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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Americas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asia and the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia and the Pacific subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists_of_metropolitan_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_metropolitan_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lists of metropolitan areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_planning_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_planning_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Metropolitan planning theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_planning_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan area</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolregion" title="Metropolregion – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Metropolregion" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgr%C4%ABce" title="Burgrīce – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Burgrīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="مدينة كبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة كبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria_metropolitana" title="Aria metropolitana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aria metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_metropolitana" title="Área metropolitana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Área metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqlomerasiya_regionu" title="Aqlomerasiya regionu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aqlomerasiya regionu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawengkon_m%C3%A9tropolitan" title="Wawengkon métropolitan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wawengkon métropolitan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মহানগর এলাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহানগর এলাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CD%98-h%C5%8De-khu" title="To͘-hōe-khu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="To͘-hōe-khu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="महानगरीय क्षेत्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महानगरीय क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadakulaan_na_rona" title="Kadakulaan na rona – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kadakulaan na rona" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Метрополен регион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метрополен регион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ཆེན་པོར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ཆེན་པོར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitansko_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Metropolitansko područje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metropolitansko područje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolead_k%C3%AAr" title="Tolead kêr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tolead kêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_metropolitana" title="Àrea metropolitana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrea metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitn%C3%AD_oblast" title="Metropolitní oblast – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metropolitní oblast" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storbyomr%C3%A5de" title="Storbyområde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storbyområde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolregion" title="Metropolregion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metropolregion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurlinnapiirkond" title="Suurlinnapiirkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurlinnapiirkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Μητροπολιτική περιοχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μητροπολιτική περιοχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_metropolitana" title="Área metropolitana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Área metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolaj_regionoj" title="Metropolaj regionoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metropolaj regionoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropoli-eremu" title="Metropoli-eremu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metropoli-eremu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="منطقه کلان‌شهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه کلان‌شهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire_urbaine" title="Aire urbaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aire urbaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard_moirvaljagh" title="Ard moirvaljagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ard moirvaljagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rea_metropolitana" title="Área metropolitana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Área metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EA%B6%8C" title="도시권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도시권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="महानगरीय क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महानगरीय क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitansko_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Metropolitansko područje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metropolitansko područje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolala_regiono" title="Metropolala regiono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metropolala regiono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_metropolitan" title="Area metropolitan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Area metropolitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rborgarsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stórborgarsvæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórborgarsvæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_metropolitana" title="Area metropolitana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Area metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מטרופולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטרופולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielpils%C4%93tas_teritorija" title="Lielpilsētas teritorija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielpilsētas teritorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_metrupulitana" title="Area metrupulitana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Area metrupulitana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Метрополитенска област – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метрополитенска област" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="مدينه كبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه كبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasan_metropolitan" title="Kawasan metropolitan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kawasan metropolitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropoolregio" title="Metropoolregio – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metropoolregio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropool" title="Metropool – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Metropool" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="महानगरीय क्षेत्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महानगरीय क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%8F" title="都市圏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byregion" title="Byregion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Byregion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byregion" title="Byregion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Byregion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obszar_metropolitalny" title="Obszar metropolitalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obszar metropolitalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_metropolitana" title="Região metropolitana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Região metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon%C4%83_metropolitan%C4%83" title="Zonă