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aria-controls="toc-Party_official-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Party official subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Party_official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Donbass_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donbass_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Donbass years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donbass_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaganovich_protégé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaganovich_protégé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kaganovich protégé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaganovich_protégé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_purges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_purges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Involvement in purges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_purges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Poland_and_subsequent_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Poland_and_subsequent_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Invasion of Poland and subsequent occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Poland_and_subsequent_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_against_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_against_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War against Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rise to power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Return to Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalin's_final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalin's_final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stalin's final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin's_final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Struggle for power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Leader of the Soviet Union (1955–1964)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955–1964)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leader of the Soviet Union (1955–1964) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Domestic policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_power_and_"Secret_Speech"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_power_and_"Secret_Speech""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Consolidation of power and "Secret Speech"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_power_and_"Secret_Speech"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalization_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalization_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Liberalization and the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalization_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Political reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Agricultural policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-religious_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-religious_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Anti-religious campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-religious_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_and_defense_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_and_defense_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Foreign and defense policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_and_defense_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_and_NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>United States and NATO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_relations_and_U.S._visit_(1957–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_relations_and_U.S._visit_(1957–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.1</span> <span>Early relations and U.S. visit (1957–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_relations_and_U.S._visit_(1957–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U-2_and_Berlin_crisis_(1960–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U-2_and_Berlin_crisis_(1960–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1.2</span> <span>U-2 and Berlin crisis (1960–1961)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U-2_and_Berlin_crisis_(1960–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_the_test_ban_treaty_(1962–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_the_test_ban_treaty_(1962–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Cuban Missile Crisis and the test ban treaty (1962–1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_the_test_ban_treaty_(1962–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Life in retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Print</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nikita Khrushchev</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chroesjtsjof" title="Nikita Chroesjtsjof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nikita Chroesjtsjof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergejewitsch_Chruschtschow" title="Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AA%E1%89%B3_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%A9%E1%88%BD%E1%89%BE%E1%8D%8D" title="ኒኪታ ክሩሽቾፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒኪታ ክሩሽቾፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D4%A5%D0%B0" title="Хрушьчов, Никита Сергеи-иԥа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Хрушьчов, Никита Сергеи-иԥа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81" title="نيكيتا خروتشوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكيتا خروتشوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Kruschev" title="Nikita Kruschev – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nikita Kruschev" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A1_%D4%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Նիքիթա Խրուշչով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիքիթա Խրուշչով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchov" title="Nikita Khrushchov – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nikita Khrushchov" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Jrushchov" title="Nikita Jrushchov – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nikita Jrushchov" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Xru%C5%9F%C5%9Fov" title="Nikita Xruşşov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikita Xruşşov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%86%D9%81" title="نیکیتا خورشچف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکیتا خورشچف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD" title="নিকিতা খ্রুশ্চেভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকিতা খ্রুশ্চেভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchyov" title="Nikita Khrushchyov – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nikita Khrushchyov" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Мікіта Сяргеевіч Хрушчоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мікіта Сяргеевіч Хрушчоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Мікіта Хрушчоў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мікіта Хрушчоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрушчов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никита Хрушчов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov" title="Nikita Hruščov – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nikita Hruščov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_C%27hrouchtchov" title="Nikita C'hrouchtchov – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nikita C'hrouchtchov" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrusxov" title="Nikita Khrusxov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nikita Khrusxov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergejevi%C4%8D_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov" title="Nikita Sergejevič Chruščov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikita Sergejevič Chruščov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrusjtjov" title="Nikita Khrusjtjov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikita Khrusjtjov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergejewitsch_Chruschtschow" title="Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1t%C5%A1ov" title="Nikita Hruštšov – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikita Hruštšov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%86" title="Νικίτα Χρουστσόφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικίτα Χρουστσόφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Jrushchov" title="Nikita Jrushchov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nikita Jrushchov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_%C4%A4ru%C5%9D%C4%89ov" title="Nikita Ĥruŝĉov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nikita Ĥruŝĉov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrustxov" title="Nikita Khrustxov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikita Khrustxov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%86%D9%81" title="نیکیتا خروشچف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکیتا خروشچف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrusjtjov" title="Nikita Khrusjtjov – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nikita Khrusjtjov" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrouchtchev" title="Nikita Khrouchtchev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nikita Khrouchtchev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chr%C3%BBsjtsjov" title="Nikita Chrûsjtsjov – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nikita Chrûsjtsjov" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%ADte_Cruistsiof" title="Nicíte Cruistsiof – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicíte Cruistsiof" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%9D%C3%ABv" title="Nikita Hruŝëv – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nikita Hruŝëv" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%ED%82%A4%ED%83%80_%ED%9D%90%EB%A3%A8%EC%87%BC%ED%94%84" title="니키타 흐루쇼프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니키타 흐루쇼프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D4%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Նիկիտա Խրուշչով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկիտա Խրուշչով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="निकिता ख़्रुश्चेव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकिता ख़्रुश्चेव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov" title="Nikita Hruščov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikita Hruščov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergeyevich_Hrushchyov" title="Nikita Sergeyevich Hrushchyov – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nikita Sergeyevich Hrushchyov" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADk%C3%ADta_Khr%C3%BAstsjov" title="Níkíta Khrústsjov – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Níkíta Khrústsjov" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergeevi%C4%8D_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Nikita Sergeevič Chruščëv – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nikita Sergeevič Chruščëv" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%91" title="ניקיטה חרושצ'וב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקיטה חרושצ'וב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ნიკიტა ხრუშჩოვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკიტა ხრუშჩოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Krushchov" title="Nikita Krushchov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nikita Krushchov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEk%C3%AEta_Kr%C3%BB%C5%9F%C3%A7ev" title="Nîkîta Krûşçev – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîkîta Krûşçev" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрущёв – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никита Хрущёв" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicetas_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Nicetas Chruščëv – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicetas Chruščëv" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85ikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dovs" title="Ņikita Hruščovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņikita Hruščovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergejewitsch_Chruschtschow" title="Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nikita Sergejewitsch Chruschtschow" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8Diovas" title="Nikita Chruščiovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nikita Chruščiovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chrosci%C3%B2ff" title="Nikita Chrosciòff – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nikita Chrosciòff" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nikitas._xrucof." title="nikitas. xrucof. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nikitas. xrucof." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyikita_Szergejevics_Hruscsov" title="Nyikita Szergejevics Hruscsov – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyikita Szergejevics Hruscsov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрушчов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Никита Хрушчов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="നികിത ക്രൂഷ്ച്ചേവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നികിത ക്രൂഷ്ച്ചേവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Krushchev" title="Nikita Krushchev – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nikita Krushchev" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="निकिता ख्रुश्चेव्ह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकिता ख्रुश्चेव्ह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ნიკიტა ხრუშჩოვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკიტა ხრუშჩოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81" title="نيكيتا خروتشوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكيتا خروتشوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%86%D9%81" title="خروشچف – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خروشچف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрущёв – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никита Хрущёв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="နီကီတာ ခရုရှော့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီကီတာ ခရုရှော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chroesjtsjov" title="Nikita Chroesjtsjov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikita Chroesjtsjov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD" title="निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निकिता ख्रुश्चेभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%95" title="ニキータ・フルシチョフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニキータ・フルシチョフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chruschtschow" title="Nikita Chruschtschow – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nikita Chruschtschow" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrusjtsjov" title="Nikita Khrusjtsjov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nikita Khrusjtsjov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrusjtsjov" title="Nikita Khrusjtsjov – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nikita Khrusjtsjov" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchov" title="Nikita Khrushchov – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nikita Khrushchov" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AD" title="ନିକିତା କୃସ୍ଚେଭ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିକିତା କୃସ୍ଚେଭ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Xrushchyov" title="Nikita Xrushchyov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikita Xrushchyov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5" title="ਨਿਕੀਤਾ ਖਰੁਸ਼ਚੇਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕੀਤਾ ਖਰੁਸ਼ਚੇਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%81" title="نکیتا خروشیف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکیتا خروشیف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%81" title="نیکیتا خروشچیف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیکیتا خروشچیف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergeevi%C4%8D_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Nikita Sergeevič Chruščëv – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nikita Sergeevič Chruščëv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chruszczow" title="Nikita Chruszczow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nikita Chruszczow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchov" title="Nikita Khrushchov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nikita Khrushchov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%9F%C3%A7ov" title="Nikita Hruşçov – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nikita Hruşçov" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergheevici_Hru%C8%99ciov" title="Nikita Sergheevici Hrușciov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nikita Sergheevici Hrușciov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Kruschev" title="Nikita Kruschev – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nikita Kruschev" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрущов – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Никита Хрущов" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Хрущёв, Никита Сергеевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хрущёв, Никита Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хрущёв Никита Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hrush%C3%A7ov" title="Nikita Hrushçov – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikita Hrushçov" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergeevi%C4%8D_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Nikita Sergeevič Chruščëv – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nikita Sergeevič Chruščëv" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A" title="නිකීතා කෘෂෙෆ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිකීතා කෘෂෙෆ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergejevi%C4%8D_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov" title="Nikita Sergejevič Chruščov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikita Sergejevič Chruščov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov" title="Nikita Hruščov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nikita Hruščov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%86%DB%86%DA%A4" title="نیکیتا خروشچۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکیتا خروشچۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрушчов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никита Хрушчов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1%C4%8Dov" title="Nikita Hruščov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikita Hruščov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Hru%C5%A1t%C5%A1ov" title="Nikita Hruštšov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nikita Hruštšov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chrusjtjov" title="Nikita Chrusjtjov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nikita Chrusjtjov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="நிக்கித்தா குருசேவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கித்தா குருசேவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрущёв – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никита Хрущёв" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="นีกีตา ครุชชอฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีกีตา ครุชชอฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Никита Хрушёв – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никита Хрушёв" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Kru%C5%9F%C3%A7ev" title="Nikita Kruşçev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nikita Kruşçev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Хрущов Микита Сергійович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хрущов Микита Сергійович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%81" title="نکیتا خروشچیف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکیتا خروشچیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchyov" title="Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="赫魯曉夫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="赫魯曉夫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nikita Khrushchev" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="赫魯曉夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="赫魯曉夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8Diovs" title="Nikita Chruščiovs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nikita Chruščiovs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB" title="尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Xru%C5%A1ov" title="Nikita Xrušov – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nikita Xrušov" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35314#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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For the surname and other people with the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_(surname)" title="Khrushchev (surname)">Khrushchev (surname)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nikita Khrushchev</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Никита Хрущёв</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Khrushchev_1962_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nikita_Khrushchev_1962_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nikita_Khrushchev_1962_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nikita_Khrushchev_1962_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nikita_Khrushchev_1962_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nikita_Khrushchev_1962_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nikita_Khrushchev_1962_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1706" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Khrushchev in 1962</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 September 1953 – 14 October 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (as General Secretary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 March 1958 – 14 October 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Ustinov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Ustinov">Dmitriy Ustinov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine (Bolsheviks)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 December 1947 – 16 December 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 January 1938 – 3 March 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lazar Kaganovich</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-04-15</span>)</span>15 April 1894<br /><a href="/wiki/Kalinovka,_Khomutovsky_District,_Kursk_Oblast" title="Kalinovka, Khomutovsky District, Kursk Oblast">Kalinovka</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">11 September 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-09-11)</span> (aged 77) </span><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> (1918–1964)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Yefrosinia Pisareva</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1914; died 1919)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Petrovna_Khrushcheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva">Nina Kukharchuk</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1965)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>5</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Yulia Khrushcheva</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Khrushchev" title="Leonid Khrushchev">Leonid Khrushchev</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Rada Khrushcheva</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei Khrushchev</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Elena Khrushcheva</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Academy_(Moscow)" title="Industrial Academy (Moscow)">Industrial Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Khrushchev_Signature2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikita Khrushchev's signature"><img alt="A scrawled "Н Хрущёв"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikita_Khrushchev_Signature2.svg/128px-Nikita_Khrushchev_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikita_Khrushchev_Signature2.svg/192px-Nikita_Khrushchev_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nikita_Khrushchev_Signature2.svg/256px-Nikita_Khrushchev_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–45</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1939–64: Full member, <a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th</a>, <a href="/wiki/22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd</a> Presidium </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1949–64: <a href="/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th</a>, <a href="/wiki/22nd_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd</a> Secretariat </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1949–52: <a href="/wiki/18th_Orgburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a> Orgburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1938–39: Candidate member, <a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th</a> Politburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1934–64: Full member, <a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th</a>, <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th</a>, <a href="/wiki/22nd_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd</a> Central Committee</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1956–64: <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_SFSR#Heads_of_party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Russian SFSR">Chairman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (page does not exist)">Bureau of the Central Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1949–53: First Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Moscow Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow Regional Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1944–47: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Chairman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine" title="Government of Ukraine">Ukrainian Council of Ministers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1938–47: First Secretary, Kiev Regional Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1938–47: First Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Kiev_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Kiev City Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1935–38: First Secretary, Moscow Regional Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1934–50: First Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City Committee</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Soviet Union">Leader of the Soviet Union</a></b></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>←</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a> <span style="font-size:120%"><b>→</b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pronunciation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (15 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 April] 1894<span class="nowrap"> </span>– 11 September 1971) was <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> from 1953 to 1964, and <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of Ministers</a> (premier) from 1958 to 1964. During his rule, Khrushchev stunned the communist world with his denunciation of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and embarked on a policy of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> with his key ally <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a>. He sponsored the early <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> and enacted reforms in domestic policy. After some false starts, and a <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">narrowly avoided nuclear war over Cuba</a>, he conducted successful negotiations with the United States to reduce <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions. In 1964, the Kremlin circle <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Removal">stripped him of power</a>, replacing him with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> as First Secretary and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> as Premier. </p><p>Khrushchev was born in 1894 in a village in western Russia. He was employed as a <a href="/wiki/Metal_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal worker">metal worker</a> during his youth, and he was a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. Under the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a>, Khrushchev worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He originally supported <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalin's purges</a> and approved thousands of arrests. In 1938, Stalin sent him to govern the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, and he continued the purges there. During what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a>, Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">defense of Stalingrad</a>, a fact he took great pride in. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers. </p><p>On 5 March 1953, <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a> triggered a power struggle in which Khrushchev emerged victorious upon consolidating his authority as First Secretary of the party's Central Committee. On 25 February 1956, at the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Party Congress</a>, he delivered the "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a>", which denounced Stalin's purges and ushered in <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">a less repressive era</a> in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies, aimed at bettering the lives of ordinary citizens, were often ineffective, especially in agriculture. Hoping eventually to rely on missiles for national defense, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchev's time in office saw the tensest years of the Cold War, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> in 1962. </p><p>As leader of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev enjoyed considerable popularity throughout the 1950s due to the successful launching of <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a> and victorious outcomes in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a>. By the early 1960s, however, support for Khrushchev's leadership was significantly eroded by domestic policy failures and his mishandling of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Such developments emboldened his political rivals who quietly rose in strength and ultimately deposed him in October 1964. However, he did not suffer the deadly fate of the losers of previous Soviet power struggles and was pensioned off with an apartment in Moscow and a <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> in the countryside. His lengthy memoirs were smuggled to the West and published in part in 1970. Khrushchev died from a heart attack in 1971. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khrushchev was born on 15 April 1894,<sup id="cite_ref-birth_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19952_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19952-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Kalinovka,_Khomutovsky_District,_Kursk_Oblast" title="Kalinovka, Khomutovsky District, Kursk Oblast">Kalinovka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200320_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200320-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a village in what is now Russia's <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk Oblast</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Governorate" title="Kursk Governorate">Kursk Governorate</a>), near the present Ukrainian border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200318_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200318-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents, Sergei Khrushchev and Kseniya Khrushcheva, were poor <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> peasants,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200321_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200321-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a daughter two years Nikita's junior, Irina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19952_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19952-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergei Khrushchev was employed in a number of positions in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> area of far eastern Ukraine, working as a railwayman, as a miner, and laboring in a brick factory. Wages were much higher in the Donbas than in the Kursk region, and Sergei Khrushchev generally left his family in Kalinovka, returning when he had enough money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19952–3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19952–3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nikita was six or seven, the family moved to Yuzovka (now <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, Ukraine) for about a year before returning to Kalinovka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19953_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19953-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalinovka was a peasant village; Khrushchev's teacher, Lydia Shevchenko, later stated that she had never seen a village as poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200327_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200327-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikita worked as a <a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">herdsboy</a> from an early age. He was schooled for a total of four years, part in the village school and part under Shevchenko's tutelage in Kalinovka's state school. According to Khrushchev's memoirs, Shevchenko was a <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a> who upset the villagers by not attending church, and when her brother visited, he gave Khrushchev books which had been banned by the Imperial Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200326_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200326-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She urged Nikita to seek further education, but family finances did not permit this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200326_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200326-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, Sergei Khrushchev moved to the Donbas city of Yuzovka; fourteen-year-old Nikita followed later that year, while Kseniya Khrushcheva and her daughter came after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200330_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200330-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuzovka, which was renamed Stalino in 1924 and Donetsk in 1961, was at the heart of one of the most industrialized areas of the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200330_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200330-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After working briefly in other fields, Khrushchev's parents found Nikita a place as a metal fitter's apprentice. Upon completing that apprenticeship, the teenage Khrushchev was hired by a factory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19956–7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19956–7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lost that job when he collected money for the families of the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Lena_Goldfields_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena Goldfields massacre">Lena Goldfields massacre</a>, and was hired to mend underground equipment by a mine in nearby Ruchenkovo,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200337–38_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200337–38-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where his father was the union organizer, and he helped distribute copies and organize public readings of <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19958_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19958-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later stated that he considered emigrating to the United States for better wages, but did not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009141_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009141-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later recalled his working days: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:9.5pt"><p>I started working as soon as I learned how to walk. Until the age of fifteen, I worked as a shepherd. I tended, as the foreigners say when they use the Russian language, "the little cows," I was a sheepherder, I herded cows for a capitalist, and that was before I was fifteen. After that, I worked at a factory for a German, and I worked in a French-owned mine, I worked at a Belgian-owned chemical factory, and [now] I'm the Prime Minister of the great Soviet state. And I am in no way ashamed of my past because all work is worthy of respect. Work as such cannot be dirty, it is only conscience that can be.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Khrushchev's speech in Hollywood, translated by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sukhodrev" title="Viktor Sukhodrev">Viktor Sukhodrev</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in 1914, Khrushchev was exempt from <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> because he was a skilled metal worker. He was employed by a workshop that serviced ten mines, and he was involved in several strikes that demanded higher pay, better working conditions, and an end to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19958–9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19958–9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, he married Yefrosinia Pisareva, daughter of the lift operator at the Rutchenkovo mine. In 1915, they had a daughter, Yulia, and in 1917, a son, Leonid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200338–40_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200338–40-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsar Nicholas II</a> in 1917, the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> had little influence over Ukraine. Khrushchev was elected to the worker's council (or <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union#Etymology" title="Soviet Union"><i>soviet</i></a>) in Rutchenkovo, and in May he became its chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200347_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200347-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not join the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> until 1918, a year in which the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, between the Bolsheviks and a coalition of opponents known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>, began in earnest. His biographer, <a href="/wiki/William_Taubman" title="William Taubman">William Taubman</a>, suggests that Khrushchev's delay in affiliating himself with the Bolsheviks was because he felt closer to the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> who prioritized economic progress, whereas the Bolsheviks sought political power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200347–48_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200347–48-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Khrushchev indicated that he waited because there were many groups, and it was difficult to keep them all straight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200347–48_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200347–48-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1918, as the Bolshevik government concluded <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">a separate peace</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence#German_intervention" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">the Germans occupied the Donbas</a> and Khrushchev fled to Kalinovka. In late 1918 or early 1919, he was mobilized into the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200348–49_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200348–49-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post of political commissar had recently been introduced as the Bolsheviks came to rely less on worker activists and more on military recruits; its functions included indoctrination of recruits in the tenets of Bolshevism, and promoting troop morale and battle readiness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning as commissar to a construction platoon, Khrushchev rose to become commissar to a construction battalion and was sent from the front for a two-month political course. The young commissar came under fire many times,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199512_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199512-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though many of the war stories he would tell in later life dealt more with cultural awkwardness rather than combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, the civil war ended, and Khrushchev was demobilized and assigned as commissar to a labor brigade in the Donbas, where he and his men lived in poor conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wars had caused widespread devastation and famine, and one of the victims was Khrushchev's wife, Yefrosinia, who died of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> in Kalinovka while Khrushchev was in the army. The commissar returned for the funeral and, loyal to his <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">Bolshevik principles</a>, refused to allow his wife's coffin to enter the local church. With the only way into the churchyard through the church, he had the coffin lifted and passed over the fence into the burial ground, shocking the village.