CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Didache - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9561621c-a47f-4fd1-8473-3a0c8a6ad43f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Didache","wgTitle":"Didache","wgCurRevisionId":1258766758,"wgRevisionId":1258766758,"wgArticleId":326469,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Use dmy dates from January 2017","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles needing additional references from December 2016","All articles needing additional references","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with LibriVox links","1st-century Christian texts","2nd-century Christian texts","1873 archaeological discoveries","Ancient church orders","Apostolic Fathers","Canon law codifications","Canon law history","Christian ethics","Christian terminology","Early Christianity and Judaism","New Testament apocrypha","Petrine-related books","Antilegomena","Christian law","Texts in Koine Greek"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Didache","wgRelevantArticleId":326469,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q210752","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Didache.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="754"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Didache.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="503"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="402"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Didache - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Didache rootpage-Didache skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Didache" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Didache" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Didache" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Didache" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Date,_composition_and_modern_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date,_composition_and_modern_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Date, composition and modern translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date,_composition_and_modern_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Two_Ways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Two_Ways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Two Ways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Two_Ways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_and_virtue_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_and_virtue_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Vice and virtue lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_and_virtue_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Baptism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Fasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daily_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daily_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Daily prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daily_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eucharist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eucharist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Eucharist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eucharist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Church organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matthew_and_the_Didache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matthew_and_the_Didache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Matthew and the <i>Didache</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew_and_the_Didache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Didache</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="ديداخي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديداخي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%A9" title="Didaché – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Didaché" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Дидахе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дидахе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Didakh%C3%A9" title="La Didakhé – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La Didakhé" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%A9" title="Didaché – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Didaché" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didak%C3%A9" title="Didaké – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Didaké" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Διδαχή των Δώδεκα Αποστόλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διδαχή των Δώδεκα Αποστόλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%A9" title="Didaché – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Didaché" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didakeo" title="Didakeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Didakeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%87" title="دیداکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیداکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%A8" title="Didachè – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Didachè" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%AA" title="Didachê – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Didachê" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didaqu%C3%A9" title="Didaqué – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Didaqué" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EB%8B%A4%EC%BC%80" title="디다케 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디다케" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A5" title="Դիդախե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիդախե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didahe" title="Didahe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Didahe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%A9" title="Didaché – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Didaché" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%94" title="דידכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דידכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94" title="დიდაქე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდაქე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didake" title="Didake – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Didake" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Duodecim_Apostolorum" title="Doctrina Duodecim Apostolorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Doctrina Duodecim Apostolorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C4%97" title="Didachė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didachė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didace" title="Didace – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Didace" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didakh%C3%A9" title="Didakhé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Didakhé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didake" title="Didake – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Didake" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="ദിദക്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദിദക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%A8" title="Didachè – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Didachè" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%80%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC" title="ディダケー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディダケー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didaqu%C3%AA" title="Didaquê – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Didaquê" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didahia" title="Didahia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Didahia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Дидахе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дидахе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didach%C3%A9" title="Didaché – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Didaché" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didahe" title="Didahe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Didahe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didahe" title="Didahe – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Didahe" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didahe" title="Didahe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Didahe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didakhe" title="Didakhe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Didakhe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache" title="Didache – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Didache" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5" title="Дідахе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дідахе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92%E9%81%BA%E8%A8%93" title="十二使徒遺訓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="十二使徒遺訓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210752#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Didache" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Didache"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Didache"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Didache" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Didache" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&oldid=1258766758" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Didache&id=1258766758&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDidache"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDidache"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Didache&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Didache" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Didache" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Didache" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210752" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early Christian treatise</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didache.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didache.png/220px-Didache.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Didache.png/330px-Didache.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Didache.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Didache manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Didache</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Διδαχή</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Didakhé</i></i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></small> "Teaching"),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <i><b>The Lord's Teaching Through the Twelve Apostles to the Nations</b></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Διδαχὴ Κυρίου διὰ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τοῖς ἔθνεσιν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Didachḕ Kyríou dià tō̂n dṓdeka apostólōn toîs éthnesin</i></span>), is a brief anonymous <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient church order">ancient church order</a>) written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, dated by modern scholars to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">first</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (less commonly) <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">second century</a> AD.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first line of this treatise is: "The teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles (or Nations) by the twelve apostles".