metropolitană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zonă metropolitană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Метрополитенский ареал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метрополитенский ареал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_metropolitana" title="Area metropolitana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Area metropolitana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Metropolitan area" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metropolitan area" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitn%C3%A1_oblas%C5%A5" title="Metropolitná oblasť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metropolitná oblasť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitansko_obmo%C4%8Dje" title="Metropolitansko območje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metropolitansko območje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaalo_weyn" title="Magaalo weyn – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Magaalo weyn" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ناوچەی گەورە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوچەی گەورە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitansko_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Metropolitansko područje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Metropolitansko područje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitansko_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Metropolitansko područje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metropolitansko područje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolialue" title="Metropolialue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metropolialue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storstadsomr%C3%A5de" title="Storstadsområde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storstadsområde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakhang_pook" title="Kalakhang pook – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalakhang pook" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பெருநகர் பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருநகர் பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="మెట్రోపాలిటన్ ప్రాంతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెట్రోపాలిటన్ ప్రాంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="เขตมหานคร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขตมหานคร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropoliten_alan" title="Metropoliten alan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metropoliten alan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Метрополійна територія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метрополійна територія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81" title="میٹروپولیٹن علاقہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میٹروپولیٹن علاقہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9ng_%C4%91%C3%B4_th%E1%BB%8B" title="Vùng đô thị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vùng đô thị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%88" title="都市圈 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="都市圈" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%97" title="מעטראפאליטען שטח – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעטראפאליטען שטח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%80" title="都會區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="都會區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraceyo_metropoliten" title="Baraceyo metropoliten – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Baraceyo metropoliten" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%88" title="都市圈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="都市圈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1907114#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Administrative unit of a dense urban core and its satellite cities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Metro area" redirects here. For the dance music duo, see <a href="/wiki/Metro_Area" title="Metro Area">Metro Area</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similar concepts, see <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Metropolitan_area" title="Special:EditPage/Metropolitan area">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Metropolitan+area%22">"Metropolitan area"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Metropolitan+area%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Metropolitan+area%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Metropolitan+area%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Metropolitan+area%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Metropolitan+area%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City,_Southern_RI_and_CT,_illuminated_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/New_York_City%2C_Southern_RI_and_CT%2C_illuminated_at_night.jpg/330px-New_York_City%2C_Southern_RI_and_CT%2C_illuminated_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/New_York_City%2C_Southern_RI_and_CT%2C_illuminated_at_night.jpg/495px-New_York_City%2C_Southern_RI_and_CT%2C_illuminated_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/New_York_City%2C_Southern_RI_and_CT%2C_illuminated_at_night.jpg/660px-New_York_City%2C_Southern_RI_and_CT%2C_illuminated_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite image</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>, the largest metropolitan area in the United States and one of the largest in the world, with <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> at the center of the densest part of the image</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoja-especial-50-Madrid_y_su_entorno-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hoja-especial-50-Madrid_y_su_entorno-2012.jpg/330px-Hoja-especial-50-Madrid_y_su_entorno-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hoja-especial-50-Madrid_y_su_entorno-2012.jpg/495px-Hoja-especial-50-Madrid_y_su_entorno-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hoja-especial-50-Madrid_y_su_entorno-2012.jpg/660px-Hoja-especial-50-Madrid_y_su_entorno-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12640" data-file-height="10000" /></a><figcaption>A metropolitan area usually includes a main city and a series of smaller satellite cities as can be seen in this map of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>'s metropolitan area (click on the map to enlarge it).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_icon_(Noun_Project).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/City_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/64px-City_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/City_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/96px-City_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/City_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/128px-City_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_hierarchy" title="Settlement hierarchy">Settlement hierarchy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_densest_neighborhoods" title="List of densest neighborhoods">Densest neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">Densest cities proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population_density" title="List of metropolitan areas by population density">Densest metro areas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_city_population_sidebar" title="Template:World city population sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_city_population_sidebar" title="Template talk:World city population sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_city_population_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World city population sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>metropolitan area</b> or <b>metro</b> is a region consisting of a densely populated <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban agglomeration</a> and its surrounding territories which share <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">commercial areas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport infrastructure">transport