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biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Pareiasauria<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Permian">Middle Permian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Late_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Permian">Late Permian</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">265–252 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:130.30769230769px; width:4.4px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:130.30769230769px; width:4.4px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:131.30769230769px; width:2.4px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Scutosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scutosaurus.jpg/250px-Scutosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scutosaurus.jpg/375px-Scutosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scutosaurus.jpg/500px-Scutosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="962" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Skeleton of <i><a href="/wiki/Scutosaurus" title="Scutosaurus">Scutosaurus karpinskii</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pareiasauria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Procolophonomorpha" title="Procolophonomorpha">Procolophonomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Node</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ankyramorpha" title="Ankyramorpha">Ankyramorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Procolophonia" title="Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pareiasauromorpha" title="Pareiasauromorpha">Pareiasauromorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">Pareiasauroidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pareiasauria</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Harry_Govier_Seeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Govier Seeley">Seeley</a>, 1888</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bradysaurus" title="Bradysaurus">Bradysaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bunostegos" title="Bunostegos">Bunostegos</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Deltavjatia" title="Deltavjatia">Deltavjatia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Embrithosaurus" title="Embrithosaurus">Embrithosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Parasaurus" title="Parasaurus">Parasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Senectosaurus" title="Senectosaurus">Senectosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="/wiki/Velosauria" title="Velosauria">Velosauria</a></b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>Pumiliopareiasauria</b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Anthodon_(reptile)" title="Anthodon (reptile)">Anthodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Nanopareia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanopareia">Nanopareia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Provelosaurus" title="Provelosaurus">Provelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pumiliopareia" title="Pumiliopareia">Pumiliopareia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>Therischia</b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Arganaceras" title="Arganaceras">Arganaceras</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Pareiasaurus" title="Pareiasaurus">Pareiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sanchuansaurus" title="Sanchuansaurus">Sanchuansaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Scutosaurus" title="Scutosaurus">Scutosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Shihtienfenia" title="Shihtienfenia">Shihtienfenia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>Elgininiinae</b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Elginia" title="Elginia">Elginia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Obirkovia" title="Obirkovia">Obirkovia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Pareiasaurs</b> (meaning "cheek lizards") are an extinct clade of large, herbivorous <a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">parareptiles</a>. Members of the group were armoured with <a href="/wiki/Osteoderms" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoderms">osteoderms</a> which covered large areas of the body. They first appeared in southern <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangea</a> during the Middle Permian, before becoming globally distributed during the Late Permian. Pareiasaurs were the largest reptiles of the Permian, reaching sizes equivalent to those of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">therapsids</a>. Pareiasaurs became extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradysaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bradysaurus_BW.jpg/200px-Bradysaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bradysaurus_BW.jpg/300px-Bradysaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bradysaurus_BW.jpg/400px-Bradysaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Bradysaurus" title="Bradysaurus">Bradysaurus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Pareiasaurs ranged in size from 60 to 300 centimetres (2.0 to 9.8 ft) long, with some species estimated to exceed 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) in body mass.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The limbs of many parieasaurs were extremely robust, likely to account for the increased stress on their limbs caused by their typically sprawling posture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cow-sized <i><a href="/wiki/Bunostegos" title="Bunostegos">Bunostegos</a></i> differed from other pareiasaurs by having a more upright limb posture, being amongst the first amniotes to develop this trait.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pareiasaurs were protected by bony <a href="/wiki/Scute" title="Scute">scutes</a> called <a href="/wiki/Osteoderm" title="Osteoderm">osteoderms</a> that were set into the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their skulls were heavily ornamented with bosses, rugose ridges, and bumps.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their leaf-shaped multi-cusped teeth resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguanas</a>, indicating a herbivorous diet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body probably housed an extensive <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most authors have assumed a terrestrial lifestyle for pareiasaurs. A 2008 bone microanatomy study suggested a more aquatic, plausibly amphibious lifestyle,<sup id="cite_ref-K08_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K08-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a later 2019 study found that the bone histology provided no direct evidence of this lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pareiasaurs appear very suddenly in the fossil record. It is clear that these animals are <a href="/wiki/Parareptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parareptiles">parareptiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gauthieretal1988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gauthieretal1988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laurin&reisz1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laurin&reisz1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Nycteroleterid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nycteroleterid">nycteroleterids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pareiasaurs