CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kembawacela - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a6edcb50-7028-4160-92b5-1ef650e706ec","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kembawacela","wgTitle":"Kembawacela","wgCurRevisionId":1231994033,"wgRevisionId":1231994033,"wgArticleId":62117097,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","Emydopoids","Wuchiapingian genus first appearances","Changhsingian genus extinctions","Lopingian synapsids of Africa","Fossils of Zambia","Fossils of Malawi","Fossil taxa described in 2019"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kembawacela","wgRelevantArticleId":62117097,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true ,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q71708346","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kembawacela - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembawacela"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembawacela"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kembawacela rootpage-Kembawacela skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kembawacela" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kembawacela" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kembawacela" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kembawacela" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeobiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeobiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Palaeobiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Palaeobiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Palaeobiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Palaeobiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burrowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burrowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Burrowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burrowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeoecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeoecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Palaeoecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeoecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kembawacela</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembawacela_kitchingi" title="Kembawacela kitchingi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kembawacela kitchingi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71708346#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kembawacela" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kembawacela" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kembawacela"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kembawacela"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kembawacela" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kembawacela" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&oldid=1231994033" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kembawacela&id=1231994033&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKembawacela"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKembawacela"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kembawacela&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71708346" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of dicynodonts</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Kembawacela</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:132.16584615385px; width:2.5750153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:132.16584615385px; width:2.5750153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:133.16584615385px; width:0.57501538461539px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Kembawacela" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalidae" title="Cistecephalidae">Cistecephalidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Kembawacela</i></a><br /><small>Angielczyk, Benoit & Rubidge, <a href="/wiki/2019_in_paleontology" title="2019 in paleontology">2019</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><b>Kembawacela kitchingi</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Angielczyk, Benoit & Rubidge, 2019</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Other species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>K. yajuwayeyi</i> <small>Araújo <i>et al.</i> <a href="/wiki/2022_in_paleontology" title="2022 in paleontology">2022</a></small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Kembawacela</b></i> ("iron digger") is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cistecephalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistecephalid">cistecephalid</a> <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodont</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. The genus contains two known <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> <i><b>Kembawacela kitchingi</b></i> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madumabisa_Mudstone_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (page does not exist)">Madumabisa Mudstone Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> described in 2019, and a second species, <i><b>K. yajuwayeyi</b></i>, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiweta_Beds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiweta Beds (page does not exist)">Chiweta Beds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> described in 2022. Like other cistecephalids, <i>Kembawacela</i> was specialised for a <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">fossorial</a>, burrowing lifestyle similar to modern day moles. It is unique amongst cistecephalids for the presence of a pair of tusks in the upper jaw, characteristic of many other dicynodonts but lost in other cistecephalids. It is likely that <i>Kembawacela</i> was a locally <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species of cistecephalid in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luangwa_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luangwa Basin (page does not exist)">Luangwa Basin</a> of Zambia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kembawacela</i> broadly resembled other cistecephalids in size and shape. It was a small dicynodont (skull length roughly 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long along the base) and had a highly specialised body plan for digging. <i>Kembawacela</i> is known from skulls, lower jaws and various pieces of postcrania, including parts of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> and various vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although broadly similar in superficial appearance, the two species <i>K. kitchingi</i> and <i>K. yajuwayeyi</i> can be distinguished by details of the skull architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-yajuwayeyi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yajuwayeyi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its skull is typical for cistecephalids, with a broad head and large <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a> with a very short, tapered snout. It had large, strongly forward facing eyes like some other cistecephalids (including <i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus" title="Cistecephalus">Cistecephalus</a></i>), but unlike the smaller, sideways facing eyes of <i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kawingasaurus" title="Kawingasaurus">Kawingasaurus</a></i>. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_arch" title="Zygomatic arch">zygomatic arches</a> project out almost laterally behind the eyes and curve back almost 90 degrees to the back of the skull. The <a href="/wiki/Pineal_foramen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineal foramen">pineal foramen</a> ("third eye") is positioned very far back on the roof of the skull, overhanging the very back of the skull (similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Sauroscaptor" title="Sauroscaptor">Sauroscaptor</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-scaptor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaptor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kembawacela</i> is most obviously distinguished by the prominent tusks in its upper jaw. The majority of <i>Kembawacela</i> specimens have these tusks, and it is possible that they were <a href="/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a> in this species. These tusks face slightly out to the sides, but do not sit out on a prominent caniniform process projecting from the jaw margin like in some other dicynodonts. Aside from the tusks, <i>Kembawacela</i> was otherwise toothless, and possessed a <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratinous</a> beak at the tips of its jaws, as is typical of dicynodonts. The beak was relatively broad and blunt, and the tip of the upper jaw was arched upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between <i>K. kitchingi</i> and <i>K. yajuwayeyi</i>, they can be distinguished by details of the individual bones and anatomy of the skull, including the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Jugal_bone" title="Jugal bone">jugal bone</a> of the cheek. In <i>K. kitchingi</i>, the ascending process that joins to the <a href="/wiki/Postorbital_bone" title="Postorbital bone">postorbital bone</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Postorbital_bar" title="Postorbital bar">postorbital bar</a> rimming the eye socket is exposed on the back of the bar, while in <i>K. yajuwayeyi</i> it is hidden on the internal side. Further, the anterior process of the jugal beneath the eye is notably taller in <i>K. yajuwayeyi</i> than in <i>K. kitchingi</i>, despite the only known skull of the former being slightly compressed. Another difference is in the position of the maxillary canal, a channel for the sensitive <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a> and its blood vessels in the snout. In <i>K. kitchingi</i> it emerges and runs laterally from the <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_sinus" title="Maxillary sinus">maxillary sinus</a>, whereas the canal sits just anteriorly in front of the sinus in <i>K. yajuwayeyi</i>. The angle between the anterior rami of the <a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_bone" title="Pterygoid bone">pterygoid bones</a> (sheets of bone connecting to the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine bones</a> in front) on the roof of the mouth also differs between them, with <i>K. yajuwayeyi</i> having a much narrower ~46° angle between them compared to the ~61° of <i>K. kitchingi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-yajuwayeyi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yajuwayeyi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body of <i>Kembawacela</i> is poorly known, but the preserved skeleton of <i>K. kitchingi</i> resembles that of other cistecephalids like <i>Cistecephalus</i>. It had three <a href="/wiki/Sacral_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral vertebra">sacral vertebrae</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">ilium</a> with well developed forward and backward pointing processes, and a large, robust ulna in the arm. Unlike <i>Cistecephalus</i>, however, the head of the femur is roughly triangular shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specimens of <i>Kembawacela</i> were first discovered and collected in the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Drysdall" title="Alan Drysdall">Alan Drysdall</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Kitching" title="James Kitching">James Kitching</a> in the Luangwa Basin of Zambia. They reported discovering at least 13 specimens that they preliminarily assigned to <i>Cistecephalus microrhinus</i> and the now synonymous <i>C. planiceps</i>. Four of these specimens were identified in the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Studies_Institute" title="Evolutionary Studies Institute">Evolutionary Studies Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, although a possible fifth specimen originally noted by Kitching has since been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specimens were later suggested to belong to a new species of <i>Cistcephalus</i> in an unpublished <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc honours</a> <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> by Freeman in 1993. Further examinations and the discovery of an additional four specimens proposed that the Luangwa cistecephalid was an entirely new genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Luangwa_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luangwa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the taxon was formally described in detail and named <i><b>Kembawacela kitchingi</b></i> by Kenneth Angielczyk, Julien Benoit and Bruce Rubidge. The genus name is from the phrase "kemba wacela", translated to "iron digger" in the locally spoken <a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba language</a>. It was named for the iron-rich <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> <a href="/wiki/Concretions" class="mw-redirect" title="Concretions">nodules</a> various specimens from the Luangwa Basin—including the <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> of <i>Kembawacela</i> (NHCC LB18)—have been found in, as well referring to the proposed digging lifestyle of cistecephalids. The species was named to honour James Kitching, who collected the first specimens of <i>Kembawacela</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specimens were collected from various different localities in the Luangwa Basin, but were all from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation. This formation is believed to overlap in time with the <a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone"><i>Cistecephalus</i> Assemblage Zone</a> (AZ) and <a href="/wiki/Daptocephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone"><i>Daptocephalus</i> AZ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoo Basin">Karoo Basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, which have been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a> to early <a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a>. The specimens are housed at both the Evolutionary Studies Institute in South Africa and at the National Heritage Conservation Commission in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, Zambia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, a cistecephalid skull (DMMM-PK-16-1) was found encased in a rock nodule during exploration of the Chiweta Beds in the Mount Waller Area of Northern Malawi. Due its small size and delicate nature, the examination of the specimen was performed using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_microtomography" title="X-ray