st_Viscount_Muirshiel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott Maclay, 1st Viscount Muirshiel">John Scott Maclay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">John Hare</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Christopher Soames</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a>: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_1961_–_July_1962">October 1961 – July 1962</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: October 1961 – July 1962">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kilmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kilmuir">Lord Kilmuir</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and Minister of Science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Lord Home</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Edwin_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Edwin Sandys">Duncan Edwin Sandys</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations">Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Erroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Erroll">Frederick Erroll</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Eccles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Eccles">Sir David Eccles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Minister of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marples" title="Ernest Marples">Ernest Marples</a>: Minister of Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a>: Minister of Aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Arthur_Watkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Arthur Watkinson">Harold Arthur Watkinson</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (UK)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Maclay,_1st_Viscount_Muirshiel" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scott Maclay, 1st Viscount Muirshiel">John Scott Maclay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">John Hare</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Christopher Soames</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill,_Baron_Hill_of_Luton" title="Charles Hill, Baron Hill of Luton">Charles Hill</a>: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Herbert_Mills,_1st_Viscount_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Herbert Mills, 1st Viscount Mills">Lord Mills</a>: Minister without Portfolio</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_1962_–_October_1963">July 1962 – October 1963</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: July 1962 – October 1963">edit</a>]</div> Note: In a radical reshuffle dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1962)" title="Night of the Long Knives (1962)">The Night of the Long Knives</a>", Macmillan sacked a third of his Cabinet. <ul><li>Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>: <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State" title="First Secretary of State">First Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Edward_Manningham-Buller,_1st_Viscount_Dilhorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Edward Manningham-Buller, 1st Viscount Dilhorne">Lord Dilhorne</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and Minister of Science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Reginald Maudling</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Henry Brooke</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Lord Home</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Edwin_Sandys" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Edwin Sandys">Duncan Edwin Sandys</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Commonwealth_Relations" title="Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations">Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Erroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Erroll">Frederick Erroll</a>: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyle,_Baron_Boyle_of_Handsworth" title="Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth">Sir Edward Boyle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Minister of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd-Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="John Boyd-Carpenter">John Boyd-Carpenter</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Secretary to the Treasury">Chief Secretary to the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Marples" title="Ernest Marples">Ernest Marples</a>: Minister of Transport</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery" title="Julian Amery">Julian Amery</a>: Minister of Aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Noble,_Baron_Glenkinglas" title="Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas">Michael Noble</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">John Hare</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames" title="Christopher Soames">Christopher Soames</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Keith_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Keith Joseph">Sir Keith Joseph</a>: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>: Minister of Health</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Deedes" title="Bill Deedes">William Deedes</a>: Minister without Portfolio</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom#Harold_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom">Cultural depictions of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom § Harold Macmillan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#RB1963a">RB(1963a)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#RB1963a">RB(1963a)</a>, p. 2. "It is, of course the responsibility of the British Railways Board so to shape and operate the railways as to make them pay." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/30/obituaries/harold-macmillan-dies-at-92-was-prime-minister-of-britain.html">"Harold Macmillan Dies at 92"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 30 December 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629144647/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/30/obituaries/harold-macmillan-dies-at-92-was-prime-minister-of-britain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Harold+Macmillan+Dies+at+92&rft.date=1986-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F12%2F30%2Fobituaries%2Fharold-macmillan-dies-at-92-was-prime-minister-of-britain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1997422–23-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1997422–23_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton1997">Middleton 1997</a>, pp. 422–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1997422-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton1997422_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiddleton1997">Middleton 1997</a>, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Peter Hennessy, Having It So Good: Britain in the Fifties (London: Allen Lane, 2006), pp. 533–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb199514–15-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb199514–15_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb199514–15_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb1995">Lamb 1995</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch1996" class="citation cs2">Leitch, David (8 December 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/the-spy-who-rocked-a-world-of-privilege-1313565.html">"The spy who rocked a world of privilege"</a>, The Independent, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804024128/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/the-spy-who-rocked-a-world-of-privilege-1313565.html">archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+spy+who+rocked+a+world+of+privilege&rft.date=1996-12-08&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fthe-spy-who-rocked-a-world-of-privilege-1313565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher19822-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher19822_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne20089-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne20089_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010245-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010245_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Winds of Change" speech, minute 29:04. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c07MiYfpOMw">"PM Harold Macmillan – Wind of Change Speech at the Cape Town Parliament – 3 February 1960"</a>. YouTube. 25 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124063722/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c07MiYfpOMw">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=PM+Harold+Macmillan+%E2%80%93+Wind+of+Change+Speech+at+the+Cape+Town+Parliament+%E2%80%93+3+February+1960&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dc07MiYfpOMw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200813-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne200813_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201015-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201015_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mr T.S. Morton". The Times. 23 January 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Mr+T.S.+Morton&rft.date=1962-01-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198815-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne198815_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne198815_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200816-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne200816_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Simon Ball, The Guardsmen, Harold Macmillan, Three Friends and the World They Made, (London, Harper Collins), 2004, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201019–26-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201019–26_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, pp. 19–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198822-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne198822_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Thorpe 2010, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Supermac. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Thorpe 2011, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28979" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28979/supplement/9505">"No. 28979"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 17 November 1914. p. 9505.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+28979&rft.pages=9505&rft.date=1914-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28979%2Fsupplement%2F9505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29500" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29500/supplement/2533">"No. 29500"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 7 March 1916. p. 2533.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29500&rft.pages=2533&rft.date=1916-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29500%2Fsupplement%2F2533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29376" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29376/supplement/11582">"No. 29376"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 19 November 1915. p. 11582.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29376&rft.pages=11582&rft.date=1915-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29376%2Fsupplement%2F11582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Thorpe 2010, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> MacMillan 2010, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawton1992" class="citation cs2">Lawton, John (1992), 1963: Five Hundred Days, Sevenoaks, UK: Hodder and Stoughton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-50846-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-50846-9"><bdi>0-340-50846-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1963%3A+Five+Hundred+Days&rft.place=Sevenoaks%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-340-50846-9&rft.aulast=Lawton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ball Guardsmen, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Thorpe 2010, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/PRmacmillan.htm">"Harold Macmillan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321185432/http://spartacus-educational.com/PRmacmillan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+Macmillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FPRmacmillan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> Spartacus Educational website biography. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246–247-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246–247_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201031-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201031_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200849-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne200849_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Thorpe 2010, pp. 42–45; "sent down" is a university term for <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_(education)" title="Expulsion (education)">"expelled"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201049-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201049_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201062-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe201062_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Macmillan 1966, pp. 107–108. This period saw disturbances amongst British troops in France, which was of grave worry to the Government as the Russian and German revolutions had been accompanied by army mutinies. In the end the crisis was resolved by giving priority for demobilisation to men who had served the longest. