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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p> <b>Socialism in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></b> is a political trend taking root from <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> which was introduced to Hong Kong in the early 1920s. Ever since the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reforms">economic reforms</a> from 1978, young socialists have largely moved towards the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy camp">pro-democracy camp</a> under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while traditional leftists still remain in the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">pro-Beijing camp</a>. </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> trends in Hong Kong have taken various forms, including <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a>, with the Marxist–Leninists being the most dominant faction due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) regime in the mainland. The "traditional leftists" became the largest force representing the <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Beijing camp">pro-Beijing camp</a> in the post-war decades, which had an uneasy relationship with the colonial authorities. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#1920s_labour_movements_in_Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">1920s labour movements in Hong Kong</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1922_Seamen's_strike"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">1922 Seamen's strike</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#1925%E2%80%9326_Guangzhou%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">1925–26 Guangzhou–Hong Kong strike</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#1930s_to_40s:_From_the_anti-communist_purge_to_the_anti-Japanese_resistance"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">1930s to 40s: From the anti-communist purge to the anti-Japanese resistance</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Colonial_suppression"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Colonial suppression</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Anti-Japanese_guerilla_warfare"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Anti-Japanese guerilla warfare</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Chinese_Civil_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Chinese Civil War</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Communism_in_Hong_Kong_after_1949"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Communism in Hong Kong after 1949</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#1_March_Incident_of_1952"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">1 March Incident of 1952</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#1967_Leftist_riots_in_Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">1967 Leftist riots in Hong Kong</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#1960s_movement_for_autonomy_and_sovereignty"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">1960s movement for autonomy and sovereignty</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#1970s_youth_movements"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">1970s youth movements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#1980s_to_90s:_The_sweep_of_neoliberalism"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">1980s to 90s: The sweep of neoliberalism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Pro-Beijing_leftists"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pro-Beijing leftists</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Pro-democrats"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pro-democrats</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Since_1997"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Since 1997</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#The_Young_Turks"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Young Turks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#League_of_Social_Democrats"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">League of Social Democrats</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Left_21"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Left 21</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Labour_Party"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Labour Party</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Other_ideologies_in_Hong_Kong"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other ideologies in Hong Kong</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="1920s_labour_movements_in_Hong_Kong">1920s labour movements in Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1920s labour movements in Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> was imported to China in the early 1900s and its literature was translated from German, Russian and Japanese into Cantonese and Mandarin. Following the Russian <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in 1917, a number of Chinese intellectuals emerged from the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>, which saw <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> as the solution to rescue China from its present plight. The first social organisation in Hong Kong was the Marxist Research Group in 1920, formed by Lin Junwei, a school inspector of the Education Department, Zhang Rendao, a graduate from the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Hong_Kong" title="Queen's College, Hong Kong">Queen's College</a>, and Li Yibao, a primary school teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) was formally established in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Communist Party was modelled on <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s theory of a <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>, and was under the guidance of the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marxist Research Group formed a connection with the CCP in Guangdong and later formed the New Chinese Students Club - Hong Kong Branch and subsequently the Chinese Socialist Youth League – Hong Kong Special Branch, under the Guangdong Socialist Youth League. In mid-1924, the CCP set up a branch in Hong Kong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1922_Seamen's_strike"><span id="1922_Seamen.27s_strike"></span>1922 Seamen's strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1922 Seamen's strike" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su_Zhaozheng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Su_Zhaozheng.jpg/160px-Su_Zhaozheng.