microtomography">x-ray microtomography</a> to image the bones inside the <a href="/wiki/Rock_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock matrix">rock matrix</a>. This skull was formally described and named as a new species of <i>Kembawacela</i>, <i><b>K. yajuwayeyi</b></i>, by Araújo and colleagues in 2022. The authors named the species in honour of their friend Dr. Yusuf Juwayeyi, an accomplished archaeologist, professor, and international representative of Malawian research. The <a href="/wiki/Species_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Species name">species name</a> combines the surname Juwayeyi with <i>Ya-</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Possessive_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive prefix">possessive prefix</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chichewa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichewa language">Chichewa language</a>. The skull is mostly complete, missing only the tip of the snout, its left zygomatic arch and postorbital bar behind the eye, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Occiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Occiput">occiput</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yajuwayeyi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yajuwayeyi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kembawacela</i> is well supported as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Cistecephalidae in the phylogenetic analysis of Angielczyk <i>et al.</i> (2019), where it was found as a relatively <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> member of the clade: </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Kistecephalia" title="Kistecephalia">Kistecephalia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Kingoriidae" title="Kingoriidae">Kingoriidae</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Compsodon" title="Compsodon">Compsodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Emydops" title="Emydops">Emydops</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Digalodon" title="Digalodon">Digalodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Myosaurus" title="Myosaurus">Myosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalidae" title="Cistecephalidae">Cistecephalidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus" title="Cistecephalus">Cistecephalus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Kembawacela</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroscaptor" title="Sauroscaptor">Sauroscaptor</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kawingasaurus" title="Kawingasaurus">Kawingasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><i>Kembawacela</i> is primarily distinguished from other cistecephalids by its tusks, but can also be uniquely diagnosed by a trough on the underside of the <a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">vomer</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Interparietal_bone" title="Interparietal bone">interparietal bone</a> with paired extensions that reach up from the back of the skull to flank the pineal foramen. There are also various other slight differences of the skull and skeleton between it and other cistecephalids.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible that <i>Kembawacela</i> was sexually dimorphic, as two of the seven known specimens appear to have lacked tusks. Notably, one of these specimens is the largest known individual, implying that the lack of tusks was not due to it not being fully grown yet. Sexual dimorphism is known from other cistecephalids, such as the prominent ridges over the eyes in <i>Cistecephalus</i>, and although <i>Kembawacela</i> lacks those traits the presence or absence of tusks is suggested to be an indicator of sexual dimorphism more broadly in dicynodonts. Unfortunately, the relatively small sample size means this possibility cannot be statistically analysed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tusks of <i>Kembawacela</i> are also notable as one specimen preserves unerupted tusks within the jaw bones. There is no evidence that these tusks are replacements of a previous pair (as has been suggested to occur in <i><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></i>), and another specimen with the inside of the jaw exposed preserves no such replacements either. The size of the specimen is comparable to the others, which would suggest that the tusks of <i>Kembawacela</i> may not have erupted until quite late in the animal's life, close to their mature body size. It's possible that this relatively late eruption of the tusks in <i>Kembawacela</i> was taken even further in other cistecephalids, where their development was suppressed and prevented entirely from erupting in the tuskless species.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luangwa_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luangwa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burrowing">Burrowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Burrowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kembawacela</i> shares various features with other cistecephalids associated with a fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. The ulna, the only known bone from the forelimb, has the typically large <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Olecranon process">olecranon process</a> associated with scratch-digging found in other cistecephalids. </p><p>The skull has various features associated with burrowing, being broad and wedge-shaped. The large, forward facing eyes may be related to seeing in low-light environments, with binocular vision providing greater light sensitivity, although this is not typical of modern fossorial mammals which have small eyes (as in <i>Cistecephaloides</i> and <i>Kawingasaurus</i>). Interestingly, <i>Kembawacela</i> is the only known cistecephalid known to preserve pieces of the bony <a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">sclerotic ring</a> surrounding the eye, and they are remarkably smaller than is suggested by the size of the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbits</a>. However, they were too incompletely preserved to estimate the light sensitivity of the eyes. </p><p>The footplates of the bony <a href="/wiki/Stape" title="Stape">stapes</a> are large, associated with hearing low-frequency sounds underground, although its inner-ear is not as specialised as <i>Kawingasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoecology">Palaeoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Palaeoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kembawacela</i> coexisted with a wide variety and abundance of other dicynodonts in the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, including <i><a href="/wiki/Endothiodon" title="Endothiodon">Endothiodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Compsodon" title="Compsodon">Compsodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pristerodon" title="Pristerodon">Pristerodon</a></i>, the burrowing <i><a href="/wiki/Diictodon_feliceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Diictodon feliceps">Diictodon feliceps</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Emydops" title="Emydops">Emydops</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoides" title="Dicynodontoides">Dicynodontoides</a></i>, a species similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Katumbia" title="Katumbia">Katumbia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odontocyclops_whaitsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontocyclops whaitsi">Odontocyclops whaitsi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oudenodon_bainii" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudenodon bainii">Oudenodon bainii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kitchinganomodon" title="Kitchinganomodon">Kitchinganomodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daptocephalus" title="Daptocephalus">Daptocephalus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Syops" title="Syops">Syops</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Digalodon" title="Digalodon">Digalodon</a></i> cf. <i>rubidgei</i> and a species of <a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lystrosaurid">lystrosaurid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luangwa_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luangwa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other therapsids included the locally endemic predatory <a href="/wiki/Therocephalia" title="Therocephalia">therocephalians</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ichibengops" title="Ichibengops">Ichibengops</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mupashi" title="Mupashi">Mupashi</a></i>, as well as the more widespread <i><a href="/wiki/Theriognathus_microps" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriognathus microps">Theriognathus microps</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ictidosuchoides_longiceps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ictidosuchoides longiceps">Ictidosuchoides longiceps</a></i>, along with the semi-aquatic <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchus" title="Procynosuchus">Procynosuchus</a></i> and an indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchian" class="mw-redirect" title="Biarmosuchian">biarmosuchian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reptiles are represented by the <a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">pareiasaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pareiasuchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasuchus">Pareiasuchus</a></i>, a herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Parareptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Parareptile">parareptile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the fauna of the Madumabisa Mudstone Formation is shared with that of the <i>Cistecephalus</i> AZ in the Karoo, South Africa, suggesting the two regions shared similar biomes and were broadly connected. However, the presence of endemic species like <i>Kembawacela</i> are indicative of fine scale variations between the two localities, such as environmental differences. The fossorial lifestyle of <i>Kembawacela</i> and other cistecephalids is a likely factor in its endemism, as its unique ecology would have limited its ability to disperse and so restricted its range to within the Luangwa Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kembawa_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The environment of the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation was a wet, vegetated floodplain within a wide <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> with plentiful sinuous <a href="/wiki/Meandering_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Meandering river">meandering rivers</a>, ponds and lakes prone to episodic flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-Luangwa_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luangwa-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kembawa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kembawa_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngielczykBenoitRubidge2019" class="citation journal cs1">Angielczyk, K.D.; Benoit, J.; Rubidge, B.S. (2019). "A new tusked cistecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the upper Permian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia". <i><a href="/wiki/Papers_in_Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Papers in Palaeontology">Papers in Palaeontology</a></i>. <b>7</b>: 405–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1285">10.1002/spp2.1285</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210304700">210304700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=A+new+tusked+cistecephalid+dicynodont+%28Therapsida%2C+Anomodontia%29+from+the+upper+Permian+upper+Madumabisa+Mudstone+Formation%2C+Luangwa+Basin%2C+Zambia&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=405-446&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspp2.1285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210304700%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Angielczyk&rft.aufirst=K.D.&rft.au=Benoit%2C+J.&rft.au=Rubidge%2C+B.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yajuwayeyi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yajuwayeyi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yajuwayeyi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yajuwayeyi_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraújoMacungoFernandezChindebvu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Araújo, R.; Macungo, Z.; Fernandez, V.; Chindebvu, E. G.; Jacobs, L. L. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2022.104726">"<i>Kembawacela yajuwayeyi</i> n. sp., a new cistecephalid species (Dicynodontia: Emydopoidea) from the Upper Permian of Malawi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Earth_Sciences" title="Journal of African Earth Sciences">Journal of African Earth Sciences</a></i>. <b>196</b>: Article 104726. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JAfES.19604726A">2022JAfES.19604726A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2022.104726">10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104726</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252393501">252393501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Kembawacela+yajuwayeyi+n.+sp.%2C+a+new+cistecephalid+species+%28Dicynodontia%3A+Emydopoidea%29+from+the+Upper+Permian+of+Malawi&rft.volume=196&rft.pages=Article+104726&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252393501%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2022.104726&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JAfES.19604726A&rft.aulast=Ara%C3%BAjo&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Macungo%2C+Z.&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+V.&rft.au=Chindebvu%2C+E.+G.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+L.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jafrearsci.2022.104726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scaptor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scaptor_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammererBandyopadhyayRay2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kammerer, C.F.