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, parts of which constitute the oldest extant written <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, has three main sections dealing with <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a>, rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, and Church organization. The opening chapters describe the virtuous Way of Life and the wicked Way of Death. The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> is included in full. Baptism is by immersion, or by <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a> if immersion is not practical. Fasting is ordered for Wednesdays and Fridays. Two primitive Eucharistic prayers are given. Church organization was at an early stage of development. Itinerant apostles and prophets are important, serving as "chief priests" and possibly celebrating the Eucharist; meanwhile, local bishops and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a> also have authority and seem to be taking the place of the itinerant ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Didache</i> is considered the first example of the genre of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Church Orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reveals how <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a> saw themselves and how they adapted their practice for <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentile Christians">Gentile Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPR7_vii]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPR7_vii]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar in several ways to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, perhaps because both texts originated in similar communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_and_the_Didache-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening chapters, which also appear in other early Christian texts like the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, are likely derived from an earlier Jewish source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Didache</i> is considered part of the group of second-generation Christian writings known as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>. The work was considered by some <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while being rejected by others as <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha#Spurious_writings" title="Apocrypha">spurious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">non-canonical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, it was not accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a>. However, works which draw directly or indirectly from the <i>Didache</i> include the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Didascalia_Apostolorum" title="Didascalia Apostolorum">Didascalia Apostolorum</a></i></span>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Ethiopic_Didascalia" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Ethiopic Didascalia</a>, the latter of which is included in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#_Broader_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">the broader canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didache_Chicago_Daily_Tribune_9_august_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Didache_Chicago_Daily_Tribune_9_august_1884.jpg/220px-Didache_Chicago_Daily_Tribune_9_august_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="493" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Didache_Chicago_Daily_Tribune_9_august_1884.jpg/330px-Didache_Chicago_Daily_Tribune_9_august_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Didache_Chicago_Daily_Tribune_9_august_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Article about the rediscovery of the <i>Didache</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a></i>, 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>Lost for centuries, a <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> manuscript of the <i>Didache</i> was rediscovered in 1873 by <a href="/wiki/Philotheos_Bryennios" title="Philotheos Bryennios">Philotheos Bryennios</a>, Metropolitan of Nicomedia, in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Hierosolymitanus" title="Codex Hierosolymitanus">Codex Hierosolymitanus</a>, a compilation of texts of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> found in the Jerusalem Monastery of the Most Holy Sepulchre in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> version of the first five chapters was discovered in 1900 by J. Schlecht.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathency_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_Christianity" title="Category:Jewish Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Sermon on the Mount" by Carl Bloch (1834–1890)"><img alt=""The Sermon on the Mount" by Carl Bloch (1834–1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/120px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/180px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/240px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ancient groups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Recent groups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Roots" title="Hebrew Roots">Hebrew Roots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pejoratives</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">Legalists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Adversity</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split of Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christian anti-semitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Writings</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>New Testament</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel of the Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazarenes" title="Gospel of the Nazarenes">Gospel of the Nazarenes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Elchasai" title="Book of Elchasai">Book of Elchasai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#0000b4 2px solid;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Issues</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Aramaic of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshua" title="Yeshua">Yeshua (name)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expounding_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Expounding of the Law">Expounding of the Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#0000b4 1px solid"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Christianity" title="Template:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_Christianity" title="Template talk:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date,_composition_and_modern_translations"><span id="Date.2C_composition_and_modern_translations"></span>Date, composition and modern translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Date, composition and modern translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didtitle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Didtitle.jpg/220px-Didtitle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Didtitle.jpg/330px-Didtitle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Didtitle.jpg/440px-Didtitle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The title of the <i>Didache</i> in the manuscript discovered in 1873</figcaption></figure> <p>Many English and American scholars once dated the text to the early second century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view still held by some today,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most scholars now assign the Didache to the first century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document is a composite work, and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual of Discipline">Manual of Discipline</a>, has provided evidence of development over a considerable period of time, beginning as a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Catechetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical">catechetical</a> work which was then developed into a church manual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper199674–75_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper199674–75-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial</a> fragments containing Greek text of the <i>Didache</i> (verses 1:3c–4a; 2:7–3:2) were found among the <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a> (no. 1782) and are now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Art,_Archaeology_and_Ancient_World_Library" title="Bodleian Art, Archaeology and Ancient World Library">Bodleian Art, Archaeology and Ancient World Library</a> in Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from these fragments, the Greek text of the <i>Didache</i> has only survived in a single manuscript, the Codex Hierosolymitanus. Dating the document is thus made difficult both by the lack of hard evidence and its composite character. The <i>Didache</i> may have been compiled in its present form as late as 150, although a date closer to the end of the first century seems more probable to many.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The teaching is an anonymous pastoral manual which Aaron Milavec states "reveals more about how <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish-Christians</a> saw themselves and how they adapted their Judaism for <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">gentiles</a> than any other book in the Christian Scriptures".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPR7_vii]_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPR7_vii]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Two Ways section is likely based on an earlier Jewish source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community that produced the <i>Didache</i> could have been based in Syria, as it addressed the gentiles but from a Judaic perspective, at some remove from Jerusalem, and shows no evidence of Pauline influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200638_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200638-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan Garrow claims that its earliest layer may have originated in the decree issued by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Apostolic council of AD 49–50</a>, that is by the Jerusalem assembly under <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text was lost, but scholars knew of it through the writing of later church fathers, some of whom had drawn heavily on it.<sup id="cite_ref-EBOdidache_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBOdidache-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 in Istanbul, metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Philotheos_Bryennios" title="Philotheos Bryennios">Philotheos Bryennios</a> found a Greek copy of the <i>Didache</i>, written in 1056, and he published it in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-EBOdidache_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBOdidache-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchcock and Brown produced the first English translation in March 1884. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> produced the first German translation in 1884, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(theologian)" title="Paul Sabatier (theologian)">Paul Sabatier</a> produced the first French translation and commentary in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_references">Early references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Didache#Early_References" title="Talk:Didache">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Didache" title="Special:EditPage/Didache">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filoteos_Bryennios.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Filoteos_Bryennios.JPG/170px-Filoteos_Bryennios.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Filoteos_Bryennios.JPG/255px-Filoteos_Bryennios.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Filoteos_Bryennios.JPG/340px-Filoteos_Bryennios.JPG 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philotheos_Bryennios" title="Philotheos Bryennios">Philotheos Bryennios</a>, who re-discovered the <i>Didache</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Didache</i> is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 324</span>) as the Teachings of the Apostles along with other books he considered <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon#Eusebius" title="Development of the New Testament canon">non-canonical</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let there be placed among the spurious works the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a>, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, and besides these the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, and what are called the Teachings of the Apostles, and also the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Apocalypse of John</a>, if this be thought proper; for as I wrote before, some reject it, and others place it in the canon.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a> (367) and <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 380</span>) list the <i>Didache</i> among apocrypha. (Rufinus gives the curious alternative title <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Judicium Petri</i></span>, 'Judgment of Peter'.) It is rejected by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nicephorus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 810</span>), Pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Anastasius_Sinaita" title="Anastasius Sinaita">Anastasius</a>, and Pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a> in <i>Synopsis</i> and the 60 Books canon. It is accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> Canon 85, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adversus Aleatores</i></span> by an imitator of <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a> quotes it by name. Unacknowledged citations are very common, if less certain. The section <i>Two Ways</i> shares the same language with the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, chapters 18–20, sometimes word for word, sometimes added to, dislocated, or abridged, and Barnabas iv, 9 either derives from <i>Didache</i>, 16, 2–3, or vice versa. There can also be seen many similarities to the Epistles of both <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></i> seems to reflect it, and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> also seem to use the work, and so in the West do <a href="/wiki/Optatus" title="Optatus">Optatus</a> and the "Gesta apud Zenophilum".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Didascalia_Apostolorum" title="Didascalia Apostolorum">Didascalia Apostolorum</a></i></span> are founded upon the <i>Didache</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church-Ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Church-Ordinances">Apostolic Church-Ordinances</a> has used a part, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> have embodied the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Didascalia</i></span>. There are echoes in <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Didache</i> is a relatively short text with only some 2,300 words. The contents may be divided into four parts, which most scholars agree were combined from separate sources by a later <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redactor</a>: the first is the <i>Two Ways</i>, the Way of Life and the Way of Death (chapters 1–6); the second part is a ritual dealing with baptism, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> (chapters 7–10); the third speaks of the ministry and how to treat apostles, prophets, bishops, and deacons (chapters 11–15); and the final section (chapter 16) is a prophecy of the Antichrist and the Second Coming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title">Title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manuscript is commonly referred to as the <i>Didache</i>. This is short for the header found on the document and the title used by the Church Fathers, "The Lord's Teaching of the Twelve Apostles".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fuller title or subtitle is also found next in the manuscript, "The Teaching of the Lord to the Gentiles<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Twelve Apostles".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Willy Rordorf considered the first five chapters as "essentially Jewish, but the Christian community was able to use it" by adding the "evangelical section".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA110_110]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA110_110]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title 'Lord' in the <i>Didache</i> is reserved usually for "Lord God", while Jesus is called "the servant" of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a> (9:2<i>f</i>.; 10:2<i>f</i>.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA271_271]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA271_271]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> was practiced "in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-Trinitarian_Baptismal_Formula_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinitarian_Baptismal_Formula-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars generally agree that 9:5, which speaks of baptism "in the name of the Lord", represents an earlier tradition that was gradually replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a> of names."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b271_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b271-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similarity with <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> 3 is noted by Aaron Milavec: both see Jesus as "the servant (pais)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA368_368]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA368_368]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community is presented as "awaiting the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">kingdom</a> from the Father as entirely a <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">future event</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA368_368]_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA368_368]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Two_Ways">The Two Ways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Two Ways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first section (Chapters 1–6) begins: "There are two ways, one of life and one of death, and there is a great difference between these two ways."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> (1992) notes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The Two Ways</i> material appears to have been intended, in light of 7.1, as a summary of basic instruction about the Christian life to be taught to those who were preparing for baptism and church membership. In its present form it represents the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of a common Jewish form of moral instruction. Similar material is found in a number of other Christian writings from the first through about the fifth centuries, including the <i>Epistle of Barnabas,</i> the <i>Didascalia,</i> the <i>Apostolic Church Ordinances,</i> the <i>Summary of Doctrine,</i> the <i>Apostolic Constitutions,</i> the <i>Life of Schnudi,</i> and <i>On the Teaching of the Apostles (or Doctrina),</i> some of which are dependent on the <i>Didache</i>. The interrelationships between these various documents, however, are quite complex and much remains to be worked out.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, 2nd ed., Lightfoot-Harmer-Holmes, 1992</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The closest parallels in the use of the Two Ways doctrine are found among the <a href="/wiki/Essene" class="mw-redirect" title="Essene">Essene</a> Jews at the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> community. The Qumran community included a Two Ways teaching in its founding Charter, <a href="/wiki/The_Community_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="The Community Rule">The Community Rule</a>. </p><p>Throughout the Two Ways there are many <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> quotes shared with the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>, and many theological similarities, but <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is never mentioned by name. The first chapter opens with the <a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a> ("you shall love God"), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a> ("your neighbor as yourself"), and the <a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Golden Rule</a> in the negative form. Then come short extracts in common with the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, together with a curious passage on giving and receiving, which is also cited with variations in <i><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></i> (Mand., ii, 4–6). The Latin omits 1:3–6 and 2:1, and these sections have no parallel in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>; therefore, they may be a later addition, suggesting Hermas and the present text of the <i>Didache</i> may have used a common source, or one may have relied on the other. Chapter 2 contains the commandments against <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">corrupting boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_promiscuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual promiscuity">sexual promiscuity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">sorcery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>, coveting, <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>, false testimony, speaking evil, holding grudges, being double-minded, not acting as one speaks, <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins#Greed" title="Seven deadly sins">greed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins#Greed" title="Seven deadly sins">avarice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a>, maliciousness, <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">arrogance</a>, plotting evil against neighbors, <a href="/wiki/Hate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate">hate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> and expansions on these generally, with references to the <a href="/wiki/Logia" title="Logia">words of Jesus</a>. Chapter 3 attempts to explain how one vice leads to another: anger to murder, <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a> to adultery, and so forth. The whole chapter is excluded in Barnabas. A number of precepts are added in chapter 4, which ends: "This is the Way of Life." Verse 13 states that one must not forsake the <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">Lord's commandments</a>, neither adding nor subtracting (see also Deuteronomy 4:2,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12:32).