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Su_Zhaozheng.jpg/160px-Su_Zhaozheng.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Su_Zhaozheng.jpg/240px-Su_Zhaozheng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Su_Zhaozheng.jpg/320px-Su_Zhaozheng.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhaozheng" title="Su Zhaozheng">Su Zhaozheng</a> (1885–1929), leader of the labour movement in Hong Kong who went on to become a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1922_seamen%27s_strike" title="1922 seamen's strike">1922 seamen's strike</a> became the most important episode of the labour movement in China and Hong Kong. On 13 January 1922, against the backdrop of skyrocketing prices, seamen in Hong Kong launched a well-organised strike which lasted 56 days and involved 120,000 seamen at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having received organisational and financial support from <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, the Chinese Seamen's Union led the Hong Kong strikers to victory. </p><p>Although the Communists played no leadership role in the strike, some Communists in Hong Kong participated and others in the neighbouring Guangzhou made supportive speeches and published the strikers' manifesto. <a href="/wiki/Su_Zhaozheng" title="Su Zhaozheng">Su Zhaozheng</a> and Lin Weimin, the two leaders of the seamen's strike, would later join the Communist Party. <a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a>, representative of the Comintern in China who was greatly impressed by the strike's success, concluded that the strike was "undoubtedly the most important event in the young history of the Chinese labour movement."<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also held talks with Sun Yat-sen from 23 to 25 December 1921 in <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a> about possible cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists. Sneevliet became more actively involved in organising the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a> between the two parties after he saw the support given by the Kuomintang in the Hong Kong seamen's strike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1925–26_Guangzhou–Hong_Kong_strike"><span id="1925.E2.80.9326_Guangzhou.E2.80.93Hong_Kong_strike"></span>1925–26 Guangzhou–Hong Kong strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1925–26 Guangzhou–Hong Kong strike" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Guangzhou–Hong Kong strike</a> between 1925 and 1926 was another key historical event of the labour movement in Hong Kong. It was triggered by the killing of a worker named Gu Zhenghong, who was a Communist Party member in a Japanese-owned mill in February 1925. The Communists launched an <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> demonstration in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> on 30 May, which is now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/May_30th_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="May 30th Movement">May 30th Movement</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> policeman under British command opened fire on a crowd of Chinese demonstrators, killing nine and injuring much of the crowd. The incident fuelled even more anti-British sentiment across China. The Kuomintang gave funds to the Communists, who then in turn organised the strike on 18 June, which began with the walkout of over 80 percent of the senior students from the Queen's College. Many seamen, tramway drivers, printers and students led the walkout and left for Guangzhou. On 23 June, the British and French troops opened fire on the strikers, killing 52 people and injuring over 170 demonstrators in the foreign concession of <a href="/wiki/Shamian_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamian Island">Shamian Island</a>, which provoked more workers in Hong Kong who were working for foreign corporations to join the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various unions representing Hong Kong and mainland workers convened a conference in Guangzhou and formed the Guangzhou–Hong Kong Strike Committee chaired by <a href="/wiki/Su_Zhaozheng" title="Su Zhaozheng">Su Zhaozheng</a>, under the direction of the CCP. The Strike Committee called for a boycott of all British goods and a ban on foreign ships utilising Hong Kong's ports. The strike paralysed the Hong Kong economy, as food prices began to soar, tax revenue began to drop sharply and the banking system started collapsing.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strike began to fall apart after <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> died in March 1925 and <a href="/wiki/Liao_Zhongkai" title="Liao Zhongkai">Liao Zhongkai</a>, a left-wing leader within the Kuomintang, was assassinated in August. After commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> seized power, he confiscated the arms of the Strike Committee. The strike received less support as Chiang began his <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> in the middle of 1926. On 10 October 1926, the boycott was formally lifted after a compromise settlement was reached with the British, which signified the end of the 16-month strike.