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Ray, S. (2016). "A new taxon of cistecephalid dicynodont from the upper Permian Kundaram Formation of India". <i>Papers in Palaeontology</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 569–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1055">10.1002/spp2.1055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88833541">88833541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=A+new+taxon+of+cistecephalid+dicynodont+from+the+upper+Permian+Kundaram+Formation+of+India&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=569-584&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspp2.1055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88833541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kammerer&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rft.au=Bandyopadhyay%2C+S.&rft.au=Ray%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luangwa-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luangwa_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luangwa_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luangwa_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luangwa_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngielczykSteyerSidorSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Angielczyk, K.D.; Steyer, J.‐S.; Sidor, C.A.; Smith, R.M.H.; Whatley, R.L.; Tolan, S. (2014). "Permian and Triassic dicynodont (Therapsida: Anomodontia) faunas of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia: taxonomic update and implications for dicynodont biogeography and biostratigraphy". In Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (eds.). <i>Early evolutionary history of the Synapsida</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer, Dordrecht</a>. pp. 93–138 In. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6841-3"><bdi>978-94-007-6841-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Permian+and+Triassic+dicynodont+%28Therapsida%3A+Anomodontia%29+faunas+of+the+Luangwa+Basin%2C+Zambia%3A+taxonomic+update+and+implications+for+dicynodont+biogeography+and+biostratigraphy&rft.btitle=Early+evolutionary+history+of+the+Synapsida&rft.pages=93-138+In&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Dordrecht&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6841-3&rft.aulast=Angielczyk&rft.aufirst=K.D.&rft.au=Steyer%2C+J.%E2%80%90S.&rft.au=Sidor%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.M.H.&rft.au=Whatley%2C+R.L.&rft.au=Tolan%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_D._Angielczyk2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kenneth D. Angielczyk (2019). "First occurrence of the dicynodont <i>Digalodon</i> (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Lopingian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Luangwa Basin, Zambia". <i>Palaeontologia Africana</i>. <b>53</b>: 219–225. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10539%2F26832">10539/26832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontologia+Africana&rft.atitle=First+occurrence+of+the+dicynodont+Digalodon+%28Therapsida%2C+Anomodontia%29+from+the+Lopingian+upper+Madumabisa+Mudstone+Formation%2C+Luangwa+Basin%2C+Zambia&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=219-225&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10539%2F26832&rft.au=Kenneth+D.+Angielczyk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttenlockerSidorAngielczyk2015" class="citation journal cs1">Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Sidor, Christian A.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/1488656">"A new eutherocephalian (Therapsida, Therocephalia) from the upper Permian Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin) of Zambia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology" title="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology">Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</a></i>. <b>35</b> (5): e969400. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JVPal..35E9400H">2015JVPal..35E9400H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2015.969400">10.1080/02724634.2015.969400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83554630">83554630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+new+eutherocephalian+%28Therapsida%2C+Therocephalia%29+from+the+upper+Permian+Madumabisa+Mudstone+Formation+%28Luangwa+Basin%29+of+Zambia&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e969400&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83554630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2015.969400&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JVPal..35E9400H&rft.aulast=Huttenlocker&rft.aufirst=Adam+K.&rft.au=Sidor%2C+Christian+A.&rft.au=Angielczyk%2C+Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F1488656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttenlockerSidor2016" class="citation journal cs1">Huttenlocker, A. K.; Sidor, C. A. (2016). "The first karenitid (Therapsida, Therocephalia) from the upper Permian of Gondwana and the biogeography of Permo-Triassic therocephalians". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>36</b> (4): e1111897. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JVPal..36E1897H">2016JVPal..36E1897H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2016.1111897">10.1080/02724634.2016.1111897</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130994874">130994874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+first+karenitid+%28Therapsida%2C+Therocephalia%29+from+the+upper+Permian+of+Gondwana+and+the+biogeography+of+Permo-Triassic+therocephalians&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1111897&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130994874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2016.1111897&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JVPal..36E1897H&rft.aulast=Huttenlocker&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Sidor%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kemp, T. S. (1979). "The primitive cynodont <i>Procynosuchus</i>: functional anatomy of the skull and relationships". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</a></i>. <b>285</b> (1005): 73–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979RSPTB.285...73K">1979RSPTB.285...73K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1979.0001">10.1098/rstb.1979.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=The+primitive+cynodont+Procynosuchus%3A+functional+anatomy+of+the+skull+and+relationships&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=1005&rft.pages=73-122&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1979.0001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979RSPTB.285...73K&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sidor, C. (2015). "The first biarmosuchian from the upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Luangwa Basin) of Zambia". <i>Palaeontologia Africana</i>. <b>49</b>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10539%2F17373">10539/17373</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2410-4418">2410-4418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontologia+Africana&rft.atitle=The+first+biarmosuchian+from+the+upper+Madumabisa+Mudstone+Formation+%28Luangwa+Basin%29+of+Zambia&rft.volume=49&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10539%2F17373&rft.issn=2410-4418&rft.aulast=Sidor&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeGowKitching1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, M. S. Y.; Gow, C. E.; Kitching, J. W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_40/vol40_part2_pp307-335.pdf">"Anatomy and relationships of the pareiasaur <i>Pareiasuchus nasicornis</i> from the Upper Permian of Zambia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeontology_(journal)" title="Palaeontology (journal)">Palaeontology</a></i>. <b>40</b> (2): 307–335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Anatomy+and+relationships+of+the+pareiasaur+Pareiasuchus+nasicornis+from+the+Upper+Permian+of+Zambia&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307-335&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=M.