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne200852-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne200852_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201055-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201055_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31958" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31958/supplement/7073">"No. 31958"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 29 June 1920. p. 7073.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31958&rft.pages=7073&rft.date=1920-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31958%2Fsupplement%2F7073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> The London Gazette states that he held and retained the rank of lieutenant. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201072,_76–77,_88,_109,_118-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe201072,_76–77,_88,_109,_118_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 72, 76–77, 88, 109, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989155-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1989155_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1989">Horne 1989</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch2015" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Michael (2015). Closet Queens. Little, Brown. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408704127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408704127"><bdi>978-1408704127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closet+Queens&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1408704127&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2005" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Dick (2005). Harold Macmillan — Idealist into Manipulator. In: A Century of Premiers. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3990-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3990-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-3990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Macmillan+%E2%80%94+Idealist+into+Manipulator.+In%3A+A+Century+of+Premiers&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-3990-6&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201094–100-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe201094–100_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 94–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Thorpe 2010, p. 95. Thorpe points out that divorce still caused muttering as late as the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Walter Monckton</a>'s divorce may have cost him promotion to the highest legal positions of Lord Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor, while Anthony Eden faced criticism for divorcing and remarrying, and talk that he was unfit to make ecclesiastical appointments. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParris1997" class="citation cs2">Parris, Matthew (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatparliamenta0000parr_j7g3/page/98">Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear & Innuendo</a>, London: Robson Books, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatparliamenta0000parr_j7g3/page/98">98–104</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86105-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86105-152-2"><bdi>1-86105-152-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Parliamentary+Scandals%3A+Four+Centuries+of+Calumny%2C+Smear+%26+Innuendo&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98-104&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86105-152-2&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatparliamenta0000parr_j7g3%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198867-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne198867_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010248-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010248_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010100-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010100_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Forbes, Alastair (21 September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/21st-september-1991/29/a-real-book">"A real book"</a>. The Spectator. p. 29. Retrieved 13 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=A+real+book&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1991-09-21&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F21st-september-1991%2F29%2Fa-real-book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe201014116–14121-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe201014116–14121_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, 14116–14121. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Richard Allen Cave, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35283">O'Casey, Sean (1880–1964)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108140010/https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35283;jsessionid=E13221D45C127D0B961B695E2656548A">Archived</a> 8 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Garry O'Connor, 'Obituary – Eileen O'Casey', The Guardian (12 April 1995), p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Edward Marriott, 'Obituary – Eileen O'Casey', Evening Standard (London, 18 April 1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "Eileen O'Casey; Obituary." The Times (11 April 1995), p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne198869-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne198869_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010246_59-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher198232–33-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher198232–33_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher198232–33_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988243-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988243_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988243_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988103-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988103_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988103_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988103_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988100-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988100_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2018" class="citation journal cs1">Betts, Lewis David (3 April 2018). "Harold Macmillan and appeasement: implications for the future study of Macmillan as a foreign policy actor". Contemporary British History. 32 (2): 169–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13619462.2017.1401475">10.1080/13619462.2017.1401475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-9462">1361-9462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148757056">148757056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+British+History&rft.atitle=Harold+Macmillan+and+appeasement%3A+implications+for+the+future+study+of+Macmillan+as+a+foreign+policy+actor&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-189&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148757056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1361-9462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13619462.2017.1401475&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Lewis+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010249-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010249_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Seidman, Michael. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988117–118-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988117–118_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988119-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988119_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988134–135-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988134–135_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988139-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988139_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010252-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010252_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher198278–79-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher198278–79_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Harold Macmillan, The Blast of War, 1939–45 (London: Macmillan, 1967), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher198282-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher198282_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010254-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010254_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010254_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988151–160-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988151–160_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988151–160_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, pp. 151–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008158-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2008158_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988160-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988160_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshton2005">Ashton 2005</a>, p. 697. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988170-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988170_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697–698-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2005697–698_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshton2005">Ashton 2005</a>, pp. 697–698. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthehistoryguy2023" class="citation web cs1">@thehistoryguy (22 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/thehistoryguy/status/1628503689890496512">"Harold MacMillan only just survived a plane crash in N Africa 80 years ago today, in 1943. He would be the only British Prime Minister who was badly wounded in both the First and Second World Wars"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harold+MacMillan+only+just+survived+a+plane+crash+in+N+Africa+80+years+ago+today%2C+in+1943.+He+would+be+the+only+British+Prime+Minister+who+was+badly+wounded+in+both+the+First+and+Second+World+Wars.&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft.au=thehistoryguy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fthehistoryguy%2Fstatus%2F1628503689890496512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988174-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988174_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988195–199-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988195–199_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, pp. 195–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988201-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988201_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988210-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988210_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988218–222-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988218–222_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, pp. 218–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988230–240-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988230–240_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, pp. 230–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008251–86-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2008251–86_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, pp. 251–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Keeble" title="Curtis Keeble">Curtis Keeble</a>, 'Macmillan and the Soviet Union', in Richard Aldous and Sabine Lee (eds), Harold Macmillan: Aspects of a Political Life (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 199–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerdinand_Mount2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Mount" title="Ferdinand Mount">Ferdinand Mount</a> (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n17/ferdinand-mount/too-obviously-cleverer">"Too Obviously Cleverer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>. 