network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Housing" title="Housing">housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A metropolitan area usually comprises multiple <a href="/wiki/Principal_city" title="Principal city">principal cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">neighborhoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">townships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">boroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">exurbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a>, <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">districts</a> and even <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> in areas like the <a href="/wiki/Eurodistrict" title="Eurodistrict">eurodistricts</a>. As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metropolitan areas in the United States are delineated around the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Area">core</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Core_based_statistical_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Core based statistical area">core based statistical area</a> which is defined as an <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a>, (this is different than the <a href="/wiki/Urban_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban core">urban core</a>) and consists of central and outlying counties, as the terms <a href="/wiki/Central_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Central city">central city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> are no longer used by the census bureau due to suburbanization of employment.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other countries metropolitan areas are sometimes anchored by one <a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">central city</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris metropolitan area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>). In other cases, metropolitan areas contain multiple centers of equal or close to equal importance, especially in the United States; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area</a> has eight principal cities. The <a href="/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area" title="Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area">Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area</a> in Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> in Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> in The Netherlands are other examples.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">metropolitan statistical areas</a> has gained prominence. The area of the Greater <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a> is an example of statistically grouping independent cities and county areas from various states to form a larger city because of proximity, history and recent <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> convergence. Metropolitan areas may themselves be part of a greater <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">megalopolis</a>. For urban centres located outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction at a smaller scale for a region, the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Regiopolis" title="Regiopolis">regiopolis</a> and a respective regiopolitan area, or regio, was introduced by German professors in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the term <a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area" title="Micropolitan statistical area">micropolitan statistical area</a> is used. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A metropolitan area combines an <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> with the contiguous built-up areas, which are not necessarily urban in character but are closely bound to the center by employment or other commerce. These outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt and may extend well beyond the urban zone to other political entities. For example, <a href="/wiki/East_Hampton,_New_York" title="East Hampton, New York">East Hampton, New York</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>. </p><p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">United Nations Human Settlements Programme</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> have agreed on a common methodological framework for delimitation of urban and rural areas, which contains a definition of metropolitan areas called the <a href="/wiki/Functional_urban_area" title="Functional urban area">Functional urban area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is defined as a city and its commuting zone, which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Sometimes they are little different from an urban area, and in other cases, they cover broad regions that have little relation to a single urban settlement; comparative statistics for metropolitan areas should take this into account. The term metropolitan can also refer to a <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Municipal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government">municipal government</a> structure, with some shared services between a central city and its suburbs, which may or may not include the entirety of a metropolitan area. Population figures given for one metro area can vary by millions. </p><p>There has been no significant change in the basic concept of metropolitan areas since its adoption in 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although significant changes in geographic distributions have occurred since then, and more are expected.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the fluidity of the term "metropolitan statistical area", the term used colloquially is more often "metro service area", "metro area", or "MSA", taken to include not only a city but also the surrounding suburban, exurban and sometimes rural areas, all of which the city is presumed to influence. A <b>polycentric metropolitan area</b> contains multiple urban agglomerations not connected by continuous development. In defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus with which other areas have a high degree of integration. </p><p>A metropolitan area is commonly known and characterized by a high concentration in <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a> labor and enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a> views metropolitan areas as <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> regions of economic significance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since, presently, urban data are based on arbitrary definitions that vary from country to country and from year or census to the next, making them difficult to compare, an Urban Metric System (UMS) has been conceived that could correct the problem,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since it allows computing the urban area limits and central points, and it can be applied in the same way to all past, present and future population and job distributions. It is based on vector field calculations obtained by assuming that, in a given space, all inhabitants and jobs exert the same attractive force <i>A</i> and repulsive force <i>R</i>. The net force (<i>A</i> - <i>R</i>) exerted by each inhabitant or job is given by [1/(1 + <i>d</i>)] - [1/( <i>β</i> + <i>d</i>/2)], where <i>d</i> = distance and <i>β</i> is the only parameter. UMS distinguishes the following types of urban areas, each type corresponding to a given value of <i>β</i>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Urban area </th> <th>Distance at which the attractive force = the repulsive force </th> <th>Value of <i>β</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <th>Central city </th> <th>10 km </th> <th>6 </th></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <th>Agglomeration </th> <th>20 km </th> <th>11 </th></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <th>Metropolis </th> <th>40 km </th> <th>21 </th></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th>Patropolis </th> <th>80 km </th> <th>41 </th></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <th>Megalopolis </th> <th>160 km </th> <th>81 </th></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <th>Urban system </th> <th>320 km </th> <th>161 </th></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <th>Urban macrosystem </th> <th>640 km </th> <th>321 </th></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <th>Continental system </th> <th>1,280 km </th> <th>641 </th></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <th>Intercontinental system </th> <th>2,560 km </th> <th>1,281 </th></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <th>World system </th> <th>5,120 km </th> <th>2,561 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>UMS has been applied to some Canadian cases since 2018, but the data presented in this article are still based on the various existing national definitions, which are disparate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area">Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area</a> is the fourth largest metropolitan area in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Its population was over 9.6 million as of the 2011 South Africa Census, in contrast to its urban area, which consisted of approximately 7.9 million inhabitants as of 2011. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality_(South_Africa)" title="Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)">metropolitan municipalities</a> in South Africa are defined as commonly governed areas of a metropolitan area. The largest such metropolitan municipal government entity in South Africa is the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Johannesburg_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality">City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality</a>, which presided over nearly 5 million people as of 2016. However, the Greater Johannesburg metropolitan area houses roughly ten times the population of its core municipal city of <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, which contained 957,441 people as of the 2011 census. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-67_City_lights_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ISS-67_City_lights_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/240px-ISS-67_City_lights_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ISS-67_City_lights_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/360px-ISS-67_City_lights_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ISS-67_City_lights_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg/480px-ISS-67_City_lights_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">Greater São Paulo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> seen at night from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">The following paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Brazil#Definitions" title="List of metropolitan areas in Brazil">List of metropolitan areas in Brazil § Definitions</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Brazil&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> In Brazil, the terms <i>metropolitan area</i> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>região metropolitana</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a></i> (<i>aglomeração urbana</i>) have specific meanings. They are defined by federal and state legislation as collections of <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipalities</a> focused on "integrating the organization, planning and execution of public functions of common interest".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <i>integrated development area</i> (<i>região integrada de desenvolvimento</i>) is one of the two above structures that crosses state (or <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a>) boundaries.</div></div> <p>The IBGE defines also "Immediate Geographic Areas" (formerly termed <a href="/wiki/Microregions_of_Brazil" title="Microregions of Brazil">microregions</a>) which capture the region "surrounding urban centers for the supply of immediate needs of the population".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intended for policy planning purposes, as of March 2021 census data is not tabulated on the level of these Areas, but instead at the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipality</a> or state level.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada</a></div> <p>In Canada, a <i>census metropolitan area</i> (CMA) or <i>census agglomeration</i> (CA) consists of one or more neighboring municipalities centered around a core population. A CMA requires a total population of at least 100,000, with 50,000 or more residing in the core, while a CA requires a core population of at least 10,000. Both are determined using data from Canada's Census of Population Program, and surrounding municipalities must demonstrate strong economic integration with the core, measured by commuting patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three metropolitan areas in Chile, the biggest and most important one is the Gran Santiago in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, with over 7 million inhabitants, making it the largest and most populated urban area in Chile. The other two metro areas are Gran Valparaiso in the Valparaiso Region with almost a million inhabitants, and Gran Concepción in the Bio Bio Region, with a population of about a million people living in it. Smaller "metropolitan" areas are known as conurbations. Conurbaciones tend to have a bit over 200.000 inhabitants to be considered as such. An example is the Conurbacion de Rancagua, which considers the area shared by the city of Rancagua, and the adjacent smaller towns of Machalí, Gultro and Graneros. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas of Mexico</a></div> <p>Metropolitan areas are known as <i>zonas metropolitanas</i> in Mexico. The National Population Council (CONAPO) defines them as:<sup id="cite_ref-conapo2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conapo2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a set of two or more municipalities where a city with a population of at least 100,000 is located, and whose urban area, functions and activities exceed the limits of the municipality.</li> <li>municipalities with a city of more than 500,000 inhabitants, or a city of more than 200,000 inhabitants located in the northern and southern border areas and in the coastal zone.</li> <li>municipalities where state capitals are located, if they are not already included in a metropolitan zone.</li></ul> <p>As of 2018, there are 74 <i>zonas metropolitanas</i> in Mexico. 75.1 million people, 62.8% of the country population, live within a metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-conapo2015_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conapo2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metropolitan statistical area</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP">List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP</a></div> <p>As of February 28, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB) defined 1,098 <a href="/wiki/Statistical_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical area">statistical areas</a> for the metropolitan areas of the United States and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OMB_13-01_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMB_13-01-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 1,098 statistical areas comprise 929 <a href="/wiki/Core-Based_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Core-Based Statistical Area">Core-Based Statistical Areas</a> (CBSAs) and 169 <a href="/wiki/Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Statistical Area">Combined Statistical Areas</a> (CSAs). The 929 Core-Based Statistical Areas are divided into 388 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Statistical Area">Metropolitan Statistical Areas</a> (MSAs – 381 for the U.S. and seven for Puerto Rico) and 541 <a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropolitan Statistical Area">Micropolitan Statistical Areas</a> (μSAs – 536 for the U.S. and five for Puerto Rico). The 169 Combined Statistical Areas (166 for the U.S. and three for Puerto Rico) each comprise two or more adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Office of Management and Budget defines a Metropolitan Statistical Area as one or more adjacent <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> or <a