+S.+Y.&rft.au=Gow%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=Kitching%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palass.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fpalaeontology%2Fvolume_40%2Fvol40_part2_pp307-335.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKembawacela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/19px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/29px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/38px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Zambia" title="Portal:Zambia">Zambia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/21px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/42px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malawi" title="Portal:Malawi">Malawi</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anomodontia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anomodontia" title="Template:Anomodontia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anomodontia" title="Template talk:Anomodontia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anomodontia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anomodontia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anomodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Synapsida_*_Clade:_Therapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Anomodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Anomodontia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biseridens" title="Biseridens">Biseridens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novocynodon" title="Novocynodon">Novocynodon</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus">Anomocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiarajudens" title="Tiarajudens">Tiarajudens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venyukovioidea" title="Venyukovioidea">Venyukovioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Otsheria" title="Otsheria">Otsheria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasuminia" title="Parasuminia">Parasuminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suminia" title="Suminia">Suminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulemica" title="Ulemica">Ulemica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venyukovia" title="Venyukovia">Venyukovia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chainosauria" title="Chainosauria">Chainosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galechirus" title="Galechirus">Galechirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galeops" title="Galeops">Galeops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galepus" title="Galepus">Galepus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patranomodon" title="Patranomodon">Patranomodon</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galepus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galepus jouberti"><img alt="Galepus jouberti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/100px-Galepus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/150px-Galepus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/200px-Galepus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Dicynodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dicynodontia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachyprosopus" title="Brachyprosopus">Brachyprosopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colobodectes" title="Colobodectes">Colobodectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon" title="Eodicynodon">Eodicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanthanostegus" title="Lanthanostegus">Lanthanostegus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyaphulia" title="Nyaphulia">Nyaphulia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pristerodon" title="Pristerodon">Pristerodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pylaecephalidae" title="Pylaecephalidae">Pylaecephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosimops" title="Eosimops">Eosimops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosictodon" title="Prosictodon">Prosictodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robertia" title="Robertia">Robertia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endothiodontia" title="Endothiodontia">Endothiodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abajudon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abajudon (page does not exist)">Abajudon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endothiodon" title="Endothiodon">Endothiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niassodon" title="Niassodon">Niassodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therochelonia" title="Therochelonia">Therochelonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emydopoidea" title="Emydopoidea">Emydopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digalodon" title="Digalodon">Digalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydorhinus" title="Emydorhinus">Emydorhinus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palemydops" title="Palemydops">Palemydops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emydopidae" title="Emydopidae">Emydopidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsodon" title="Compsodon">Compsodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydops" title="Emydops">Emydops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myosauridae" title="Myosauridae">Myosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myosauroides" title="Myosauroides">Myosauroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myosaurus" title="Myosaurus">Myosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingoriidae" title="Kingoriidae">Kingoriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoides" title="Dicynodontoides">Dicynodontoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kombuisia" title="Kombuisia">Kombuisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thliptosaurus" title="Thliptosaurus">Thliptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalidae" title="Cistecephalidae">Cistecephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus" title="Cistecephalus">Cistecephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kawingasaurus" title="Kawingasaurus">Kawingasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kembawacela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroscaptor" title="Sauroscaptor">Sauroscaptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diictodon_EF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diictodon feliceps"><img alt="Diictodon feliceps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/140px-Diictodon_EF.