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several leftist labour unions including the Chinese Seamen's Union were prosecuted and their leaders arrested. New legislation to ban unions from being affiliated with organisations outside the colony and to outlaw strikes with political causes were also enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="1930s_to_40s:_From_the_anti-communist_purge_to_the_anti-Japanese_resistance">1930s to 40s: From the anti-communist purge to the anti-Japanese resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1930s to 40s: From the anti-communist purge to the anti-Japanese resistance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_suppression">Colonial suppression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial suppression" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1927_Shanghai_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1927 Shanghai Massacre">Shanghai massacre of April 1927</a> which was caused by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s Kuomintang government led to the escape and relocation of the CCP's Guangzhou branch into Hong Kong until the <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party was formed in 1936. The Communists in Hong Kong at that time were actively involved in military actions to overthrow the Kuomintang government in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. </p><p>The Communists experienced a period of <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(mainland_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Terror (mainland China)">White Terror</a> during the late 1920s to 1930s in Hong Kong as <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Governor">Hong Kong Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Clementi" title="Cecil Clementi">Cecil Clementi</a> developed a close relationship with Kuomintang with the intention of suppressing suspected Communist and socialist activities. Despite facing pressure from the colonial government, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> managed to found the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> in Hong Kong in February 1930 before he was arrested by the British authorities in June.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh_1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Japanese_guerilla_warfare">Anti-Japanese guerilla warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anti-Japanese guerilla warfare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, the Communist Party set up the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a> which engaged works for <a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Hong_Kong" title="United front in Hong Kong">United front in Hong Kong</a> and raising funds disguised as the Yue Hwa Company. The Chinese Seamen's Union also organised a resistance movement by recruiting volunteers to cross over to Guangdong and wage a guerrilla war behind Japanese lines led by <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Sheng" title="Zeng Sheng">Zeng Sheng</a>. There were also the Huizhou-Bao'an People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force and the Dongguan-Bao'an-Huizhou People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force militias which were formed in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh_1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commanded by Cai Guoliang, the guerrillas began operations in 1941 before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Japanese invasion of Hong Kong</a>. On 2 December 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> regrouped the five guerrilla fighting units within the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> into the East River Column directly under Communist command. By 1943, the East River guerrillas had the total strength of about 5,000 full-time soldiers, who were divided into six detachments.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh_1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the Japanese surrender, the Communist Hong Kong-Kowloon Independence Brigade was the only military force left within the territory. The guerrillas took control of <a href="/wiki/Tai_Po" title="Tai Po">Tai Po</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Long" title="Yuen Long">Yuen Long</a> and all other market towns in the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> as well as outlying islands, until the British forces arrived on 30 August 1945 and accepted the formal surrender of the Japanese Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh_1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement between the Hong Kong-Kowloon Independence Brigade and the British was reached, as the Communists would be allowed to set up a liaison office, and its members would be guaranteed freedom of travel and publication as long as they refrained from carrying out "unlawful" activities. The liaison office later became the <a href="/wiki/New_China_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="New China News Agency">New China News Agency</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Guanhua" title="Qiao Guanhua">Qiao Guanhua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh_1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hong Kong-Kowloon Independence Brigade fought with the Kuomintang as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> resumed right after the end of the Sino-Japanese War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Civil_War">Chinese Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chinese Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A Hong Kong Central Branch Bureau headed by Fang Fang was set up in June 1947 to spearhead propaganda campaigns against Chiang Kai-shek and his ally, the United States of America, as well as help facilitate guerrilla warfare in mainland China. A Hong Kong Works Committee was also set up to organise <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> works programmes in education, publication, literature and art sectors, with the goal of bringing people to the side of the communist cause. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Revolutionary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee">Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee</a>, a party that broke away from Chiang Kai-shek, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Democratic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Democratic League">Chinese Democratic League</a>, a small party consisting of intellectuals, were brought to the side of the Communists.