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Way of Death (chapter 5) is a list of vices to be avoided. Chapter 6 exhorts to the keeping in the Way of this Teaching: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>See that no one causes you to err from this way of the teaching, since apart from God it teaches you. For if you are able to bear the entire yoke of the Lord, you will be perfect; but if you are not able to do this, do what you are able. And concerning food, bear what you are able; but against that which is sacrificed to idols be exceedingly careful; for it is the service of dead gods.</p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Didache</i>, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2010:21&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 10:21</a>, does not give an absolute prohibition on eating meat which has been offered to idols, but merely advises being careful.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparable to the <i>Didache</i> is the "let him eat herbs" of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbolical</a> expression like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%208:13&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 8:13</a> "I will never eat flesh, lest I should scandalize my brother", thus giving no support to the notion of <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_(priest)" title="John Chapman (priest)">John Chapman</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1908) states that the <i>Didache</i> is referring to <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish meats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathency_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin version substitutes for chapter 6 a similar close, omitting all reference to meats and to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">idolothyta</i></span>, and concluding with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"per Domini nostri Jesu Christi<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] in saecula saeculorum, amen"</i></span> ('by our lord Jesus Christ<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] for ever and ever, amen'). This is the end of the translation. This suggests the translator lived at a day when idolatry had disappeared, and when the remainder of the <i>Didache</i> was out of date. There would be no other such reason for omitting chapter 1, 3–6, so these chapters were presumably not in the copy used by the translator.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathency_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_and_virtue_lists">Vice and virtue lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vice and virtue lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vice lists, which are common appearances in Paul's epistles, were relatively unusual within ancient Judaism of the Old Testament times. Within the Gospels, Jesus' structure of teaching the <a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a> is often dependent upon the Law and the Prophets. At times, however, Jesus expressed such vice lists, such as in Mark 7:20–23.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's vice and virtue lists could bear more influence from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Jewish">Hellenistic-Jewish</a> influences of <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> (20 BC–50 AD) and other writers of the intertestamental period.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way of death and the "grave sin", which are forbidden, is reminiscent of the various "vice lists" found in the Pauline Epistles, which warn against engaging in certain behaviours if one wants to enter the Kingdom of God. Contrasting what Paul wrote in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%206:9–10&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 6:9–10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:19–21&version=nrsv">Galatians 5:19–21</a>, and what was written in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%201:9–11&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 1:9–11</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>Didache 2</i> displays a certain commonality with one another, almost with the same warnings and words, except for one line: "thou shalt not corrupt boys". Whereas Paul uses the compound word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">arsenokoitai</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρσενοκοίτης">ἀρσενοκοῖται</a></span></span>), a <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">hapax legomenon</a> literally meaning 'male-bedder', based on the Greek words for 'male' and 'lie with' found in the Septuagint translation of Leviticus 18:22,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Didache uses a word translated as 'child corrupter' (<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">παιδοφθορήσεις</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">paidophthorēseis</i></span>) which is likewise used in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals">Rituals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptism">Baptism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second part (chapters 7 to 10) begins with an instruction on <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, the sacramental rite that admits someone into the Christian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005151_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005151-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptism is to be conferred "in the Name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit"<sup id="cite_ref-Trinitarian_Baptismal_Formula_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinitarian_Baptismal_Formula-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with triple immersion in "living water" (that is, flowing water, probably in a stream).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2006794_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2006794-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is not practical, baptism in cold or even warm water is acceptable. If the water is insufficient for immersion, it may be poured three times on the head (affusion). The baptized and the baptizer, and, if possible, anyone else attending the ritual should fast for one or two days beforehand. </p><p>The New Testament is rich in metaphors for baptism but offers few details about the practice itself, not even whether the candidates professed their faith in a formula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Didache</i> is the oldest extra-biblical source for information about baptism, but it, too lacks these details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Two Ways section of the <i>Didache</i> is presumably the sort of ethical instruction that catechumens (students) received in preparation for baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fasting">Fasting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 8 suggests that fasts are not to be on the second day and on the fifth day "with the hypocrites", but on the fourth day and on the preparation day. Fasting Wednesday and Friday plus worshiping on the Lord's day constituted the Christian week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200662_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200662-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor must Christians pray with their Judaic brethren; instead they shall say the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> three times a day. The text of the prayer is not identical to the version in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, and it is given with the <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">doxology</a> "for Yours is the power and the glory forever." This doxology derives from 1 Chronicles 29:11–13; <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a> held that the early church added it to the Lord's Prayer, creating the current Matthew reading.<sup id="cite_ref-May_Metzger_1177_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_Metzger_1177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Daily_prayer">Daily prayer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Daily prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Didache</i> provides one of the few clues historians have in reconstructing the daily prayer practice among Christians before the 300s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It instructs Christians to pray the "Our Father" three times a day but does not specify times to pray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recalling the version of Matthew 6:9–13,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it affirms "you must not pray like the hypocrites, but you should pray as follows."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early sources speak of two-fold, three-fold, and five-fold daily prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eucharist">Eucharist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eucharist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Didache</i> includes two primitive and unusual prayers for the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> ("thanksgiving"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the central act of Christian worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005570_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005570-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the earliest text to refer to this rite as the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005570_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005570-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 9 begins: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Now concerning the Eucharist, give thanks this way. First, concerning the cup:<br /> We thank thee, our Father, for the holy vine of David Thy servant, which Thou madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever... </p> </div></blockquote> <p>And concerning the broken bread: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>We thank Thee, our Father, for the life and knowledge which Thou madest known to us through Jesus Thy Servant; to Thee be the glory for ever. Even as this broken bread was scattered over the hills, and was gathered together and became one, so let Thy Church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into Thy kingdom; for Thine is the glory and the power through Jesus Christ for ever.<br /> But let no one eat or drink of your Eucharist, unless they have been baptized into the name of the Lord; for concerning this also the Lord has said, "Give not that which is holy to the dogs." </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The <i>Didache</i> basically describes the same ritual as the one that took place in Corinth.