filled the large herbivore <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">guild</a>) that had been occupied early in the Permian period by the <a href="/wiki/Caseidae" title="Caseidae">caseid</a> pelycosaurs and, before them, the <a href="/wiki/Diadectid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadectid">diadectid</a> reptiliomorphs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are much larger than the diadectids, more similar to the giant caseid pelycosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Cotylorhynchus" title="Cotylorhynchus">Cotylorhynchus</a></i>. Although the last Pareiasaurs were no larger than the first types (indeed, many of the last ones became smaller), there was a definite tendency towards increased armour as the group developed. Pareiasaurs first appeared in the fossil record in the Middle Permian (<a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a>) of Southern Pangaea, before dispersing into Northern Pangaea and gaining a cosmopolitan distribution during the Late Permian (<a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some paleontologists considered that pareiasaurs were direct ancestors of modern <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. Pareiasaur skulls have several turtle-like features, and in some species the scutes have developed into bony plates, possibly the precursors of a turtle shell.<sup id="cite_ref-lee1997_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee1997-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jalil and Janvier, in a large analysis of pareiasaur relationships, also found turtles to be close relatives of the "dwarf" pareiasaurs, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pumiliopareia" title="Pumiliopareia">Pumiliopareia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jalil&janvier2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jalil&janvier2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the discovery of <i><a href="/wiki/Pappochelys" title="Pappochelys">Pappochelys</a></i> argues against a potential pareisaurian relationship to turtles,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and DNA evidence indicates that living turtles are more closely related to living <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a> than <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">lepidosaurs</a>, and therefore cladistically <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_clades">Associated clades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Associated clades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hallucicrania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucicrania">Hallucicrania</a></b> (Lee 1995): This clade was coined by MSY Lee for <a href="/wiki/Lanthanosuchidae" title="Lanthanosuchidae">Lanthanosuchidae</a> + (Pareiasauridae + <a href="/wiki/Testudines" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudines">Testudines</a>). Lee's pareiasaur hypothesis has become untenable due to the diapsid features of the stem turtle <i>Pappochelys</i> and the potential testudinatan nature of <i><a href="/wiki/Eunotosaurus" title="Eunotosaurus">Eunotosaurus</a></i>. Recent cladistic analyses reveal that lanthanosuchids have a much more basal position in the <a href="/wiki/Procolophonomorpha" title="Procolophonomorpha">Procolophonomorpha</a>, and that the nearest sister taxon to the pareiasaurs are the rather unexceptional and conventional looking <a href="/wiki/Nycteroleterid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nycteroleterid">nycteroleterids</a> (Müller & Tsuji 2007, Lyson <i>et al</i>. 2010) the two being united in the clade Pareiasauromorpha (Tsuji <i>et al</i>. 2012). </p><p><b>Pareiasauroidea</b> (Nopcsa, 1928): This clade (as opposed to the superfamily or suborder Pareiasauroidea) was used by Lee (1995) for Pareiasauridae + <i>Sclerosaurus</i>. More recent cladistic studies place <i>Sclerosaurus</i> in the procolophonid subfamily Leptopleuroninae (Cisneros 2006, Sues & Reisz 2008), which means the similarities with pareiasaurs are the result of convergences. </p><p><b>Pareiasauria</b> (Seeley, 1988): If neither Lanthanosuchidae or Testudines are included in the clade, the Pareiasauria only contains the monophyletic family Pareiasauridae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> from Tsuji <i>et al.</i> (2013):<sup id="cite_ref-T13Bunostegos_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T13Bunostegos-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Pareiasauria</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bradysaurus_seeleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradysaurus seeleyi">"Bradysaurus" seeleyi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bradysaurus_baini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradysaurus baini">Bradysaurus baini</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nochelesaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nochelesaurus">Nochelesaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Embrithosaurus" title="Embrithosaurus">Embrithosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bunostegos" title="Bunostegos">Bunostegos</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Deltavjatia" title="Deltavjatia">Deltavjatia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Parasaurus" title="Parasaurus">Parasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Velosauria" title="Velosauria">Velosauria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nanoparia" title="Nanoparia">Nanoparia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Provelosaurus" title="Provelosaurus">Provelosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Anthodon_(reptile)" title="Anthodon (reptile)">Anthodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pumiliopareia" title="Pumiliopareia">Pumiliopareia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Shansisaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Shansisaurus">Shansisaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Shihtienfenia" title="Shihtienfenia">Shihtienfenia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pareiasuchus_peringueyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasuchus peringueyi">Pareiasuchus peringueyi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pareiasuchus_nasicornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasuchus nasicornis">Pareiasuchus nasicornis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Arganaceras" title="Arganaceras">Arganaceras</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Elginia" title="Elginia">Elginia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Obirkovia" title="Obirkovia">Obirkovia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Pareiasaurus" title="Pareiasaurus">Pareiasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sanchuansaurus" title="Sanchuansaurus">Sanchuansaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Scutosaurus" title="Scutosaurus">Scutosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRomanoManucciRubidgeVan_den_Brandt2021" class="citation journal