<sup id="cite_ref-Loh_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loh_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Communism_in_Hong_Kong_after_1949">Communism in Hong Kong after 1949</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communism in Hong Kong after 1949" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>In 1950, the United Kingdom became the first western nation to officially recognise the communist government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> approached and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> started in 1950, the British colonial government tightened their control over local Communist activities, while communist parties remained mostly underground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1_March_Incident_of_1952">1 March Incident of 1952</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1 March Incident of 1952" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The 1 March Incident of 1952 was the first major clash between the colonial authorities and the local communists. A huge crowd organised by the local communist party gathered around <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Road">Jordan Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui" title="Tsim Sha Tsui">Tsim Sha Tsui</a>, with the goal of meeting with a delegation from Guangzhou to talk with the victims of the fire disaster at the <a href="/wiki/Shek_Kip_Mei" title="Shek Kip Mei">Shek Kip Mei</a> squatter area. The crowd confronted the police after news emerged of delegates being stopped at <a href="/wiki/Fanling" title="Fanling">Fanling</a> and then being sent back to China. More than a hundred people were arrested, while a textile worker was shot to death. The pro-Communist <i><a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a></i> was banned from publication for six months after it picked up the story and reprinted an editorial from the <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>, which denounced the colonial government and its repressive actions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mok Ying-kwai, the leader of the sympathetic delegate, was deported to the mainland and left the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Reform_Association" title="Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association">Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association</a> (HKCRA), a leaderless organisation first set up in 1949 to demand constitutional reform. <a href="/wiki/Percy_Chen" title="Percy Chen">Percy Chen</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Chen" title="Eugene Chen">Eugene Chen</a> and another leader of the delegation would later take charge of the association. The association became one of the three pillars of the pro-Communist faction, next to the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (HKFTU) and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_General_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Chinese General Chamber of Commerce">Chinese General Chamber of Commerce</a> (CGCC).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_Leftist_riots_in_Hong_Kong">1967 Leftist riots in Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1967 Leftist riots in Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (HKFTU), which was established in 1948, has functioned as "friendly societies" based in industry and craft-based fraternities, and provided benefits and other supplementary aids to the veteran members who was under threat of unemployment and low wages during the 1950s and 1960s. It had a fierce contest with the pro-<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a> (TUC) in industries, trades, and workplaces as part of the "left-right" ideological divide in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuah_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuah-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg/250px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg/250px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg/375px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg/500px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_Leftist_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Hong Kong Leftist riots">1967 Hong Kong Leftist riots</a>, which were launched by Maoists, were one of the largest riots in Hong Kong's history.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> launched by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in mainland China inspired a tendency of radicalism within <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> organisations in 1966. In December 1966, a leftist-led <a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a> in Macao successfully made the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Macao">Governor of Macao</a> sign an apology for anti-worker measures that was covertly demanded by Beijing. Inspired by the protests in Macao, in May 1967, the Hong Kong communists escalated labour disputes in an artificial flower factory into an anti-government demonstration after many workers and labour representatives were arrested in the aftermath of violent clashes between workers and riot police on 6 May. On 16 May, the leftists formed the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Compatriots_from_All_Circles_for_Struggle_Against_British_Persecution_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Compatriots from All Circles for Struggle Against British Persecution in Hong Kong">Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Compatriots from All Circles for Struggle Against British Persecution in Hong Kong</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kwong" title="Yeung Kwong">Yeung Kwong</a> of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions as the Chairman of the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Felber_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The committee organised and coordinated a series of large-scale demonstrations. Hundreds of supporters from various leftist organisations demonstrated outside the <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Hong_Kong" title="Government House, Hong Kong">Government House</a>, chanting communist and socialist slogans and wielding placards with quotes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Quotations_From_Chairman_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotations From Chairman Mao Zedong">Quotations From Chairman Mao Zedong</a></i> in their left hands. At the same time, many workers started general strikes, with Hong Kong's transport services in particular being badly disrupted. Further violence erupted on 22 May, with another 167 people being arrested. The rioters began to adopt more sophisticated tactics, such