href="/wiki/County-equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="County-equivalent">county equivalents</a> that have at least one <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban area</a> of at least 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of economic and <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">social integration</a> with the core as measured by <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a> ties. The OMB then defines a Combined Statistical Area as consisting of various combinations of adjacent metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas with economic ties measured by commuting patterns. The Office of Management and Budget further defines a core-based statistical area (CBSA) to be a geographical area that consists of one or more counties (or equivalents) anchored by an urban center of at least 10,000 people plus adjacent counties that are socioeconomically tied to the urban center by commuting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_the_Pacific">Asia and the Pacific</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia and the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_at_night_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Melbourne_at_night_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg/240px-Melbourne_at_night_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Melbourne_at_night_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg/360px-Melbourne_at_night_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Melbourne_at_night_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg/480px-Melbourne_at_night_from_the_International_Space_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> metropolitan area in Australia seen at night from the International Space Station</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> uses <i>Greater Capital City Statistical Areas</i> (GCCSAs), which are geographical areas designed to represent the functional extent of each of the eight state and territory capital cities. They were designed to reflect labor markets, using the 2011 Census "travel to work" data. Labor markets are sometimes used as proxy measures of the functional extent of a city as it contains the majority of the commuting population. GCCSAs replaced "Statistical Divisions" used until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other metropolitan areas in Australia include cross border cities or continuous built-up areas between two or more cities that are connected by an extensive public transport network that allows for commuting for work or services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albury" title="Albury">Albury</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wodonga" title="Wodonga">Wodonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle (New South Wales)">Newcastle</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>-<a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, the large population centres which have significant financial, political and administrative importance are considered to be as Metropolitan cities, which are governed by <a href="/wiki/City_Corporations_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="City Corporations in Bangladesh">City Corporations</a>. In total, there are 12 city corporations in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4 of them (<a href="/wiki/Dhaka_North_City_Corporation" title="Dhaka North City Corporation">Dhaka North City Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_South_City_Corporation" title="Dhaka South City Corporation">Dhaka South City Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayanganj_City_Corporation" title="Narayanganj City Corporation">Narayanganj City Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazipur_City_Corporation" title="Gazipur City Corporation">Gazipur City Corporation</a>) are part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka Metropolitan Area</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, there used to be no clear distinction between <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">megalopolis</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">城市群</span></span>, lit. city cluster) and metropolitan area (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">都市圈</span></span>) until <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a> issued <i>Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">关于培育发展现代化都市圈的指导意见</span></span>) on Feb 19, 2019, in which a metropolitan area was defined as "an urbanized spatial form in a megalopolis dominated by (a) supercity(-ies) or megacity(-ies), or a large metropolis playing a leading part, and within the basic range of 1-hour commute area."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">List of metropolitan areas in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, a metropolitan city is defined as one with a population more than one million.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In policing jurisdiction, state governments can declare any city or town with a population exceeding one million as a metropolitan area as per the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973">Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">government of Indonesia</a> defines a <i>metropolitan area</i> as an <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">urban agglomeration</a> where its <a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial planning</a> is prioritised due to its highly important influence on the country. <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> are important metropolitan area in the country. Currently, there are 10 metropolitan cities in Indonesia that have been recognized by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur,_Malaysia_ESA23795482.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_ESA23795482.jpeg/220px-Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_ESA23795482.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_ESA23795482.jpeg/330px-Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_ESA23795482.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_ESA23795482.jpeg/440px-Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia_ESA23795482.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="13461" data-file-height="10357" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area">Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Metropolitan_areas_of_Malaysia">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Metropolitan_areas_of_Malaysia</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Pakistan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Pakistan">List of metropolitan areas in Pakistan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> has nine metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million. Five of these are entirely in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> including <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>; one (<a href="/wiki/Islamabad-Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area">Islamabad-Rawalpindi</a> is split between Punjab and the <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>; two are located in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, the largest metropolitan area in the country, and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Pakistan" title="Hyderabad, Pakistan">Hyderabad</a>; one in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>; and the final in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Philippines" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines">List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> currently has three metropolitan areas defined by the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority" title="National Economic and Development Authority">National Economic and Development Authority</a> (NEDA). These metropolitan areas are separated into three main geographical areas; <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> (which is located in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cebu" title="Metro Cebu">Metro Cebu</a> (which is located in <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metro_Davao" title="Metro Davao">Metro Davao</a> (which is located