33 (17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121193333/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n17/ferdinand-mount/too-obviously-cleverer">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Too+Obviously+Cleverer&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=17&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.au=Ferdinand+Mount&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv33%2Fn17%2Fferdinand-mount%2Ftoo-obviously-cleverer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010234–35-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010234–35_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 234–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune (London: Macmillan, 1969), pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1945–62. (London, Phoenix) p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010255–256-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010255–256_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, pp. 255–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010256–257-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010256–257_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010257–258-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010257–258_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, pp. 257–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010259-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010259_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982139-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982139_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000378/19540205/004/0001">"The Housing Total Was 318,779"</a>. Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail. 5 February 1954. Retrieved 8 March 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartlepool+Northern+Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=The+Housing+Total+Was+318%2C779&rft.date=1954-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000378%2F19540205%2F004%2F0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982143-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982143_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (16 April 1955). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982144–145-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982144–145_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982145-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982145_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988353–354-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988353–354_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, pp. 353–354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1988155-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1988155_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1988">Horne 1988</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989244–245-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1989244–245_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1989">Horne 1989</a>, pp. 244–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010249,_254-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010249,_254_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, pp. 249, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989122-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1989122_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1989">Horne 1989</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982150-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982150_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982150_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1997) pp. 207–222, covers his term as Chancellor. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010261–262,_264-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010261–262,_264_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, pp. 261–262, 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010264–265-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010264–265_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, pp. 264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/18/newsid_4762000/4762748.stm">18 April 1956: Macmillan unveils premium bond scheme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106130300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/18/newsid_4762000/4762748.stm">Archived</a> 6 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 'On This Day 1950–2005'. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008383-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2008383_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Major1999" class="citation book cs1">John Major (1999). John Major: The Autobiography. HarperCollins. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Major%3A+The+Autobiography&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.au=John+Major&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1986/dec/30/obituaries">Harold Macmillan; Unflappable master of the middle way</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219062359/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/1986/dec/30/obituaries">Archived</a> 19 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, obituary in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Vernon Bogdanor</a>; 30 December 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne2008441-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne2008441_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne2008">Horne 2008</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Bertjan Verbeek, Decision-making in Great Britain during the Suez crisis (2003) p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010265-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010265_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200674-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200674_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckett2006">Beckett 2006</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Toye, Richard Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (2010) p. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200673–74-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200673–74_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckett2006">Beckett 2006</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Diane_B._Kunz_1991_pp_130-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diane_B._Kunz_1991_pp_130_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diane_B._Kunz_1991_pp_130_126-1">b</a> Diane B. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (1991) pp. 130–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987237-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1987237_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1987">Howard 1987</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010267-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010267_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010356-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010356_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987239-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1987239_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1987">Howard 1987</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987242-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1987242_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1987">Howard 1987</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Thorpe 2010, pp. 352–53 Eisenhower said these words in a meeting with Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a> (who was pro-Butler), <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of State">Under Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Hoover, Jr.">Hoover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staff_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Staff Secretary">Staff Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodpaster" title="Andrew Goodpaster">Andrew Goodpaster</a>. It is unclear whether there was direct pressure from the US Administration for Macmillan to be chosen, or rather whether being the candidate best placed to rebuild bridges with the Americans was simply another reason why leading Conservatives preferred him to Butler. Published accounts do not agree about the date of the meeting. Williams (2010, p. 270) lists it as happening on 20 November, a date repeated in Michael Jago's 2015 biography of Rab Butler. Macmillan's other recent biographer D. R. Thorpe gives it as 24 December, presumably an error as the footnote refers to Eisenhower's papers for November 1956, while in his biography of Anthony Eden (2003, p. 539) Thorpe gives it as 24 November. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987240–241-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1987240–241_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1987">Howard 1987</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010353–354-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010353–354_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 353–354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010269-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010269_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987244-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1987244_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1987">Howard 1987</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010358-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010358_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett200677–78-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett200677–78_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckett2006">Beckett 2006</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010361–362-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010361–362_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 361–362. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Harold Macmillan, The Macmillan Diaries, The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957, ed. Peter Catterall (London: Macmillan, 2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne19895,_13-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne19895,_13_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne19895,_13_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1989">Horne 1989</a>, pp. 5, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> David Butler, Twentieth Century British Political Facts 1900–2000, Macmillan, 8th edition, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Gyles Brandreth. Brief encounters: meetings with remarkable people (2001) p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.169-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.169_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.169_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.169_144-2">c</a> Goodlad & Pearce, 2013 p.169 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.170_145-7">h</a> Goodlad & Pearce, 2013 p.170 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Seymour-Ure" title="Colin Seymour-Ure">Colin Seymour-Ure</a>, Prime Ministers and the Media: issues of power and control (2003) p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Edmund Dell, The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1997) pp. 223–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010401–407-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010401–407_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010401–407_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 401–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010407-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010407_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Kynaston" title="David Kynaston">David Kynaston</a>, Till Time's Last Stand: A History of The Bank of England, 1694–2013, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017, pp. 434–435. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> OCR A Level History B: The End of Consensus: Britain 1945–90 by Pearson Education </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey_SmithDorlingShaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Davey Smith, George; Dorling, Daniel; Shaw, Mary (11 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMciK2dbAI8C&q=poverty+in+britain+offices+act+1961&pg=PR80">Poverty, Inequality and Health in Britain, 1800–2000: A Reader</a>. Policy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861342119" title="Special:BookSources/9781861342119"><bdi>9781861342119</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108140006/https://books.google.com/books?id=OMciK2dbAI8C&q=poverty+in+britain+offices+act+1961&pg=PR80">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty%2C+Inequality+and+Health+in+Britain%2C+1800%E2%80%932000%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2001-07-11&rft.isbn=9781861342119&rft.aulast=Davey+Smith&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Dorling%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMciK2dbAI8C%26q%3Dpoverty%2Bin%2Bbritain%2Boffices%2Bact%2B1961%26pg%3DPR80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicklitz2011" class="citation book cs1">Micklitz, H. W. (1 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lf3a4dOjy0kC&q=harold+macmillan+graduated+pension+scheme&pg=PA221">The Many Concepts of Social Justice in European Private Law</a>. Edward Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857935892" title="Special:BookSources/9780857935892"><bdi>9780857935892</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Concepts+of+Social+Justice+in+European+Private+Law&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.isbn=9780857935892&rft.aulast=Micklitz&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlf3a4dOjy0kC%26q%3Dharold%2Bmacmillan%2Bgraduated%2Bpension%2Bscheme%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicker2011" class="citation book cs1">Spicker, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CiE7TEwJtsAC&q=UK+Child+Special+Allowance+1959&pg=PA26">How Social Security Works: An Introduction to Benefits in Britain</a>. Policy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847428103" title="Special:BookSources/9781847428103"><bdi>9781847428103</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108140146/https://books.google.com/books?id=CiE7TEwJtsAC&q=UK+Child+Special+Allowance+1959&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/18/newsid_3376000/3376971.stm">"1963: Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell dies"</a>. BBC News. 21 October 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715010620/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/18/newsid_3376000/3376971.