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200350-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_official">Party official</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Party official"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donbass_years">Donbass years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Donbass years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916._Khrushhev-s-zhenojj-efrosinejj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1916._Khrushhev-s-zhenojj-efrosinejj.jpg/220px-1916._Khrushhev-s-zhenojj-efrosinejj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1916._Khrushhev-s-zhenojj-efrosinejj.jpg/330px-1916._Khrushhev-s-zhenojj-efrosinejj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1916._Khrushhev-s-zhenojj-efrosinejj.jpg/440px-1916._Khrushhev-s-zhenojj-efrosinejj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev and his first wife Euphrasinia (Yefrosinia) in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the intervention of a friend, Khrushchev was assigned in 1921 as assistant director for political affairs for the Rutchenkovo mine in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> region, where he had previously worked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200352_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200352-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were as yet few Bolsheviks in the area. At that time, the movement was split by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200352_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200352-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Khrushchev's responsibility lay in political affairs, he involved himself in the practicalities of resuming full production at the mine after the chaos of the war years. He helped restart the machines (key parts and papers had been removed by the pre-Soviet mine-owners) and he wore his old mine outfit for inspection tours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200354–55_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200354–55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev was highly successful at the Rutchenkovo mine, and in mid-1922 he was offered the directorship of the nearby Pastukhov mine. However, he refused the offer, seeking to be assigned to <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_National_Technical_University" title="Donetsk National Technical University">the newly established technical college</a> (<i>tekhnikum</i>) in Yuzovka, though his superiors were reluctant to let him go. As he had only four years of formal schooling, he applied to the training program (<i><a href="/wiki/Rabfak" title="Rabfak">rabfak</a></i>, short for Рабочий факультет / Rabotchyi Fakultyet, or Worker's Faculty) attached to the <i>tekhnikum</i> that was designed to bring undereducated students to high-school level, a prerequisite for entry into the <i>tekhnikum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200355_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200355-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While enrolled in the <i>rabfak</i>, Khrushchev continued his work at the Rutchenkovo mine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199514_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199514-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NikitaNina.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/NikitaNina.JPG/220px-NikitaNina.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/NikitaNina.JPG/330px-NikitaNina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/NikitaNina.JPG/440px-NikitaNina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev's second wife (though they only officially married in 1965) was Ukrainian-born <a href="/wiki/Nina_Petrovna_Khrushcheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva">Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk</a>, whom he met in 1922. Photo taken in 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>One of his teachers later described him as a poor student.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200355_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200355-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was more successful in advancing in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>; soon after his admission to the <i>rabfak</i> in August 1922, he was appointed party secretary of the entire <i>tekhnikum</i>, and became a member of the bureau—the governing council—of the party committee for the town of Yuzovka (renamed Stalino in 1924). He briefly joined supporters of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> against those of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> over the question of party democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200356–57_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200356–57-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these activities left him with little time for his schoolwork, and while he later said he had finished his <i>rabfak</i> studies, it is unclear whether this was true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200356–57_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200356–57-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to William Taubman, Khrushchev's studies were aided by <a href="/wiki/Nina_Petrovna_Khrushcheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva">Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk</a>, a well-educated Party organizer and daughter of well-to-do Ukrainian peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200358–59_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200358–59-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family was poor, according to Nina's own recollections. The two lived together as husband and wife for the rest of Khrushchev's life, though they never registered their marriage. They had three children together: daughter Rada was born in 1929, son <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei</a> in 1935 and daughter Elena in 1937. </p><p>In mid-1925, Khrushchev was appointed Party secretary of the Petrovo-Marinsky <i><a href="/wiki/Raikom" class="mw-redirect" title="Raikom">raikom</a></i>, or district, near Stalino. The <i>raikom</i> was about 1,000 square kilometres (400 sq mi) in area, and Khrushchev was constantly on the move throughout his domain, taking an interest in even minor matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199516–17_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199516–17-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1925, Khrushchev was elected a non-voting delegate to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(b)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (b)">14th Congress of the USSR Communist Party</a> in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200363_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200363-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaganovich_protégé"><span id="Kaganovich_prot.C3.A9g.C3.A9"></span>Kaganovich protégé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kaganovich protégé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazar_Kaganovich_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Lazar_Kaganovich_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a>, one of the chief enforcers of Stalin's dictatorship and Khrushchev's main patron.</figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev met <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> as early as 1917. In 1925, Kaganovich became Party head in Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200364–66_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200364–66-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Khrushchev, falling under his patronage,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was rapidly promoted. He was appointed second in command of Stalin's party apparatus in late 1926. Within nine months his superior, Konstantin Moiseyenko, was ousted, which, according to Taubman, was due to Khrushchev's instigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200364–66_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200364–66-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaganovich transferred Khrushchev to <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a>, then the capital of Ukraine, as head of the Organizational Department of the Ukrainian Party's Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200366_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200366-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Khrushchev was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, where he served as head of the organizational department,<sup id="cite_ref-memofkhr_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memofkhr-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second-in-command of the Party organization there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200368_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200368-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, Khrushchev again sought to further his education, following Kaganovich (now in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> as a close associate of Stalin) to Moscow and enrolling in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Academy_(Moscow)" title="Industrial Academy (Moscow)">Stalin Industrial Academy</a>. Khrushchev never completed his studies there, but his career in the Party flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200373_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200373-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the school's Party cell elected a number of rightists to an upcoming district Party conference, the cell was attacked in <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199531–32_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199531–32-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev emerged victorious in the ensuing power struggle, becoming Party secretary of the school, arranging for the delegates to be withdrawn, and, afterward, purging the cell of the rightists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199531–32_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199531–32-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev rose rapidly through the Party ranks, first becoming Party leader for the Bauman district, site of the academy, before taking the same position in the Krasnopresnensky district, the capital's largest and most important. By 1932, Khrushchev had become second in command, behind Kaganovich, of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow city Party organization</a>, and in 1934, he became Party leader for the city<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200373_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200373-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Party's Central Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200378_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200378-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev attributed his rapid rise to his acquaintance with fellow Academy student <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Alliluyeva" title="Nadezhda Alliluyeva">Nadezhda Alliluyeva</a>, Stalin's wife. In his memoirs, Khrushchev stated that Alliluyeva spoke well of him to her husband. His biographer, William Tompson, downplays the possibility, stating that Khrushchev was too low in the Party hierarchy to enjoy Stalin's patronage and that if influence was brought to bear on Khrushchev's career at this stage, it was by Kaganovich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199533–34_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199533–34-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While head of the Moscow city organization, Khrushchev superintended the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>, a highly expensive undertaking, with Kaganovich in overall charge. Faced with an already-announced opening date of 7 November 1934, Khrushchev took considerable risks in the construction and spent much of his time down in the tunnels. When the inevitable accidents did occur, they were depicted as heroic sacrifices in a great cause. The Metro did not open until 1 May 1935, but Khrushchev received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> for his role in its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200394–95_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200394–95-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he was selected as First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Moscow Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow Regional Committee</a> which was responsible for <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow <i>oblast</i></a>, a province with a population of 11 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200373_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200373-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_purges">Involvement in purges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Involvement in purges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s.jpg/260px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s.jpg/390px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s.jpg/520px-Joseph_Stalin_and_Nikita_Khrushchev_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="2929" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev (second from right) poses for a photo alongside <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (far right) sometime during the 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stalin's office records show meetings at which Khrushchev was present as early as 1932. The two increasingly built a good relationship. Khrushchev greatly admired the dictator and treasured informal meetings with him and invitations to Stalin's <i>dacha</i>, while Stalin felt warm affection for his young subordinate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003105–06_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003105–06-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1934, Stalin began a campaign of political repression known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, during which many were executed or sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>. Central to this campaign were the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> of the purged top leaders of the party and the military. In 1936, as the trials proceeded, Khrushchev expressed his vehement support: </p> <blockquote><p>Everyone who rejoices in the successes achieved in our country, the victories of our party led by the great Stalin, will find only one word suitable for the mercenary, fascist dogs of the Trotskyite-<a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinovievite</a> gang. That word is execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200398_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200398-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Khrushchev assisted in the purge of many friends and colleagues in the Moscow <i>oblast</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200399-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of 38 top Party officials in Moscow city and province, 35 were killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200399-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the three survivors were transferred to other parts of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199557_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199557-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 146 Party secretaries of cities and districts outside Moscow city in the province, only 10 survived the purges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200399-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Khrushchev noted that almost everyone who worked with him was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399–100_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200399–100-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Party protocol, Khrushchev was required to approve these arrests and did little or nothing to save his friends and colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Party leaders were given numerical quotas of "enemies" to be turned in and arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> set a quota of 35,000 enemies to be arrested in Moscow province; 5,000 of these were to be executed. In reply, Khrushchev asked that 2,000 wealthy peasants, or <i><a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a></i> living in Moscow be killed in part fulfillment of the quota. In any event, only two weeks after receiving the order, Khrushchev was able to report to Stalin that 41,305 "criminal and <i>kulak</i> elements" had been arrested. Of the arrestees, according to Khrushchev, 8,500 deserved execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9A_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Regional party leaders in 1935. In the front row sits Nikita Khrushchev (Moscow), <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a> (Leningrad), <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> (Ukraine), <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> (Georgia), and <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Lakoba" title="Nestor Lakoba">Nestor Lakoba</a> (Abkhazia) (behind him stands <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev had no reason to think himself immune from the purges, and in 1937, confessed his own 1923 dalliance with Trotskyism to Kaganovich, who, according to Khrushchev, "blanched" (for his protégé's sins could affect his own standing) and advised him to tell Stalin. The dictator took the confession in his stride, and, after initially advising Khrushchev to keep it quiet, suggested that Khrushchev tell his tale to the Moscow party conference. Khrushchev did so, to applause, and was immediately reelected to his post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003103–04_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003103–04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev related in his memoirs that he was also denounced by an arrested colleague. Stalin told Khrushchev of the accusation personally. Khrushchev speculated in his memoirs that had Stalin doubted his reaction, he would have been categorized as an <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">enemy of the people</a> then and there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003104_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003104-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Khrushchev became a candidate member of the Politburo on 14 January 1938 and a full member in March 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199569_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199569-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIhDPL92SOY">Khrushchev speech in 1937</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTDQ62dSMjg#t=3m47s">Khrushchev speech at the opening of the Moscow Metro</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In late 1937, Stalin appointed Khrushchev as head of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party in Ukraine</a>. Khrushchev left Moscow for Kiev, again the Ukrainian capital, in January 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003114–15_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003114–15-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine had been the site of extensive purges, with the murdered including professors in Stalino whom Khrushchev greatly respected. The high ranks of the Party were not immune; the Central Committee of Ukraine was so devastated that it could not convene a quorum. After Khrushchev's arrival, the pace of arrests accelerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003116_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003116-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but one member of the Ukrainian Politburo Organizational Bureau and Secretariat were arrested. Almost all government officials and Red Army commanders were replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first few months after Khrushchev's arrival, almost everyone arrested was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199560_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199560-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer William Taubman suggested that because Khrushchev was again unsuccessfully denounced while in Kiev, he must have known that some of the denunciations were not true and that innocent people were suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, Khrushchev addressed the Fourteenth Ukrainian Party Congress, saying "Comrades, we must unmask and relentlessly destroy all enemies of the people. But we must not allow a single honest Bolshevik to be harmed."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Khrushchev_in_WW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nikita_Khrushchev_in_WW2.jpg/220px-Nikita_Khrushchev_in_WW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Nikita_Khrushchev_in_WW2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Nikita Khrushchev posing in a Red Army uniform following the Soviets' entry into the conflict.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_of_Poland_and_subsequent_occupation">Invasion of Poland and subsequent occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Invasion of Poland and subsequent occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Soviet troops, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invaded the eastern portion of Poland</a> on 17 September 1939, Khrushchev accompanied the troops at Stalin's direction. A large number of ethnic Ukrainians lived in the invaded area, much of which today forms the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western portion of Ukraine</a>. Many inhabitants initially welcomed the invasion, though they hoped that they would eventually become independent. Khrushchev's role was to ensure that the occupied areas voted for union with the USSR. Through a combination of propaganda, deception as to what was being voted for, and outright fraud, the Soviets ensured that the assemblies elected in the new territories would unanimously petition for union with the USSR. When the new assemblies did so, their petitions were granted by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">USSR Supreme Soviet</a>, and Western Ukraine became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> on 1 November 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003135–37_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003135–37-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clumsy actions by the Soviets, such as staffing Western Ukrainian organizations with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukrainians</a>, and giving confiscated land to collective farms (<i><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhozes</a></i>) rather than to peasants, soon alienated Western Ukrainians, damaging Khrushchev's efforts to achieve unity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199572_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199572-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_against_Germany">War against Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War against Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi Germany invaded the USSR</a>, in June 1941, Khrushchev was still at his post in Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003149_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003149-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin appointed him a political commissar, and Khrushchev served on a number of fronts as an intermediary between the local military commanders and the political rulers in Moscow. Stalin used Khrushchev to keep commanders on a tight leash, while the commanders sought to have him influence Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003150_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003150-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Germans advanced, Khrushchev worked with the military to defend and save Kiev. Handicapped by orders from Stalin that under no circumstances should the city be abandoned, the Red Army was soon <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">encircled by the Germans</a>. While the Germans stated they took 655,000 prisoners, according to the Soviets, 150,541 men out of 677,085 escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003163_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003163-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary sources differ on Khrushchev's involvement. According to Marshal <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>, writing some years after Khrushchev fired and disgraced him in 1957, Khrushchev persuaded Stalin not to evacuate troops from Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003162–64_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003162–64-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Khrushchev noted in his memoirs that he and Marshal <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a> proposed redeploying Soviet forces to avoid the encirclement until Marshal <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> arrived from Moscow with orders for the troops to hold their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004347_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004347-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Khrushchev biographer Mark Frankland suggested that Khrushchev's faith in his leader was first shaken by the Red Army's setbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev stated in his memoirs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But let me return to the enemy breakthrough in the Kiev area, the encirclement of our group, and the destruction of the 37th Army. Later, the Fifth Army also perished ... All of this was senseless, and from the military point of view, a display of ignorance, incompetence, and illiteracy. ... There you have the result of not taking a step backward. We were unable to save these troops because we didn't withdraw them, and as a result, we simply lost them. ... And yet it was possible to allow this not to happen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004349–50_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004349–50-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1942, Khrushchev was on the Southwest Front, and he and Timoshenko proposed a massive counteroffensive in the <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a> area. Stalin approved only part of the plan, but 640,000 Red Army soldiers were involved in the offensive. The Germans, however, had deduced that the Soviets were likely to <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">attack at Kharkov</a>, and set a trap. Beginning on 12 May 1942, the Soviet offensive initially appeared successful, but within five days the Germans had driven deep into the Soviet flanks, and the Red Army troops were in danger of being cut off. Stalin refused to halt the offensive, and the Red Army divisions were soon encircled by the Germans. The USSR lost about 267,000 soldiers, including more than 200,000 captured, and Stalin demoted Timoshenko and recalled Khrushchev to Moscow. While Stalin hinted at arresting and executing Khrushchev, he allowed the commissar to return to the front by sending him to <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003164–68_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003164–68-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_882837_The_defenders_of_Stalingrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RIAN_archive_882837_The_defenders_of_Stalingrad.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_882837_The_defenders_of_Stalingrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RIAN_archive_882837_The_defenders_of_Stalingrad.jpg/495px-RIAN_archive_882837_The_defenders_of_Stalingrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RIAN_archive_882837_The_defenders_of_Stalingrad.jpg/660px-RIAN_archive_882837_The_defenders_of_Stalingrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev (left) on the Stalingrad Front</figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev reached the <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad Front</a> in August 1942, soon after the start of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">the battle for the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003168–71_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003168–71-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His role in the Stalingrad defense was not major—General <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a>, who led the city's defense, mentions Khrushchev only briefly in a memoir published while Khrushchev was premier—but to the end of his life, he was proud of his role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199581_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199581-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he visited Stalin in Moscow on occasion, he remained in Stalingrad for much of the battle and was nearly killed at least once. He proposed a <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattack</a>, only to find that <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> and other generals had already planned <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Operation Uranus</a>, a plan to break out from Soviet positions and encircle and destroy the Germans; it was being kept secret. Before <i>Uranus</i> was launched, Khrushchev spent much time checking on troop readiness and morale, interrogating Nazi prisoners, and recruiting some for propaganda purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003168–71_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003168–71-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D.%D0%A1._%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev (right) speaking at a victory rally of Red Army soldiers in Stalingrad, 4 February 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after Stalingrad, Khrushchev met with personal tragedy, as his son <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Khrushchev" title="Leonid Khrushchev">Leonid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilot</a>, was apparently shot down and killed in action on 11 March 1943. The circumstances of Leonid's death remain obscure and controversial,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2008_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as none of his fellow fliers stated that they witnessed him being shot down, nor was his plane found or body recovered. One theory has Leonid surviving the crash and collaborating with the Germans, and when he was recaptured by the Soviets, Stalin ordering him shot despite Khrushchev pleading for his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2008_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This supposed killing is used to explain why Khrushchev later denounced Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2008_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2008-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003157–58_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003157–58-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is no supporting evidence for this account in Soviet files, some historians allege that Leonid Khrushchev's file was tampered with after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199582_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199582-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, Leonid Khrushchev's wingmate stated that he saw his plane disintegrate, but did not report it. Khrushchev biographer Taubman speculates that this omission was most likely to avoid the possibility of being seen as complicit in the death of the son of a Politburo member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1943, Leonid's wife, Liuba Khrushcheva, was arrested on accusations of spying and sentenced to five years in a labor camp, and her son (by another relationship), Tolya, was placed in orphanages. Leonid's daughter, Yulia, was raised by Nikita Khrushchev and his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158–62_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158–62-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <i>Uranus</i> forced the Germans into retreat, Khrushchev served on other fronts of the war. He was attached to Soviet troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, in July 1943, which turned back the last major German offensive on Soviet soil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003171–72_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003171–72-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev related that he interrogated an <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> defector, learning that the Germans intended an attack—a claim dismissed by his biographer Taubman as "almost certainly exaggerated".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003177–78_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003177–78-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accompanied Soviet troops as they took Kiev in November 1943, entering the shattered city as Soviet forces drove out German troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003177–78_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003177–78-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Soviet forces met with greater success, driving the Nazis westwards towards Germany, Nikita Khrushchev became increasingly involved in reconstruction work in Ukraine. He was appointed Premier of the Ukrainian SSR in addition to his earlier party post, one of the rare instances in which the Ukrainian party and civil leader posts were held by one person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199581–82_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199581–82-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Khrushchev biographer William Tompson, it is difficult to assess Khrushchev's war record, since he most often acted as part of a military council, and it is not possible to know the extent to which he influenced decisions. However, Tompson points to the fact that the few mentions of Khrushchev in military memoirs published during the <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a> era were generally favorable, at a time when it was "barely possible to mention Khrushchev in print in any context".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199573_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199573-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tompson suggests that these favorable mentions indicate that military officers held Khrushchev in high regard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199573_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199573-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Ukraine">Return to Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Return to Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/370px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/555px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/740px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>The Ukrainian capital, <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, after the Second World War</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all of Ukraine had been occupied by the Germans, and Khrushchev returned to his domain in late 1943 to find devastation. Ukraine's industry had been destroyed, and agriculture faced critical shortages. Even though millions of Ukrainians had been taken to Germany as workers or prisoners of war, there was insufficient housing for those who remained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199586_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199586-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One out of every six Ukrainians were killed in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003179_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003179-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev sought to reconstruct Ukraine and complete the interrupted work of imposing the Soviet system on it, though he hoped that the purges of the 1930s would not recur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003180_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003180-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ukraine was recovered militarily, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> was imposed; 750,000 men aged between nineteen and fifty were sent to join the Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003181_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003181-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Ukrainians joined partisan forces, seeking an independent Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003181_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003181-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev rushed from district to district through Ukraine, urging the depleted labor force to greater efforts. He made a short visit to his birthplace of Kalinovka, finding a starving population, with only a third of the men who had joined the Red Army having returned. Khrushchev did what he could to assist his hometown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003193–95_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003193–95-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Khrushchev's efforts, in 1945, Ukrainian industry was at only a quarter of pre-war levels, and the harvest actually dropped from that of 1944, when the entire territory of Ukraine had not yet been retaken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199586_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199586-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an effort to increase agricultural production, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhozes</a></i> (collective farms) were empowered to expel residents who were not pulling their weight. <i>Kolkhoz</i> leaders used this as an excuse to expel their personal enemies, invalids, and the elderly, sending them to the eastern parts of the Soviet Union. Khrushchev viewed this policy as very effective and recommended its adoption elsewhere to Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199586_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199586-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also worked to impose <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization</a> on Western Ukraine. Lack of resources and armed resistance by partisans slowed the process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199587–88_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199587–88-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partisans, many of whom fought as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (UPA), were gradually defeated, as Soviet police and military reported killing 110,825 "bandits" and capturing a quarter million more between 1944 and 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003195_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003195-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 600,000 Western Ukrainians were arrested between 1944 and 1952, with one-third executed and the remainder imprisoned or exiled to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003195_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003195-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war years of 1944 and 1945 had seen poor harvests, and 1946 saw intense drought strike Ukraine and Western Russia. Despite this, collective and state farms were required to turn over 52% of the harvest to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199591_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199591-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a> sought to collect as much grain as possible to supply communist allies in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev set the quotas at a high level, leading Stalin to expect an unrealistically large quantity of grain from Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199–200_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199–200-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food was rationed—but non-agricultural rural workers throughout the USSR were given no ration cards. The inevitable starvation was largely confined to remote rural regions and was little noticed outside the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199591_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199591-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev, realizing the desperate situation in late 1946, repeatedly appealed to Stalin for aid, to be met with anger and resistance. When letters to Stalin had no effect, Khrushchev flew to Moscow and made his case in person. Stalin finally gave Ukraine limited food aid, and money to set up free <a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003200–01_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003200–01-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Khrushchev's political standing had been damaged, and in February 1947, Stalin suggested that Lazar Kaganovich be sent to Ukraine to "help" Khrushchev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199592_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199592-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month, the Ukrainian Central Committee removed Khrushchev as party leader in favor of Kaganovich, while retaining him as premier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003203_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003203-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Kaganovich arrived in Kiev, Khrushchev fell ill and was barely seen until September 1947. In his memoirs, Khrushchev indicates he had pneumonia; some biographers have theorized that Khrushchev's illness was entirely political, out of fear that his loss of position was the first step towards downfall and demise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199593_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199593-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Khrushchev's children remembered their father as having been seriously ill. Once Khrushchev was able to get out of bed, he and his family took their first vacation since before the war, to a beachfront resort in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003203_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003203-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev, though, soon broke the beach routine with duck-hunting trips, and a visit to the new Soviet <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, where he toured factories and quarries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200027_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200027-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1947, Kaganovich had been recalled to Moscow and the recovered Khrushchev had been restored to the First Secretaryship. He then resigned the Ukrainian premiership in favor of <a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a>, Khrushchev's protégé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199593_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199593-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev's final years in Ukraine were generally peaceful, with industry recovering,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199595_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199595-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet forces overcoming the partisans, and 1947 and 1948 seeing better-than-expected harvests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003205_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003205-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectivization advanced in Western Ukraine, and Khrushchev implemented more policies that encouraged collectivization and discouraged private farms. These sometimes backfired, however: a tax on private livestock holdings led to peasants slaughtering their stock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199596_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199596-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the idea of eliminating differences in attitude between town and countryside and transforming the peasantry into a "rural proletariat", Khrushchev conceived the idea of the "agro-town".