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Paul's <a href="/wiki/First_Letter_to_the_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="First Letter to the Corinthians">First Letter to the Corinthians</a>, the <i>Didache</i> confirms that the Lord's supper was literally a meal, probably taking place in a "<a href="/wiki/House_church" title="House church">house church</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200644–51_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200644–51-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order of cup and bread differs both from present-day Christian practice and from that in the New Testament accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which, again unlike almost all present-day Eucharistic celebrations, the <i>Didache</i> makes no mention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200644–51_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200644–51-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Martin_Kronheim_-_The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Revelation_22-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Joseph_Martin_Kronheim_-_The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Revelation_22-17.jpg/220px-Joseph_Martin_Kronheim_-_The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Revelation_22-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Joseph_Martin_Kronheim_-_The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Revelation_22-17.jpg/330px-Joseph_Martin_Kronheim_-_The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Revelation_22-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Joseph_Martin_Kronheim_-_The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Revelation_22-17.jpg/440px-Joseph_Martin_Kronheim_-_The_Sunday_at_Home_1880_-_Revelation_22-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="7072" /></a><figcaption>Revelation 22:17 (<a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">KJV</a>), to which the prayer in <i>Didache</i> 10 bears some similarity</figcaption></figure> <p>Chapter 10 gives a thanksgiving after a meal. The contents of the meal are not indicated: chapter 9 does not exclude other elements as well that the cup and bread, which are the only ones it mentions, and chapter 10, whether it was originally a separate document or continues immediately the account in chapter 9, mentions no particular elements, not even wine and bread. Instead it speaks of the "spiritual food and drink and life eternal through Thy Servant" that it distinguishes from the "food and drink (given) to men for enjoyment that they might give thanks to (God)". After a <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">doxology</a>, as before, come the apocalyptic exclamations: "Let grace come, and let this world pass away. <a href="/wiki/Hosanna" title="Hosanna">Hosanna</a> to the God (Son) of David! If any one is holy, let him come; if any one is not so, let him repent. <a href="/wiki/Maranatha" title="Maranatha">Maranatha</a>. Amen".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prayer is reminiscent of Revelation 22:17–20<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_16:22" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 16:22">1 Corinthians 16:22</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a> endorses <a href="/wiki/John_W._Riggs" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Riggs">John W. Riggs</a>' proposal in a 1984 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second Century">The Second Century</a></i> article that "there are two quite separate eucharistic celebrations given in Didache 9–10, with the earlier one now put in second place".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section beginning at 10.1 is a reworking of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Birkat_hamazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkat hamazon">birkat ha-mazon</a>, a three-strophe prayer at the conclusion of a meal, which includes a blessing of God for sustaining the universe, a blessing of God who gives the gifts of food, earth, and <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">prayer for the restoration of Jerusalem</a>; the content is "Christianized", but the form remains Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is similar to the Syrian Church eucharist rite of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Qurbana_of_Addai_and_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari">Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari</a>, belonging to "a primordial era when the euchology of the Church had not yet inserted the Institution Narrative in the text of the Eucharistic Prayer".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_organization">Church organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Church organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The church organization reflected in the <i>Didache</i> seems to be underdeveloped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itinerant apostles and prophets are of great importance, serving as "chief priests" and possibly celebrating the Eucharist. Development through the ages indicates that titles changed without understanding of the workings of the various roles by later editors in the belief that the roles were interchangeable – indicating that prophetic knowledge was not operating actively during a season of "closed vision" (as in the time of Samuel), modernised titles not indicating prophetic knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text offers guidelines on how to differentiate a genuine prophet that deserves support from a false prophet who seeks to exploit the community's generosity. For example, a prophet who fails to act as he preaches is a false prophet (11:10). The local leadership consists of bishops and deacons, and they seem to be taking the place of the itinerant ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians are enjoined to gather on Sunday to break bread, but to confess their sins first as well as reconcile themselves with others if they have grievances (Chapter 14). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matthew_and_the_Didache">Matthew and the <i>Didache</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Matthew and the Didache"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div> <p>Significant similarities between the <i>Didache</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> have been found<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_and_the_Didache-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as these writings share words, phrases, and motifs. There is also an increasing reluctance of modern scholars to support the thesis that the <i>Didache</i> used Matthew. This close relationship between these two writings might suggest that both documents were created in the same historical and geographical setting. One argument that suggests a common environment is that the community of both the <i>Didache</i> and the gospel of Matthew was probably composed of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_and_the_Didache-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Two Ways teaching (<i>Didache</i> 1–6) may also have served as a pre-baptismal instruction within the community of the <i>Didache</i> and Matthew. Furthermore, the correspondence of the Trinitarian baptismal formula in the <i>Didache</i> and Matthew (<i>Didache</i> 7 and Matthew 28:19) as well as the similar shape of the Lord's Prayer (<i>Didache</i> 8 and Matthew 6:5–13) appear to reflect the use of similar oral traditions. Finally, both the community of the <i>Didache</i> (<i>Didache</i> 11–13) and Matthew (Matthew 7:15–23; 10:5–15, 40–42; 24:11,24) were visited by itinerant apostles and prophets, some of whom were heterodox.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew_and_the_Didache-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Hierosolymitanus" title="Codex Hierosolymitanus">Codex Hierosolymitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_the_Nazarenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to the Nazarenes">Gospel according to the Nazarenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Hebrew Gospel of Matthew </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedagogus" title="Paedagogus">Paedagogus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Διδαχὴ κυρίου διὰ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τοῖς ἔθνεσιν.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Didache</i> is included in the 81-book canon of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, the largest set of canonical texts in any Christian church.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Clement quotes the <i>Didache</i> as scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Proceedings Before Zenophilus" is the second of sixteen appendices to Optatus' (Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Mila,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mila, Algeria">Milevis, Numidia</a>) seven-book treatise <i>Against the Donatists</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Optatus" title="Optatus">Optatus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 370</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Διδαχὴ Κυρίου διὰ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Didachē Kyriou dia tōn dōdeka apostolōn</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some translations use 'Nations' in place of 'Gentiles'.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek:<span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">Διδαχὴ κυρίου διὰ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τοῖς ἔθνεσιν</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Didachē kyriou dia tōn dōdeka apostolōn tois ethnesin</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Describing Jesus as <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">παῖς</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pais</i></span>; "a boy (as often beaten with impunity), or (by analogy) a girl, and (generally) a child; specifically a slave or servant (especially a minister to a king; and by eminence to God): – child, maid (-en), (man) servant, son, young man" <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong</a>'s G3817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most modern scholars do not affirm that Paul authored 1 Timothy; see <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy#Authorship" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy#Authorship</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Liddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; Scott, Robert (1940). "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διδαχή</span></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i>. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart_Jones" title="Henry Stuart Jones">Henry Stuart Jones</a>, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Roderick_McKenzie" title="Roderick McKenzie">Roderick McKenzie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005482_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Didachē". Encyclopedia Britannica, 18 Oct. 