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1963%3A+Labour+leader+Hugh+Gaitskell+dies&rft.date=1963-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjanuary%2F18%2Fnewsid_3376000%2F3376971.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/21957868">"1963: a year to remember"</a>. BBC Democracy Live. 28 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426084616/http://www.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/21957868">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Democracy+Live&rft.atitle=1963%3A+a+year+to+remember&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdemocracylive%2F21957868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.180-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.180_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodlad_&_Pearce,_2013_p.180_228-1">b</a> Goodlad & Pearce, 2013 p.180 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/jun/17/security-mr-profumos-resignation#S5CV0679P0_19630617_HOC_296">SECURITY (MR. PROFUMO'S RESIGNATION) (Hansard, 17 June 1963)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/jun/17/security-mr-profumos-resignation#column_170">"SECURITY (MR. PROFUMO'S RESIGNATION)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 17 June 1963. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507140736/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1963/jun/17/security-mr-profumos-resignation#column_170">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=SECURITY+%28MR.+PROFUMO%27S+RESIGNATION%29&rft.date=1963-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1963%2Fjun%2F17%2Fsecurity-mr-profumos-resignation%23column_170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb1995488-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb1995488_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb1995">Lamb 1995</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010284–285-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010284–285_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 284–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010558–559-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010558–559_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 558–559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010565-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010565_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 565. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb1995491-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb1995491_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamb1995">Lamb 1995</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010566–567-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010566–567_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010566–567_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 566–567. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010569–570-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010569–570_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 569–570. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott, Ben</a> (1997). The Queen : A Biography of Elizabeth II. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/047119431X" title="Special:BookSources/047119431X"><bdi>047119431X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Queen+%3A+A+Biography+of+Elizabeth+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=047119431X&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> the "soundings" and the accompanying political intrigues are discussed in detail in <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a>'s biography </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Anthony Bevins, 'How Supermac Was "Hounded Out of Office" by Band of 20 Opponents', The Observer (1 January 1995), p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge64.shtml">"News: 15 October 1964"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223064907/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/background/pastelec/ge64.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=News%3A+15+October+1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Fpolitics97%2Fbackground%2Fpastelec%2Fge64.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_242-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1986" class="citation cs2">Fletcher, Martin (31 December 1986), "'World pays tribute to Stockton – Death of former Conservative premier", The Times</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=%27World+pays+tribute+to+Stockton+%E2%80%93+Death+of+former+Conservative+premier&rft.date=1986-12-31&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010587-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010587_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 587. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Richard Vinen: Thatcher's Britain. The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s. (Simon & Schuster, London 2009), p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1987353-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1987353_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoward1987">Howard 1987</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010266-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010266_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010605-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010605_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 605. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> 'The Wit and Wisdom Inside No 10', Daily Express (27 March 2008), p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette46872" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46872/page/5299">"No. 46872"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 9 September 1976. p. 5299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+46872&rft.pages=5299&rft.date=1976-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F46872%2Fpage%2F5299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982359–360-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982359–360_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982359–360_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, pp. 359–360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982355-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982355_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539451.stm">"1975: Tories choose first woman leader"</a>. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 11 February 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307132235/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539451.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1975%3A+Tories+choose+first+woman+leader&rft.date=1975-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F11%2Fnewsid_2539000%2F2539451.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/4/newsid_2503000/2503195.stm">"1979: Election victory for Margaret Thatcher"</a>. BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 4 May 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219230053/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/4/newsid_2503000/2503195.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1979%3A+Election+victory+for+Margaret+Thatcher&rft.date=1979-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F4%2Fnewsid_2503000%2F2503195.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982362-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982362_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-vinen2009-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vinen2009_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vinen2009_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinen2009" class="citation book cs1">Vinen, Richard (2009). Thatcher's Britain : the Politics and Social Upheaval of the Thatcher Era. London: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847371751" title="Special:BookSources/9781847371751"><bdi>9781847371751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thatcher%27s+Britain+%3A+the+Politics+and+Social+Upheaval+of+the+Thatcher+Era&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781847371751&rft.aulast=Vinen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple1984" class="citation news cs1">Apple, R. W. Jr. (14 November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/14/world/macmillan-at-90-rouses-the-lords.html">"Macmillan, at 90, Rouses the Lords"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210123907/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/14/world/macmillan-at-90-rouses-the-lords.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Macmillan%2C+at+90%2C+Rouses+the+Lords&rft.date=1984-11-14&rft.aulast=Apple&rft.aufirst=R.+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F11%2F14%2Fworld%2Fmacmillan-at-90-rouses-the-lords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010663-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010663_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 663. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2013679–680-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2013679–680_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2013">Moore 2013</a>, pp. 679–680. </li> <li id="cite_note-thatcher1993-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thatcher1993_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thatcher1993_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1993" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Margaret (1993). The Downing Street Years. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002550490" title="Special:BookSources/0002550490"><bdi>0002550490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Downing+Street+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0002550490&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette49660" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49660/page/2951">"No. 49660"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.news.yahoo.com/video/macmillan-eisenhower-084053231.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uk.news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Macmillan+%26+Eisenhower+%E2%80%93+British+Path%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.news.yahoo.com%2Fvideo%2Fmacmillan-eisenhower-084053231.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist/RTV/1961/06/08/BGY504080055/">"Getty Images"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Itnsource.com&rft.atitle=Getty+Images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnsource.com%2Fshotlist%2FRTV%2F1961%2F06%2F08%2FBGY504080055%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010619-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010619_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, p. 619. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982369-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982369_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982369_284-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982364-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982364_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982365-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982365_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 365. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1982367-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1982367_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1982">Fisher 1982</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> John Vincent, "Macmillan, Harold" in Fred M. Leventhal, ed., Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia (Garland, 1995) p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorne1989214-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorne1989214_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorne1989">Horne 1989</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010292-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2010292_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2010">Campbell 2010</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010614–17-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe2010614–17_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe2010">Thorpe 2010</a>, pp. 614–17. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Cited texts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_J._Ashton" title="Nigel J. Ashton">Ashton, Nigel J</a> (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/740/1/Anglo-American_Relations1957-63.pdf">"Harold Macmillan and the "Golden Days" of Anglo-American Relations Revisited, 1957–63"</a> (PDF). Diplomatic History. 29 (4): 691–723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00511.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00511.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Harold+Macmillan+and+the+%22Golden+Days%22+of+Anglo-American+Relations+Revisited%2C+1957%E2%80%9363&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=691-723&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00511.x&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Nigel+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F740%2F1%2FAnglo-American_Relations1957-63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Beckett" title="Francis Beckett">Beckett, Francis</a> (2006). Macmillan. London: Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904950-66-0"><bdi>978-1-904950-66-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904950-66-0&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2003" class="citation book cs1">Busch, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allwaywithjfkbri0000busc/mode/2up">All the Way with JFK? Britain, the US, and the Vietnam War</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199256396" title="Special:BookSources/9780199256396"><bdi>9780199256396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Way+with+JFK%3F+Britain%2C+the+US%2C+and+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780199256396&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallwaywithjfkbri0000busc%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pistolsatdawntwo0000camp">Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown</a>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-95091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-95091-0"><bdi>978-1-845-95091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pistols+at+Dawn%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+Political+Rivalry+from+Pitt+and+Fox+to+Blair+and+Brown&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-845-95091-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpistolsatdawntwo0000camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> (contains an essay on Macmillan and Butler)</li> <li>Dell, Edmund. The Chancellors: A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (HarperCollins, 1997) pp. 207–222, covers his term as Chancellor.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Fisher" title="Nigel Fisher">Fisher, Nigel</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haroldmacmillanb00fish">Harold Macmillan</a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77914-8"><bdi>978-0-297-77914-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Macmillan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-297-77914-8&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharoldmacmillanb00fish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodladPearce2013" class="citation book cs1">Goodlad, Graham; Pearce, Robert (2013). British Prime Ministers From Balfour to Brown. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415669832" title="Special:BookSources/9780415669832"><bdi>9780415669832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Prime+Ministers+From+Balfour+to+Brown&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415669832&rft.aulast=Goodlad&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, Alistair</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haroldmacmillan01horn/page/n5/mode/2up">Macmillan Volume I: 1894–1956</a> (original ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27691-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27691-4"><bdi>978-0-333-27691-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Volume+I%3A+1894%E2%80%931956&rft.place=London&rft.edition=original&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27691-4&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharoldmacmillan01horn%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, Alistair</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haroldmacmillanv00sira">Macmillan Volume II: 1957–1986</a> (Original ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-49621-3"><bdi>978-0-333-49621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Volume+II%3A+1957%E2%80%931986&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Original&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-333-49621-3&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharoldmacmillanv00sira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, Alistair</a> (2008) [1988-9]. Macmillan: The Official Biography (Twentieth anniversary ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-71083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-71083-2"><bdi>978-0-230-71083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan%3A+The+Official+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Twentieth+anniversary&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-71083-2&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Howard_(journalist)" title="Anthony Howard (journalist)">Howard, Anthony</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rablifeofrabutle0000howa">RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler</a>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01862-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-01862-3"><bdi>978-0-224-01862-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RAB%3A+The+Life+of+R.+A.+Butler&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-224-01862-3&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frablifeofrabutle0000howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1995" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macmillanyears190000lamb">The Macmillan Years 1957–63: The Emerging Truth</a>. London: Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-719-55392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-719-55392-9"><bdi>978-0-719-55392-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macmillan+Years+1957%E2%80%9363%3A+The+Emerging+Truth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-719-55392-9&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacmillanyears190000lamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1997" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, Roger (1997) [1996]. Government Versus the Market: Growth of the Public Sector, Economic Management and British Economic Performance, 1890–1979 (New ed.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85898-371-4"><bdi>978-1-85898-371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Versus+the+Market%3A+Growth+of+the+Public+Sector%2C+Economic+Management+and+British+Economic+Performance%2C+1890%E2%80%931979&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85898-371-4&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Moore (journalist)">Moore, Charles</a> (2013). Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher%3A+From+Grantham+to+the+Falklands&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbrook2005" class="citation book cs1">Sandbrook, Dominic (2005). Never Had It So Good. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11530-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11530-6"><bdi>978-0-349-11530-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Had+It+So+Good&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11530-6&rft.aulast=Sandbrook&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubritzy1999" class="citation book cs1">Subritzy, John (1999). "Macmillan and East of Suez: the Case of Malaysia". In Lee, Richard (ed.). Macmillan: Aspects of a Political Life. London: Macmillan. pp. 177–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230376892" title="Special:BookSources/9780230376892"><bdi>9780230376892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macmillan+and+East+of+Suez%3A+the+Case+of+Malaysia&rft.btitle=Macmillan%3A+Aspects+of+a+Political+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=177-194&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780230376892&rft.aulast=Subritzy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._R._Thorpe" title="D. R. Thorpe">Thorpe, D.R.</a> (2010). Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan (Kindle ed.). London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-844-13541-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-844-13541-7"><bdi>978-1-844-13541-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supermac%3A+The+Life+of+Harold+Macmillan&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-844-13541-7&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Record" title="Theatre Record">Theatre Record</a> (1997 for <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Whitemore" title="Hugh Whitemore">Hugh Whitemore</a>'s A Letter of Resignation; 2008 for <a href="/wiki/Howard_Brenton" title="Howard Brenton">Howard Brenton</a>'s Never So Good)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams,_Baron_Williams_of_Elvel" title="Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel">Williams, Charles</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/haroldmacmillan0000will">Harold Macmillan</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-753-82702-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-753-82702-4"><bdi>978-0-753-82702-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Macmillan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-753-82702-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharoldmacmillan0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1999" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Oliver (1999). "Macmillan: A View from the Foreign Office". In Lee, Richard (ed.). Macmillan: Aspects of a Political Life. London: Macmillan. pp. 6–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230376892" title="Special:BookSources/9780230376892"><bdi>9780230376892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macmillan%3A+A+View+from+the+Foreign+Office&rft.btitle=Macmillan%3A+Aspects+of+a+Political+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6-15&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780230376892&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aldous, Richard, and Sabine Lee, eds. Harold Macmillan and Britain's world role (Springer, 2016).</li> <li>Ball, Simon. The Guardsmen: Harold Macmillan, Three Friends and the World They Made (Harper Perennial, London 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653163-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-653163-0">978-0-00-653163-0</a></li> <li>Betts, Lewis David. "Harold Macmillan and appeasement: implications for the future study of Macmillan as a foreign policy actor." Contemporary British History 32.2 (2018): 169–189.</li> <li>Butler, Larry, and Sarah Stockwell, eds. The Wind of Change: Harold Macmillan and British Decolonization (Springer, 2013).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport-Hines,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Davenport-Hines, Richard">Davenport-Hines, Richard</a>. An English Affair: Sex, Class and Power in the Age of Profumo HarperCollins, London 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743585-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-743585-2">978-0-00-743585-2</a></li> <li>Edmonds, Anthony O. and E. Bruce Geelhoed, Eisenhower, Macmillan and Allied Unity 1957–61, Basingstoke, UK: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>,2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-64227-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-64227-9">0-333-64227-9</a>.</li> <li>Evans, Brendan. "The oratory of Harold Macmillan", in Conservative Orators from Baldwin to Cameron (Manchester University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Grant, Matthew. "Historians, the Penguin Specials and the 'State-of-the-Nation' Literature, 1958–64." Contemporary British History (2003) 17#3 pp29–54, focus on decline of Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennessy,_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hennessy, Peter">Hennessy, Peter</a>. Having It So Good: Britain In The Fifties, Penguin Books, London 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100409-9">978-0-14-100409-9</a>.</li> <li>Hodge, Alan. "The Macmillan Years", History Today (December 1963), 13#12 pp. 848–851, covers 1931 to 1963.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emrys_Hughes" title="Emrys Hughes">Hughes, Emrys</a>. Macmillan: Portrait of a Politician, <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>, 1962. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-923013-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-923013-2">978-0-04-923013-2</a></li> <li>Hutchinson, George. The Last Edwardian at No.10: An Impression of Harold Macmillan, Quartet Books, London 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2232-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2232-5">978-0-7043-2232-5</a>.