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199596–97_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199596–97-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than agricultural workers living close to farms, they would live further away in larger towns which would offer municipal services such as utilities and libraries. He completed only one such town before his December 1949 return to Moscow; he dedicated it to Stalin as a 70th birthday present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199596–97_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199596–97-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his memoirs, Khrushchev spoke highly of Ukraine: </p> <blockquote> <p>I'll say that the Ukrainian people treated me well. I recall warmly the years I spent there. This was a period full of responsibilities, but pleasant because it brought satisfaction ... But far be it from me to inflate my significance. The entire Ukrainian people was exerting great efforts ... I attribute Ukraine's successes to the Ukrainian people as a whole. I won't elaborate further on this theme, but in principle, it's very easy to demonstrate. I'm Russian myself, and I don't want to offend the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200616–17_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200616–17-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalin's_final_years"><span id="Stalin.27s_final_years"></span>Stalin's final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stalin's final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao,_Bulganin,_Stalin,_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/310px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/465px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg/620px-Mao%2C_Bulganin%2C_Stalin%2C_Ulbricht_Tsedenbal.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Stalin (third from right) presiding over a ceremony commemorating his 71st birthday a few years before his death.</figcaption></figure> <p>From mid-December 1949, Khrushchev served as head of the Party in Moscow city and province. His biographer Taubman suggests that Stalin most likely recalled Khrushchev to Moscow to balance the influence of <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a> and security chief <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a>, who were widely seen as Stalin's heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003210_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003210-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aging leader rarely called Politburo meetings. Instead, much of the high-level work of government took place at dinners hosted by Stalin for his inner circle of Beria, Malenkov, Khrushchev, Kaganovich, <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a>. Khrushchev took early naps so that he would not fall asleep in Stalin's presence; he noted in his memoirs, "Things went badly for those who dozed off at Stalin's table."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200643_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200643-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Khrushchev began a large-scale housing program for Moscow. Five- or six-story apartment buildings became ubiquitous throughout the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199599_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199599-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev had prefabricated reinforced concrete used, greatly speeding up construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003226_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003226-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These structures were completed at triple the construction rate of Moscow housing from 1946 to 1950, lacked elevators or balconies, and were nicknamed <i><a href="/wiki/Khrushchyovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchyovka">khrushchyovka</a></i> by the public, but because of their shoddy workmanship sometimes disparagingly called <i>Khrushchoba</i>, combining Khrushchev's name with the Russian word <i>trushchoba</i>, meaning "slum".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, almost 60,000,000 residents of the former Soviet Union still lived in these buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199599_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199599-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his new positions, Khrushchev continued his <i>kolkhoz</i> consolidation scheme, which decreased the number of collective farms in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> by about 70%. This resulted in farms that were too large for one chairman to manage effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995100–01_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995100–01-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev also sought to implement his agro-town proposal, but when his lengthy speech on the subject was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> in March 1951, Stalin disapproved of it. The periodical quickly published a note stating that Khrushchev's speech was merely a proposal, not policy. In April, the Politburo disavowed the agro-town proposal. Khrushchev feared that Stalin would remove him from office, but the leader mocked Khrushchev, then allowed the episode to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003228–30_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003228–30-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 1953, Stalin had a massive stroke. As terrified doctors attempted treatment, Khrushchev and his colleagues engaged in an intense discussion as to the new government. On 5 March, Stalin died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003236–41_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003236–41-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev later reflected on Stalin: </p> <blockquote> <p>Stalin called everyone who didn't agree with him an "enemy of the people." He said that they wanted to restore the old order, and for this purpose, "the enemies of the people" had linked up with the forces of reaction internationally. As a result, several hundred thousand honest people perished. Everyone lived in fear in those days. Everyone expected that at any moment there would be a knock on the door in the middle of the night and that knock on the door would prove fatal ... [P]eople not to Stalin's liking were annihilated, honest party members, irreproachable people, loyal and hard workers for our cause who had gone through the school of revolutionary struggle under Lenin's leadership. This was utter and complete arbitrariness. And now is all this to be forgiven and forgotten? Never!<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006167–68_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006167–68-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_power">Struggle for power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Struggle for power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg/220px-Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg/330px-Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg/440px-Georgy_Malenkov_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a>, the man who briefly succeeded Stalin as <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of the Soviet Union">leader of the Soviet Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 March 1953, Stalin's death was announced, as was the new leadership. Malenkov was the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers, with Beria (who consolidated his hold over the security agencies), Kaganovich, Bulganin, and former Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> as <a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">first vice-chairmen</a>. Those members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium of the Central Committee</a> who had been recently promoted by Stalin were demoted. Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as Party head for Moscow to concentrate on unspecified duties in the Party's Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995114_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995114-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> listed Malenkov and Beria first and second among the ten-man Presidium—and Khrushchev last.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1953-03-10_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1953-03-10-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Malenkov resigned from the secretariat of the Central Committee on 14 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003245_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003245-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came due to concerns that he was acquiring too much power. The major beneficiary was Khrushchev. His name appeared atop a revised list of secretaries—indicating that he was now in charge of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Committee formally elected him First Secretary in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003258_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003258-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Stalin's death, Beria launched a number of reforms. According to Taubman, "unparalleled in his cynicism, he [Beria] did not let ideology stand in his way. Had he prevailed, he would almost certainly have exterminated his colleagues, if only to prevent them from liquidating him. In the meantime, however, his burst of reforms rivaled Khrushchev's and in some ways even Gorbachev's".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003245_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003245-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One proposal, which was adopted, was an amnesty which eventually led to the freeing of over a million non-political prisoners. Another, which was not adopted, was to release <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> into a united, neutral Germany in exchange for compensation from the West<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003246–47_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003246–47-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a proposal considered by Khrushchev to be anti-communist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006184_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006184-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev allied with Malenkov to block many of Beria's proposals, while the two slowly picked up support from other Presidium members. Their campaign against Beria was aided by fears that Beria was planning a military coup,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995121_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995121-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, according to Khrushchev in his memoirs, by the conviction that "Beria is getting his knives ready for us."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006186_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006186-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key move by Khrushchev and Malenkov was to lure two of Beria's most powerful deputy ministers, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kruglov_(politician)" title="Sergei Kruglov (politician)">Sergei Kruglov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a>, to betray their boss. This allowed Khrushchev and Malenkov to arrest Beria as Beria belatedly discovered he had lost control of Ministry of Interior troops and the troops of the Kremlin guard.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 June 1953, Beria was arrested at a Presidium meeting, following extensive military preparations by Khrushchev and his allies. Beria was tried in secret and executed in December 1953 with five of his close associates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995123_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995123-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power struggle continued. Malenkov's power was in the central state apparatus, which he sought to extend through reorganizing the government, giving it additional power at the expense of the Party. He also sought public support by lowering retail prices and the level of bond sales to citizens, which had long been effectively obligatory. Khrushchev, with his power base in the Party, sought to strengthen the Party and his position within it. While, under the Soviet system, the Party was to be preeminent, it had been greatly drained of power by Stalin, who had given much of that power to himself and to the Politburo (later, to the Presidium). Khrushchev saw that with the Presidium in conflict, the Party and its Central Committee might again become powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995125–26_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995125–26-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev carefully cultivated high Party officials and was able to appoint supporters as local Party bosses, who then took seats on the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003259_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003259-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Khrushchev-TIME-1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nikita_Khrushchev-TIME-1953.jpg/220px-Nikita_Khrushchev-TIME-1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nikita_Khrushchev-TIME-1953.jpg/330px-Nikita_Khrushchev-TIME-1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Nikita_Khrushchev-TIME-1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev featured on the November 1953 cover of <i>TIME</i> after becoming <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">First Secretary of the Communist Party</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev presented himself as a down-to-earth activist prepared to take up any challenge, contrasting with Malenkov who, though sophisticated, came across as colourless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003259_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003259-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev arranged for the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a> grounds to be opened to the public, an act with "great public resonance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003263_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003263-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both Malenkov and Khrushchev sought reforms to agriculture, Khrushchev's proposals were broader and included the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Lands Campaign">Virgin Lands Campaign</a>, under which hundreds of thousands of young volunteers would settle and farm areas of Western Siberia and Northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. While the scheme eventually became a tremendous disaster for Soviet agriculture, it was initially successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995174_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995174-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Khrushchev possessed incriminating information on Malenkov, taken from Beria's secret files. As Soviet prosecutors investigated the atrocities of Stalin's last years, including the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_affair" title="Leningrad affair">Leningrad case</a>, they came across evidence of Malenkov's involvement. Beginning in February 1954, Khrushchev replaced Malenkov in the seat of honour at Presidium meetings; in June, Malenkov ceased to head the list of Presidium members, which was thereafter organized in alphabetical order. Khrushchev's influence continued to increase, winning the allegiance of local party heads, and with his nominee heading the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003260–64_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003260–64-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, the Soviet leadership with Khrushchev transferred <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, a decision often attributed to Khrushchev's origin.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians, though, point more to the pacification of inner-soviet tensions<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a move in the power game with Malenkov.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a Central Committee meeting in January 1955, Malenkov was accused of involvement in atrocities, and the committee passed a resolution accusing him of involvement in the Leningrad case, and of facilitating Beria's climb to power. At a meeting of the mostly ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet" title="Supreme Soviet">Supreme Soviet</a> the following month, Malenkov was demoted in favor of Bulganin, to the surprise of Western observers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko200615–17_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko200615–17-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malenkov remained in the Presidium as Minister of Electric Power Stations. According to Khrushchev biographer William Tompson, "Khrushchev's position as first among the members of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> was now beyond any reasonable doubt."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995141–42_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995141–42-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-Stalin battle for political control reshaped foreign policy. There was more realism and less ideological abstraction when confronted by European and Middle Eastern situations. Khrushchev's "secret speech" attack on Stalin in 1956 was a signal for abandoning Stalinist precepts and looking at new options, including more involvement in the Middle East. Khrushchev in power did not moderate his personality—he remained unpredictable and was emboldened by the spectacular successes in space. He thought that would give the USSR world prestige, leading to quick Communist advances in the Third World. Khrushchev's policy was still restrained by the need to retain the support of the Presidium and to placate the inarticulate but restive Soviet masses who were thrilled by Sputnik but demanded a higher <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> on the ground as well.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1955–1964)"><span id="Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union_.281955.E2.80.931964.29"></span>Leader of the Soviet Union (1955–1964)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leader of the Soviet Union (1955–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies">Domestic policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Domestic policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consolidation_of_power_and_"Secret_Speech""><span id="Consolidation_of_power_and_.22Secret_Speech.22"></span>Consolidation of power and "Secret Speech"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consolidation of power and "Secret Speech""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a></div> <p>After the demotion of Malenkov, Khrushchev and Molotov initially worked together well. Molotov even proposed that Khrushchev, not Bulganin, replace Malenkov as premier. However, Khrushchev and Molotov increasingly differed on policy. Molotov opposed the Virgin Lands policy, instead proposing heavy investment to increase yields in developed agricultural areas, which Khrushchev felt was not feasible due to a lack of resources and a lack of a sophisticated farm labor force. The two differed on foreign policy as well; soon after Khrushchev took power, he sought a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, which would allow Soviet troops then occupying part of the country to leave. Molotov was resistant, but Khrushchev arranged for an Austrian delegation to come to Moscow and negotiate the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko200627_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko200627-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Khrushchev and other Presidium members attacked Molotov at a Central Committee meeting in mid-1955, accusing him of conducting a foreign policy which turned the world against the USSR, Molotov remained in his position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003266–69_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003266–69-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1955, thousands of political prisoners had returned home and told their experiences of the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> labor camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003275_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003275-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing investigation into the abuses brought home the full breadth of Stalin's crimes to his successors. Working together with his close ally Anastas Mikoyan, Khrushchev believed that once the stain of Stalinism was removed, the Party would inspire loyalty among the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003276_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003276-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in October 1955, Khrushchev fought to tell the delegates to the upcoming <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Party Congress</a> about Stalin's crimes. Some of his colleagues, including Molotov and Malenkov, opposed the disclosure and persuaded him to make his remarks in a closed session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003279–80_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003279–80-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th Party Congress opened on 14 February 1956. In his opening words in his initial address, Khrushchev denigrated Stalin by asking delegates to rise in honour of the Communist leaders who had died since the last congress, whom he named, equating Stalin with <a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a> and the little-known <a href="/wiki/Kyuichi_Tokuda" title="Kyuichi Tokuda">Kyuichi Tokuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995153_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995153-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early morning of 25 February, Khrushchev delivered what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Personality_Cult_and_its_Consequences" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Personality Cult and its Consequences">Secret Speech</a>" to a closed session of the Congress limited to Soviet delegates. In four hours, he demolished Stalin's reputation. Khrushchev noted in his memoirs that the "congress listened to me in silence. As the saying goes, you could have heard a pin drop. It was all so sudden and unexpected."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006212_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006212-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev told the delegates: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is here that Stalin showed in a whole series of cases his intolerance, his brutality, and his abuse of power ... he often chose the path of repression and physical annihilation, not only against actual enemies but also against individuals who had not committed any crimes against the party or the Soviet Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1956-05-06_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1956-05-06-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Secret Speech did not fundamentally change Soviet society but had wide-ranging effects. The speech was a factor in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">unrest in Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">revolution in Hungary</a> later in 1956, and Stalin defenders led <a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">four days of rioting</a> in his native Georgia in June, calling for Khrushchev to resign and Molotov to take over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003286–91_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003286–91-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In meetings where the Secret Speech was read, communists would make even more severe condemnations of Stalin (and of Khrushchev), and even call for multi-party elections. However, Stalin was not publicly denounced, and his portrait remained widespread through the USSR, from airports to Khrushchev's Kremlin office. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> official, recalled that though young and well-educated Soviets in his district were excited by the speech, many others decried it, either defending Stalin or seeing little point in digging up the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003286–91_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003286–91-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty years later, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev applauded Khrushchev for his courage in taking a huge political risk and showing himself to be "a moral man after all".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003282_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003282-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The term "Secret Speech" proved to be an utter misnomer. While the attendees at the Speech were all Soviet, Eastern European delegates were allowed to hear it the following night, read slowly to allow them to take notes. By 5 March, copies were being mailed throughout the Soviet Union, marked "not for the press" rather than "top secret". An official translation appeared within a month in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>; the Poles printed 12,000 extra copies, one of which soon reached the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003279–80_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003279–80-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev's son, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei</a>, later wrote: </p><blockquote><p>clearly, Father tried to ensure it would reach as many ears as possible. It was soon read at Komsomol meetings; that meant another eighteen million listeners. If you include their relatives, friends, and acquaintances, you could say that the entire country became familiar with the speech ... Spring had barely begun when the speech began circulating around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2000200_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2000200-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The anti-Khrushchev minority in the Presidium was augmented by those opposed to Khrushchev's proposals to decentralize authority over industry, which struck at the heart of Malenkov's power base. During the first half of 1957, Malenkov, Molotov, and Kaganovich worked to quietly build support to dismiss Khrushchev. At an 18 June Presidium meeting at which two Khrushchev supporters were absent, the plotters moved that Bulganin, who had joined the scheme, take the chair, and proposed other moves which would effectively demote Khrushchev and put themselves in control. Khrushchev objected on the grounds that not all Presidium members had been notified, an objection which would have been quickly dismissed had Khrushchev not held firm control over the military, through <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Defense of the Soviet Union">Minister of Defense</a> Marshal Zhukov, and the security departments. Lengthy Presidium meetings took place, continuing over several days. As word leaked of the power struggle, members of the Central Committee, which Khrushchev controlled, streamed to Moscow, many flown there aboard military planes, and demanded to be admitted to the meeting. While they were not admitted, there were soon enough Central Committee members in Moscow to call an emergency Party Congress, which effectively forced the leadership to allow a session of the Central Committee. At that meeting, the three main conspirators were dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a>, and denounced with accusations of factionalism and complicity in Stalin's crimes. The three were expelled from the Central Committee and Presidium, as was former Foreign Minister and Khrushchev client <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a> who joined them in the plot. Molotov was sent as Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>; the others were sent to head industrial facilities and institutes far from Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995176–83_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995176–83-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshal Zhukov was rewarded for his support with full membership in the Presidium, but Khrushchev feared his popularity and power. In October 1957, the defense minister was sent on a tour of the Balkans, as Khrushchev arranged a Presidium meeting to dismiss him. Zhukov learned what was happening, and hurried back to Moscow, only to be formally notified of his dismissal. At a Central Committee meeting several weeks later, not a word was said in Zhukov's defense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003361–64_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003361–64-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev completed the consolidation of power in March 1958, arranging for Bulganin's dismissal as premier in favor of himself (Bulganin was appointed to head the <i><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Gosbank</a></i>) and by establishing a USSR Defense Council, led by himself, effectively making him commander in chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995189_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995189-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Khrushchev was now preeminent, he did not enjoy Stalin's absolute power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995189_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995189-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberalization_and_the_arts">Liberalization and the arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Liberalization and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After assuming power, Khrushchev allowed a modest amount of freedom in the arts. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dudintsev" title="Vladimir Dudintsev">Vladimir Dudintsev</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Not_by_Bread_Alone" title="Not by Bread Alone">Not by Bread Alone</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003307_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003307-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about an idealistic engineer opposed by rigid bureaucrats, was allowed to be published in 1956, though Khrushchev called the novel "false at its base".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003308_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003308-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, however, Khrushchev ordered a fierce attack on <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> after his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)" title="Doctor Zhivago (novel)">Doctor Zhivago</a></i> was published abroad (he was denied permission to publish it in the Soviet Union). <i>Pravda</i> described the novel as "low-grade reactionary hackwork", and the author was expelled from the Writer's Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003385_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003385-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasternak was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>, but under heavy pressure he declined it. Once he did so, Khrushchev ordered a halt to the attacks on Pasternak. In his memoirs, Khrushchev stated that he agonized over the novel, very nearly allowed it to be published, and later regretted not doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003385_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003385-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his fall from power, Khrushchev read the novel (he had earlier read only excerpts) and stated, "We shouldn't have banned it. I should have read it myself. There's nothing anti-Soviet in it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003628_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003628-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev believed that the USSR could match the West's living standards,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was not afraid to allow Soviet citizens to see Western achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007175_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007175-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin had permitted few tourists to the Soviet Union, and had allowed few Soviets to travel. Khrushchev let Soviets travel (over two million Soviet citizens travelled abroad between 1957 and 1961, 700,000 of whom visited the West) and allowed foreigners to visit the Soviet Union, where tourists became subjects of immense curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007172_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007172-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, Khrushchev authorized the <a href="/wiki/6th_World_Festival_of_Youth_and_Students" title="6th World Festival of Youth and Students">6th World Festival of Youth and Students</a> to be held in Moscow that summer. He instructed <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> officials to "smother foreign guests in our embrace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007174_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007174-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting "socialist carnival" involved over three million Moscovites, who joined with 30,000 young foreign visitors in events that ranged from discussion groups throughout the city to events at the Kremlin itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007174–75_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007174–75-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Zubok" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladislav Zubok">Vladislav Zubok</a>, the festival "shattered propagandist clichés" about Westerners by allowing Moscovites to see them for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007175_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007175-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrushchev_family_at_the_Waldorf-Astoria_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Khrushchev_family_at_the_Waldorf-Astoria_1959.jpg/220px-Khrushchev_family_at_the_Waldorf-Astoria_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Khrushchev_family_at_the_Waldorf-Astoria_1959.jpg/330px-Khrushchev_family_at_the_Waldorf-Astoria_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Khrushchev_family_at_the_Waldorf-Astoria_1959.jpg/440px-Khrushchev_family_at_the_Waldorf-Astoria_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev, his wife, his son <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khrushchev" title="Sergei Khrushchev">Sergei</a> (far right) and his daughter <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Аджубей, Рада Никитична">Rada</a> during their trip to the US in 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, Khrushchev, impressed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_the_Life_of_Ivan_Denisovich" title="One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich">One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich</a></i>, persuaded the Presidium to allow publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003525–28_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003525–28-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That renewed thaw ended on 1 December 1962, when Khrushchev was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Manezh_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Manezh Gallery">Manezh Gallery</a> to view an exhibit which included a number of <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> works. On seeing them, Khrushchev exploded with anger, an episode known as the <a href="/wiki/Manege_Affair" title="Manege Affair">Manege Affair</a>, describing the artwork as "dog shit",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995257–60_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995257–60-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proclaiming that "a donkey could smear better art with its tail".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeizvestny1979_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeizvestny1979-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week later, <i>Pravda</i> issued a call for artistic purity. When writers and filmmakers defended the painters, Khrushchev extended his anger to them. However, despite the premier's rage, none of the artists were arrested or exiled. The Manezh Gallery exhibit remained open and experienced a considerable rise in attendance after the article in <i>Pravda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995257–60_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995257–60-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_reform">Political reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Khrushchev, the special tribunals operated by security agencies were abolished. These tribunals, known as <i><a href="/wiki/NKVD_troika" title="NKVD troika">troikas</a></i>, had often ignored laws and procedures. Under the reforms, no prosecution for a political crime could be brought even in the regular courts unless approved by the local Party committee. This rarely happened; there were no major political trials under Khrushchev, and at most several hundred political prosecutions overall. Instead, other sanctions were imposed on <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a>, including loss of job or university position, or expulsion from the Party. During Khrushchev's rule, <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">forced hospitalization</a> for the "socially dangerous" was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197841–42_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197841–42-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author Roy Medvedev, who wrote an early analysis of Khrushchev's years in power, "political terror as an everyday method of government was replaced under Khrushchev by administrative means of repression".