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/210px-Diictodon_EF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/280px-Diictodon_EF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KingoriaDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dicynodontoides recurvidens"><img alt="Dicynodontoides recurvidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/140px-KingoriaDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/210px-KingoriaDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/280px-KingoriaDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Bidentalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bidentalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daqingshanodon" title="Daqingshanodon">Daqingshanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idelesaurus" title="Idelesaurus">Idelesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyseria" title="Keyseria">Keyseria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontocyclops" title="Odontocyclops">Odontocyclops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rastodon" title="Rastodon">Rastodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syops" title="Syops">Syops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elphidae" title="Elphidae">Elphidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elph_(therapsid)" title="Elph (therapsid)">Elph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpresosaurus" title="Interpresosaurus">Interpresosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katumbia" title="Katumbia">Katumbia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geikiidae" title="Geikiidae">Geikiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aulacephalodon" title="Aulacephalodon">Aulacephalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulbasaurus" title="Bulbasaurus">Bulbasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geikia" title="Geikia">Geikia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelanomodon" title="Pelanomodon">Pelanomodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oudenodontidae" title="Oudenodontidae">Oudenodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australobarbarus" title="Australobarbarus">Australobarbarus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oudenodon" title="Oudenodon">Oudenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropidostoma" title="Tropidostoma">Tropidostoma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhachiocephalidae" title="Rhachiocephalidae">Rhachiocephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitchinganomodon" title="Kitchinganomodon">Kitchinganomodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhachiocephalus" title="Rhachiocephalus">Rhachiocephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoidea" title="Dicynodontoidea">Dicynodontoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counillonia" title="Counillonia">Counillonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daptocephalus" title="Daptocephalus">Daptocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delectosaurus" title="Delectosaurus">Delectosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodon" title="Dicynodon">Dicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordonia_(synapsid)" title="Gordonia (synapsid)">Gordonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunpania" title="Kunpania">Kunpania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peramodon" title="Peramodon">Peramodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Repelinosaurus" title="Repelinosaurus">Repelinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoheodon" title="Taoheodon">Taoheodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turfanodon" title="Turfanodon">Turfanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vivaxosaurus" title="Vivaxosaurus">Vivaxosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lystrosauridae" title="Lystrosauridae">Lystrosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilodon" title="Basilodon">Basilodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euptychognathus" title="Euptychognathus">Euptychognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimusaria" title="Jimusaria">Jimusaria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwazulusaurus" title="Kwazulusaurus">Kwazulusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sintocephalus" title="Sintocephalus">Sintocephalus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeikiaDB17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geikia elginensis"><img alt="Geikia elginensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/140px-GeikiaDB17.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/210px-GeikiaDB17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/280px-GeikiaDB17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lystrosaurus murrayi"><img alt="Lystrosaurus murrayi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Kannemeyeriiformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kannemeyeriiformes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angonisaurus" title="Angonisaurus">Angonisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodontosaurus" title="Dinodontosaurus">Dinodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephantosaurus" title="Elephantosaurus">Elephantosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woznikella" title="Woznikella">Woznikella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shansiodontidae" title="Shansiodontidae">Shansiodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shansiodon" title="Shansiodon">Shansiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetragonias" title="Tetragonias">Tetragonias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinceria" title="Vinceria">Vinceria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinodicynodon" title="Rhinodicynodon">Rhinodicynodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannemeyeriidae">Kannemeyeriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acratophorus_argentinensis" title="Acratophorus argentinensis">Acratophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichuranus" title="Dolichuranus">Dolichuranus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeria" title="Kannemeyeria">Kannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakannemeyeria" title="Parakannemeyeria">Parakannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabidosaurus" title="Rabidosaurus">Rabidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rechnisaurus" title="Rechnisaurus">Rechnisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadiodromus" title="Rhadiodromus">Rhadiodromus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaanbeikannemeyeria" title="Shaanbeikannemeyeria">Shaanbeikannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinokannemeyeria" title="Sinokannemeyeria">Sinokannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uralokannemeyeria" title="Uralokannemeyeria">Uralokannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadiasaurus" title="Wadiasaurus">Wadiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiyukannemeyeria" title="Xiyukannemeyeria">Xiyukannemeyeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sungeodon" title="Sungeodon">Sungeodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Placeriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argodicynodon" title="Argodicynodon">Argodicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lisowicia" title="Lisowicia">Lisowicia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moghreberia" title="Moghreberia">Moghreberia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentasaurus" title="Pentasaurus">Pentasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placerias" title="Placerias">Placerias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zambiasaurus" title="Zambiasaurus">Zambiasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eubrachiosaurus" title="Eubrachiosaurus">Eubrachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ischigualastia" title="Ischigualastia">Ischigualastia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jachaleria" title="Jachaleria">Jachaleria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangusaurus" title="Sangusaurus">Sangusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeria" title="Stahleckeria">Stahleckeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ufudocyclops" title="Ufudocyclops">Ufudocyclops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowicia_bojani_J..png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lisowicia