</li> <li>James, Elizabeth. Macmillan A Publishing Tradition, London, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73517-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73517-X">0-333-73517-X</a></li> <li>Merk, Dorothea, and Rüdiger Ahrens. "'Suspicious Federal Chancellor' Versus 'Weak Prime Minister': Konrad Adenauer and Harold Macmillan in the British and West German Quality Press during the Berlin Crisis (1958 to 1962). A Critical Discourse Analysis", in Europe in Discourse: Identity, Diversity, Borders (2016) pp. 101–116 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/57454089/EID-Conference-1-Proceedings.pdf#page=102">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Ovendale, Ritchie. "Macmillan and the wind of change in Africa, 1957–1960", Historical Journal (1995) 38#2, pp. 455–477.</li> <li>Rooke, Patrick J. The Wind of Change in Africa (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/windofchangeinaf0000rook">online</a></li> <li>Sampson, Anthony. Macmillan: A Study in Ambiguity (A&C Black, 2012).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sandford_(biographer)" title="Christopher Sandford (biographer)">Sandford, Christopher</a>. Harold and Jack: The Remarkable Friendship of Prime Minister Macmillan and President Kennedy (Prometheus Books, 2014)</li> <li>Tolstoy, Nikolai. <a href="/wiki/The_Minister_and_the_Massacres" title="The Minister and the Massacres">The Minister and the Massacres</a> (London, 1986), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-164010-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-164010-5">0-09-164010-5</a></li> <li>Torreggiani, Valerio. "The Making of Harold Macmillan's Third Way in Interwar Britain (1924–1935)", in New Political Ideas in the Aftermath of the Great War (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017) pp. 67–85.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1994" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John (1994). Macmillan (Profiles In Power). London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-55386-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-55386-6"><bdi>978-0-582-55386-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macmillan+%28Profiles+In+Power%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-582-55386-6&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049827/Harold-Macmillan">Britannica Online about Harold Macmillan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Macmillan, Harold. The Macmillan Diaries: vol II, Prime Minister and after 1957–1966 (Pan, 2011).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harold_Macmillan" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Macmillian,+Harold">Annotated Bibliography for Harold Macmillan from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100804031104/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FMacmillian%2C+Harold">Archived</a> 4 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-harold-macmillan">contributions in Parliament by Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_2547000/2547307.stm">BBC Harold Macmillan obituary</a></li> <li>President of the friends of Roquetaillade association <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.roquetaillade.eu">[2]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=20586">8 June 1958 speech on "Interdependence" at DePauw University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515190448/http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page131.asp">More about Harold Macmillan</a> on the Downing Street website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/news/?id=27045">1968 – Britain's Harold Macmillan Makes Return Visit to DePauw, Calls for New Rapprochement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115161545/http://www.depauw.edu/news/?id=27045">Archived</a> 15 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rootsandleaves.com/">RootsAndLeaves.com</a>, Cavendish family genealogy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/projects/suez/suez.html">Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05788">Portraits of Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128985#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F256837">"Archival material relating to Harold Macmillan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Harold+Macmillan&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF256837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Macmillan" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128985#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011827">Newspaper clippings about Harold Macmillan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Strother_Stewart" title="Robert Strother Stewart">Robert Strother Stewart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton-on-Tees</a> <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a>–<a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fox_Riley" title="Frederick Fox Riley">Frederick Fox Riley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fox_Riley" title="Frederick Fox Riley">Frederick Fox Riley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton-on-Tees</a> <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a>–<a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Chetwynd" title="George Chetwynd">George Chetwynd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Campbell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Campbell, 1st Baronet">Sir Edward Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Bromley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bromley</a> <a href="/wiki/1945_Bromley_by-election" title="1945 Bromley by-election">1945</a>–<a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_(British_politician,_born_1929)" title="John Hunt (British politician, born 1929)">John Hunt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Jestyn_Llewellin,_1st_Baron_Llewellin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jestyn Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin">John Llewellin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply</a> 1940–1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal" title="Wyndham Portal, 1st Viscount Portal">The Viscount Portal</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Hall,_1st_Viscount_Hall" title="George Hall, 1st Viscount Hall">George Hall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> 1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cavendish,_10th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Archibald_Sinclair" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Archibald Sinclair">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a> 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Wedgwood_Benn,_1st_Viscount_Stansgate" title="William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate">The Viscount Stansgate</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Local_Government_and_Planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Local Government and Planning">Minister of Local Government and Planning</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Housing and Local Government">Minister of Housing and Local Government</a> 1951–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">The Earl Alexander of Tunis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Minister of Defence</a> 1954–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> 1955 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> 1955–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> 1957–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alec Douglas-Home">Sir Alec Douglas-Home</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Eden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the British Conservative Party</a> 1957–1963 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Alec_Douglas-Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Alec Douglas-Home">Sir Alec Douglas-Home</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_Resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister Resident">Minister Resident</a> in Northwest Africa 1942–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Balfour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Balfour">Harold Balfour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">The Earl of Halifax</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Oxford">Chancellor of the University of Oxford</a> 1960–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New creation </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earl of Stockton</a> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Macmillan_of_Ovenden" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden">Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden</a> 1984–1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macmillan,_2nd_Earl_of_Stockton" title="Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton">Alexander Macmillan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harold_Macmillan,_1st_Earl_of_Stockton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harold_Macmillan" title="Template:Harold Macmillan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harold_Macmillan" title="Template talk:Harold Macmillan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harold_Macmillan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harold Macmillan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harold_Macmillan,_1st_Earl_of_Stockton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bromley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bromley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_MacMillan" title="Daniel MacMillan">Daniel MacMillan</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Dorothy_Macmillan" title="Lady Dorothy Macmillan">Lady Dorothy Macmillan</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Macmillan" title="Maurice Macmillan">Maurice Macmillan</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Faber" title="Lady Caroline Faber">Lady Caroline Faber</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Amery" title="Julian Amery">Julian Amery</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cavendish,_10th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire">Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_Bromley_by-election" title="1945 Bromley by-election">1945 Bromley by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_government,_1957%E2%80%931964" title="Conservative government, 1957–1964">Macmillan government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement">US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959 United Kingdom general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">Wind of Change speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1962)" title="Night of the Long Knives (1962)">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeching_cuts#The_Beeching_reports" title="Beeching cuts">Beeching reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassall_Tribunal" title="Vassall Tribunal">Vassall affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supermac_(cartoon)" title="Supermac (cartoon)">Supermac</a> (1958 cartoon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_So_Good" title="Never So Good">Never So Good</a> (play, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(season_2)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown (season 2)">The Crown</a> (TV, 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Grove" title="Birch Grove">Birch Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Middle_Way_(book)" title="The Middle Way (book)">The Middle Way</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_University_of_Oxford_Chancellor_election" title="1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election">1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1963 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">1963 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earl of Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Horsted_Keynes" title="St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes">St Giles' Church, Horsted Keynes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harold_Macmillan_navigational_boxes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Harold_Macmillan_navigational_boxes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Harold Macmillan navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_England" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italic: Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_Secretary" title="Template talk:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_Secretary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign Secretary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Defence_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secretaries_of_State_for_Defence" title="Template:Secretaries of State for Defence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secretaries_of_State_for_Defence" title="Template talk:Secretaries of State for Defence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries_of_State_for_Defence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries of State for Defence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Defence_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Defence secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Co-ordination_of_Defence" title="Minister for Co-ordination of Defence">Ministers for co-ordination of defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip,_1st_Viscount_Caldecote" title="Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote">Sir Thomas Inskip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield,_1st_Baron_Chatfield" title="Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield">Lord Chatfield</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministers for defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">A. V. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Shinwell" title="Manny Shinwell">Manny Shinwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Selwyn Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Sir Walter Monckton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Head,_1st_Viscount_Head" title="Antony Head, 1st Viscount Head">Anthony Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Watkinson" title="Harold Watkinson">Harold Watkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretaries of state for defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Peter Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Denis Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gilmour,_Baron_Gilmour_of_Craigmillar" title="Ian Gilmour, Baron Gilmour of Craigmillar">Ian Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Roy Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mulley" title="Fred Mulley">Fred Mulley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Francis Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nott" title="John Nott">John Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_4th_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie">George Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_King,_Baron_King_of_Bridgwater" title="Tom King, Baron King of Bridgwater">Tom King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Malcolm Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Michael Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson_of_Port_Ellen" title="George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen">George Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Geoff Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">John Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Browne" title="Des Browne">Des Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness" title="John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness">John Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ainsworth" title="Bob Ainsworth">Bob Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Philip Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fallon" title="Michael Fallon">Michael Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Williamson" title="Gavin Williamson">Gavin Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Penny Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ben Wallace (politician)">Ben Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Grant Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Healey" title="John Healey">John Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li>vacant (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leaders (1922–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairmen (1911–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Sir_Winston_Churchill_(1951–1955)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Third_Churchill_Ministry" title="Template:Third Churchill Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Third_Churchill_Ministry" title="Template talk:Third Churchill Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Third_Churchill_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Third Churchill Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Sir_Winston_Churchill_(1951–1955)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> (1951–1955)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="19" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Winston Churchill"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/100px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/150px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/200px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="3407" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Simonds,_1st_Viscount_Simonds" title="Gavin Simonds, 1st Viscount Simonds">The Lord Simonds</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">The Viscount Kilmuir</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">The Lord Woolton</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a> (1952–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a> (1952–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Sir Anthony Eden</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Welsh Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Sir David Maxwell Fyfe</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Gwilym Lloyd George</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Derick Heathcoat-Armory</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd,_1st_Viscount_Boyd_of_Merton" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Coordination_of_Transport,_Fuel_and_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power">Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Leathers,_1st_Viscount_Leathers" title="Frederick Leathers, 1st Viscount Leathers">The Lord Leathers</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)">Minister of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1951–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">The Earl Alexander of Tunis</a> (1952–1954)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Macmillan</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Minister of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Horsbrugh,_Baroness_Horsbrugh" title="Florence Horsbrugh, Baroness Horsbrugh">Florence Horsbrugh</a> (1951–1954; in cabinet 1953–1954 only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Sir David Eccles</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Harry Crookshank</a> (1951–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing and Local Government">Ministry of Housing and Local Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Macmillan</a> (1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Sandys" title="Duncan Sandys">Duncan Sandys</a> (1954–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and National Service">Minister of Labour and National Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Monckton" title="Walter Monckton">Sir Walter Monckton</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">The Lord Woolton</a> (1952–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Materials" title="Minister of Materials">Minister of Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">The Lord Woolton</a> (1953–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_General" title="Paymaster General">Paymaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">The Lord Cherwell</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_1st_Viscount_Stuart_of_Findhorn" title="James Stuart, 1st Viscount Stuart of Findhorn">James Stuart</a> (1951–1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caretaker_Cabinet_of_Winston_Churchill_(May–July_1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Macmillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Grigg" title="James Grigg">Sir James Grigg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1224–1400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1224–1400</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cole_(chancellor)" title="Ralph Cole (chancellor)">Ralph Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Maidstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph de Maidstone">Ralph de Maidstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Batchden" title="Richard Batchden">Richard Batchden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cole_(chancellor)" title="Ralph Cole (chancellor)">Ralph Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Bovill" title="Simon de Bovill">Simon de Bovill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Rygater" title="John de Rygater">John de Rygater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Chichester" title="Richard of Chichester">Richard of Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Heyham" title="Ralph de Heyham">Ralph de Heyham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Bovill" title="Simon de Bovill">Simon de Bovill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Biham" title="Gilbert de Biham">Gilbert de Biham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Sempringham" title="Ralph de Sempringham">Ralph de Sempringham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Lodelawe" title="William de Lodelawe">William de Lodelawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_S._Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de S. Agatha">Richard de S. Agatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantilupe" title="Thomas de Cantilupe">Thomas de Cantilupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Cicestre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Cicestre">Henry de Cicestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Ewelme" title="Nicholas de Ewelme">Nicholas de Ewelme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bek_(Bishop_of_St_David%27s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bek (Bishop of St David's)">Thomas Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bosco" title="William de Bosco">William de Bosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_de_Normanville" title="Eustace de Normanville">Eustace de Normanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Pontissara" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Pontissara">John de Pontissara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Stanton" title="Henry de Stanton">Henry de Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Montfort" title="William de Montfort">William de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Rowell" title="Roger de Rowell">Roger de Rowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pikerell" title="William Pikerell">William Pikerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Saham" title="Hervey de Saham">Hervey de Saham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Kingescote" title="William de Kingescote">William de Kingescote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Ludlow" title="John de Ludlow">John de Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Monmouth_(bishop)" title="John of Monmouth (bishop)">John of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Ghent" title="Simon of Ghent">Simon of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Swayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Swayne">Henry Swayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Martival" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Martival">Roger de Martival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Medburn" title="Peter de Medburn">Peter de Medburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Weseham" title="Roger Weseham">Roger Weseham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clyve" title="Richard de Clyve">Richard de Clyve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_de_Cobeham" title="James de Cobeham">James de Cobeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Wetheringsete" title="Walter de Wetheringsete">Walter de Wetheringsete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Faversham" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Faversham">Simon de Faversham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burdun" title="Walter Burdun">Walter Burdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bosco" title="William de Bosco">William de Bosco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Maunsfeld" title="Henry de Maunsfeld">Henry de Maunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Maunsfeld" title="Henry de Maunsfeld">Henry de Maunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harclay" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Harclay">Henry Harclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Nottingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard de Nottingham">Richard de Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lutterell" title="John Lutterell">John Lutterell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gower" title="Henry Gower">Henry Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Alburwyke" title="William de Alburwyke">William de Alburwyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hotham" title="Thomas Hotham">Thomas Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Shrewsbury" title="Ralph of Shrewsbury">Ralph of Shrewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Streton" title="Roger de Streton">Roger