cs1">Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio; Rubidge, Bruce; Van den Brandt, Marc J. (2021-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffevo.2021.692035">"Volumetric Body Mass Estimate and in vivo Reconstruction of the Russian Pareiasaur Scutosaurus karpinskii"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>9</b>: 692035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffevo.2021.692035">10.3389/fevo.2021.692035</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1634310">11573/1634310</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-701X">2296-701X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Volumetric+Body+Mass+Estimate+and+in+vivo+Reconstruction+of+the+Russian+Pareiasaur+Scutosaurus+karpinskii&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=692035&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11573%2F1634310&rft.issn=2296-701X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffevo.2021.692035&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Manucci%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Rubidge%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Van+den+Brandt%2C+Marc+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffevo.2021.692035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_BrandtDayManucciViglietti2023" class="citation journal cs1">Van den Brandt, Marc Johan; Day, Michael Oliver; Manucci, Fabio; Viglietti, Pia Alexa; Angielczyk, Kenneth David; Romano, Marco (2023-02-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2175211">"First volumetric body mass estimate and a new in vivo 3D reconstruction of the oldest Karoo pareiasaur Bradysaurus baini, and body size evolution in Pareiasauria"</a>. <i>Historical Biology</i>: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2023.2175211">10.1080/08912963.2023.2175211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-2963">0891-2963</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257369904">257369904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&rft.atitle=First+volumetric+body+mass+estimate+and+a+new+in+vivo+3D+reconstruction+of+the+oldest+Karoo+pareiasaur+Bradysaurus+baini%2C+and+body+size+evolution+in+Pareiasauria&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257369904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0891-2963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2023.2175211&rft.aulast=Van+den+Brandt&rft.aufirst=Marc+Johan&rft.au=Day%2C+Michael+Oliver&rft.au=Manucci%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Viglietti%2C+Pia+Alexa&rft.au=Angielczyk%2C+Kenneth+David&rft.au=Romano%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2023.2175211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerTsujiIdeSidor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Morgan L.; Tsuji, Linda A.; Ide, Oumarou; Sidor, Christian A. (2015-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2014.994746">"The vertebrate fauna of the upper Permian of Niger—IX. 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"A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan". <i>Nature</i>. <b>523</b> (7562): 584–587. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.523..584S">2015Natur.523..584S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14472">10.1038/nature14472</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26106865">26106865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205243837">205243837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Middle+Triassic+stem-turtle+and+the+evolution+of+the+turtle+body+plan&rft.volume=523&rft.issue=7562&rft.pages=584-587&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205243837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26106865&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.523..584S&rft.aulast=Schoch&rft.aufirst=Rainer+R.&rft.au=Sues%2C+Hans-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordParhamSellasFaircloth2015" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Nicholas G.; Parham, James F.; Sellas, Anna B.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Glenn, Travis C.; Papenfuss, Theodore J.; Henderson, James B.; Hansen, Madison H.; Simison, W. Brian (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790314003819">"A phylogenomic analysis of turtles"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>83</b>: 250–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2014.10.021">10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25450099">25450099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+phylogenomic+analysis+of+turtles&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=250-257&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2014.10.021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25450099&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+G.&rft.au=Parham%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Sellas%2C+Anna+B.&rft.au=Faircloth%2C+Brant+C.&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Travis+C.&rft.au=Papenfuss%2C+Theodore+J.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+James+B.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Madison+H.&rft.au=Simison%2C+W.+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1055790314003819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T13Bunostegos-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T13Bunostegos_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsujiSidorSteyerSmith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tsuji, L. A.; Sidor, C. A.; Steyer, J. - S. B.; Smith, R. M. H.; Tabor, N. J.; Ide, O. (2013). "The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger—VII. Cranial anatomy and relationships of <i>Bunostegos akokanensis</i> (Pareiasauria)". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 747–763. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JVPal..33..747T">2013JVPal..33..747T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.739537">10.1080/02724634.2013.739537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86097405">86097405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+vertebrate+fauna+of+the+Upper+Permian+of+Niger%E2%80%94VII.+Cranial+anatomy+and+relationships+of+Bunostegos+akokanensis+%28Pareiasauria%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=747-763&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86097405%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2013.739537&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JVPal..33..747T&rft.aulast=Tsuji&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft.au=Sidor%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Steyer%2C+J.+-+S.+B.&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.+M.+H.&rft.au=Tabor%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Ide%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carroll, R. L., (1988), <i>Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution</i>, W.H. Freeman & Co. New York, p. 205</li> <li>Kuhn, O, 1969, Cotylosauria, part 6 of <i>Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie</i> (Encyclopedia of Palaeoherpetology), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart & Portland</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology2013" class="citation news cs1">Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (24 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130624152601.htm">"Pareiasaur: Bumpy beast was a desert dweller"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123042112/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/130624152601.