bojani"><img alt="Lisowicia bojani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/140px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png" decoding="async" width="140" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/210px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/280px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">Nomina dubia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azarifeneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Azarifeneria">Azarifeneria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiopsis (page does not exist)">Baiopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calleonasus" title="Calleonasus">Calleonasus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyoposaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelyoposaurus (page does not exist)">Chelyoposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristonasus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristonasus (page does not exist)">Cristonasus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diaelurodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaelurodon">Diaelurodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicranozygoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicranozygoma (page does not exist)">Dicranozygoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elatosaurus" title="Elatosaurus">Elatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurycarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycarpus">Eurycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haughtoniana" title="Haughtoniana">Haughtoniana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keirognathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keirognathus (page does not exist)">Keirognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koupia" title="Koupia">Koupia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasoplanites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasoplanites (page does not exist)">Nasoplanites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthoctenodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthoctenodon (page does not exist)">Opisthoctenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvobestiola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvobestiola (page does not exist)">Parvobestiola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planitorostris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planitorostris (page does not exist)">Planitorostris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platypodosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platypodosaurus (page does not exist)">Platypodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Putillosaurus" title="Putillosaurus">Putillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taognathus" title="Taognathus">Taognathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyletic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptodontia" title="Cryptodontia">Cryptodontia</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromasauria" title="Dromasauria">Dromasauria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Kembawacela</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71708346" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q71708346">Q71708346</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/159712724">159712724</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=398004">398004</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&oldid=1231994033">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&oldid=1231994033</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emydopoids" title="Category:Emydopoids">Emydopoids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wuchiapingian_genus_first_appearances" title="Category:Wuchiapingian genus first appearances">Wuchiapingian genus first appearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Changhsingian_genus_extinctions" title="Category:Changhsingian genus extinctions">Changhsingian genus extinctions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lopingian_synapsids_of_Africa" title="Category:Lopingian synapsids of Africa">Lopingian synapsids of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_Zambia" title="Category:Fossils of Zambia">Fossils of Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_Malawi" title="Category:Fossils of Malawi">Fossils of Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossil_taxa_described_in_2019" title="Category:Fossil taxa described in 2019">Fossil taxa described in 2019</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 July 2024, at 10:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kembawacela&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mlwhb","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.511","walltime":"1.855","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18544,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":237117,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":80072,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1637.001 1 -total"," 47.83% 783.041 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 21.63% 354.154 10 Template:Clade"," 15.64% 255.958 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.55% 221.789 1 Template:Geological_range/linked"," 13.33% 218.250 1 Template:Geological_range"," 12.66% 207.302 1 Template:Anomodontia"," 12.30% 201.363 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.27% 200.938 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 11.36% 185.992 1 Template:Phanerozoic_220px"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.008","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8057229,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","420","35.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","220","18.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","18.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","20","1.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","20","1.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getDescription","20","1.7"],["[others]","40","3.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bjwd6","timestamp":"20241124153044","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kembawacela","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kembawacela","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71708346","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71708346","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-10-21T02:21:23Z","dateModified":"2024-07-01T10:52:58Z","headline":"Genus of dicynodont therapsid (fossil)"}</script> </body> </html>