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Didache">https://www.britannica.com/topic/Didache</a>. Accessed 28 December 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPR7_vii]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPR7_vii]_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPR7_vii]_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilavec2003b">Milavec 2003b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17v6sT1l-aYC&pg=PR7">vii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew_and_the_Didache-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_and_the_Didache_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. van de Sandt (ed), <i>Matthew and the Didache</i>, (Assen: Royal van Gorcum; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf204.xxv.iii.iii.xxv.html"><i>Festal Letter 39</i></a> (excludes them from the canon, but recommends them for reading) in 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nicephorus_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Nicephorus I of Constantinople">Nicephorus</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Stichometry_of_Nicephorus" title="Stichometry of Nicephorus">Stichometria</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cathency-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cathency_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathency_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathency_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chapman1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Chapman (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Didache"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Didache">"Didache" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Didache&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=John+Chapman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlee2003" class="citation book cs1">Slee, Michelle (2003). <i>The church in Antioch in the first century AD : communion and conflict</i>. London [u.a.]: T & T Clark International. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567083821" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567083821"><bdi>978-0567083821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+church+in+Antioch+in+the+first+century+AD+%3A+communion+and+conflict&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0567083821&rft.aulast=Slee&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Didache", <i>Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>, Oxford University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Didache&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Loughlin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O%27Loughlin" title="Thomas O'Loughlin">O'Loughlin, Thomas</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpqBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Didache: A window on the earliest Christians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281064939" title="Special:BookSources/9780281064939"><bdi>9780281064939</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didache%3A+A+window+on+the+earliest+Christians&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780281064939&rft.aulast=O%27Loughlin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfpqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper199674–75-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraper199674–75_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraper1996">Draper 1996</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1999" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYKGrqXCwEC&pg=PA364"><i>Birth of Christianity</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567086686" title="Special:BookSources/9780567086686"><bdi>9780567086686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+Christianity&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1999-04-01&rft.isbn=9780567086686&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaYKGrqXCwEC%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1995" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Jonathan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4N1Mhlv50UC&pg=PA213">"The Hebrew Epic and the Didache"</a>. In Jefford, Clayton N. (ed.). <i>The Didache in Context: Essays on Its Text, History, and Transmission</i>. BRILL. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004100458" title="Special:BookSources/9004100458"><bdi>9004100458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hebrew+Epic+and+the+Didache&rft.btitle=The+Didache+in+Context%3A+Essays+on+Its+Text%2C+History%2C+and+Transmission&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9004100458&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4N1Mhlv50UC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?e=q-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about-1782--00031-001-0-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=POxy&cl=search&d=HASH01d452200ced30a2577b95b6">"P.Oxy.XV 1782"</a>. <i>POxy: Oxyrhynchus Online</i>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POxy%3A+Oxyrhynchus+Online&rft.atitle=P.Oxy.XV+1782&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F163.1.169.40%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary%3Fe%3Dq-000-00---0POxy--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about-1782--00031-001-0-0utfZz-8-00%26a%3Dd%26c%3DPOxy%26cl%3Dsearch%26d%3DHASH01d452200ced30a2577b95b6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmerLightfoot2006" class="citation book cs1">Harmer, J.R.; Lightfoot, J.B. (2006). <i>The Apostolic Fathers in English</i>. Translated by Michael W. Holmes (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801031083" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801031083"><bdi>978-0801031083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers+in+English&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0801031083&rft.aulast=Harmer&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200638-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200638_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson 2006</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alangarrow.com/bntc2017.html">"The Didache: Key to the Acts-Galatians Conundrum (BNTC 2017)"</a>. <i>Alan Garrow</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alan+Garrow&rft.atitle=The+Didache%3A+Key+to+the+Acts-Galatians+Conundrum+%28BNTC+2017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alangarrow.com%2Fbntc2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBOdidache-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBOdidache_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBOdidache_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Didache">"Didache."</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Milavec in <a href="#CITEREFJefford1995">Jefford 1995</a>, pp. 140–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiastica</a></i> III, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a> (1972). <i>Caesar and Christ</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar+and+Christ&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassall-Phillips1917" class="citation book cs1">Vassall-Phillips, O. R. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113190250/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/optatus_10_appendix2.htm"><i>The Work of St. Optatus, Bishop of Milevis, Against The Donatists</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green, And Co. pp. 346–381. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/optatus_10_appendix2.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Work+of+St.+Optatus%2C+Bishop+of+Milevis%2C+Against+The+Donatists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=346-381&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+And+Co.&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Vassall-Phillips&rft.aufirst=O.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Foptatus_10_appendix2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong" class="citation book cs1">Strong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/words.pl?strongs=1484&page=1&flag_full=1"><i>1484</i></a>. Blue letter Bible.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1484&rft.pub=Blue+letter+Bible&rft.au=Strong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwords.pl%3Fstrongs%3D1484%26page%3D1%26flag_full%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA110_110]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA110_110]_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilavec2003b">Milavec 2003b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17v6sT1l-aYC&pg=PA110">110</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA271_271]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA271_271]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilavec2003b">Milavec 2003b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17v6sT1l-aYC&pg=PA271">271</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinitarian_Baptismal_Formula-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trinitarian_Baptismal_Formula_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trinitarian_Baptismal_Formula_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-lightfoot.html"><i>The Didache or Teaching of the Apostles</i></a>, trans. and ed., J. B. Lightfoot, 7:2,5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b271-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b271_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilavec2003b">Milavec 2003b</a>, p. 271; the <i>Didache</i> verse ("But let no one eat or drink of this eucharistic thanksgiving, but they that have been baptized into the name of the Lord", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-lightfoot.html"><i>The Didache or Teaching of the Apostles</i></a>, trans. and ed., J. B. Lightfoot, 9:10) is erroneously indicated as 9:5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:13&version=nrsv">Acts 3:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA368_368]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA368_368]_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilavec2003b[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid17v6sT1l-aYCpgPA368_368]_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilavec2003b">Milavec 2003b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17v6sT1l-aYC&pg=PA368">368</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, <i>Apostolic Fathers</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%204:2&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 4:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2012:32&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 12:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilavec2003b">Milavec 2003b</a>, p. 252 citing Wendell Willis "It is interesting, nonetheless, that both Paul and the <i>Didache</i> take a flexible approach save when it comes to eating food sacrificed to idols. Paul makes use of the phrase "table of demons" (1 Cor 10:21)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:20–23&version=nrsv">Mark 7:20–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information on this topic, see: Mike Sperou and Kevin Mitchell, ed. "Vice and Virtue Lists of the New Testament." PDF resource published by North Clackamas Bible Community and available online at BcResources.net. Last modified October 25, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bcresources.net/2200000-nts-frg12-lit-frm-vv-lists-nt-art-bcrx/">https://bcresources.net/2200000-nts-frg12-lit-frm-vv-lists-nt-art-bcrx/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velotta, Jason R. "Who are the "Arsenokoitai" in 1 Co. 6:9?" Academia.edu - Share research, Mar. 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/4984160/Who_are_the_Arsenokoitai_in_1_Co._6_9">https://www.academia.edu/4984160/Who_are_the_Arsenokoitai_in_1_Co._6_9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005151-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005151_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2006794-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2006794_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2006">White 2006</a>, p. 794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200636–38_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson 2006</a>, pp. 36–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200662-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200662_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May_Metzger_1177-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-May_Metzger_1177_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha</i>. 