de Streton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_de_Wavere" title="Nigel de Wavere">Nigel de Wavere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Radyn" title="Ralph Radyn">Ralph Radyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Willoughby" title="Hugh de Willoughby">Hugh de Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Robert de Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paynink" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Paynink">Robert Paynink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(Oxford)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Leech (Oxford)">John Leech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Skelton" title="William de Skelton">William de Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Scauren" title="Walter de Scauren">Walter de Scauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Bergeveney" title="William de Bergeveney">William de Bergeveney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Northwode" title="John de Northwode">John de Northwode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Hawkesworth" title="William de Hawkesworth">William de Hawkesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Palmorna" title="William de Palmorna">William de Palmorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Cherlton" title="Humphrey de Cherlton">Humphrey de Cherlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Charlton_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Charlton (chancellor)">Lewis Charlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Hotham" title="John de Hotham">John de Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Renham" title="John Renham">John Renham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Hotham" title="John de Hotham">John de Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzRalph" title="Richard FitzRalph">Richard FitzRalph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Aston" title="Nicholas de Aston">Nicholas de Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Renham" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Renham">John de Renham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Echingham" title="John de Echingham">John de Echingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Heytisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="William de Heytisbury">William de Heytisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Remmyngton" title="William de Remmyngton">William de Remmyngton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turke" title="John Turke">John Turke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Toneworth" title="Adam de Toneworth">Adam de Toneworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aylesham" title="Robert Aylesham">Robert Aylesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berton" title="William Berton">William Berton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hereford" title="Nicholas Hereford">Nicholas Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rugg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rugg">William Rugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brightwell" title="Thomas Brightwell">Thomas Brightwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranley" title="Thomas Cranley">Thomas Cranley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rygge" title="Robert Rygge">Robert Rygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Redruth" title="Ralph Redruth">Ralph Redruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prestbury" title="Thomas Prestbury">Thomas Prestbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Arlyngton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Arlyngton">Robert Arlyngton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyndeman" title="Thomas Hyndeman">Thomas Hyndeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Repyngdon" title="Philip Repyngdon">Philip Repyngdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyndeman" title="Thomas Hyndeman">Thomas Hyndeman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1400–1500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1400–1500</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Repyngdon" title="Philip Repyngdon">Philip Repyngdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallam" title="Robert Hallam">Robert Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ullerston" title="Richard Ullerston">Richard Ullerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clynt" title="William Clynt">William Clynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prestbury" title="Thomas Prestbury">Thomas Prestbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Courtenay" title="Richard Courtenay">Richard Courtenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulburge" title="William Sulburge">William Sulburge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Snetisham" title="Richard Snetisham">Richard Snetisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clare_(monk)" title="Thomas Clare (monk)">Thomas Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrow_(bishop)" title="William Barrow (bishop)">William Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clare_(monk)" title="Thomas Clare (monk)">Thomas Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Colman" title="Robert Colman">Robert Colman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rodborne" title="Thomas Rodborne">Thomas Rodborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Trengof" title="Walter Trengof">Walter Trengof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Castell" title="John Castell">John Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chase" title="Thomas Chase">Thomas Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kymer" title="Gilbert Kymer">Gilbert Kymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bourchier_(cardinal)" title="Thomas Bourchier (cardinal)">Thomas Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carpenter_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="John Carpenter (bishop of Worcester)">John Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Praty" title="Richard Praty">Richard Praty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(academic)" title="John Norton (academic)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roderham" title="Richard Roderham">Richard Roderham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_(bishop_of_Ely)" title="William Grey (bishop of Ely)">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gascoigne_(academic)" title="Thomas Gascoigne (academic)">Thomas Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sever" title="Henry Sever">Henry Sever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gascoigne_(academic)" title="Thomas Gascoigne (academic)">Thomas Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thwaits" title="Robert Thwaits">Robert Thwaits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kymer" title="Gilbert Kymer">Gilbert Kymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chaundler" title="Thomas Chaundler">Thomas Chaundler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Woodville" title="Lionel Woodville">Lionel Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_(bishop)" title="William Dudley (bishop)">William Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(bishop)" title="John Russell (bishop)">John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; white-space:normal; text-align:center;"><div id="1500_onwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1500 onwards</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth" title="William Smyth">William Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mayew" title="Richard Mayew">Richard Mayew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cox_(bishop)" title="Richard Cox (bishop)">Richard Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(diplomat)" title="John Mason (diplomat)">John Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fitzalan,_12th_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel">Henry Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mason_(diplomat)" title="John Mason (diplomat)">John Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bromley" title="Thomas Bromley">Thomas Bromley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hatton" title="Christopher Hatton">Christopher Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bancroft" title="Richard Bancroft">Richard Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset">William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seymour,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset">William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Sheldon" title="Gilbert Sheldon">Gilbert Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormond" title="James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond">James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran">Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fane,_7th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland">John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lee,_3rd_Earl_of_Lichfield" title="George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield">George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Frederick North, Lord North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten, Lord Patten of Barnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#002147; color:white;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:University_of_Oxford" title="Portal:University of Oxford">University of Oxford portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Profumo_affair" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Profumo_Affair" title="Template:Profumo Affair"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Profumo_Affair" title="Template talk:Profumo Affair"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Profumo_Affair" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Profumo Affair"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Profumo_affair" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Profumo_affair" title="Profumo affair">Profumo affair</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Profumo" title="John Profumo">John Profumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Keeler" title="Christine Keeler">Christine Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ward" title="Stephen Ward">Stephen Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Ivanov_(spy)" title="Yevgeny Ivanov (spy)">Yevgeny Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Edgecombe" title="Johnny Edgecombe">Johnny Edgecombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Gordon" title="Lucky Gordon">Lucky Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy_Rice-Davies" title="Mandy Rice-Davies">Mandy Rice-Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariella_Novotny" title="Mariella Novotny">Mariella Novotny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rachman" title="Peter Rachman">Peter Rachman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Astor,_3rd_Viscount_Astor" title="William Astor, 3rd Viscount Astor">William, Lord Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Denning,_Baron_Denning" title="Tom Denning, Baron Denning">Tom, Lord Denning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burge" title="James Burge">James Burge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christine_Keeler_Story" title="The Christine Keeler Story">The Christine Keeler Story</a> (1963 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal_(1989_film)" title="Scandal (1989 film)">Scandal</a> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ward_(musical)" title="Stephen Ward (musical)">Stephen Ward</a> (2013 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Christine_Keeler" title="The Trial of Christine Keeler">The Trial of Christine Keeler</a> (2019 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_season_2" title="The Crown season 2">The Crown season 2</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Well_he_would,_wouldn%27t_he%3F" title="Well he would, wouldn't he?">Well he would, wouldn't he?</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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[\"CITEREFHorne1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Major1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawton1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeitch1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLord_Hailsham_Of_St_Marylebone1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicklitz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddleton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnslow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParris1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimlott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandbrook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpicker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubritzy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThatcher1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n 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