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197841–42_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197841–42-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, Khrushchev opened a Central Committee meeting to hundreds of Soviet officials; some were even allowed to address the meeting. For the first time, the proceedings of the committee were made public in book form, a practice which was continued at subsequent meetings. This openness, however, actually allowed Khrushchev greater control over the committee, since dissenters would have to make their case in front of a large, disapproving crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995198–99_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995198–99-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, Khrushchev divided <i><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a></i> level Party committees (<i><a href="/wiki/Obkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Obkom">obkoms</a></i>) into two parallel structures, one for industry and one for agriculture. This was unpopular among Party <i><a href="/wiki/Apparatchik" title="Apparatchik">apparatchiks</a></i>, and led to confusions in the chain of command, as neither committee secretary had precedence over the other. As there were limited numbers of Central Committee seats from each <i>oblast</i>, the division set up the possibility of rivalry for office between factions, and, according to Medvedev, had the potential for beginning a two-party system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978154–57_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978154–57-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev also ordered that one-third of the membership of each committee, from low-level councils to the Central Committee itself, be replaced at each election. This decree created tension between Khrushchev and the Central Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978153_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978153-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and upset the party leaders upon whose support Khrushchev had risen to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agricultural_policy">Agricultural policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Agricultural policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture in the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>Khrushchev was an expert on agricultural policies and sensed an urgent need to reform the backward, inefficient system with ideas that worked in the US. He looked especially at collectivism, state farms, liquidation of machine-tractor stations, planning decentralization, economic incentives, increased labor and capital investment, new crops, and new production programs. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> had been at the center of American technology transfer to the Soviet Union in the 1930s; he sent over factory designs, engineers, and skilled craftsmen, as well as tens of thousands of Ford tractors. By the 1940s Khrushchev was keenly interested in American agricultural innovations, especially on large-scale family-operated farms in the Midwest. In the 1950s he sent several delegations to visit farms and land grant colleges, looking at successful farms that utilized high-yielding seed varieties, very large and powerful tractors and other machines, all guided by modern management techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially after his visit to the US in 1959, he was keenly aware of the need to emulate and even match American superiority and agricultural technology.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg/500px-25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg/750px-25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg/1000px-25th_anniversary_of_conquering_virgin_land._USSR_block._1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4689" data-file-height="3221" /></a><figcaption>A postage stamp from 1979 commemorating the 25th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_campaign" title="Virgin Lands campaign">Virgin Lands campaign</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev became a hyper-enthusiastic crusader to grow corn (<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a corn institute in Ukraine and ordered thousands of hectares to be planted in the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Lands Campaign">Virgin Lands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009205_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009205-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, Khrushchev advocated an Iowa-style corn belt in the Soviet Union, and a Soviet delegation visited the U.S. state that summer. The delegation chief was approached by farmer and corn seed salesman <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Garst" title="Roswell Garst">Roswell Garst</a>, who persuaded him to visit <a href="/wiki/Roswell_and_Elizabeth_Garst_Farmstead_Historic_District" title="Roswell and Elizabeth Garst Farmstead Historic District">Garst's large farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iowan visited the Soviet Union, where he became friends with Khrushchev, and Garst sold the USSR 4,500 metric tons (5,000 short tons) of seed corn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009205–06_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009205–06-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garst warned the Soviets to grow the corn in the southern part of the country and to ensure there were sufficient stocks of fertilizer, <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003373_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003373-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, was not done, as Khrushchev sought to plant corn even in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and without the necessary chemicals. The corn experiment was not a great success, and he later complained that overenthusiastic officials had overplanted without laying the proper groundwork, and "as a result corn was discredited as a <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> crop—and so was I".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003373_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003373-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev sought to abolish the Machine-Tractor Stations (MTS) which not only owned most large agricultural machines but also provided services such as plowing, and transfer their equipment and functions to the <i>kolkhozes</i> and <i>sovkhozes</i> (state farms).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197885_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197885-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a successful test involving MTS which served one large <i>kolkhoz</i> each, Khrushchev ordered a gradual transition—but then ordered that the change take place with great speed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197886–87_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197886–87-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within three months, over half of the MTS facilities had been closed, and <i>kolkhozes</i> were being required to buy the equipment, with no discount given for older or dilapidated machines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197887–89_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197887–89-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MTS employees, unwilling to bind themselves to <i>kolkhozes</i> and lose their state employee benefits and the right to change their jobs, fled to the cities, creating a shortage of skilled operators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197889–91_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197889–91-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs of the machinery, plus the costs of building storage sheds and fuel tanks for the equipment, impoverished many <i>kolkhozes</i>. Inadequate provisions were made for repair stations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197892–93_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197892–93-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the MTS, the market for Soviet agricultural equipment fell apart, as the <i>kolkhozes</i> now had neither the money nor skilled buyers to purchase new equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197891–92_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev197891–92-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s Stalin put <a href="/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko">Trofim Lysenko</a> in charge of agricultural research, with his ideas that flouted modern genetics science. Lysenko maintained his influence under Khrushchev, and helped block the adoption of American techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, Khrushchev announced a goal of overtaking the US in the production of milk, meat, and butter. Local officials kept Khrushchev happy with unrealistic pledges of production. These goals were met by farmers who slaughtered their breeding herds and by purchasing meat at state stores, then reselling it back to the government, artificially increasing recorded production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995214–16_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995214–16-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1962, food prices were raised, particularly on meat and butter, by 25–30%. This caused public discontent. In the southern Russian city of <a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk" title="Novocherkassk">Novocherkassk</a>, this discontent escalated to a strike and a revolt against the authorities. The revolt was put down by the military, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">a massacre</a> that killed 22 people and wounded 87 according to Soviet official accounts. In addition, 116 demonstrators were convicted of involvement and seven were executed. Information about the revolt was completely suppressed in the USSR, but spread through <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a> and damaged Khrushchev's reputation in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003519–23_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003519–23-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drought struck the Soviet Union in 1963; the harvest of 97,500,000 t (107,500,000 short tons) of grain was down from a peak of 122,200,000 t (134,700,000 short tons) in 1958. The shortages resulted in bread lines, a fact at first kept from Khrushchev. Reluctant to purchase food in the West,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003607_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003607-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but faced with the alternative of widespread hunger, Khrushchev exhausted the nation's hard currency reserves and expended part of its gold stockpile in the purchase of grain and other foodstuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978160–61_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978160–61-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_159271_Nikita_Khrushchev,_Valentina_Tereshkova,_Pavel_Popovich_and_Yury_Gagarin_at_Lenin_Mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/RIAN_archive_159271_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Valentina_Tereshkova%2C_Pavel_Popovich_and_Yury_Gagarin_at_Lenin_Mausoleum.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_159271_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Valentina_Tereshkova%2C_Pavel_Popovich_and_Yury_Gagarin_at_Lenin_Mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/RIAN_archive_159271_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Valentina_Tereshkova%2C_Pavel_Popovich_and_Yury_Gagarin_at_Lenin_Mausoleum.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_159271_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Valentina_Tereshkova%2C_Pavel_Popovich_and_Yury_Gagarin_at_Lenin_Mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/RIAN_archive_159271_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Valentina_Tereshkova%2C_Pavel_Popovich_and_Yury_Gagarin_at_Lenin_Mausoleum.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_159271_Nikita_Khrushchev%2C_Valentina_Tereshkova%2C_Pavel_Popovich_and_Yury_Gagarin_at_Lenin_Mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev (right) with cosmonauts <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Popovich" title="Pavel Popovich">Pavel Popovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a>, 1963</figcaption></figure><p> While visiting the United States in 1959, Khrushchev was impressed by the agricultural education program at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>, and sought to imitate it in the Soviet Union. At the time, the main agricultural college in the USSR was in Moscow, and students did not do the manual labor of farming. Khrushchev proposed moving the programs to rural areas. He was unsuccessful, due to resistance from professors and students, who never actually disagreed with the premier, but who did not carry out his proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009221_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009221-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev recalled in his memoirs: </p><blockquote><p>It's nice to live in Moscow and work at the <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Agricultural_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian State Agricultural University">Timiryazev Agricultural Academy</a>. It's a venerable old institution, a large economic unit, with skilled instructors, but it's in the city! Its students aren't yearning to work on the collective farms because to do that they'd have to go out in the provinces and live in the sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2007154_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2007154-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Khrushchev founded several academic towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Akademgorodok" title="Akademgorodok">Akademgorodok</a>. The premier believed that Western science flourished because many scientists lived in university towns such as <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, isolated from big-city distractions, and had pleasant living conditions and good pay. He sought to duplicate those conditions. Khrushchev's attempt was generally successful, though his new towns and scientific centres tended to attract younger scientists, with older ones unwilling to leave Moscow or Leningrad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978108_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978108-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev also proposed to restructure Soviet high schools. While the high schools provided a college preparatory curriculum, few Soviet youths went on to university. Khrushchev wanted to shift the focus of secondary schools to vocational training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995192–93_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995192–93-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, schools developed links with nearby enterprises and students went to work for only one or two days a week; the organizations disliked having to teach, while students and their families complained that they had little choice in what trade to learn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995193_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995193-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the vocational proposal would not survive Khrushchev's downfall, a longer-lasting change was a related establishment of specialized high schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2007147_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2007147-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These schools were modeled after the foreign-language schools that had been established in Moscow and Leningrad beginning in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaurent2009_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaurent2009-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, a special summer school was established in <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> to prepare students for the Siberian math and science Olympiad. The following year, the Novosibirsk Maths and Science Boarding-School became the first permanent residential school specializing in math and science. Other such schools were soon established in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev. By the early 1970s, over 100 specialized schools had been established, in mathematics, the sciences, art, music, and sport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2007147_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2007147-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preschool education was increased as part of Khrushchev's reforms, and by the time he left office, about 22% of Soviet children attended preschool—about half of urban children, but only about 12% of rural children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrie2006488_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrie2006488-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-religious_campaign">Anti-religious campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anti-religious campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anti-religious campaign of the Khrushchev era began in 1959, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/21st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">21st Party Congress</a>. It was carried out by mass closures of churches<sup id="cite_ref-demokratizatsiya1_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demokratizatsiya1-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-regels1_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regels1-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (reducing the number from 22,000 in 1959<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPospielovsky198783_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPospielovsky198783-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 13,008 in 1960 and to 7,873 by 1965<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), monasteries, convents, and seminaries. The campaign also included a restriction on parental rights to teach religion to their children; a ban on the presence of children at church services; and a ban on the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> to children over the age of four. Khrushchev additionally banned all services held outside of churches' walls, renewed enforcement of 1929 legislation banning pilgrimages, and recorded the personal identities of all adults requesting church baptisms, weddings, or funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated377_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated377-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disallowed the ringing of church bells and services in daytime in some rural settings from May to the end of October under the pretext of fieldwork requirements. Non-fulfillment of these regulations by clergy would lead to disallowance of state registration (meaning clergy could no longer do any pastoral or liturgical work without special state permission). According to <a href="/wiki/Dimitry_Pospielovsky" title="Dimitry Pospielovsky">Dimitry Pospielovsky</a>, the state carried out forced retirement, arrests, and prison sentences for clergymen on "trumped-up charges," but in reality, he writes, said state actions were taken against clergy who resisted the closure of churches; delivered sermons attacking the USSR's <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> and anti-religious campaign; conducted Christian charity; or made religion popular by personal example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPospielovsky198784_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPospielovsky198784-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_and_defense_policies">Foreign and defense policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign and defense policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:317px;max-width:317px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasser_and_Khrushchev,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nasser_and_Khrushchev%2C_1964.jpg/119px-Nasser_and_Khrushchev%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nasser_and_Khrushchev%2C_1964.jpg/179px-Nasser_and_Khrushchev%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nasser_and_Khrushchev%2C_1964.jpg/238px-Nasser_and_Khrushchev%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png/190px-Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png/285px-Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png/380px-Soviet_Union_Ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Khrushchev and Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> aboard a train returning to Cairo from Alexandria, during a visit by Khrushchev to Egypt, 1964. And Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I">Haile Selassie I</a> during his state visit to Moscow, 1959</div></div></div></div> <p>From 1950 to 1953 Khrushchev was well-placed to closely observe and evaluate Stalin's foreign policy. Khrushchev considered the entire Cold War to be a serious mistake on Stalin's part. In the long term, it created an unnecessary and expensive militarized struggle with NATO. It diverted attention away from the neutral developing world, where progress could be made, and it weakened Moscow's relationship with its East European satellites. Basically Khrushchev was much more optimistic about the future than Stalin or Molotov, and was more of an internationalist. He believed the working classes and the common peoples of the world would eventually find their way towards socialism and even communism, and that conflicts like the Cold War diverted their attention from this eventual goal. Peaceful coexistence of the sort that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> himself had practiced at first would allow the Soviet Union and its satellite states to build up their economies and their standard of living. Khrushchev decided that Stalin had made a series of mistakes, such as heavy-handed pressure in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> in 1945 and 1946, and especially heavy pressure on Berlin that led to the failed Berlin blockade in 1948. Germany was a major issue for Khrushchev, not because he feared a NATO invasion eastward, but because it weakened the East German regime, which economically paled in comparison to the economic progress of West Germany. Khrushchev blamed Molotov for being unable to resolve the conflict with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and largely ignoring the needs of the East European communist satellites. </p><p>Khrushchev chose Austria as a way to quickly come to agreement with NATO. It became a small neutralized nation economically tied to the West but diplomatically neutral and no threat.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Khrushchev took control, the outside world still knew little of him, and initially was not impressed by him. Short, heavyset, and wearing ill-fitting suits, he "radiated energy but not intellect", and was dismissed by many as a buffoon who would not last long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995146_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995146-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> wondered, "How can this fat, vulgar man with his pig eyes and ceaseless flow of talk be the head—the aspirant Tsar for all those millions of people?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995149_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995149-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev biographer Tompson stated: </p> <blockquote> <p>He could be charming or vulgar, ebullient or sullen, he was given to public displays of rage (often contrived) and to soaring hyperbole in his rhetoric. But whatever he was, however, he came across, he was more human than his predecessor or even than most of his foreign counterparts, and for much of the world that was enough to make the USSR seem less mysterious or menacing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995150_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995150-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_and_NATO">United States and NATO</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States and NATO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_relations_and_U.S._visit_(1957–1960)"><span id="Early_relations_and_U.S._visit_.281957.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Early relations and U.S. visit (1957–1960)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Early relations and U.S. visit (1957–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1958%E2%80%931959" title="Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959">Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_and_khrushchev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A middle-aged man and an older one confer with each other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nixon_and_khrushchev.jpg/220px-Nixon_and_khrushchev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Nixon_and_khrushchev.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, 1959</figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev sought to find a lasting solution to the problem of a divided Germany and of the enclave of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>. In November 1958, calling West Berlin a "malignant tumor", he gave the United States, United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> six months to conclude a peace treaty with both German states and the Soviet Union. If one was not signed, Khrushchev stated, the Soviet Union would conclude a peace treaty with East Germany. This would leave East Germany, which was not a party to treaties giving the Western Powers access to Berlin, in control of the routes to the city. They proposed making Berlin a free city, which meant no outside military forces would be stationed there. West Germany, United States and France strongly opposed the ultimatum, but Britain wanted to consider it as a starting point for negotiations. No one wanted to risk war over the issue. At Britain's request, Khrushchev extended and ultimately dropped the ultimatum, as the Berlin issue became part of the complex agenda of high-level summit meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995195–96_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995195–96-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev sought to sharply reduce levels of conventional weapons and to defend the Soviet Union with missiles. He believed that without this transition, the huge Soviet military would continue to eat up resources, making Khrushchev's goals of improving Soviet life difficult to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995187,_217_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995187,_217-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He abandoned Stalin's plans for a large navy in 1955, believing that the new ships would be too vulnerable to either a conventional or nuclear attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007127_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007127-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1960, he took advantage of improved relations with the U.S. to order a reduction of one-third in the size of Soviet armed forces, alleging that advanced weapons would make up for the lost troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995216–17_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995216–17-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While conscription of Soviet youth remained in force, exemptions from military service became more and more common, especially for students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007183–84_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007183–84-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita-Khrushchev-TIME-1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nikita-Khrushchev-TIME-1958.jpg/190px-Nikita-Khrushchev-TIME-1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nikita-Khrushchev-TIME-1958.jpg/285px-Nikita-Khrushchev-TIME-1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nikita-Khrushchev-TIME-1958.jpg/380px-Nikita-Khrushchev-TIME-1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1468" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev featured as <i>Time</i> Magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> for 1957 after the launch of Sputnik</figcaption></figure> <p>Campbell Craig and <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Radchenko" title="Sergey Radchenko">Sergey Radchenko</a> argue that Khrushchev thought that policies like <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)</a> were too dangerous for the Soviet Union. His approach did not greatly change his foreign policy or military doctrine but is apparent in his determination to choose options that minimized the risk of war.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets had few operable <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> (ICBM), but Khrushchev publicly boasted of the Soviets' missile programs, stating that Soviet weapons were varied and numerous. The First Secretary hoped that public perception that the Soviets were ahead would put psychological pressure on the West resulting in political concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995188_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995188-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet space program, which Khrushchev firmly supported, appeared to confirm his claims when the Soviets launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> into orbit, a feat that astonished the world. Western governments concluded that the Soviet ICBM program was further along than it actually was.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev added to this misapprehension by stating in an October 1957 interview that the USSR had all the rockets, of whatever capacity, that it needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995187_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995187-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For years, Khrushchev would make a point of preceding a major foreign trip with a rocket launch, to the discomfiture of his hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995187_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995187-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1960 Khrushchev told the Presidium that Soviet ICBMs made an agreement with the U.S. possible because "main-street Americans have begun to shake from fear for the first times in their lives".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007131_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007131-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had learned of the underdeveloped state of the Soviet missile program from overflights in the late 1950s, but only high U.S. officials knew of the deception. The perception of a "<a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">missile gap</a>" led to a considerable defense buildup on the part of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995188_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995188-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Vice President Nixon's visit to the Soviet Union in 1959 he and Khrushchev took part in what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a>. Nixon and Khrushchev had an impassioned argument in a model kitchen at the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Exhibition" title="American National Exhibition">American National Exhibition</a> in Moscow, with each defending the economic system of his country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20111110-OC-AMW-0013_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of middle-aged men at a farm. A man in a white suit in the centre is caressing a cow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/20111110-OC-AMW-0013_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg/220px-20111110-OC-AMW-0013_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/20111110-OC-AMW-0013_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg/330px-20111110-OC-AMW-0013_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/20111110-OC-AMW-0013_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg/440px-20111110-OC-AMW-0013_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="3422" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev with Agriculture Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Ezra Taft Benson</a> (left of Khrushchev) and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> (far left) during his visit on 16 September 1959 to the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> Center</figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon invited Khrushchev to visit the United States, and he agreed. He <a href="/wiki/1959_Khrushchev_visit_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="1959 Khrushchev visit to the United States">made his first visit to the United States</a>, arriving in Washington, on 15 September 1959, spending thirteen days in the country. This first visit by a Soviet premier resulted in an extended media circus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009247_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009247-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev brought his wife and adult children with him, though it was not usual for Soviet officials to travel with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003421–22_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003421–22-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (visiting a supermarket), <a href="/wiki/Coon_Rapids,_Iowa" title="Coon Rapids, Iowa">Coon Rapids, Iowa</a> (visiting <a href="/wiki/Roswell_and_Elizabeth_Garst_Farmstead_Historic_District" title="Roswell and Elizabeth Garst Farmstead Historic District">Roswell Garst's farm</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson200963_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson200963-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluding with a meeting with President Eisenhower at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009226–27_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009226–27-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During luncheon at the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century-Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Century-Fox">Twentieth Century-Fox</a> Studio in Los Angeles Khrushchev engaged in an improvised yet jovial debate with his host <a href="/wiki/Spyros_Skouras" title="Spyros Skouras">Spyros Skouras</a> over the merits of capitalism and communism.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev was also to visit <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>, but the visit was canceled for security reasons, much to his disgruntlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009155–59_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009155–59-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did, however, visit <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> at her home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009133_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009133-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While visiting <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s new research campus in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>, Khrushchev expressed little interest in computer technology, but he greatly admired the self-service cafeteria, and, on his return, introduced self-service in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2000334_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2000334-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This visit resulted in an informal agreement that there would be no firm deadline over Berlin, but that there would be a four-power summit to try to resolve the issue. The Russian's goal was to present warmth, charm and peacefulness, using candid interviews to convince Americans of his humanity and good will. He performed well and Theodore Windt calls it "the zenith of his career."<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The friendly American audiences convinced Khrushchev that he had achieved a strong personal relationship with Eisenhower and that he could achieve <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with the Americans. Eisenhower was actually unimpressed by the Soviet leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995211_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995211-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pushed for an immediate summit but was frustrated by French President <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, who postponed it until 1960, a year in which Eisenhower was scheduled to pay a return visit to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995218_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995218-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="U-2_and_Berlin_crisis_(1960–1961)"><span id="U-2_and_Berlin_crisis_.281960.E2.80.931961.29"></span>U-2 and Berlin crisis (1960–1961)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: U-2 and Berlin crisis (1960–1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Khrushchev_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An older man sits among United Nations delegation tables, looking at the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nikita_Khrushchev_1960.jpg/220px-Nikita_Khrushchev_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nikita_Khrushchev_1960.jpg/330px-Nikita_Khrushchev_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nikita_Khrushchev_1960.jpg/440px-Nikita_Khrushchev_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3697" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev and head of USSR delegation <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Миронова, Зоя Васильевна">Zoya Mironova</a> at the United Nations, September 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>A constant irritant in Soviet–U.S. relations was the overflight of the Soviet Union by American <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2 spy aircraft</a>. On 9 April 1960, the U.S. resumed such flights after a lengthy break. The Soviets had protested the flights in the past but had been ignored by Washington. Content in what he thought was a strong personal relationship with Eisenhower, Khrushchev was confused and angered by the flights' resumption, and concluded that they had been ordered by <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> without Eisenhower's knowledge. Khrushchev planned to visit the U.S. to meet Eisenhower, but the visit was canceled when <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Soviet Air Defence Forces">Soviet Air Defence Forces</a> brought down the U.S. U-2.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 May, a U-2 <a href="/wiki/U-2_crisis_of_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="U-2 crisis of 1960">was shot down</a>, its pilot, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Gary_Powers" title="Francis Gary Powers">Francis Gary Powers</a>, captured alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995219–20_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995219–20-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing Powers to have been killed, the U.S. announced that a weather plane had been lost near the Turkish-Soviet border. Khrushchev risked destroying the summit, due to start on 16 May in Paris, if he announced the shootdown, but would look weak in the eyes of his military and security forces if he did nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995219–20_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995219–20-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 May, Khrushchev announced the shootdown and Powers' capture, blaming the overflight on "imperialist circles and militarists, whose stronghold is the Pentagon", and suggesting the plane had been sent without Eisenhower's knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995223_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995223-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower could not have it thought that there were rogue elements in the Pentagon operating without his knowledge, and admitted that he had ordered the flights, calling them "a distasteful necessity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995224_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995224-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The admission stunned Khrushchev and turned the U-2 affair from a possible triumph to a disaster for him, and he even appealed to U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Thompson" title="Llewellyn Thompson">Llewellyn Thompson</a> for help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995225_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995225-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev was undecided what to do at the summit even as he boarded his flight. He finally decided, in consultation with his advisers on the plane and Presidium members in Moscow, to demand an apology from Eisenhower and a promise that there would be no further U-2 flights in Soviet airspace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995225_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995225-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither Eisenhower nor Khrushchev communicated with the other in the days before the summit, and at the summit, Khrushchev made his demands and stated that there was no purpose in the summit, which should be postponed for six to eight months, until after the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a>. The U.S. president offered no apology but stated that the flights had been suspended and would not resume and renewed his <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Open Skies</a> proposal for mutual overflight rights. This was not enough for Khrushchev, who left the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995219–20_220-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995219–20-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower accused Khrushchev "of sabotaging this meeting, on which so much of the hopes of the world have rested".