as throwing stones at police or vehicles passing by, before retreating into leftist "strongholds" such as newspaper offices, banks or department stores once the police arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Felber_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five policemen were killed when pro-Chinese militias exchanged fire with the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Police">Hong Kong Police</a> at the Hong Kong border with mainland China in <a href="/wiki/Sha_Tau_Kok" title="Sha Tau Kok">Sha Tau Kok</a> on 8 July, which fueled speculation that the Communist government's takeover of Hong Kong was imminent. The committee's call for a general strike was unsuccessful, and the colonial government declared a state of emergency. Leftist newspapers were banned from publishing, schools populated by leftists were shut down, and many leftist leaders were arrested and detained, and some of them were later deported to mainland China. The leftists retaliated by planting bombs throughout the city which began to randomly detonate and seriously disrupted the daily life of ordinary people, erroneously killing several pedestrians, which sharply turned public opinion against the rioters. The riots did not end until October 1967. Many labour activists and HKFTU cadres were imprisoned and deported to China, and due to its violent campaign of terrorism and bomb attacks, the HKFTU suffered serious setbacks in both public esteem and official tolerance by the Hong Kong government.<sup id="cite_ref-Felber_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="1960s_movement_for_autonomy_and_sovereignty">1960s movement for autonomy and sovereignty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1960s movement for autonomy and sovereignty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Asides from the left-right polarisation between the Kuomintang and the Communists, there were also calls for liberalisation and <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a> during the 1950s and 1960s. The self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Self-Government_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong">Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong</a> was founded in 1963, which called for a fully autonomous and sovereign government, in which the Chief Minister would be elected by all Hong Kong residents through universal suffrage, while the British government would only preserve its authority over Hong Kong's diplomacy and military.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Socialist_Democratic_Party" title="Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party">Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party</a> was founded by Sun Pao-kang, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">Chinese Democratic Socialist Party</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Labour Party of Hong Kong">Labour Party of Hong Kong</a>, which was founded by Tang Hon-tsai and K. Hopkin-Jenkins, who directly professed socialist ideology by promoting a welfare state and <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. However, after failing to obtain any meaningful concessions from the colonial government of Hong Kong, all of the parties advocating sovereignty and autonomy ceased to exist by the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="1970s_youth_movements">1970s youth movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1970s youth movements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></div> <p>The 1970s saw a wave of youth movements, which emerged from events like the <a href="/wiki/Baodiao_movement" title="Baodiao movement">Baodiao movement</a> when the question of the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Diaoyu_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaoyu Islands">Diaoyu Islands</a> appeared in the early 1970s. Led by mostly the young generation of the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby boomers</a>, about 30 demonstrations were organised between February 1971 and May 1972. A violent clash broke out on 7 July 1971, in a demonstration launched by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Students" title="Hong Kong Federation of Students">Hong Kong Federation of Students</a> (HKFS) at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Park, Hong Kong">Victoria Park</a> in which police commissioner Henry N. Whitlely violently assaulted protesters with his baton. 21 protesters were arrested and dozens more were injured. The event became one of the catalysts of the 1970s youth movements in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-Butenhoff_1999_25–6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butenhoff_1999_25%E2%80%936-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dynamics_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dynamics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="1980s_to_90s:_The_sweep_of_neoliberalism">1980s to 90s: The sweep of neoliberalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1980s to 90s: The sweep of neoliberalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> came to power in 1978, China underwent a period of radical <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalisation">economic liberalisation</a>, which the Communist Party later labelled as "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>". At the same time, Beijing also signed the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> with the British government, which determined that Hong Kong shall be transferred to mainland China in 1997. The trend of neoliberalism also dominated in Hong Kong, as the city was undergoing a transformation from an industrial-based economy to one based on finance and real estate.<sup id="cite_ref-thinking_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinking-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-Beijing_leftists">Pro-Beijing leftists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pro-Beijing leftists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>To counter the growing influence of liberalism, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a> (HKFTU), which was the largest grassroots organisation in the traditional pro-Communist bloc, assumed a vanguard role to resist the pre-1997 democratisation. It joined hands with the conservative pro-business elites to oppose the <a href="/wiki/1988_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1988 Hong Kong legislative election">direct Legislative Council election of 1988</a>, using the slogan: "Hong Kong workers want meal tickets, not electoral ballots."