1977. p. 1177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200660_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson 2006</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:9–13&version=nrsv">Matthew 6:9–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrami" class="citation journal cs1">Abrami, Leo M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27950201">"The Jewish Origins of the Lord's Prayer"</a>. <i>Liturgical Studies, Early Christianity</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180725010443/https://www.academia.edu/27950201/The_Jewish_Origins_of_the_Lords_Prayer">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liturgical+Studies%2C+Early+Christianity&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Origins+of+the+Lord%27s+Prayer&rft.aulast=Abrami&rft.aufirst=Leo+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27950201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005570-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005570_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005570_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, p. 570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valeriy A. Alikin. <i>The earliest history of the Christian gathering</i>. Brill, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18309-4">978-90-04-18309-4</a>. p. 110. "...practice of a particular community or group of communities.29 However, the <i>Didache</i> basically describes the same ritual as the one that took place in Corinth. This is probable for several reasons. In both cases, the meal was a community supper that took place on Sunday evening where the participants could eat their fill, rather than purely a symbolic ritual.30 Also in both cases the meal began with separate benedictions over the bread and wine (Mark 14:22–25 par.).."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson200644–51-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200644–51_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson200644–51_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson 2006</a>, pp. 44–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:23–25&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 11:23–25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2014:22–25&version=nrsv">Mark 14:22–25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2026:26–29&version=nrsv">Matthew 26:26–29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:14–20&version=nrsv">Luke 22:14–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._B._Riddle_(trans.)1886" class="citation web cs1">M. B. Riddle (trans.) (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0714.htm">"The Didache (Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7)"</a>. <i>New Advent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=The+Didache+%28Ante-Nicene+Fathers%2C+Vol.+7%29&rft.date=1886&rft.au=M.+B.+Riddle+%28trans.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0714.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2022:17–20&version=nrsv">Revelation 22:17–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crossan, <i>The Historical Jesus</i>, p 361 (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity by Hubertus Waltherus Maria van de Sandt, David Flusser pp 311–2; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Perdew_Stephanie_paper.htm">Metaphors of Sacrifice in the Liturgies of the Early Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219034654/http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Perdew_Stephanie_paper.htm">Archived</a> 19 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Stephanie Perdew; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animabit.de/bibel/hubmann_liturgie_judentum_christentum.html">Jüdische Wurzel</a> by Franz D. Hubmann</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201041631/http://www.kaldu.org/3_chaldean_culture/TheAnaphora_ApostlesAddai_Mari.html">"Sarhad Yawsip Jammo, <i>The Anaphora of Addai and Mari: A Study of Structure and Historical Background</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaldu.org/3_chaldean_culture/TheAnaphora_ApostlesAddai_Mari.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarhad+Yawsip+Jammo%2C+The+Anaphora+of+Addai+and+Mari%3A+A+Study+of+Structure+and+Historical+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaldu.org%2F3_chaldean_culture%2FTheAnaphora_ApostlesAddai_Mari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudet1958" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Audet, Jean-Paul (1958), <i>La Didache, Instructions des Apôtres</i> [<i>The Didache, Instructions from the Apostles</i>] (in French), J. Gabalda & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Didache%2C+Instructions+des+Ap%C3%B4tres&rft.pub=J.+Gabalda+%26+Co&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Audet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&q=didache"><i>The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192802903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192802903"><bdi>978-0192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0192802903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddidache&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1996" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Jonathan A (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1B8gF0z6M4C"><i>The Didache in modern research: an overview</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10375-7"><bdi>978-90-04-10375-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didache+in+modern+research%3A+an+overview&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10375-7&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1B8gF0z6M4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2006" class="citation journal cs1">——— (2006). "The Apostolic Fathers: The Didache". <i>The Expository Times</i>. <b>117</b> (5): 177–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0014524606062770">10.1177/0014524606062770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170635331">170635331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Expository+Times&rft.atitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+The+Didache&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=177-81&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0014524606062770&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170635331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2007" class="citation cs2">Holmes, Michael W, ed. (2007), <i>The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations</i>, Baker Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3468-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-3468-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+Greek+Texts+and+English+Translations&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3468-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefford1989" class="citation book cs1">Jefford, Clayton N (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHmB2TW7VIcC"><i>The sayings of Jesus in the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09127-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sayings+of+Jesus+in+the+Teaching+of+the+Twelve+Apostles&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09127-6&rft.aulast=Jefford&rft.aufirst=Clayton+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHmB2TW7VIcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefford1995" class="citation book cs1">——— (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4N1Mhlv50UC"><i>The Didache in context: essays on its text, history, and transmission</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10045-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10045-9"><bdi>978-90-04-10045-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didache+in+context%3A+essays+on+its+text%2C+history%2C+and+transmission&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10045-9&rft.aulast=Jefford&rft.aufirst=Clayton+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4N1Mhlv50UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Maxwell E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC">"The Apostolic Tradition"</a>. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Tucker, Karen B.W. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_History_of_Christian_Worship" title="The Oxford History of Christian Worship">The Oxford History of Christian Worship</a></i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Apostolic+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513886-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5VQUdZhx1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation cs2">Jones, Tony (2009), <i>The Teaching of the Twelve: Believing & Practicing the Primitive Christianity of the Ancient Didache Community</i>, Paraclete, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55725-590-7"><bdi>978-1-55725-590-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teaching+of+the+Twelve%3A+Believing+%26+Practicing+the+Primitive+Christianity+of+the+Ancient+Didache+Community&rft.pub=Paraclete&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55725-590-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1889" class="citation cs2">Lightfoot, Joseph Barber; et al. (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211001/http://www.preteristarchive.com/Books/1889_lightfoot_apostolic.html"><i>Apostolic Fathers</i></a>, London: Macmillan & Co, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preteristarchive.com/Books/1889_lightfoot_apostolic.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Fathers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Barber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preteristarchive.com%2FBooks%2F1889_lightfoot_apostolic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilavec2003a" class="citation book cs1">Milavec, Aaron (2003a). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/didachetexttrans00mila"><i>The Didache: text, translation, analysis, and commentary</i></a></span>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5831-4"><bdi>978-0-8146-5831-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didache%3A+text%2C+translation%2C+analysis%2C+and+commentary&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5831-4&rft.aulast=Milavec&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdidachetexttrans00mila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilavec2003b" class="citation book cs1">——— (2003b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17v6sT1l-aYC"><i>The Didache: faith, hope, & life of the earliest Christian communities, 50–70 CE</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0537-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0537-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-0537-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didache%3A+faith%2C+hope%2C+%26+life+of+the+earliest+Christian+communities%2C+50%E2%80%9370+CE&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0537-3&rft.aulast=Milavec&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17v6sT1l-aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Sandt2005" class="citation book cs1">Van de Sandt, H. W. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTE0FQtrphwC"><i>Matthew and the Didache: two documents from the same Jewish-Christian milieu?</i></a>. Royal Van Gorcum/Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4077-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-232-4077-8"><bdi>978-90-232-4077-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+and+the+Didache%3A+two+documents+from+the+same+Jewish-Christian+milieu%3F&rft.pub=Royal+Van+Gorcum%2FFortress&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-232-4077-8&rft.aulast=Van+de+Sandt&rft.aufirst=H.+W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTE0FQtrphwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlee2003" class="citation book cs1">Slee, Michelle (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlJDcn2YotkC"><i>The church in Antioch in the first century CE: communion and conflict</i></a>. Sheffield Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08382-1"><bdi>978-0-567-08382-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+church+in+Antioch+in+the+first+century+CE%3A+communion+and+conflict&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08382-1&rft.aulast=Slee&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnlJDcn2YotkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Verme2004" class="citation book cs1">Del Verme, Marcello (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7smy12ZaduUC"><i>Didache and Judaism: Jewish roots of an ancient Christian-Jewish work</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02531-9"><bdi>978-0-567-02531-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Didache+and+Judaism%3A+Jewish+roots+of+an+ancient+Christian-Jewish+work&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-02531-9&rft.aulast=Del+Verme&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7smy12ZaduUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation book cs1">White, James F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC">"The Spatial Setting"</a>. In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Tucker, Karen B.W. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_History_of_Christian_Worship" title="The Oxford History of Christian Worship">The Oxford History of Christian Worship</a></i>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513886-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spatial+Setting&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513886-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5VQUdZhx1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Didache" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Didache">Didache</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Didache&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didache&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Didache" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Didache">Didache</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Didache" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Didache">Didache</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://early.xpian.info/eng/didache.html">An extensive list of English translations of the Didache</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928080921/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/texteapo/didache-greek.html">Greek text in Latin alphabet</a> from <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Bremen">Universität Bremen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/lake/fathers2.v.html">Didache text in Greek</a> from <a href="/wiki/CCEL" class="mw-redirect" title="CCEL">CCEL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/didache.html">Eight English translations; Greek text; Nine Commentaries; and Overview of the <i>Didache</i></a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/churchfathers.html">Early Christian Writings – Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicplanet.com/ebooks/didache.htm"><i>Didache</i></a> translated by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0714.htm"><i>Didache</i></a> translated by M.B. Riddle</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110085700/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_didache.htm"><i>Didache</i> translated by Charles H. Hoole.</a> – English translation hosted by About.com</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Didachē, The"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Didach%C4%93,_The">"Didachē, The" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Didach%C4%93%2C+The&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADidache" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5181-didache">"Didache"</a>, article from the 1901–1906 <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earlychurch.org.uk/pdf/didache.pdf">earlychurch.org.uk</a> The Didache: Its Origin And Significance</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/rak/publics/didache/didache.htm">upenn.edu</a> Electronic Edition by Robert A. Kraft (updated 28 July 1995)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalaudio.com/didache.htm">2012 Translation & Audio Version</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Didache&author=UNKNOWN&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Didache</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0223.xml?rskey=utIEnM&result=47"><i>Didache</i></a> at Oxford Bibliographies—an annotated bibliography. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393361-0223">10.1093/obo/9780195393361-0223</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210752#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175439370">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1356558/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4149650-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87146193">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008448g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008448g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Didaché"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2006374870&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3607577">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90635231">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000297338&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9psx4xw5qm96hs">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810533882005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257879205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028201345">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didache&oldid=1258766758">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didache&oldid=1258766758</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Christian_texts" title="Category:1st-century Christian texts">1st-century Christian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_Christian_texts" title="Category:2nd-century Christian texts">2nd-century Christian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1873_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1873 archaeological discoveries">1873 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_church_orders" title="Category:Ancient church orders">Ancient church orders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apostolic_Fathers" title="Category:Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canon_law_codifications" title="Category:Canon law codifications">Canon law codifications</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canon_law_history" title="Category:Canon law history">Canon law history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_ethics" title="Category:Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Category:Early Christianity and Judaism">Early Christianity and Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_apocrypha" title="Category:New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petrine-related_books" title="Category:Petrine-related books">Petrine-related books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antilegomena" title="Category:Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_law" title="Category:Christian law">Christian law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Texts_in_Koine_Greek" title="Category:Texts in Koine Greek">Texts in Koine Greek</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2023">Articles with dead external links from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2017">Use dmy dates from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2016">Articles needing additional references from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 14:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didache&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-l9zr4","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.319","walltime":"1.586","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7745,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":161233,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14497,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":166137,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1340.182 1 -total"," 14.02% 187.958 2 Template:Reflist"," 13.49% 180.854 19 Template:Cite_book"," 11.74% 157.358 34 Template:Sfn"," 10.87% 145.691 9 Template:Efn"," 9.59% 128.534 1 Template:Jewish_Christianity"," 9.57% 128.263 1 Template:Lang-grc-gre"," 9.51% 127.400 11 Template:Lang"," 9.41% 126.158 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.39% 98.976 2 Template:Refn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.789","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18708750,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbrami\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAudet1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_Verme2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurant1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmerLightfoot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefford1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefford1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Chapman1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._B._Riddle_(trans.)1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilavec2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilavec2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Loughlin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlee2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStrong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_Sandt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVassall-Phillips1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 15,\n [\"C.\"] = 4,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Catholic\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"History of Catholic theology\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Jewish Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 34,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-vvmvl","timestamp":"20241127201512","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Didache","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Didache","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210752","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210752","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-25T00:09:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T14:35:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d7\/Didache.png","headline":"1st-century Koine Greek Christian text"}</script> </body> </html>