in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Greater Manila Area</a> (which is the largest metropolitan area of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>). The official definition of each area does not necessarily follow the actual extent of continuous urbanization. For example, the built-up area of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> has long spilled out of its officially defined borders into the adjacent provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Greater Manila Area</a>. The number of metropolitan areas in the Philippines was reduced from 13 in 2007 to the current three based from the 2017–2022 Philippine Development Plan by NEDA. The other 10 metropolitan areas were <a href="/wiki/Metro_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Angeles">Metro Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Bacolod" title="Metro Bacolod">Metro Bacolod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Baguio" title="Metro Baguio">Metro Baguio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Batangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Batangas">Metro Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Metro Cagayan de Oro">Metro Cagayan de Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Dagupan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Dagupan">Metro Dagupan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Iloilo%E2%80%93Guimaras" title="Metro Iloilo–Guimaras">Metro Iloilo–Guimaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Metro Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Naga" title="Metro Naga">Metro Naga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metro_Olongapo" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Olongapo">Metro Olongapo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area">Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ajman" title="Ajman">Ajman</a> (DSA) is a metropolitan area in the United Arab Emirates. It consists of the combined, greater urban areas of Dubai, Ajman, and Sharjah. The urban areas at the northeast end of Dubai flow into those of Sharjah, which in turn are contiguous with those of Ajman. The total population is about 5.9 million people as of 2023<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubai_from_the_air_EY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dubai_from_the_air_EY.jpg/240px-Dubai_from_the_air_EY.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dubai_from_the_air_EY.jpg/360px-Dubai_from_the_air_EY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dubai_from_the_air_EY.jpg/480px-Dubai_from_the_air_EY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Dubai" title="Downtown Dubai">The Downtown</a> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> Metropolis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s statistical agency <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, in partnership with <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, has created a concept named <a href="/wiki/Functional_urban_area" title="Functional urban area">functional urban area</a> (FUA). The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area, and the goal was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FUA consists of a city and its commuting zone,<sup id="cite_ref-fua_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fua-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_area_(France)" title="Functional area (France)">Functional area (France)</a></div> <p>France's national statistics office, <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>, names an urban core and its surrounding area of commuter influence an <i><a href="/wiki/Aire_d%27attraction_d%27une_ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Aire d'attraction d'une ville">aire d'attraction d'une ville</a> </i><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/aire_d%27attraction_d%27une_ville" class="extiw" title="fr:aire d'attraction d'une ville">fr</a>]</span> (or AAV, literally meaning "catchment area of a city"), plural: <i>aires d'attraction des villes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAV_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official translation of this statistical area in English (as used by INSEE) is "functional area".<sup id="cite_ref-FU_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FU-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AAV follows the same definition as the <a href="/wiki/Functional_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Urban Area">Functional Urban Area</a> (FUA) used by <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, and the AAVs are thus strictly comparable to the FUAs.<sup id="cite_ref-FU_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FU-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AAV replaced in 2020 the metropolitan statistical area called <i><a href="/wiki/Aire_urbaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aire urbaine">aire urbaine</a></i> (AU).<sup id="cite_ref-AAV_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AU, which was defined differently than the AAV, has now been discarded by INSEE and replaced with the AAV in order to facilitate international comparisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FU_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FU-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions in Germany</a> by definition, are the eleven urban areas that are the most densely populated areas in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>. They comprise the major German cities and their surrounding catchment areas and form the political, commercial and cultural centers of the country. </p><p>For urban centers outside metropolitan areas, that generate a similar attraction at smaller scale for their region, the concept of the Regiopolis and respectively regiopolitan area or region was introduced by German professors in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001 Italy transformed 14 provinces of some of the country's largest cities into <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan Cities</a></i>. Therefore, the territory of the <i>Metropolitan City</i> corresponds to that of a normal Italian province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Sweden" title="List of metropolitan areas in Sweden">list of metropolitan areas in Sweden</a> is collated based on statistics of commuting between central municipalities and surrounding municipalities and taking into account existing planning cooperation in the country's three geographic regions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were defined around 1965. In 2005, a number of further municipalities were added to the defined areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word metropolitan describes the central municipality governing local services in a province with more than 750.000 residents in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and its metropolitan municipality, the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a>. There are 30 officially defined "metropolitan municipalities" in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classification, however, is only used for administrative purposes, and sometimes contradicts the colloquial use of the term "metro area". As an example, Gebze, a district in <a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a> province and thus in the jurisdiction of the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, is arguably within the metro area of Istanbul with many of its residents commuting to Istanbul for work and the Marmaray, a commuter rail line, extending into the district. The district however, as previously mentioned, is not a part of Istanbul's provincial limits, and thus not subject to the jurisdiction of its metropolitan municipality. The word metropolitan (municipality) is generally only used as an administrative distinction in Turkey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> defines "<a href="/wiki/Travel_to_work_area" title="Travel to work area">travel to work areas</a>" as areas where "at least 75% of an area's resident workforce work in the area and at least 75% of the people who work in the area also live in the area".