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Pareiasaur%3A+Bumpy+beast+was+a+desert+dweller&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft.au=Society+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2013%2F06%2F130624152601.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/anapsids/pareiasauria.html">"Introduction to Pareiasauria: An Upper Permian group of Anapsids"</a>. <i>Ucmp.berkeley.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927141736/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/anapsids/pareiasauria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ucmp.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Pareiasauria%3A+An+Upper+Permian+group+of+Anapsids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fanapsids%2Fpareiasauria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209103827/http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Parareptilia/Hallucicrania.htm">"Hallucicrania [Pareiasauriformes]"</a>. <i>Mikko's Phylogeny Archive</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Parareptilia/Hallucicrania.htm">the original</a> on 2007-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mikko%27s+Phylogeny+Archive&rft.atitle=Hallucicrania+%5BPareiasauriformes%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmnh.helsinki.fi%2Fusers%2Fhaaramo%2FMetazoa%2FDeuterostoma%2FChordata%2FReptilia%2FParareptilia%2FHallucicrania.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409173628/http://www.palaeos.com/vertebrates/Units/Unit200/200.html">"Anapsida: Hallucicrania"</a>. <i>Palaeos</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeos.com/vertebrates/Units/Unit200/200.html">the original</a> on 2005-04-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palaeos&rft.atitle=Anapsida%3A+Hallucicrania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeos.com%2Fvertebrates%2FUnits%2FUnit200%2F200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APareiasauria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Procolophonia" title="Template:Procolophonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Procolophonia" title="Template talk:Procolophonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Procolophonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Procolophonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Procolophonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Procolophonia" title="Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Superclass:_Tetrapoda_*_Clade:_Amniota_*_Class:_Sauropsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Superclass: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropsida" title="Template:Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Procolophonia" title="Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #ddddff; font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Procolophonia" title="Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nyctiphruretidae?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nyctiphruretidae" title="Nyctiphruretidae">Nyctiphruretidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abyssomedon" title="Abyssomedon">Abyssomedon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctiphruretus" title="Nyctiphruretus">Nyctiphruretus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elginia_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elginia mirabilis"><img alt="Elginia mirabilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Elginia_BW.jpg/140px-Elginia_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Elginia_BW.jpg/210px-Elginia_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Elginia_BW.jpg/280px-Elginia_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypsognathus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypsognathus fenneri"><img alt="Hypsognathus fenneri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hypsognathus_BW.jpg/140px-Hypsognathus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hypsognathus_BW.jpg/210px-Hypsognathus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hypsognathus_BW.jpg/280px-Hypsognathus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pareiasauromorpha" title="Pareiasauromorpha">Pareiasauromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanosuchidae" title="Lanthanosuchidae">Lanthanosuchidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chalcosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chalcosaurus (page does not exist)">Chalcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanthaniscus" title="Lanthaniscus">Lanthaniscus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanthanosuchus" title="Lanthanosuchus">Lanthanosuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nycteroleteridae" title="Nycteroleteridae">Nycteroleteridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bashkyroleter" title="Bashkyroleter">Bashkyroleter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emeroleter" title="Emeroleter">Emeroleter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macroleter" title="Macroleter">Macroleter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nycteroleter" title="Nycteroleter">Nycteroleter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhipaeosaurus" title="Rhipaeosaurus">Rhipaeosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">Pareiasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bradysaurus" title="Bradysaurus">Bradysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunostegos" title="Bunostegos">Bunostegos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltavjatia" title="Deltavjatia">Deltavjatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Embrithosaurus" title="Embrithosaurus">Embrithosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nochelesaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nochelesaurus">Nochelesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasaurus" title="Parasaurus">Parasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senectosaurus" title="Senectosaurus">Senectosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pumiliopareiasauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumiliopareiasauria">Pumiliopareiasauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthodon_(reptile)" title="Anthodon (reptile)">Anthodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanoparia" title="Nanoparia">Nanoparia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provelosaurus" title="Provelosaurus">Provelosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pumiliopareia" title="Pumiliopareia">Pumiliopareia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therischia" class="mw-redirect" title="Therischia">Therischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arganaceras" title="Arganaceras">Arganaceras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elginia" title="Elginia">Elginia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obirkovia" title="Obirkovia">Obirkovia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pareiasaurus" title="Pareiasaurus">Pareiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanchuansaurus" title="Sanchuansaurus">Sanchuansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scutosaurus" title="Scutosaurus">Scutosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shihtienfenia" title="Shihtienfenia">Shihtienfenia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Procolophonoidea" title="Procolophonoidea">Procolophonoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Owenettidae" title="Owenettidae">Owenettidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barasaurus" title="Barasaurus">Barasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_barbouri" title="Candelaria