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUPI_1960_Year_in_Review_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUPI_1960_Year_in_Review-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenhower's visit to the Soviet Union, for which the premier had even built a golf course so the U.S. president could enjoy his favorite sport,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003441_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003441-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was cancelled by Khrushchev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003469_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003469-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev made his second and final visit to the US in September 1960. He had no invitation but had appointed himself as head of the USSR's UN delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009265–66_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009265–66-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent much of his time wooing the new <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> states which had recently become independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995230_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995230-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. restricted him to the island of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, with visits to an estate owned by the USSR on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>. The notorious <a href="/wiki/Shoe-banging_incident" title="Shoe-banging incident">shoe-banging incident</a> occurred during a debate on 12 October over a Soviet resolution decrying colonialism. Khrushchev was infuriated by a statement of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Filipino</a> delegate <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Sumulong" title="Lorenzo Sumulong">Lorenzo Sumulong</a> charging the Soviets with employing a double standard by decrying colonialism while dominating Eastern Europe. Khrushchev demanded the right to reply immediately and accused Sumulong of being "a fawning lackey of the American imperialists". Sumulong accused the Soviets of hypocrisy. Khrushchev yanked off his shoe and began banging it on his desk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009284–86_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009284–86-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This behavior by Khrushchev scandalized his delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007139_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007139-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Kennedy,_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A younger man and an older one confer together." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg/220px-John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg/330px-John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg/440px-John_Kennedy%2C_Nikita_Khrushchev_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, Vienna, June 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev considered U.S. Vice President Nixon a hardliner and was delighted by his defeat in the 1960 presidential election. He considered the victor, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, as a far more likely partner for détente, but was taken aback by the newly inaugurated U.S. President's tough talk and actions in the early days of his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995232_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995232-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev achieved a propaganda victory in April 1961 with <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">the first human spaceflight</a>, while Kennedy suffered a defeat with the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a>. While Khrushchev had threatened to defend Cuba with Soviet missiles, the premier contented himself with after-the-fact aggressive remarks. The failure in Cuba led to Kennedy's determination to make no concessions at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a> scheduled for 3 June 1961. Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took a hard line, with Khrushchev demanding a treaty that would recognize the two German states and refusing to yield on the remaining issues obstructing a test-ban treaty. Kennedy, in contrast, had been led to believe that the test-ban treaty could be concluded at the summit, and felt that a deal on Berlin had to await easing of east–west tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995233–35_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995233–35-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_empire_1960.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/220px-Soviet_empire_1960.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/330px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/440px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">influence</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> of 1959 and before the official <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> of 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>An indefinite postponement of action over Berlin was unacceptable to Khrushchev if for no other reason than that East Germany was suffering a continuous <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> as highly educated East Germans fled west through Berlin. While the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_Border" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner German Border">boundary between the two German states</a> had elsewhere been fortified, Berlin, administered by the four Allied powers, remained open. Emboldened by statements from former U.S. Ambassador to Moscow <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bohlen" title="Charles E. Bohlen">Charles E. Bohlen</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/J._William_Fulbright" title="J. William Fulbright">J. William Fulbright</a> that East Germany had every right to close its borders, Khrushchev authorized East German leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a> to begin construction of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. Construction preparations were made in great secrecy, and the border was sealed off in the early hours of Sunday, 13 August 1961, when most East German workers who earned hard currency by working in West Berlin would be at their homes. The wall was a propaganda disaster and marked the end of Khrushchev's attempts to conclude a peace treaty among the Four Powers and the two German states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995235–36_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995235–36-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">That treaty</a> would not be signed until September 1990, as an immediate prelude to <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_the_test_ban_treaty_(1962–1964)"><span id="Cuban_Missile_Crisis_and_the_test_ban_treaty_.281962.E2.80.931964.29"></span>Cuban Missile Crisis and the test ban treaty (1962–1964)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuban Missile Crisis and the test ban treaty (1962–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Superpower tensions culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (in the USSR, the "Caribbean crisis") of October 1962, as the Soviet Union sought to install medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, about 90 miles (140 km) from the U.S. coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuban Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> was reluctant to accept the missiles, and, once he was persuaded, warned Khrushchev against transporting the missiles in secret. Castro stated, thirty years later, "We had a sovereign right to accept the missiles. We were not violating international law. Why do it secretly—as if we had no right to do it? I warned Nikita that secrecy would give the imperialists the advantage."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995248_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995248-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 October, Kennedy was informed that U-2 flights over Cuba had discovered what were most likely medium-range missile sites, and though he and his advisors considered approaching Khrushchev through diplomatic channels, they could come up with no way of doing this that would not appear weak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006465–66_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006465–66-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 October, Kennedy addressed his nation by television, revealing the missiles' presence and announcing a blockade of Cuba. Informed in advance of the speech but not (until one hour before) the content, Khrushchev and his advisors feared an invasion of Cuba. Even before Kennedy's speech, they ordered Soviet commanders in Cuba that they could use all weapons against an attack—except atomic weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006469–72_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006469–72-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the crisis unfolded, tensions were high in the U.S.; less so in the Soviet Union, where Khrushchev made several public appearances and went to the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> to hear American opera singer <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Hines" title="Jerome Hines">Jerome Hines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Life'',_1962-11-09_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life'',_1962-11-09-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 25 October, with the Soviets unclear about Kennedy's full intentions, Khrushchev decided that the missiles would have to be withdrawn from Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007145_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007145-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba and a secret promise that the U.S. would withdraw missiles from Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003575_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003575-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the last term was not publicly announced at the request of the U.S., and was not known until just before Khrushchev's death in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the resolution was seen as a great defeat for the Soviets and contributed to Khrushchev's fall less than two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castro had urged Khrushchev to launch a preemptive nuclear attack on the U.S. in the event of an invasion of Cuba,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007148_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007148-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was angered by the outcome, referring to Khrushchev in profane terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003579_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003579-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the crisis, superpower relations improved, as Kennedy gave <a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">a conciliatory speech</a> on 10 June 1963, recognizing the Soviet people's suffering during World War II, and paying tribute to their achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1963_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1963-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev called the speech the best by a U.S. president since <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and, in July, negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">test ban treaty</a> with U.S. negotiator <a href="/wiki/Averell_Harriman" class="mw-redirect" title="Averell Harriman">Averell Harriman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Lord Hailsham</a> of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003602_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003602-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans for a second Khrushchev-Kennedy summit were dashed by <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy's assassination</a> in November 1963. The new U.S. president, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>, hoped for continued improved relations but was distracted by other issues and had little opportunity to develop a relationship with Khrushchev before the premier was ousted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003604–05_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003604–05-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_(June_1960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg/220px-Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg/330px-Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg/440px-Gheorghiu-Dej_%26_Khrushchev_at_Bucharest%27s_Baneasa_Airport_%28June_1960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev and <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> at Bucharest's <a href="/wiki/B%C4%83neasa_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Băneasa Airport">Băneasa Airport</a> in June 1960. <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> can be seen at Gheorghiu-Dej's right-hand side.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Secret Speech, combined with the death of the Polish communist leader <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a>, who suffered a heart attack while reading the Speech, sparked considerable liberalization in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>. In Poland, a worker's strike in <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">developed into disturbances</a> that left more than 50 dead in June 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995166–68_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995166–68-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Moscow blamed the disturbances on Western agitators, Polish leaders ignored the claim and made concessions to the workers. With anti-Soviet displays becoming more common in Poland, and crucial Polish leadership elections upcoming, Khrushchev and other Presidium members flew to Warsaw on 19 October to meet with the Polish Presidium. The Soviets agreed to allow the new Polish leadership to take office, on the assurance there would be no change to the Soviet-Polish relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995166–68_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995166–68-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A period of at least partial liberalization, known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a>, followed. </p><p>The Polish settlement emboldened the Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006122_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006122-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mass demonstration in Budapest on 23 October turned into <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">a popular uprising</a>. In response, Hungarian Party leaders installed reformist <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995168–70_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995168–70-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet forces in the city clashed with Hungarians and fired on demonstrators, with hundreds of both Hungarians and Soviets killed. Nagy called for a cease-fire and a withdrawal of Soviet troops, which a Khrushchev-led majority in the Presidium decided to obey, choosing to give the new Hungarian government a chance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006123–24_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006123–24-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev assumed that if Moscow announced liberalization in how it dealt with its allies, Nagy would adhere to the alliance with the Soviet Union. </p><p>On 30 October Nagy announced multiparty elections, and the next morning that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006125_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006125-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 November, two members of the Nagy government appeared in Ukraine as the self-proclaimed heads of a provisional government and demanded Soviet intervention, which was forthcoming. The next day, Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising, with a death toll of 4,000 Hungarians and several hundred Soviet troops. Nagy was arrested and later executed. Despite the international outrage over the intervention, Khrushchev defended his actions for the rest of his life. Damage to Soviet foreign relations was severe and would have been greater were it not for the timing of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez crisis">Suez crisis</a>, which distracted world attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995168–70_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995168–70-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0116-0010-043,_Berlin,_VI._SED-Parteitag,_2.Tag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two smiling men raise bouquets of flowers over their heads." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0116-0010-043%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0116-0010-043%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0116-0010-043%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0116-0010-043%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0116-0010-043%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0116-0010-043%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_2.Tag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev (left) and East German leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of these crises, Khrushchev made the statement for which he became well-remembered, "<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>". While many in the West took this statement as a threat, Khrushchev made the statement in a speech on peaceful coexistence with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003427–28_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003427–28-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When questioned about the statement during his 1959 U.S. visit, Khrushchev stated that he was not referring to a literal burial, but that, through inexorable historical development, communism would replace capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson200996_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson200996-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev greatly improved relations with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, which had been entirely sundered in 1948 when Stalin realized he could not control Yugoslav leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Josip Tito">Josip Tito</a>. Khrushchev led a Soviet delegation to Belgrade in 1955. Though a hostile Tito did everything he could to make the Soviets look foolish, Khrushchev was successful in warming relations, ending the <a href="/wiki/Informbiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Informbiro">Informbiro</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995145–47_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995145–47-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Hungarian crisis, Tito initially supported Nagy, but Khrushchev persuaded him of the need for intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995169_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995169-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the intervention in Hungary damaged Moscow's relationship with Belgrade, which Khrushchev spent several years trying to repair. He was hampered by the fact that China disapproved of Yugoslavia's <a href="/wiki/Reformism#Socialism" title="Reformism">reformist socialism</a> and attempts to conciliate Belgrade resulted in an angry Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995189_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995189-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Ts%C3%A9-toung,_portrait_en_buste,_assis,_faisant_face_%C3%A0_Nikita_Khrouchtchev,_pendant_la_visite_du_chef_russe_1958_%C3%A0_P%C3%A9kin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A balding man and a younger Chinese man sit and smile, the balding man holding a fan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mao_Ts%C3%A9-toung%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_assis%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_Nikita_Khrouchtchev%2C_pendant_la_visite_du_chef_russe_1958_%C3%A0_P%C3%A9kin.jpg/220px-Mao_Ts%C3%A9-toung%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_assis%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_Nikita_Khrouchtchev%2C_pendant_la_visite_du_chef_russe_1958_%C3%A0_P%C3%A9kin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mao_Ts%C3%A9-toung%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_assis%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_Nikita_Khrouchtchev%2C_pendant_la_visite_du_chef_russe_1958_%C3%A0_P%C3%A9kin.jpg/330px-Mao_Ts%C3%A9-toung%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_assis%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_Nikita_Khrouchtchev%2C_pendant_la_visite_du_chef_russe_1958_%C3%A0_P%C3%A9kin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mao_Ts%C3%A9-toung%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_assis%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_Nikita_Khrouchtchev%2C_pendant_la_visite_du_chef_russe_1958_%C3%A0_P%C3%A9kin.jpg/440px-Mao_Ts%C3%A9-toung%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_assis%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_Nikita_Khrouchtchev%2C_pendant_la_visite_du_chef_russe_1958_%C3%A0_P%C3%A9kin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Khrushchev with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>After completing his takeover of mainland China in 1949, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> sought material assistance from the USSR, and also called for the return to China of territories taken from it under the Tsars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev increased aid to China, even sending a small corps of experts to help develop the new communist country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003336_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003336-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assistance was described by historian <a href="/wiki/William_C._Kirby" title="William C. Kirby">William C. Kirby</a> as "the greatest transfer of technology in world history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003337_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003337-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union spent 7% of its national income between 1954 and 1959 on aid to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007111_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007111-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his 1954 visit to China, Khrushchev agreed to return <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Port Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a> to China, though Khrushchev was annoyed by Mao's insistence that the Soviets leave their artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003336–37_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003336–37-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mao bitterly opposed Khrushchev's attempts to reach a <i>rapprochement</i> with more liberal Eastern European states such as Yugoslavia. Khrushchev's government was reluctant to endorse Mao's desires for an assertive worldwide revolutionary movement, preferring to conquer capitalism through raising the standard of living in communist-bloc countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the two nations began to cool in 1956, with Mao angered both by the Secret Speech and by the fact that the Chinese had not been consulted in advance about it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003338_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003338-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao believed that de-Stalinization was a mistake and a possible threat to his own authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007136_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007136-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Khrushchev visited Beijing in 1958, Mao refused proposals for military cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003391_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003391-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to torpedo Khrushchev's efforts at détente with the U.S., Mao soon thereafter provoked the <a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a>, describing the Taiwanese islands as "batons that keep Eisenhower and Khrushchev dancing, scurrying this way and that."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003392_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003392-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviets had planned to provide China with an atomic bomb and full documentation, but in 1959, amid cooler relations, the Soviets destroyed the device and papers instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZubok2007137_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2007137-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Khrushchev visited China in September, shortly after his successful U.S. visit, he met a chilly reception, and left the country on the third day of a planned seven-day visit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003394_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003394-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations continued to deteriorate in 1960, as both the USSR and China used a Romanian Communist Party congress as an opportunity to attack the other. Khrushchev responded by pulling Soviet experts out of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003470–71_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003470–71-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Khrushchev, the Soviet Union provided considerable aid to the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>. These were seen as ideal places to test the "socialist model of development" because of their critical dependence on economic cooperation with the Soviet Union, in contrast to larger Third World nations like Egypt and Indonesia. This project proved to be a resounding failure, although the lessons learned would have an important influence on Soviet foreign policy towards Africa in the following decades. The Soviet Union's display of ineptitude during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>, where it failed to prevent both the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a> from descending into chaos and the substantial military intervention by Western powers, led to a further cooling of relations between the Soviet Union and its Ghanaian and Guinean partners.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removal">Removal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-49000-0329,_Berlin,_Chruschtschow_tr%C3%A4gt_sich_ins_Goldene_Buch_ein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-49000-0329%2C_Berlin%2C_Chruschtschow_tr%C3%A4gt_sich_ins_Goldene_Buch_ein.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-49000-0329%2C_Berlin%2C_Chruschtschow_tr%C3%A4gt_sich_ins_Goldene_Buch_ein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-49000-0329%2C_Berlin%2C_Chruschtschow_tr%C3%A4gt_sich_ins_Goldene_Buch_ein.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-49000-0329%2C_Berlin%2C_Chruschtschow_tr%C3%A4gt_sich_ins_Goldene_Buch_ein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-49000-0329%2C_Berlin%2C_Chruschtschow_tr%C3%A4gt_sich_ins_Goldene_Buch_ein.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-49000-0329%2C_Berlin%2C_Chruschtschow_tr%C3%A4gt_sich_ins_Goldene_Buch_ein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Nikita Khrushchev with <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a> (far right) in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in March 1964, Supreme Soviet presidium chairman and thus nominal head of state <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> began plotting Khrushchev's removal with his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Brezhnev considered having Khrushchev arrested as he returned from a trip to Scandinavia in June, he instead persuaded members of the Central Committee to support the ousting of Khrushchev, remembering how crucial the committee's support had been to Khrushchev in defeating the Anti-Party Group plot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615_268-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003615-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brezhnev had ample time for his conspiracy, as Khrushchev was absent from Moscow for a total of five months between January and September 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003617_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003617-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conspirators, led by Brezhnev, First Deputy Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a>, and KGB chairman <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semichastny" title="Vladimir Semichastny">Vladimir Semichastny</a>, struck in October 1964, while Khrushchev was on vacation at <a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a> with his friend and Presidium colleague Anastas Mikoyan. On 12 October, Brezhnev called Khrushchev to notify him of a special Presidium meeting to be held the following day, ostensibly about agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman20035_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman20035-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Khrushchev suspected the real reason for the meeting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman20036_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman20036-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he flew to Moscow, accompanied by the head of the Georgian KGB, General <a href="/wiki/Aleksi_Inauri" title="Aleksi Inauri">Aleksi Inauri</a>, but otherwise taking no precautions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200311–13_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200311–13-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv/220px--1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv/1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1964-10-15_Khrushchev_Resigns.ogv&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universal_Newsreel" title="Universal Newsreel">Universal Newsreel</a> about Khrushchev's resignation</figcaption></figure> <p>Khrushchev arrived at the VIP hall of <a href="/wiki/Vnukovo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vnukovo Airport">Vnukovo Airport</a>; KGB chairman Semichastny waited for him there, flanked by KGB guards. Semichastny informed Khrushchev of his ouster and told him not to resist. The plotters' coup went off smoothly; Khrushchev felt betrayed by Semichastny, as he considered him a friend, not suspecting that he had joined his enemies within the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev was then taken to the Kremlin, to be verbally attacked by Brezhnev, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Suslov</a> and Shelepin. He put up little resistance. Semichastny was careful not to create the appearance of a coup: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I didn't even close the Kremlin to visitors. People were strolling around outside, while in the room the Presidium was meeting. I deployed my men around the Kremlin. Everything that was necessary was done. Brezhnev and Shelepin were nervous. I told them: Let's not do anything that isn't necessary. Let's not create the appearance of a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>That night, after his ouster, Khrushchev called Mikoyan: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I'm old and tired. Let them cope by themselves. I've done the main thing. Could anyone have dreamed of telling Stalin that he didn't suit us anymore and suggesting he retire? Not even a wet spot would have remained where we had been standing. Now everything is different. The fear is gone, and we can talk as equals. That's my contribution. I won't put up a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200313_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200313-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 14 October 1964, the Presidium and the Central Committee voted to accept Khrushchev's "voluntary" request to retire for reasons of "advanced age and ill health." Brezhnev was elected First Secretary, while <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> succeeded Khrushchev as premier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200316_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200316-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_retirement">Life in retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Life in retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khrushchev was granted a <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> of 500 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">rubles</a> per month and was given a house, a <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> and a car.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200316–17_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200316–17-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his removal, he fell into deep depression. He received few visitors, especially since his security guards reported all visits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003622–23_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003622–23-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pension was reduced to 400 rubles per month, though his retirement remained comfortable by Soviet standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995278_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995278-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003623_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003623-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his grandsons was asked what the ex-premier was doing in retirement, and the boy replied, "Grandfather cries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003623–24_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003623–24-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev was made a non-person to such an extent that the thirty-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> omitted him from the list of prominent political commissars during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the new rulers made known their conservatism in artistic matters, Khrushchev came to be more favorably viewed by artists and writers, some of whom visited him. One visitor whom Khrushchev regretted not seeing was former U.S. Vice President Nixon, who went to Khrushchev's Moscow apartment while the former premier was at his dacha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995279_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995279-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khrushchev began his memoirs in 1966. He initially tried to dictate them into a tape recorder while outdoors, in an attempt to avoid eavesdropping by the KGB. These attempts failed due to background noise, so he switched to recording indoors. The KGB made no attempt to interfere until 1968, when Khrushchev was ordered to hand over his tapes; he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995280_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995280-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Khrushchev was hospitalized with heart ailments, his son Sergei was approached by the KGB in July 1970 and told that there was a plot afoot by foreign agents to steal the memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergei Khrushchev handed over the materials to the KGB since the KGB could steal the originals anyway, but copies had been made, some of which had been transmitted to a Western publisher. Sergei instructed that the smuggled memoirs should be published, which they were in 1970 under the title <i>Khrushchev Remembers</i>. Under some pressure, Nikita Khrushchev signed a statement that he had not given the materials to any publisher, and his son was transferred to a less desirable job.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995280–81_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995280–81-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon publication of the memoirs in the West, <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> denounced them as a fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShabad1970_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShabad1970-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet state radio carried the announcement of Khrushchev's statement; it was the first time in six years that he had been mentioned in that medium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khrushchev died of a heart attack around noon in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Clinical_Hospital" title="Moscow Central Clinical Hospital">Moscow Central Clinical Hospital</a> on 11 September 1971, at the age of 77. He was denied a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> with interment in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Wall_Necropolis" title="Kremlin Wall Necropolis">Kremlin Wall</a> and was instead buried in the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a> in Moscow. Fearing demonstrations, the authorities did not announce Khrushchev's death until the hour of his wake, held in a morgue in the southern suburbs of Moscow,<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surrounded the cemetery with troops. Even so, some artists and writers joined the family for the interment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995282–83_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995282–83-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pravda</i> ran a one-sentence announcement of the former premier's death; Western newspapers contained considerable coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009299_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009299-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New York Times</i> Moscow correspondent <a href="/wiki/Harry_Schwartz_(journalist)" title="Harry Schwartz (journalist)">Harry Schwartz</a> wrote of Khrushchev, "Mr. Khrushchev opened the doors and windows of a petrified structure. He let in fresh air and fresh ideas, producing changes which time already has shown are irreversible and fundamental."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz1971_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz1971-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DestroyKhrusch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The remains of a low rise building are seen between two high rises" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DestroyKhrusch.JPG/220px-DestroyKhrusch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DestroyKhrusch.JPG/330px-DestroyKhrusch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/DestroyKhrusch.JPG/440px-DestroyKhrusch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Khrushchyovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchyovka">khrushchyovka</a></i> is destroyed, Moscow, January 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of Khrushchev's innovations were reversed after his fall. The requirement that one-third of officials be replaced at each election was overturned, as was the division in the Party structure between industrial and agricultural sectors. His vocational education program for high school students was dropped, and his plan for sending existing agricultural institutions out to the land was ended. However, new agricultural or vocational institutions thereafter were located outside major cities. When new housing was built, much of it was in the form of high rises rather than <a href="/wiki/Khrushchevka" title="Khrushchevka">Khrushchev's low-rise structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> summarizes Khrushchev's contradictory personality traits: </p> <blockquote><p>[he was] at once a Stalinist and an anti-Stalinist, a communist believer and a cynic, a self-publicizing poltroon and a crusty philanthropist, a trouble-maker and a peacemaker, a stimulating colleague and a domineering boor, a statesman and a politicker who was out of his intellectual depth.