<sup id="cite_ref-Felber_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> drafting process from 1985 to 1990, the HKFTU had to repudiate its demands on the rights and recognition of trade unions and <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Consultative_Committee" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee">Consultative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Drafting_Committee" title="Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee">Drafting Committees</a>, which were dominated by business tycoons. The HKFTU's devotion to Beijing and its collaboration with the conservative business interests of Hong Kong was criticised and challenged by several leftist union members.<sup id="cite_ref-Felber_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, a pro-Beijing party named the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong</a> (DAB) was co-founded by HKFTU members. The HKFTU also began to mobilise supporters to vote for the DAB candidates in the subsequent Legislative Council elections. In 1997, the HKFTU representatives joined the Beijing-controlled <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Legislative_Council" title="Provisional Legislative Council">Provisional Legislative Council</a>, and rolled back several pre-handover legislation supporting labour rights passed in the spring of 1997 by the colonial legislature controlled by the pro-democracy camp, which included the right to collective bargaining under the <a href="/wiki/Employee%27s_Rights_to_Representation,_Consultation_and_Collective_Bargaining_Ordinance" title="Employee's Rights to Representation, Consultation and Collective Bargaining Ordinance">Employee's Rights to Representation, Consultation and Collective Bargaining Ordinance</a>, introduced by the HKCTU's <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cheuk-yan" title="Lee Cheuk-yan">Lee Cheuk-yan</a>. The Provisional Legislative Council also enacted new electoral rules to disenfranchise 800,000 blue-collar, grey-collar, and white-collar workers in the nine functional constituencies created from <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">electoral reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Felber_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of eligible voters in the Labour functional constituency was reduced from 2,001 qualified union officials in 1995 to only 361 unionists on a one-vote-per-union basis for the <a href="/wiki/1998_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1998 Hong Kong legislative election">first post-handover elections in 1998</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Felber_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-democrats">Pro-democrats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pro-democrats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Some leftists, such as <a href="/wiki/Tsang_Shu-ki" title="Tsang Shu-ki">Tsang Shu-ki</a>, saw a chance for Hong Kong to transform into a reformed capitalist mixed economy, a welfare state, and a democratic society, which would integrate into a democratic socialist China. In 1983, Tsang co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point" title="Meeting Point">Meeting Point</a>, which became one of the first groups to welcome the transfer of Hong Kong to mainland China. However, Trotskyists such as <a href="/wiki/Leung_Kwok-hung" title="Leung Kwok-hung">Leung Kwok-hung</a> harshly criticised Tsang's reformist ideas, instead calling for an uprising against the capitalist-colonial regime in Hong Kong and the bureaucratic regime in mainland China under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG/200px-April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG/200px-April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG/300px-April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG/400px-April_Fifth_Action_5300006.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/April_Fifth_Action" title="April Fifth Action">April Fifth Action</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Park, Hong Kong">Victoria Park</a> in 2009, who came to commemorate the victims of the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_square_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen square massacre">Tiananmen square massacre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point" title="Meeting Point">Meeting Point</a> and the grassroots <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood" title="Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood">Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood</a> (HKADPL) began to participate in the local elections with the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Affairs_Society" title="Hong Kong Affairs Society">Hong Kong Affairs Society</a> (HKAS), and soon the three groups became the major forces of the <a href="/wiki/Pro-democratic_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democratic camp">pro-democratic camp</a> in the late 1980s. The pro-democrats formed the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China">Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China</a> (HKASPDMC), led by president of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Professional_Teachers%27_Union" title="Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union">Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union</a> (HKPTU) and former Communist <a href="/wiki/Szeto_Wah" title="Szeto Wah">Szeto Wah</a>, who were in support of the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen protests of 1989">student and labour movement</a> in May 1989. They harshly condemned the bloody crackdown by the CCP regime on the morning of 4 June, which led to a longterm rupture of relations between Beijing and the majority of the pro-democratic camp. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a> (HKCTU), which emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Christian_Industrial_Committee" title="Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee">Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee</a> (HKCIC), became the major pro-democratic labour union in 1990. At the same year, the <a href="/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong" title="United Democrats of Hong Kong">United Democrats of Hong Kong</a> (UDHK), which was later transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a>, was established as a grand alliance of pro-democratic politicians, professionals, activists and trade unionists. The pro-democratic camp won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1991 Hong Kong legislative election">1991 Hong Kong legislative election</a>, and received an even larger majority in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="1995 Hong Kong legislative election">1995 Legislative Council election</a> in the aftermath of the liberal <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">1994 Hong Kong electoral reform</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Since_1997">Since 1997</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Since 1997" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Young_Turks">The Young Turks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Young Turks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the first years of the post-handover period, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a>, which was the largest pro-democratic party, suffered severe intra-party struggles, as the left-wing Young Turks faction led by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_To" title="Andrew To">Andrew To</a> challenged the conservative centrist leadership. During the <a href="/wiki/1998_Democratic_Party_(HK)_leadership_election" title="1998 Democratic Party (HK) leadership election">Democratic Party's leadership election</a>, the Young Turks nominated <a href="/wiki/Lau_Chin-shek" title="Lau Chin-shek">Lau Chin-shek</a>, the General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a> (HKCTU), to run for the position of Vice-Chairman against <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cheung" title="Anthony Cheung">Anthony Cheung</a>. In a general meeting held in September 1999, the Young Turks also proposed to put <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> legislation on the <a href="/wiki/2000_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2000 Hong Kong legislative election">2000 LegCo election</a> platform of the party, which led to the backlash from the party's leadership. After failing to exert sufficient influence upon the party, the Young Turks formed another political group called the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Forum" title="Social Democratic Forum">Social Democratic Forum</a>, and later defected to the more radical <a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Frontier (Hong Kong)">Frontier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_of_Social_Democrats">League of Social Democrats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: League of Social Democrats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg/160px-Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg/160px-Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg/240px-Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg/320px-Leung_Kwok-hung_2005-04-17.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leung_Kwok-hung" title="Leung Kwok-hung">Leung Kwok-hung</a> (1956–), arguably one of the most famous socialists in contemporary Hong Kong politics.</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 2006, Andrew To, legislator <a href="/wiki/Leung_Kwok-hung" title="Leung Kwok-hung">Leung Kwok-hung</a> of the <a href="/wiki/April_Fifth_Action" title="April Fifth Action">April Fifth Action</a>, legislator and former Democratic Party member <a href="/wiki/Albert_Chan" title="Albert Chan">Albert Chan</a> and the radical radio host named <a href="/wiki/Wong_Yuk-man" title="Wong Yuk-man">Wong Yuk-man</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats" title="League of Social Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a> (LSD), the first self-proclaimed leftist and social democratic party in Hong Kong. The League managed to win three seats in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2008 Hong Kong legislative election">2008 Legislative Council election</a>, receiving 10 percent of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the League launched the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Constituencies_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Constituencies Referendum">Five Constituencies Referendum</a>" movement, triggering a territory-wide by-election by having five legislators resign from the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> in each constituency in order to pressure the government to implement <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. The purpose of the by-election as a referendum expectedly was heavily criticised by Beijing and Hong Kong's pro-Beijing camp as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democratic Party refused to join the movement and sought for a less confrontational way to negotiate with Beijing. The movement was considered as a failure, with only 17.7 percent of the registered voters casting their votes even though all three League legislators have successfully returned to the LegCo.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the party was heavily devastated from intra-party struggles as former chairman Wong Yuk-man disagreed with the policies of the incumbent chairman Andrew To, including his diplomacy with the Democratic Party, which reached an agreement with the Chinese Communist authorities over the <a href="/wiki/2010_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="2010 Hong Kong electoral reform">electoral reform proposals</a>. On 24 January 2011, two of the three legislators of the party, Wong Yuk-man and Albert Chan, quit the LSD along with many of the League's leading figures, citing disagreement with leader Andrew To and his faction as their reasons for their departure. About 200 of their supporters joined them, leaving the LSD in complete disarray. Wong and Chan formed the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)" title="People Power (Hong Kong)">People Power</a> with other defected members and radical groups which left the League only one seat in the legislature, occupied by Leung Kwok-hung.