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ESPON" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPON">ESPON</a> group has compiled a separate <a href="/wiki/ESPON_metropolitan_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="ESPON metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom">list of metropolitan areas</a> which covers the UK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developed_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed environments">Developed environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_restructuring" title="Economic restructuring">Economic restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metropolitan statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_economy" title="Metropolitan economy">Metropolitan economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_of_metropolitan_areas">Lists of metropolitan areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lists of metropolitan areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_that_overlap_multiple_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas that overlap multiple countries">List of metropolitan areas that overlap multiple countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">List of metropolitan areas by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Asia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Asia">List of metropolitan areas in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in Africa">List of metropolitan areas in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">List of metropolitan areas in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of North American metropolitan areas by population">List of North American metropolitan areas by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">List of metropolitan areas in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larger_Urban_Zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Urban Zones">List of metropolitan areas (LUZ) in the European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_planning_theories">Metropolitan planning theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Metropolitan planning theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms">Terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">Amalgamation (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">Census metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">Combined statistical area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial region">Industrial region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zone</a> (LUZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis_(city_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalopolis (city type)">Megalopolis (city type)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrobus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Metrobus (disambiguation)">Metrobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest cities">World's largest cities</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoiblEtminanGebetsroither-GeringerNeumann2018" class="citation book cs1">Loibl, Wolfgang; Etminan, Ghazal; Gebetsroither-Geringer, Ernst; Neumann, Hans-Martin; Sanchez-Guzman, Santiago (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/59481">"Characteristics of Urban Agglomerations in Different Continents: History, Patterns, Dynamics, Drivers and Trends"</a>. <i>Urban Agglomeration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.73524">10.5772/intechopen.73524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-51-3897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-51-3897-6"><bdi>978-953-51-3897-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+Urban+Agglomerations+in+Different+Continents%3A+History%2C+Patterns%2C+Dynamics%2C+Drivers+and+Trends&rft.btitle=Urban+Agglomeration&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5772%2Fintechopen.73524&rft.isbn=978-953-51-3897-6&rft.aulast=Loibl&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Etminan%2C+Ghazal&rft.au=Gebetsroither-Geringer%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Hans-Martin&rft.au=Sanchez-Guzman%2C+Santiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fchapters%2F59481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Squires, G. Ed. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. (The urban Institute Press (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkKatzRahmanWarren2008" class="citation web cs1">Mark, M.; Katz, B; Rahman, S.; Warren, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_metropolicy_fullreport.pdf">"MetroPolicy: Shaping A New Federal Partnership for a Metropolitan Nation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brookings Institution. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MetroPolicy%3A+Shaping+A+New+Federal+Partnership+for+a+Metropolitan+Nation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Katz%2C+B&rft.au=Rahman%2C+S.&rft.au=Warren%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2F06_metropolicy_fullreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2010-06-28/pdf/2010-15605.pdf">"Federal Register"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of Management and Budget<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Register&rft.pub=Office+of+Management+and+Budget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-2010-06-28%2Fpdf%2F2010-15605.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newgeography.com/content/004453-urban-cores-core-cities-and-principal-cities">"Urban cores, Core cities and Principal cites"</a>. new geography.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demographia.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Urban+Terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemographia.com%2Fdb-define.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230753/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2020/delineation-files/list2_2020.xls">"List 2. Principal cities of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas, march 2020"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/geographies/reference-files/2020/delineation-files/list2_2020.xls">the original</a> on 2022-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+2.+Principal+cities+of+metropolitan+and+micropolitan+statistical+areas%2C+march+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fmetro-micro%2Fgeographies%2Freference-files%2F2020%2Fdelineation-files%2Flist2_2020.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iris Reuther (FG Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Universität Kassel): Presentation "Regiopole Rostock". 11 December 2001, retrieved 13 June 2009 (pdf).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The_World_Bank2021" class="citation book cs1">European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf/0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2?t=1669111363941"><i>Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition</i></a>. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2785%2F706535">10.2785/706535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-76-20306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-76-20306-3"><bdi>978-92-76-20306-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applying+the+Degree+of+Urbanisation+%E2%80%94+A+methodological+manual+to+define+cities%2C+towns+and+rural+areas+for+international+comparisons+%E2%80%94+2021+edition&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Publications+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2785%2F706535&rft.isbn=978-92-76-20306-3&rft.au=European+Union%2FFAO%2FUN-Habitat%2FOECD%2FThe+World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F3859598%2F15348338%2FKS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf%2F0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2%3Ft%3D1669111363941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The_World_Bank2021" class="citation book cs1">European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf/0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2?t=1669111363941"><i>Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Pollution+Control+Board&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Cities+of+India&rft.pages=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpcb.nic.in%2FEnvironmetalPlanning%2Fground%2FChapter3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/445276/">"The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Kanoon" title="Indian Kanoon">Indian Kanoon</a>. 