barbouri">Candelaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Owenetta" title="Owenetta">Owenetta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruhuhuaria" title="Ruhuhuaria">Ruhuhuaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurodektes" title="Saurodektes">Saurodektes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Procolophonidae" title="Procolophonidae">Procolophonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coartaredens" title="Coartaredens">Coartaredens</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coletta_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coletta (genus)">Coletta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eomurruna" title="Eomurruna">Eomurruna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gomphiosauridion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gomphiosauridion (page does not exist)">Gomphiosauridion</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinelia (page does not exist)">Kinelia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitchingnathus" title="Kitchingnathus">Kitchingnathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lasasaurus" title="Lasasaurus">Lasasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryporan" title="Oryporan">Oryporan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaanthosaurus" title="Phaanthosaurus">Phaanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pintosaurus" title="Pintosaurus">Pintosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauropareion" title="Sauropareion">Sauropareion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smilodonterpeton" title="Smilodonterpeton">Smilodonterpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphenosaurus" title="Sphenosaurus">Sphenosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spondylolestes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spondylolestes (page does not exist)">Spondylolestes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchonosaurus" title="Suchonosaurus">Suchonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theledectes" title="Theledectes">Theledectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tichvinskia" title="Tichvinskia">Tichvinskia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tricuspisaurus" title="Tricuspisaurus">Tricuspisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenodiphyodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenodiphyodon (page does not exist)">Xenodiphyodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youngetta" title="Youngetta">Youngetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leptopleuroninae" title="Leptopleuroninae">Leptopleuroninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basileosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basileosaurus (page does not exist)">Basileosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornualbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornualbus (page does not exist)">Cornualbus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hwiccewyrm" title="Hwiccewyrm">Hwiccewyrm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypsognathus" title="Hypsognathus">Hypsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koiloskiosaurus" title="Koiloskiosaurus">Koiloskiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptopleuron" title="Leptopleuron">Leptopleuron</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libognathus" title="Libognathus">Libognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandaphon" title="Mandaphon">Mandaphon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neoprocolophon" title="Neoprocolophon">Neoprocolophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaedrusaurus" title="Pentaedrusaurus">Pentaedrusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phonodus" title="Phonodus">Phonodus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sclerosaurus" title="Sclerosaurus">Sclerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scoloparia" title="Scoloparia">Scoloparia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soturnia" title="Soturnia">Soturnia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Procolophoninae" title="Procolophoninae">Procolophoninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anomoiodon" title="Anomoiodon">Anomoiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burtensia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burtensia (page does not exist)">Burtensia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eumetabolodon" title="Eumetabolodon">Eumetabolodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insulophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insulophon (page does not exist)">Insulophon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapes_(genus)" title="Kapes (genus)">Kapes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lestanshoria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lestanshoria (page does not exist)">Lestanshoria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orenburgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orenburgia (page does not exist)">Orenburgia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procolina" title="Procolina">Procolina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procolophon" title="Procolophon">Procolophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaria_(reptile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaria (reptile) (page does not exist)">Samaria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teratophon" title="Teratophon">Teratophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelephon" title="Thelephon">Thelephon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelerpeton" title="Thelerpeton">Thelerpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timanophon" title="Timanophon">Timanophon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pareiasauridae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132831" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q132831">Q132831</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pareiasauridae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pareiasauridae">Pareiasauridae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4532164">4532164</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4818548">4818548</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=116439">116439</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4128694">4128694</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37557">37557</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&oldid=1234490245">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pareiasauria&oldid=1234490245</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pareiasaurs" 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