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2011 Hong Kong local elections">2011 District Council election</a>, the party lost all its seats in the <a href="/wiki/District_Councils_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="District Councils of Hong Kong">District Councils</a> to pro-Beijing candidates. During the <a href="/wiki/2015_Hong_Kong_local_elections" title="2015 Hong Kong local elections">following elections</a> in 2015, the party along with a small Trotskyist group <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)" title="Socialist Action (Hong Kong)">Socialist Action</a> failed to win any seat. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2016 Hong Kong legislative election">2016 Legislative Council election</a> the League formed an electoral alliance with the People Power movement to boost the chance of their candidates, after witnessing the rise of <a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong Kong">localism in Hong Kong</a>. The alliance won two seats in the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories_East_(constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Territories East (constituency)">New Territories East</a> constituency, which was taken by two incumbents, Leung Kwok-hung and <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chi-chuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chan Chi-chuen">Chan Chi-chuen</a>. Leung was later unseated in 2017 by the courts in a wave of disqualifications of the legislators over their <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_oath-taking_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong oath-taking controversy">oath-taking manners</a>, which saw the League being ousted from all elected offices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left_21">Left 21</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Left 21" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A small socialist group by the name of Left 21 emerged after the failure of the massive anti-<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou%E2%80%93Shenzhen%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link</a> (XRL) protest movement, as the leftist faction criticised the lack of class discourse in the movement's leadership. It started a year-long <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Central_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupy Central (2011)">Occupy Central</a> protest as part of the international <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a>, commencing the protest at a plaza beneath the <a href="/wiki/HSBC_Building_(Hong_Kong)" title="HSBC Building (Hong Kong)">HSBC headquarters</a> from 2011 to 2012. It also joined the 40-day <a href="/wiki/2013_Hong_Kong_dock_strike" title="2013 Hong Kong dock strike">2013 Hong Kong dock strike</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwai Tsing Container Terminal">Kwai Tsing Container Terminal</a> called by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hong_Kong_Dockers" title="Union of Hong Kong Dockers">Union of Hong Kong Dockers</a> (UHKD), an affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a> (HKCTU). It became the longest running industrial strike in Hong Kong in years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_Party">Labour Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Labour Party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 2011, four incumbent legislators, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cheuk-yan" title="Lee Cheuk-yan">Lee Cheuk-yan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a> (HKCTU), <a href="/wiki/Cyd_Ho" title="Cyd Ho">Cyd Ho</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Act-up" title="Civic Act-up">Civic Act-up</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheung_Kwok-che" title="Cheung Kwok-che">Cheung Kwok-che</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Social_Workers_General_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Social Workers General Union">Hong Kong Social Workers General Union</a> (HKSWGU), co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Labour Party</a>, whose core issues were labour rights, new immigrants, ethnic minorities and environmentalism, and the party has run in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="2012 Hong Kong legislative election">2012 Legislative Council election</a>. The Labour won four seats in the election, receiving four percent of the popular vote, becoming the third largest pro-democratic party after the liberal <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civic_Party" title="Civic Party">Civic Party</a>. Facing the left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Localist_camp" title="Localist camp">localists</a> that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella Revolution">Umbrella Revolution</a>, whose names were <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Law" title="Nathan Law">Nathan Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lau_Siu-lai" title="Lau Siu-lai">Lau Siu-lai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chu" title="Eddie Chu">Eddie Chu</a>, the veteran Labour legislators Lee Cheuk-yan and Cyd Ho were surprisingly unseated, which caused the Labour Party's seats to drop from four to one. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Democratic development in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-democracy camp">Pro-democracy camp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ideologies_in_Hong_Kong">Other ideologies in Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other ideologies in Hong Kong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservatism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong Kong">Localism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Hong_Kong" title="United front in Hong Kong">United front in Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialism_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF羅永生2005" class="citation journal cs1">羅永生 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkinghk.org/#!about/c20ll">"民主回歸論的萌芽與夭折：從曾澍基早年的幾篇文章說起"</a>. <i>Thinking Hong Kong</i> (8).</cite><span 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