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some of Khrushchev's agricultural projects were easily overturned. Corn became so unpopular in 1965 that its planting fell to the lowest level in the postwar period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978128_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978128-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko">Lysenko</a> was stripped of his policy-making positions. However, the MTS stations remained closed, and the basic agricultural problems, which Khrushchev had tried to address, remained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Soviet standard of living increased greatly in the ten years after Khrushchev's fall, much of the increase was due to industrial progress; agriculture continued to lag far behind, resulting in regular agricultural crises, especially in 1972 and 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978185_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978185-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brezhnev and his successors continued Khrushchev's precedent of buying grain from the West rather than suffer shortfalls and starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82_292-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither Brezhnev nor his colleagues were personally popular, and the new government relied on authoritarian power. The government's conservative tendencies would lead to the crushing of the "<a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>" of 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978184_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978184-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_transfer_of_Crimea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_transfer_of_Crimea.jpg/170px-The_transfer_of_Crimea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_transfer_of_Crimea.jpg/255px-The_transfer_of_Crimea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_transfer_of_Crimea.jpg/340px-The_transfer_of_Crimea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet "On the transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Crimean Oblast</a>". In 1954, the Soviet leadership, which included Khrushchev, transferred Crimea from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Khrushchev's strategy failed to achieve the major goals he sought, Aleksandr Fursenko, who wrote a book analyzing Khrushchev's foreign and military policies, argued that the strategy did coerce the West in a limited manner. The agreement that the US would not invade Cuba has been adhered to. The refusal of the western world to acknowledge East Germany was gradually eroded, and, in 1975, the US and other NATO members signed the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Agreement">Helsinki Agreement</a> with the USSR and Warsaw Pact nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006544_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006544-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian public's view of Khrushchev remains mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a major Russian pollster, the only eras of the 20th century that Russians in the 21st century evaluate positively are those under <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> and under Khrushchev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650_298-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poll in 1998 of young Russians found that they felt Nicholas II had done more good than harm, and all other 20th-century Russian leaders more harm than good—except Khrushchev, about whom they were evenly divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650_298-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev biographer William Tompson related the former premier's reforms to those which occurred later: </p> <blockquote> <p>Throughout the Brezhnev years and the lengthy interregnum that followed, the generation which had come of age during the "first Russian spring" of the 1950s awaited its turn in power. As Brezhnev and his colleagues died or were pensioned off, they were replaced by men and women for whom the Secret Speech and the first wave of de-Stalinization had been a formative experience, and these "Children of Twentieth Congress" took up the reins of power under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev and his colleagues. The Khrushchev era provided this second generation of reformers with both an inspiration and a cautionary tale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995283–84_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995283–84-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">1954 transfer of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Outline of the Cold War">Outline of the Cold War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While he was unable to consolidate control over the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">party apparatus</a>, Malenkov was still recognized as "<a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">first among equals</a>" for over a year after Stalin's death. As late as March 1954, he was listed as first in the Soviet leadership and continued to chair meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009232–33_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009232–33-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Sergeyevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Khrushchev</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pronunciation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pronunciation_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span></span>/</a></span></span>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[nʲɪˈkʲitə<span class="wrap"> </span>sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>xrʊˈɕːɵf]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/Ru-Nikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchev.oga\/Ru-Nikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchev.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Ru-Nikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchev.oga/Ru-Nikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchev.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Nikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchev.oga" title="File:Ru-Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Soviet reports list his birth date as 17 April (5 April old style) (in fact Khrushchev did not know his exact birthday, but he usually celebrated it on this day). However, the discovery of his birth certificate has caused biographers to accept the 15 April date. See <a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 2 and <i>Таубман У.</i> Хрущёв. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2005. — С. 36, 704.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009232–33-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2009232–33_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2009">Brown 2009</a>, pp. 232–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19952-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19952_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19952_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200320-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200320_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200318-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200318_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200321-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200321_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19952–3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19952–3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19953-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19953_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200327-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200327_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200326-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200326_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200326_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200330-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200330_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200330_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19956–7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19956–7_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200337–38-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200337–38_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19958-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19958_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009141-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009141_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlson2009">Carlson 2009</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LnsD5ZjFWcw&t=198">Khrushchev in Hollywood (1959)</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> (3:50–6:09)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson19958–9-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson19958–9_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200338–40-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200338–40_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 38–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200347-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200347_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200347–48-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200347–48_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200347–48_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200348–49-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200348–49_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200350-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200350_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199512-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199512_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200352-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200352_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200352_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200354–55-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200354–55_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200355-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200355_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200355_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199514-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199514_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200356–57-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200356–57_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200356–57_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200358–59-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200358–59_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199516–17-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199516–17_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200363-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200363_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200364–66-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200364–66_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200364–66_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 64–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitman1971_36-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitman1971">Whitman 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200366-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200366_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memofkhr-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-memofkhr_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev2005" class="citation book cs1">Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (2005). <i>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. 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University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271058536" title="Special:BookSources/0271058536"><bdi>0271058536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Nikita+Khrushchev.+Volume+1%2C+Commissar%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0271058536&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita+Sergeevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200368-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200368_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200373-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200373_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200373_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200373_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199531–32-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199531–32_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199531–32_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200378-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200378_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199533–34-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199533–34_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200394–95-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200394–95_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003105–06-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003105–06_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 105–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200398-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200398_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200399-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199557-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199557_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman200399–100-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman200399–100_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003100_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003103–04-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003103–04_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 103–04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003104-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003104_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199569-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199569_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003114–15-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003114–15_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 114–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003116-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003116_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003118_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199560-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199560_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003135–37-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003135–37_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 135–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199572-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199572_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003149-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003149_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003150-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003150_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003163-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003163_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003162–64-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003162–64_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 162–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004347-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004347_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2004">Khrushchev 2004</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004349–50-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2004349–50_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2004">Khrushchev 2004</a>, pp. 349–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003164–68-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003164–68_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 164–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003168–71-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003168–71_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003168–71_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 168–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199581-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199581_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirch2008-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2008_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2008_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirch2008_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirch2008">Birch 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003157–58-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003157–58_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 157–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199582-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199582_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158–62-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003158–62_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 158–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003171–72-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003171–72_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 171–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003177–78-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003177–78_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003177–78_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 177–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199581–82-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199581–82_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199573-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199573_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199573_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199586-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199586_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199586_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199586_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003179-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003179_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003180-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003180_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003181-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003181_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003181_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003193–95-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003193–95_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 193–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199587–88-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199587–88_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003195-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003195_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003195_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199591-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199591_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199591_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199–200-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003199–200_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003200–01-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003200–01_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 200–01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199592-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199592_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003203-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003203_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003203_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199593-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199593_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199593_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200027-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200027_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2000">Khrushchev 2000</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199595-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199595_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003205-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003205_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199596-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199596_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199596–97-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199596–97_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199596–97_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200616–17-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200616–17_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2006">Khrushchev 2006</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003210-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003210_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200643-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev200643_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2006">Khrushchev 2006</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson199599-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199599_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson199599_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003226-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003226_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrina_H._Corten1992" class="citation book cs1">Irina H. Corten (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofsovi00cort/page/64"><i>Vocabulary of Soviet Society and Culture: A Selected Guide to Russian Words, Idioms, and Expressions of the Post-Stalin Era, 1953–1991</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vocabularyofsovi00cort/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1213-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1213-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-1213-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulary+of+Soviet+Society+and+Culture%3A+A+Selected+Guide+to+Russian+Words%2C+Idioms%2C+and+Expressions+of+the+Post-Stalin+Era%2C+1953%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1213-0&rft.au=Irina+H.+Corten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvocabularyofsovi00cort%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995100–01-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995100–01_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 100–01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003228–30-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003228–30_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 228–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003236–41-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003236–41_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 236–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006167–68-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006167–68_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2006">Khrushchev 2006</a>, pp. 167–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995114-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995114_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1953-03-10-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1953-03-10_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_1953-03-10"><i>The New York Times</i>, 1953-03-10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003245-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003245_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003245_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/614785/Union-of-Soviet-Socialist-Republics">"Union of Soviet Socialist Republics"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003258-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003258_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003246–47-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003246–47_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 246–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006184-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006184_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2006">Khrushchev 2006</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995121-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995121_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006186-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006186_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2006">Khrushchev 2006</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy K. Blauvelt, "Patronage and betrayal in the post-Stalin succession: The case of Kruglov and Serov" <i>Communist & Post-Communist Studies</i> (2008) 43#1 pp. 105–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995123-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995123_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995125–26-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995125–26_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 125–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003259-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003259_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003259_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003263-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003263_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995174-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995174_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003260–64-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003260–64_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 260–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishnadev Calamur, "Crimea: A Gift To Ukraine Becomes A Political Flash Point" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/02/27/283481587/crimea-a-gift-to-ukraine-becomes-a-political-flash-point">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergei V. Moshkin, "Why did Khrushchev transfer Crimea to Ukraine?" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sites.utu.fi/bre/why-did-khrushchev-transfer-crimea-to-ukraine/">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Kramer, "Why Did Russia Give Away Crimea Sixty Years Ago?" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/why-did-russia-give-away-crimea-sixty-years-ago">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko200615–17-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko200615–17_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFursenko2006">Fursenko 2006</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995141–42-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995141–42_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 141–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Marantz, "Internal Politics and Soviet Foreign Policy: A Case Study." <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 28.1 (1975): 130–46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/447860">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko200627-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko200627_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFursenko2006">Fursenko 2006</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003266–69-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003266–69_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 266–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003275-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003275_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003276-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003276_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003279–80-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003279–80_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003279–80_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 279–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995153-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995153_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006212-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2006212_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2006">Khrushchev 2006</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1956-05-06-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times'',_1956-05-06_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_1956-05-06"><i>The New York Times</i>, 1956-05-06</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003286–91-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003286–91_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003286–91_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 286–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003282-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003282_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2000200-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhrushchev2000200_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhrushchev2000">Khrushchev 2000</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995176–83-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995176–83_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 176–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003361–64-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003361–64_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, pp. 361–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995189-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995189_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995189_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995189_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003307-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003307_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003308-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003308_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003385-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003385_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003385_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003628-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003628_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DkdGcjM7tQ">Khrushchev speech, Los Angeles, 19 September 1959</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Factbox%3A+Honour+or+disgrace+%E2%80%93+how+Russia+has+buried+its+past+leaders&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fhonour-or-disgrace-how-russia-has-buried-its-past-leaders-2022-09-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995282–83-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995282–83_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 282–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2009299-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2009299_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlson2009">Carlson 2009</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz1971-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz1971_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz1971">Schwartz 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82_292-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82_292-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978180–82_292-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedevMedvedev1978">Medvedev & Medvedev 1978</a>, pp. 180–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Service, Robert (1997) <i>A History of Twentieth-Century Russia</i>. Harvard UP. p. 375. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713991482" title="Special:BookSources/9780713991482">9780713991482</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978128-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978128_294-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedevMedvedev1978">Medvedev & Medvedev 1978</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978185-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978185_295-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedevMedvedev1978">Medvedev & Medvedev 1978</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978184-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedvedevMedvedev1978184_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMedvedevMedvedev1978">Medvedev & Medvedev 1978</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006544-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFursenko2006544_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFursenko2006">Fursenko 2006</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650_298-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650_298-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaubman2003650_298-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaubman2003">Taubman 2003</a>, p. 650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETompson1995283–84-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETompson1995283–84_299-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTompson1995">Tompson 1995</a>, pp. 283–84.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print">Print</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Print"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2008" class="citation cs2">Birch, Douglas (2 August 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-02-1193707578_x.htm">"Khrushchev kin allege family honor slurred"</a>, <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Khrushchev+kin+allege+family+honor+slurred&rft.date=2008-08-02&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-08-02-1193707578_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation cs2">Brown, Archie (2009), <i>The Rise and Fall of Communism</i>, HarperCollins Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113882-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-113882-9"><bdi>978-0-06-113882-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-113882-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2009" class="citation cs2">Carlson, Peter (2009), <a href="/wiki/K_Blows_Top" title="K Blows Top"><i>K Blows Top: A Cold War Comic Interlude Starring Nikita Khrushchev, America's Most Unlikely Tourist</i></a>, PublicAffairs, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-497-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-497-2"><bdi>978-1-58648-497-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K+Blows+Top%3A+A+Cold+War+Comic+Interlude+Starring+Nikita+Khrushchev%2C+America%27s+Most+Unlikely+Tourist&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-497-2&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurent2009" class="citation cs2">Laurent, Coumel (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bF-pSkjIdOAC&pg=PA66">"The scientist, the pedagogue, and the Party official: Interest groups, public opinion, and decision-making in the 1958 education reform"</a>, in Ilič, Melanie; Smith, Jeremy (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hollis.harvard.edu/?q=ISBN0415476496"><i>Soviet state and society under Nikita Khrushchev</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 66–85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47649-2"><bdi>978-0-415-47649-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+scientist%2C+the+pedagogue%2C+and+the+Party+official%3A+Interest+groups%2C+public+opinion%2C+and+decision-making+in+the+1958+education+reform&rft.btitle=Soviet+state+and+society+under+Nikita+Khrushchev&rft.pages=66-85&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47649-2&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=Coumel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbF-pSkjIdOAC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFursenko2006" class="citation cs2">Fursenko, Aleksandr (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393058093"><i>Khrushchev's Cold War</i></a>, W.W. Norton & Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05809-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05809-3"><bdi>978-0-393-05809-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%27s+Cold+War&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05809-3&rft.aulast=Fursenko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780393058093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hale-Dorrell, Aaron. <i>Corn Crusade: Khrushchev's Farming Revolution in the Post-Stalin Soviet Union</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/hd76s0171">PhD dissertation version</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2007" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Catriona (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childrensworldgr00kell/page/147"><i>Children's world: growing up in Russia, 1890–1991</i></a>, Yale University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childrensworldgr00kell/page/147">147</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11226-9"><bdi>978-0-300-11226-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+world%3A+growing+up+in+Russia%2C+1890%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11226-9&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Catriona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildrensworldgr00kell%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev2004" class="citation cs2">Khrushchev, Nikita (2004), Khrushchev, Sergei (ed.), <i>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 1: Commissar</i>, The Pennsylvania State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02332-8"><bdi>978-0-271-02332-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Nikita+Khrushchev%2C+Volume+1%3A+Commissar&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02332-8&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev2006" class="citation cs2">Khrushchev, Nikita (2006), Khrushchev, Sergei (ed.), <i>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 2: Reformer</i>, The Pennsylvania State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02861-3"><bdi>978-0-271-02861-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Nikita+Khrushchev%2C+Volume+2%3A+Reformer&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02861-3&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev2007" class="citation cs2">Khrushchev, Nikita (2007), Khrushchev, Sergei (ed.), <i>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, Volume 3: Statesman</i>, The Pennsylvania State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02935-1"><bdi>978-0-271-02935-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Nikita+Khrushchev%2C+Volume+3%3A+Statesman&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02935-1&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev2000" class="citation cs2">Khrushchev, Sergei (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nikitakhrushchev00khru_0"><i>Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower</i></a>, The Pennsylvania State University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01927-7"><bdi>978-0-271-01927-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nikita+Khrushchev+and+the+Creation+of+a+Superpower&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01927-7&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnikitakhrushchev00khru_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedevMedvedev1978" class="citation cs2">Medvedev, Roy; Medvedev, Zhores (1978), <i>Khrushchev: The Years in Power</i>, W.W. Norton & Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231039390" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231039390"><bdi>978-0231039390</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+The+Years+in+Power&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0231039390&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Medvedev%2C+Zhores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrie2006" class="citation cs2">Perrie, Maureen (2006), <i>The Cambridge History of Russia: The twentieth century</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81144-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81144-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia%3A+The+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81144-6&rft.aulast=Perrie&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPospielovsky1987" class="citation cs2">Pospielovsky, Dimitry V. (1987), "A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer", <i>A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies</i>, vol. 1, New York: St Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333423264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333423264"><bdi>978-0333423264</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Soviet+Atheism+in+Theory%2C+and+Practice%2C+and+the+Believer&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Marxist-Leninist+Atheism+and+Soviet+Anti-Religious+Policies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0333423264&rft.aulast=Pospielovsky&rft.aufirst=Dimitry+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1971" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Harry (12 September 1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606123851/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30714FE345B137A93C0A81782D85F458785F9">"We know now that he was a giant among men"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30714FE345B137A93C0A81782D85F458785F9">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=We+know+now+that+he+was+a+giant+among+men&rft.date=1971-09-12&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF30714FE345B137A93C0A81782D85F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span> (fee for article)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabad1970" class="citation cs2">Shabad, Theodore (24 November 1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E14FC3F5F1B7493C6AB178AD95F448785F9">"<i>Izvestia</i> likens 'memoirs' to forgeries"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Izvestia+likens+%27memoirs%27+to+forgeries&rft.date=1970-11-24&rft.aulast=Shabad&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0E14FC3F5F1B7493C6AB178AD95F448785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span> (fee for article)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman2003" class="citation cs2">Taubman, William (2003), <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev:_The_Man_and_His_Era" title="Khrushchev: The Man and His Era"><i>Khrushchev: The Man and His Era</i></a>, W.W. Norton & Co., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32484-6"><bdi>978-0-393-32484-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+The+Man+and+His+Era&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32484-6&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTompson1995" class="citation cs2">Tompson, William J. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khrushchevapolit0000tomp"><i>Khrushchev: A Political Life</i></a>, St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12365-9"><bdi>978-0-312-12365-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-12365-9&rft.aulast=Tompson&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhrushchevapolit0000tomp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Volin, Lazar. <i>Khrushchev and the Soviet agricultural scene</i> (U of California Press, 2020).</li> <li>Volin, Lazar. "Soviet agriculture under Khrushchev." <i>American Economic Review</i> 49.2 (1959): 15–32 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816099">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1971" class="citation cs2">Whitman, Alden (12 September 1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B1FF7355B137A93C0A81782D85F458785F9">"Khrushchev's human dimensions brought him to power and to his downfall"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Khrushchev%27s+human+dimensions+brought+him+to+power+and+to+his+downfall&rft.date=1971-09-12&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=Alden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF30B1FF7355B137A93C0A81782D85F458785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span> (fee for article), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0417.html">free version</a></li> <li>Zhuravlev, V. V. "NS Khrushchev: A Leader's Self-Identification as a Political Actor." <i>Russian Studies in History</i> 42.4 (2004): 70–79, on his Memoirs</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubok2007" class="citation cs2">Zubok, Vladislav (2007), <i>A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev</i>, University of North Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5958-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5958-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-5958-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Failed+Empire%3A+The+Soviet+Union+in+the+Cold+War+from+Stalin+to+Gorbachev&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5958-2&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy, John F.</a> (10 June 1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111231050039/http://www1.media.american.edu/speeches/Kennedy.htm"><i>President Kennedy Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Speech, American University 1963 Commencement</i></a>, American University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.media.american.edu/speeches/Kennedy.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Kennedy+Nuclear+Test+Ban+Treaty+Speech%2C+American+University+1963+Commencement&rft.pub=American+University&rft.date=1963-06-10&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.media.american.edu%2Fspeeches%2FKennedy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeizvestny1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Neizvestny" title="Ernst Neizvestny">Neizvestny, Ernst</a> (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtoraya-literatura.com/publ_163.html">"My dialogue with Khrushchev"</a>, <i>Vremya I My (Times and Us)</i> (in Russian), no. 41, pp. 170–200<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vremya+I+My+%28Times+and+Us%29&rft.atitle=My+dialogue+with+Khrushchev&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=170-200&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Neizvestny&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vtoraya-literatura.com%2Fpubl_163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_1956-05-06" class="citation cs2">Guildsovfoto, Special to The New York Times Sovfotofree Lance Photographers (6 May 1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30D1FFB3D5B157B93C7A9178DD85F428585F9">"Text of Speech on Stalin by Khrushchev as released by the State Department"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Text+of+Speech+on+Stalin+by+Khrushchev+as+released+by+the+State+Department&rft.date=1956-05-06&rft.aulast=Guildsovfoto&rft.aufirst=Special+to+The+New+York+Times+Sovfotofree+Lance+Photographers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF30D1FFB3D5B157B93C7A9178DD85F428585F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span> (fee for article)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLife,_1962-11-09" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUoEAAAAMBAJ&q=khrushchev+cuban+crisis+singer&pg=PA46">"The historic letter that showed Mr. K's hand"</a>, <i>Life</i>, vol. 53, no. 19, 9 November 1962, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019">0024-3019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=The+historic+letter+that+showed+Mr.+K%27s+hand&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=19&rft.date=1962-11-09&rft.issn=0024-3019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUoEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dkhrushchev%2Bcuban%2Bcrisis%2Bsinger%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_1953-03-10" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D16FE345B117A93CAA91788D85F478585F9">"Vast Riddle; Demoted in the latest Soviet shack-up"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 10 March 1953<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vast+Riddle%3B+Demoted+in+the+latest+Soviet+shack-up&rft.date=1953-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10D16FE345B117A93CAA91788D85F478585F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span> (fee for article)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUPI_1959_Year_in_Review" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1959/Nixon-visits-Russia/12295509433704-7/">"1959 Year in Review; Nixon visits Russia"</a>, <i>United Press International</i>, 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=1959+Year+in+Review%3B+Nixon+visits+Russia&rft.date=1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1959%2FNixon-visits-Russia%2F12295509433704-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUPI_1960_Year_in_Review" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1960/The-Paris-Summit-Falls-Apart/12295509435928-2/">"1960 Year in Review; The Paris Summit Falls Apart"</a>, <i>United Press International</i>, 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=1960+Year+in+Review%3B+The+Paris+Summit+Falls+Apart&rft.date=1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1960%2FThe-Paris-Summit-Falls-Apart%2F12295509435928-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Nikita Khrushchev</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nikita+Khrushchev">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nikita+Khrushchev&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Alvandi, Roham. "The Shah's détente with Khrushchev: Iran's 1962 missile base pledge to the Soviet Union." <i>Cold War History</i> 14.3 (2014): 423–44.</li> <li>Artemov, Evgeny, and Evgeny Vodichev. "The Economic Policies of the Khrushchev Decade: Historiography." <i>Quaestio Rossica</i> 8.5 (2020): 1822–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qr.urfu.ru/ojs/index.php/qr/article/download/qr.562/3310">online</a></li> <li>Beschloss, Michael. <i>The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963</i> (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisyears00mich">online</a></li> <li>Breslauer, George W. <i>Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders</i> (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khrushchevbrezhn0000bres">online</a></li> <li>Craig, Campbell, and Sergey Radchenko. "MAD, not Marx: Khrushchev and the nuclear revolution." <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i> 41.1–2 (2018): 208–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orca.cf.ac.uk/105003/1/Khrushchev%20article%20JSS%20May%202017%20final.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Dallin, David. <i>Soviet foreign policy after Stalin</i> (1961) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietforeignpol00dall">online</a></li> <li>Dobbs, Michael. <i>One minute to midnight : Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the brink of nuclear war</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oneminutetomidni0000dobb">online</a></li> <li>Frankel, Max. <i>High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis</i>. (Random House 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highnoonincoldwa00fran">online</a></li> <li>Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. <i>Khrushchev's Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary</i> (2010)</li> <li>Hardy, Jeffrey S. <i>The Gulag after Stalin: Redefining Punishment in Khrushchev's Soviet Union, 1953–1964</i>. (Cornell University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Harris, Jonathan. <i>Party Leadership under Stalin and Khrushchev: Party Officials and the Soviet State, 1948–1964</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsby,_R.2023" class="citation book cs1">Hornsby, R. (2023). <i>The Soviet Sixties</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Sixties&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Hornsby%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Iandolo, Alessandro. "Beyond the Shoe: Rethinking Khrushchev at the Fifteenth Session of the United Nations General Assembly." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 41.1 (2017): 128–54.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev1960" class="citation book cs1">Khrushchev, Nikita (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forvictoryinpea00khru"><i>For Victory in Peaceful Competition with Capitalism</i></a>. E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/261194">261194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Victory+in+Peaceful+Competition+with+Capitalism&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F261194&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforvictoryinpea00khru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McCauley, Martin. <i>The Khrushchev Era 1953–1964</i> (Routledge, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickett2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">Pickett, William B.</a> (2007). "Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair: A Forty-six Year Retrospective". In Clifford, J. Garry; Wilson, Theodore A. (eds.). <i>Presidents, Diplomats, and Other Mortals</i>. Columbia, Missouri: U of Missouri Press. pp. 137–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1747-9"><bdi>978-0-8262-1747-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisenhower%2C+Khrushchev%2C+and+the+U-2+Affair%3A+A+Forty-six+Year+Retrospective&rft.btitle=Presidents%2C+Diplomats%2C+and+Other+Mortals&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=137-53&rft.pub=U+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1747-9&rft.aulast=Pickett&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANikita+Khrushchev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schoenbachler, Matthew, and Lawrence J. Nelson. <i>Nikita Khrushchev's Journey into America</i> (UP of Kansas, 2019).</li> <li>Shen, Zhihua. "Mao, Khrushchev, and the Moscow Conference, 1957." in <i>A Short History of Sino-Soviet Relations, 1917–1991</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020) pp. 189–207.</li> <li>Smith, Jeremy and Melanie Ilic. <i>Khrushchev in the Kremlin: Policy and Government in the Soviet Union, 1953–64</i> (Taylor & Francis, 2011)</li> <li>Sodaro, Michael. <i>Moscow, Germany, and the West from Khrushchev to Gorbachev</i> (Cornell UP, 2019).</li> <li>Torigian, Joseph. 2022. "<a href="//doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01043" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1162/jcws a 01043">"You Don't Know Khrushchev Well": The Ouster of the Soviet Leader as a Challenge to Recent Scholarship on Authoritarian Politics.</a>" <i>Journal of Cold War Studies</i> 24(1): 78–115.</li> <li>Watry, David M. <i>Diplomacy at the Brink: Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807157183" title="Special:BookSources/9780807157183">9780807157183</a>.</li> <li>Zelenin, Il'ia E. "N. S. Khrushchev's Agrarian Policy and Agriculture in the USSR". <i>Russian Studies in History</i> 50.3 (2011): 44–70.</li> <li>Zubok, Vladislav and Constantine Pleshakov. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidekremlinsco00zubo">Inside the Kremlin's cold war: from Stalin to Khrushchev</a></i> (Harvard UP, 1996)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Nikita Khrushchev</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nikita_Khrushchev" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Nikita Khrushchev">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" class="extiw" title="q:Nikita Khrushchev">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Nikita_Sergeyevich_Khrushchev" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35314" class="extiw" title="d:Q35314">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/khrushchev/index.htm">Nikita Khrushchev Archive at marxists.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.net-film.ru/en/found-page-1/?search=qKhrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev archival footage – Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101173400/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=The%20Nikita%20Khrushchev%20Papers">The CWIHP at the Wilson Center for Scholars: The Nikita Khrushchev Papers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0417.html">Obituary, <i>The New York Times</i>, 12 September 1971, "Khrushchev's Human Dimensions Brought Him to Power and to His Downfall"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2000/10/the-case-of-khrushchevs-shoe">The Case of Khrushchev's Shoe</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nina_L._Khrushcheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nina L. Khrushcheva">Nina Khrushcheva</a> (Nikita's great-granddaughter), <i>New Statesman</i>, 2 October 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956khrushchev-secret1.html">Modern History Sourcebook: Nikita S. Khrushchev: The Secret Speech — On the Cult of Personality, 1956</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/article_khrushchev_stalin_cult_individual.htm">"Tumultuous, prolonged applause ending in ovation. All rise." Khrushchev's "Secret Report" & Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rian.ru/photolents/20090417/168321071.html">Khrushchev photo collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAG6D73gttA">Nikita Khrushchev on Face the Nation in 1957</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.Sovietarchives.com/">The Soviet Archives</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier of the Soviet Union</a> </b><br />1958–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Korniyets" title="Leonid Korniyets">Leonid Korniyets</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Ukraine#Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1921–1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Ukraine">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR</a> </b><br />1944–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Demian_Korotchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Demian Korotchenko">Demian Korotchenko</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a><br /><b><i>as</i> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></b></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> </b><br />1953–1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Georgiy Popov</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Moscow Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow Regional Committee</a> </b><br />1949–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Nikolai Mikhailov</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine</a> </b><br />1947–1949<br />1938–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitriy_Yevtushenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitriy Yevtushenko (page does not exist)">Dmitriy Yevtushenko</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Kiev City Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine">Kiev City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kiev_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine">Regional Committee</a> </b><br />1938–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zinoviy_Serdiuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinoviy Serdiuk">Zinoviy Serdiuk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Moscow Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Regional Committee</a> </b><br />1935–1938 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ugarov" title="Aleksandr Ugarov">Aleksandr Ugarov</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Nikita_Khrushchev" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Nikita_Khrushchev" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Nikita Khrushchev</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Premiers of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Premiers of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Premiers of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premiers of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a> (1924–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1930–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> (1941–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khrushchev</a> (1958–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1964–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Ryzhkov</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (Jan.–Aug. 1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a></i> (Aug. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Silayev</a> (Aug.–Dec. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Kuybyshev</a> (1934–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Voznesensky</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1942–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1950–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a> (Mar.–June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Kaganovich</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a> (1955–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Pervukhin</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Saburov</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kuzmin" title="Joseph Kuzmin">Kuzmin</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a> (1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Ustinov</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a> (1965–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1976–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Arkhipov" title="Ivan Arkhipov">Arkhipov</a> (1980–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Aliyev</a> (1982–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Talyzin</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Murakhovsky" title="Vsevolod Murakhovsky">Murakhovsky</a> (1985–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Maslyukov</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Voronin" title="Lev Voronin">Voronin</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li>Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Velichko" title="Vladimir Velichko">Velichko</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_Ministers_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Prime Ministers of Russia">Prime Ministers of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> (1912–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1924–53)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (1917–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Stasova" title="Elena Stasova">Elena Stasova</a> (Mar.–Dec. 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krestinsky" title="Nikolay Krestinsky">Nikolay Krestinsky</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> (1921–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1922–52)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1953–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (1964–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1982–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1985–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> (<i>acting</i>, Aug. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo / Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Departments of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrative Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Administrative Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Chemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Cadres_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Cadres Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Foreign Cadres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavy_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heavy Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Heavy Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Information_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Information Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="International Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light-_and_Food_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light- and Food Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Light- and Food Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machine_Industry_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machine Industry Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Machine Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisational-party_Work_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisational-party Work of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Organisational-party Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planning_and_Financial_Organs_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planning and Financial Organs Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Planning and Financial Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Political Administration of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_Education_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and Education Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Science and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_and_Consumers%27_Services_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade and Consumers' Services Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Trade and Consumers' Services</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportation-Communications_Department_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportation-Communications Department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Transportation-Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenotdel" title="Zhenotdel">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kommunist" title="Kommunist">Bolshevik / Kommunist</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="13th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">21st (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tampere_conference_of_1905" title="Tampere conference of 1905">1st (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">2nd (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">3rd (Aug. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">4th (Nov. 1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (page does not exist)">5th (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">6th (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">7th (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">8th (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (May 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (Dec. 1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Conference_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_All-Union_Conference_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th All-Union Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the<br />Central Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Aug.–Oct. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Oct.–Dec. 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner-composition_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_and_Secretariat_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo and Secretariat of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Bureau, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (Jan.–Mar. 1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo,_Secretariat_and_Orgburo_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_Control_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party Control Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central<br />Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Presidium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Secretariat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Collegium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegium_of_the_Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegium of the Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by<br />Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st (1898–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd (1903–05)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_3rd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 3rd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">3rd (Apr.–Dec. 1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_1st_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 1st Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">CC of the 1st Conf. (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">4th (1906–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">5th (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 6th Conf. (1912–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.–Aug. 1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">6th (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_7th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">7th (1918–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_8th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Auditing Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">8th (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">10th (1921–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_8th,_10th,_13th,_14th_and_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 8th, 10th, 13th, 14th and 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th (1934–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th (1939–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th (1956–61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd (1961–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_23rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">23rd (1966–71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_24th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">24th (1971–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_25th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">25th (1976–81)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th (1981–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Auditing Commission of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th (1986–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Control Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_9th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">9th (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">10th (1921–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_11th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">11th (1922–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_12th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">12th (1923–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">13th (1924–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">15th (1927–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">16th (1930–34)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">28th (1990–91)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republican-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Communist_Party_(1920)" title="Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Byelorussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bukhara" title="Communist Party of Bukhara">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Estonia" title="Communist Party of Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Georgia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan (Soviet Union)">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Khorezm" title="Communist Party of Khorezm">Khorezmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kirghizia" title="Communist Party of Kirghizia">Kirghiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Latvia" title="Communist Party of Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Lithuania" title="Communist Party of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Moldavia" title="Communist Party of Moldavia">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Transcaucasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Party of Transcaucasia (page does not exist)">Transcaucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkestan" title="Communist Party of Turkestan">Turkestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Communist Party of Turkmenistan">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Uzbekistan" title="Communist Party of Uzbekistan">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Obkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okrug_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okrug committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Okrugkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Gorkom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Raikom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Party_committee_of_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Party committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Partkom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statute_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_(Soviet_Union)" title="Young Pioneers (Soviet Union)">Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Political_Directorate_of_the_Soviet_Army_and_Soviet_Navy" title="Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy">Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ban on factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Democratic_Centralism" title="Group of Democratic Centralism">Group of Democratic Centralism</a> (1919–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a> (1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Truth" title="Workers' Truth">Workers' Truth</a> (1921–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> (1923–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers' Group</a> (1923–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a> (1924–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" title="United Opposition (Soviet Union)">United Opposition</a> (1926–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtsov-Lominadze_Affair" title="Syrtsov-Lominadze Affair">Left-Right Bloc</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_affair" title="Ryutin affair">Union of Marxist-Leninists</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">Bloc of Soviet Oppositions</a> (1932–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">Anti-Party Group</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(faction)" title="Soyuz (faction)">Soyuz</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_of_Communists_and_Non-Partisans" title="Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans">Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Russian_Revolutionary_Social_Democracy_Abroad" title="League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad">League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Working_Class" title="League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class">League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purges_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Purges of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Purges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Social-Democratic_Union" title="Siberian Social-Democratic Union">Siberian Social-Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania" title="Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania">Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Russian_Social_Democrats_Abroad" title="Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad">Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine_and_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Communist Party of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Communist Party of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine_and_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First (General) Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafima_Hopner" title="Serafima Hopner">Serafima Hopner</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Kviring" title="Emanuel Kviring">Emanuel Kviring</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bestchetvertnoi" title="Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi">Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Kviring" title="Emanuel Kviring">Emanuel Kviring</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> (1925–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a> (1928–1938)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1938–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> (1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> (1957–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petr Shelest</a> (1963–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Vladimir Scherbitsky</a> (1972–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Hurenko" title="Stanislav Hurenko">Stanislav Gurenko</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Politburo / Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orgburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orgburo of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Orgburo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Control Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visti_VUCVK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visti VUCVK (page does not exist)">Visti VUCVK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radianska_Ukraina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radianska Ukraina (page does not exist)">Kommunist / Radyanska Ukraina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravda_Ukrainy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravda Ukrainy (page does not exist)">Pravda Ukrainy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Congresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">1st (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="2nd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">2nd (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="3rd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">3rd (1919)</a></li> <li>4th (1920)</li> <li>5th (1920)</li> <li>6th (1921)</li> <li>7th (1923)</li> <li>8th (1924)</li> <li>9th (1925)</li> <li>10th (1927)</li> <li>11th (1930)</li> <li>12th (1934)</li> <li>13th (1937)</li> <li>14th (1938)</li> <li>15th (1940)</li> <li>16th (1949)</li> <li>17th (1952)</li> <li>18th (1954)</li> <li>19th (1956)</li> <li>20th (1959)</li> <li>21st (1960)</li> <li>22nd (1961)</li> <li>23rd (1966)</li> <li>24th (1971)</li> <li>25th (1976)</li> <li>26th (1981)</li> <li>27th (1986)</li> <li>28th (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st (1926)</li> <li>2nd (1929)</li> <li>3rd (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_1st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="Central Committee of the 1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">1st (Jul.–Oct. 1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">2nd (1918–1919)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Socialist Party of Ukraine">Socialist Party of Ukraine</a> (1991–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Peasant Party of Ukraine">Peasant Party of Ukraine</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Ukraine">Communist Party of Ukraine</a> (1993–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(renewed)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)">Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)</a> (2000–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Workers_and_Peasants" title="Communist Party of Workers and Peasants">Communist Party of Workers and Peasants</a> (2001–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Ukraine_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist)">Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist)</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="President_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Presidents of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Presidents of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="President_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (1917–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Holovnyi Otaman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (1918–1919)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kost_Levytsky" title="Kost Levytsky">Kost Levytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Petrushevych" title="Yevhen Petrushevych">Yevhen Petrushevych</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Hetmanate</a> (1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> (1920–1992)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Livytskyi" title="Andriy Livytskyi">Andriy Livytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Vytvytskyi" title="Stepan Vytvytskyi">Stepan Vytvytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Livytskyi" title="Mykola Livytskyi">Mykola Livytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Plaviuk" title="Mykola Plaviuk">Mykola Plaviuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ukrainian_Independence,_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ukrainian Independence, 1941">Ukrainian National Council</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> (1941)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kost_Levytsky" title="Kost Levytsky">Kost Levytsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><sup><small>3</small></sup> (1922–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (since 1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup>Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> Chairman of the Ukrainian National Council.<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>3</small></sup>During the Soviet period the republican leader was the 1st secretary of the party, while a head of state de jure was the chairman of the parliament's presidium.