25 January 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Code+Of+Criminal+Procedure%2C+1973&rft.pub=Indian+Kanoon&rft.date=1974-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F445276%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918052306/http://tataruang.atr-bpn.go.id/Bulletin/index.asp?mod=_fullart&idart=351">"Kategori Topik Utama"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tataruang.atr-bpn.go.id/Bulletin/index.asp?mod=_fullart&idart=351">the original</a> on 2019-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kategori+Topik+Utama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftataruang.atr-bpn.go.id%2FBulletin%2Findex.asp%3Fmod%3D_fullart%26idart%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Qassemi2012" class="citation web cs1">Al Qassemi, Sooud (June 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/infinite-possibilities-for-dubai-sharjah-ajman-conurbation-1.1037372">"Infinite possibilities for Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman conurbation"</a>. <i>Gulf News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231120053653/https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/infinite-possibilities-for-dubai-sharjah-ajman-conurbation-1.1037372">Archived</a> from the original on Nov 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Infinite+possibilities+for+Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman+conurbation&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Al+Qassemi&rft.aufirst=Sooud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-eds%2Finfinite-possibilities-for-dubai-sharjah-ajman-conurbation-1.1037372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardsley2022" class="citation web cs1">Bardsley, Daniel (2022-08-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2022/01/23/dubai-population-to-surge-to-nearly-6m-in-20-years-amid-urban-transformation/">"Dubai population to surge to nearly 6m in 20 years amid urban transformation"</a>. <i>The National</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402061135/https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2022/01/23/dubai-population-to-surge-to-nearly-6m-in-20-years-amid-urban-transformation/">Archived</a> from the original on Apr 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Dubai+population+to+surge+to+nearly+6m+in+20+years+amid+urban+transformation&rft.date=2022-08-02&rft.aulast=Bardsley&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fuae%2F2022%2F01%2F23%2Fdubai-population-to-surge-to-nearly-6m-in-20-years-amid-urban-transformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuestMinihane2021" class="citation web cs1">Quest, Richard; Minihane, Joe (March 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-before-it-boomed/index.html">"What Dubai looked like before it boomed"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402061134/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-before-it-boomed/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on Apr 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=What+Dubai+looked+like+before+it+boomed&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft.aulast=Quest&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Minihane%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fdubai-before-it-boomed%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212235821/http://www.urbanaudit.org/help.aspx">"What is the Urban Audit?"</a>. <i>Urban Audit</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanaudit.org/help.aspx">the original</a> on 2009-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Audit&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Urban+Audit%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanaudit.org%2Fhelp.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fua-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fua_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Archive:European_cities_%E2%80%93_the_EU-OECD_functional_urban_area_definition">"European cities – the EU-OECD functional urban area definition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+cities+%E2%80%93+the+EU-OECD+functional+urban+area+definition&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DArchive%3AEuropean_cities_%25E2%2580%2593_the_EU-OECD_functional_urban_area_definition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The_World_Bank2021" class="citation book cs1">European Union/FAO/UN-Habitat/OECD/The World Bank (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf/0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2?t=1669111363941"><i>Applying the Degree of Urbanisation — A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons — 2021 edition</i></a>. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2785%2F706535">10.2785/706535</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-76-20306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-76-20306-3"><bdi>978-92-76-20306-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applying+the+Degree+of+Urbanisation+%E2%80%94+A+methodological+manual+to+define+cities%2C+towns+and+rural+areas+for+international+comparisons+%E2%80%94+2021+edition&rft.place=Luxembourg&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Publications+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2785%2F706535&rft.isbn=978-92-76-20306-3&rft.au=European+Union%2FFAO%2FUN-Habitat%2FOECD%2FThe+World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F3859598%2F15348338%2FKS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf%2F0d412b58-046f-750b-0f48-7134f1a3a4c2%3Ft%3D1669111363941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAV-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAV_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAV_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4808607">"Le nouveau zonage en aires d'attraction des villes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+nouveau+zonage+en+aires+d%27attraction+des+villes&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Finformation%2F4808607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FU-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FU_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FU_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FU_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c2173">"Functional areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Functional+areas&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Fmetadonnees%2Fdefinition%2Fc2173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scb.se/contentassets/e98247b537e14fc4b3f27f203adcce09/ov9999_2004a01_br_x20op0502.pdf">"Geografin i statistiken – regionala indelningar i Sverigelanguage=sv"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geografin+i+statistiken+%E2%80%93+regionala+indelningar+i+Sverigelanguage%3Dsv&rft.pub=Statistics+Sweden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scb.se%2Fcontentassets%2Fe98247b537e14fc4b3f27f203adcce09%2Fov9999_2004a01_br_x20op0502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/other/travel-to-work-areas/index.html">Beginners' guide to UK geography - Travel to Work Areas (TTWAs)</a> Office for National Statistics</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_area&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf">"The World's Cities in 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Cities+in+2016&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Furbanization%2Fthe_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetropolitan+area" class="Z3988"></span> (page 1 illustrates metropolitan area versus city proper and urban agglomeration)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20091012202651/http://www.e-geopolis.eu/">Geopolis</a>: research group, university of Paris-Diderot, France — Urbanization of the world</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_camp" title="Man camp">Man camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br />practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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