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_Ministers_of_Ukraine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Prime ministers of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_Ministers_of_Ukraine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Prime Ministers of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Ukraine" title="List of prime ministers of Ukraine">List of prime ministers of Ukraine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic<br />(1917–1920)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Sakhno-Ustymovych&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykola Sakhno-Ustymovych (page does not exist)">Mykola Sakhno-Ustymovych</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Vasylenko" title="Mykola Vasylenko">Mykola Vasylenko</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Lyzohub" title="Fedir Lyzohub">Fedir Lyzohub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhii_Gerbel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhii Gerbel (page does not exist)">Serhii Gerbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Chekhivskyi" title="Volodymyr Chekhivskyi">Volodymyr Chekhivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Ostapenko" title="Serhiy Ostapenko">Serhii Ostapenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borys_Mykolaiovych_Martos" class="mw-redirect" title="Borys Mykolaiovych Martos">Borys Martos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Mazepa" title="Isaak Mazepa">Isaak Mazepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Prokopovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Prokopovych">Vyacheslav Prokopovych</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Council of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Bosch" title="Yevgenia Bosch">Yevgenia Bosch</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Mykola Skrypnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panas_Lyubchenko" title="Panas Lyubchenko">Panas Lyubchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Bondarenko" title="Mykhailo Bondarenko">Mykhailo Bondarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Marchak" title="Mykola Marchak">Mykola Marchak</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Korniyets" title="Leonid Korniyets">Leonid Korniyets</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Kalchenko" title="Nikifor Kalchenko">Nikifor Kalchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kazanets" title="Ivan Kazanets">Ivan Kazanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Liashko" title="Oleksandr Liashko">Oleksandr Liashko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaliy_Masol" title="Vitaliy Masol">Vitaliy Masol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostyantyn_Masyk" title="Kostyantyn Masyk">Kostyantyn Masyk</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitold_Fokin" title="Vitold Fokin">Vitold Fokin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Government (in exile)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Livytskyi" title="Andriy Livytskyi">Andriy Livytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pylyp_Pylypchuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pylyp Pylypchuk (page does not exist)">Pylyp Pylypchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Livytskyi" title="Andriy Livytskyi">Andriy Livytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Prokopovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Prokopovych">Vyacheslav Prokopovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksander_Shulhyn" title="Oleksander Shulhyn">Oleksander Shulhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Prokopovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Prokopovych">Vyacheslav Prokopovych</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andriy_Yakovliv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriy Yakovliv (page does not exist)">Andriy Yakovliv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostiantyn_Pankivskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kostiantyn Pankivskyi (page does not exist)">Kostiantyn Pankivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Mazepa" title="Isaak Mazepa">Isaak Mazepa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepan_Baran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepan Baran (page does not exist)">Stepan Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spyrydon_Dovhal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spyrydon Dovhal (page does not exist)">Spyrydon Dovhal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symon_Sozontiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symon Sozontiv (page does not exist)">Symon Sozontiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Livytskyi" title="Mykola Livytskyi">Mykola Livytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spyrydon_Dovhal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spyrydon Dovhal (page does not exist)">Spyrydon Dovhal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanas_Figol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atanas Figol (page does not exist)">Atanas Figol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spyrydon_Dovhal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spyrydon Dovhal (page does not exist)">Spyrydon Dovhal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasyl_Fedoronchuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasyl Fedoronchuk (page does not exist)">Vasyl Fedoronchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofil_Leontiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofil Leontiy (page does not exist)">Teofil Leontiy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kedryn-Rudnytskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kedryn-Rudnytskyi (page does not exist)">Ivan Kedryn-Rudnytskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofil_Leontiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofil Leontiy (page does not exist)">Teofil Leontiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Rudnyckyj" title="Jaroslav Rudnyckyj">Yaroslav-Bohdan Rudnytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Samiylenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Samiylenko (page does not exist)">Ivan Samiylenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Ukraine">Cabinet of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitold_Fokin" title="Vitold Fokin">Vitold Fokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentyn_Symonenko" title="Valentyn Symonenko">Valentyn Symonenko</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukhym_Zvyahilsky" title="Yukhym Zvyahilsky">Yukhym Zvyahilsky</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaliy_Masol" title="Vitaliy Masol">Vitaliy Masol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Marchuk" title="Yevhen Marchuk">Yevhen Marchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Lazarenko" title="Pavlo Lazarenko">Pavlo Lazarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Durdynets" title="Vasyl Durdynets">Vasyl Durdynets</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Pustovoitenko" title="Valeriy Pustovoitenko">Valeriy Pustovoitenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Kinakh" title="Anatoliy Kinakh">Anatoliy Kinakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Azarov" title="Mykola Azarov">Mykola Azarov</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Azarov" title="Mykola Azarov">Mykola Azarov</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko" title="Yulia Tymoshenko">Yulia Tymoshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Yekhanurov" title="Yuriy Yekhanurov">Yuriy Yekhanurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko" title="Yulia Tymoshenko">Yulia Tymoshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Azarov" title="Mykola Azarov">Mykola Azarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Arbuzov" title="Serhiy Arbuzov">Serhiy Arbuzov</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov" title="Oleksandr Turchynov">Oleksandr Turchynov</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk" title="Arseniy Yatsenyuk">Arseniy Yatsenyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Groysman" title="Volodymyr Groysman">Volodymyr Groysman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Honcharuk" title="Oleksiy Honcharuk">Oleksiy Honcharuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Shmyhal" title="Denys Shmyhal">Denys Shmyhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> denotes acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_Ukrainian_SSR_before_1938" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Ukraine_Government_(before_1938)" title="Template:Soviet Ukraine Government (before 1938)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Ukraine_Government_(before_1938)" title="Template talk:Soviet Ukraine Government (before 1938)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Ukraine_Government_(before_1938)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Ukraine Government (before 1938)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_Ukrainian_SSR_before_1938" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> before 1938</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Executive Committee of Ukraine">Chairman of VUTsVK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yefim_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yefim Medvedev">Yefim Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Vladimir Zatonskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Secretary of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">Communist Party</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR (1918–1938)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafima_Hopner" title="Serafima Hopner">Serafima Hopner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Kviring" title="Emanuel Kviring">Emmanuil Kviring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafail_Farbman" title="Rafail Farbman">Rafail Farbman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Nikolayev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Nikolayev (page does not exist)">Nikolai Nikolayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feliks_Kon" title="Feliks Kon">Feliks Kon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Secretariat" title="People's Secretariat">People's Secretariat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Sovnarkom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Bosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgenia Bosh">Evgenia Bosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Nikolai Skripnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Sergeyev" title="Fyodor Sergeyev">Fyodor Sergeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panas_Lyubchenko" title="Panas Lyubchenko">Panas Lyubchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Bondarenko" title="Mykhailo Bondarenko">Mikhail Bondarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demian_Korotchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Demian Korotchenko">Demian Korotchenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International Representatives <br /> (until 1923)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Kotsiubynsky" title="Yuriy Kotsiubynsky">Yuriy Kotsiubynsky</a> (Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voldemar_Aussem" title="Voldemar Aussem">Waldemar Aussem</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Levitskiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Levitskiy (page does not exist)">Mikhail Levitskiy</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieczislaw_Loganowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieczislaw Loganowski (page does not exist)">Mieczislaw Loganowski</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Shumsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandr Shumsky">Oleksandr Shumsky</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeniy_Terletskiy" title="Yevgeniy Terletskiy">Yevgeniy Terletskiy</a> (Baltics)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:80em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:90em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Doronjski" title="Stevan Doronjski">Stevan Doronjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Lazar Mojsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Dragosavac" title="Dušan Dragosavac">Dušan Dragosavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitja_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Mitja Ribičič">Mitja Ribičič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Markovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Marković">Dragoslav Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija" title="Ali Šukrija">Ali Šukrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidoje_%C5%BDarkovi%C4%87" title="Vidoje Žarković">Vidoje Žarković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanko_Renovica" title="Milanko Renovica">Milanko Renovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Kruni%C4%87" title="Boško Krunić">Boško Krunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pan%C4%8Devski" title="Milan Pančevski">Milan Pančevski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1961–1966)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1961–1966)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/22nd_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1961–1966)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Gennady Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petro Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin" title="Alexander Shelepin">Alexander Shelepin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Efremov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Efremov (page does not exist)">Leonid Efremov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petro Shelest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956–1959)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956–1959)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1956–1959)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averky_Aristov" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Belyaev_(politician)" title="Nikolai Belyaev (politician)">Nikolai Belyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Nikolai Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva" title="Yekaterina Furtseva">Yekaterina Furtseva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuritdin_Mukhitdinov" title="Nuritdin Mukhitdinov">Nuritdin Mukhitdinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuritdin_Mukhitdinov" title="Nuritdin Mukhitdinov">Nuritdin Mukhitdinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva" title="Yekaterina Furtseva">Yekaterina Furtseva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Kalnb%C4%93rzi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Jānis Kalnbērziņš">Jānis Kalnbērziņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pospelov" title="Pyotr Pospelov">Pyotr Pospelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1952–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Andrianov_(politician)" title="Vasily Andrianov (politician)">Vasily Andrianov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averky_Aristov" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Ignatyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Ignatyev">Semyon Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Malyshev" title="Vyacheslav Malyshev">Vyacheslav Malyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Mikhailov_(politician)" title="Nikolai Mikhailov (politician)">Nikolai Mikhailov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Chesnokov_(politician)" title="Dmitry Chesnokov (politician)">Dmitry Chesnokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Shkiryatov" title="Matvei Shkiryatov">Matvei Shkiryatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseny_Zverev" title="Arseny Zverev">Arseny Zverev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Nikolai Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kabanov" title="Ivan Kabanov">Ivan Kabanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patolichev" title="Nikolai Patolichev">Nikolai Patolichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pegov" title="Nikolai Pegov">Nikolai Pegov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Alexander Puzanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tevosian" title="Ivan Tevosian">Ivan Tevosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yudin" title="Pavel Yudin">Pavel Yudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1939–1952)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1939–1952)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1939–1952)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_(20th-century_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)">Alexander Shcherbakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_Stalingrad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Template:Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Template talk:Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Stalingrad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_Stalingrad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Airfields_of_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Category:Airfields of the Battle of Stalingrad">Airfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Axis order of battle at the Battle of Stalingrad">Axis order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Army order of battle at the Battle of Stalingrad">Red Army order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II">Bombing of Stalingrad in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_commanders_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Category:German commanders at the Battle of Stalingrad">German commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_units_at_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Category:German units at the Battle of Stalingrad">German units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Operations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerschlag" title="Operation Donnerschlag"><i>Donnerschlag</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm" title="Operation Winter Storm"><i>Winter Storm</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus"><i>Uranus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn"><i>Little Saturn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Koltso" title="Operation Koltso"><i>Koltso</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Formations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization#Commands,_formations,_and_units" title="Military organization">Formations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">Army groups</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">fronts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Don" title="Army Group Don">Don</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Front" title="Don Front">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Front" title="Stalingrad Front">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Voronezh Front">Voronezh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">Armies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Army" title="4th Panzer Army">German 4th Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Hungary)" title="Second Army (Hungary)">Hungarian 2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia" title="Italian Army in Russia">Italian 8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armies_in_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Armies in the Battle of Stalingrad">Romanian 3rd and 4th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)">1st Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Army" title="2nd Guards Army">2nd Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Guards Army (Soviet Union)">3rd Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="21st Army (Soviet Union)">21st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Army_(Russia)" title="51st Army (Russia)">51st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="62nd Army (Soviet Union)">62nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="64th Army (Soviet Union)">64th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (Soviet Union)">65th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XIV_Panzer_Corps" title="XIV Panzer Corps">XIV Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXX_Panzer_Corps" title="XXXX Panzer Corps">XXXX Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXXVIII_Panzer_Corps" title="XXXXVIII Panzer Corps">XXXXVIII Panzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="IV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="VIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="LI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">8th Air</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tank corps (Soviet Union)">Tank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Tank_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Tank Corps (page does not exist)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Tank_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Tank Corps (page does not exist)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Tank Corps">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Tank Corps">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Tatsinskaya_Guards_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Tatsinskaya Guards Tank Corps">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Tank_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Tank Corps">26th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Mechanized_Corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="4th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)">4th Mechanised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Cavalry_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Guards Cavalry Corps">3rd Guards Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Cavalry_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Cavalry Corps">4th Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Cavalry Corps">8th Cavalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">Panzer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">22nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="24th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">24th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Infantry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">3rd Motorised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">29th Motorised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="60th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">60th Motorised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_J%C3%A4ger_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Jäger Division">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">44th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/71st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="71st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">71st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="76th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">76th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="79th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">79th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/94th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="94th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">94th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Light_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="100th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">100th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/113th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="113th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">113th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/295th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="295th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">295th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/297th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="297th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">297th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/305th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="305th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">305th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/371st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="371st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">371st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/376th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="376th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">376th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/384th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="384th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">384th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/389th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="389th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">389th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th_Flak_Division" title="9th Flak Division">9th Flak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Guards Rifle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/13th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="13th Guards Rifle Division">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="15th Guards Rifle Division">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33rd_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="33rd Guards Rifle Division">33rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="35th Guards Rifle Division">35th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="36th Guards Rifle Division">36th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="37th Guards Rifle Division">37th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Guards_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Guards Rifle Division">39th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Rifle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="38th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="62nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">62nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64th_Rifle_Division_(1942%E2%80%931945)" title="64th Rifle Division (1942–1945)">64th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/91st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="91st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">91st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/93rd_Rifle_Division_(June_1942_formation)" title="93rd Rifle Division (June 1942 formation)">93rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/95th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="95th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">95th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=112th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="112th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">112th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/138th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="138th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">138th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=157th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="157th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">157th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/169th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="169th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">169th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/173rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="173rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">173rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/181st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="181st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">181st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/193rd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="193rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">193rd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=196th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="196th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">196th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/204th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="204th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">204th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/214th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="214th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">214th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=221st_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="221st Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">221st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=248th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="248th Rifle Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">248th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/284th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="284th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">284th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/302nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="302nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">302nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/308th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="308th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">308th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/422nd_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="422nd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">422nd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=60th_Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="60th Cavalry Division (Soviet Union) (page does not exist)">60th Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81st_Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="81st Cavalry Division (Soviet Union)">81st Cavalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Notable_participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notable participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Nazi Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Edler_von_Daniels" title="Alexander Edler von Daniels">Alexander Edler von Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Valentin_Hube" title="Hans-Valentin Hube">Hans-Valentin Hube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schmidt_(general)" title="Arthur Schmidt (general)">Arthur Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Seydlitz-Kurzbach" title="Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach">Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Strecker" title="Karl Strecker">Karl Strecker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania"><img alt="Kingdom of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Constantinescu-Claps" title="Constantin Constantinescu-Claps">Constantin Constantinescu-Claps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Lasc%C4%83r" title="Mihail Lascăr">Mihail Lascăr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Viktor Pavičić</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi" title="Italo Gariboldi">Italo Gariboldi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guszt%C3%A1v_J%C3%A1ny" title="Gusztáv Jány">Gusztáv Jány</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)">Hungary</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazi_Aslanov" title="Hazi Aslanov">Hazi Aslanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Badanov" title="Vasily Badanov">Vasily Badanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Dyatlenko" title="Nikolay Dyatlenko">Nikolay Dyatlenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Filippov" title="Sasha Filippov">Sasha Filippov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipp_Golikov" title="Filipp Golikov">Filipp Golikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Gordov" title="Vasily Gordov">Vasily Gordov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Krylov_(marshal)" title="Nikolay Krylov (marshal)">Nikolay Krylov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Lelyushenko" title="Dmitry Lelyushenko">Dmitry Lelyushenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Moskalenko" title="Kirill Moskalenko">Kirill Moskalenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Pavlov" title="Yakov Pavlov">Yakov Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rodimtsev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Rodimtsev">Alexander Rodimtsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_(20th-century_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)">Alexander Shcherbakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Voronov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Voronov">Nikolay Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Weinert" title="Erich Weinert">Erich Weinert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeryomenko" title="Andrey Yeryomenko">Andrei Yeremenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zaitsev_(sniper)" title="Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)">Vasily Zaitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Semenovich_Zhadov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Semenovich Zhadov">Aleksey Zhadov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Significant_locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant locations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmaley_Fountain" title="Barmaley Fountain">Barmaley Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan-Barrikady" title="Titan-Barrikady">Barrikady Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator#Notable_grain_elevators" title="Grain elevator">Grain Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumrak">Gumrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalach-na-Donu" title="Kalach-na-Donu">Kalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamayev_Kurgan" title="Mamayev Kurgan">Mamayev Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlov%27s_House" title="Pavlov's House">Pavlov's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitomnik_Airfield" title="Pitomnik Airfield">Pitomnik Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_October_Steel_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Red October Steel Factory">Red October Steel Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">River Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="River Volga">River Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsinskaya_Airfield" title="Tatsinskaya Airfield">Tatsinskaya Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsaritsa_Gorge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsaritsa Gorge (page does not exist)">Tsaritsa Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Tractor_Plant" title="Volgograd Tractor Plant">Tractor Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="In_memoriam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases:_I#in_memoriam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Latin phrases: I"><i>In memoriam</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Madonna" title="Stalingrad Madonna">Stalingrad Madonna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Stalingrad" title="Sword of Stalingrad">Sword of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad_in_popular_culture" title="Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture">Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Battle of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Second Battle of Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">Third Battle of Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lysenkoism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lysenkoism" title="Template:Lysenkoism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lysenkoism" title="Template talk:Lysenkoism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lysenkoism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lysenkoism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lysenkoism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lysenkoists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko">Trofim Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Bernal" title="J. D. Bernal">J. D. Bernal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">VASKhNIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Gajewski" title="Wacław Gajewski">Wacław Gajewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgii_Karpechenko" title="Georgii Karpechenko">Georgii Karpechenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Zhores Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgii_Nadson" title="Georgii Nadson">Georgii Nadson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Stubbe" title="Hans Stubbe">Hans Stubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Jiazhen" title="Tan Jiazhen">Tan Jiazhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybridization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_of_acquired_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance of acquired characteristics">Inheritance of acquired characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">Vernalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlovian_session" title="Pavlovian session">Pavlovian session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">Politicization of science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1964_Shevchenko_National_Prize_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_Shevchenko_National_Prize" title="Template:1964 Shevchenko National Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_Shevchenko_National_Prize" title="Template talk:1964 Shevchenko National Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_Shevchenko_National_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 Shevchenko National Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1964_Shevchenko_National_Prize_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1964 <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_National_Prize" title="Shevchenko National Prize">Shevchenko National Prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Kasiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasyl Kasiyan">Vasyl Kasiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Liudkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Liudkevych">Stanislav Liudkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Malyshko" title="Andriy Malyshko">Andriy Malyshko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov_(writer)" title="Nikolai Tikhonov (writer)">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russification" title="Template:Russification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russification" title="Template talk:Russification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russification_policy_in_the_territories_occupied_or_annexed_by_Russia_in_the_18–21st_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By annexed territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Azerbaijan" title="Russification">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Romania_(Bessarabia/Moldova)" title="Russification">Bessarabia/Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Manifesto" title="February Manifesto">February Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russification_program" title="Great Russification program">Great Russification program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Latvia" title="Russification">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Lithuania_and_Poland" title="Russification">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Russification of Poles during the Partitions">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Tatarization_of_Crimea" title="De-Tatarization of Crimea">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers of Russification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky" title="Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky">Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Pyotr Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bobrikov" title="Nikolay Bobrikov">Nikolay Bobrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Russification activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Kalinowski" title="Konstanty Kalinowski">Kastus Kalinouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Mechelin" title="Leo Mechelin">Leo Mechelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Pol%C3%B3n" title="Eduard Polón">Eduard Polón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksa_Hirnyk" title="Oleksa Hirnyk">Oleksa Hirnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Makukh" title="Vasyl Makukh">Vasyl Makukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Razin" title="Albert Razin">Albert Razin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atner_Khuzangai" title="Atner Khuzangai">Atner Khuzangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romas_Kalanta" title="Romas Kalanta">Romas Kalanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_orthography_reform_of_1933" title="Belarusian orthography reform of 1933">Belarusian orthography reform of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abductions_in_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification#Russia" title="Russification">Russification in modern Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surzhyk" title="Surzhyk">Surzhyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_orthography_of_1933" title="Ukrainian orthography of 1933">Ukrainian orthography of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valuev_Circular" title="Valuev Circular">Valuev Circular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518582806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14007578">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/917807b8-1776-4b0a-ac7a-377c415cd406">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/890796">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\K\H\KhrushchevNikita">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&oldid=1258197905">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikita_Khrushchev&oldid=1258197905</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russification" title="Category:Russification">Russification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Category:Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita 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