Typhus | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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initial-article-data="{"article":{"id":"83350","author_text":"&author;","revisor":null,"major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"article","itunes_songs":null,"indigo":null,"itunes_title_en":null,"itunes_title_fr":null,"indigo_title_en":null,"indigo_title_fr":null,"status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2015-02-17T16:43:36.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"Typhus","slug":"typhus","alt_slug":null,"summary":"Typhus, see EPIDEMIC.","body":"<h3>Typhus<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t Typhus, <em>see<\/em> <a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">Epidemic<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"translations":[{"id":"28a6a159-85b7-4b23-90ba-d38d0c4d8efc","article_id":"83350","title":"Typhus","summary":"Typhus, see EPIDEMIC.","body":"<h3>Typhus<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t Typhus, <em>see<\/em> <a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">Epidemic<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"typhus","alt_slug":null,"twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2015-02-17T16:43:36.000000Z"},{"id":"9204e924-2722-4f16-b84e-3c76a3a1a824","article_id":"83350","title":"Typhus","summary":"Voir \u00c9PID\u00c9MIES.","body":"<h3>Typhus<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t <em>Voir <\/em><a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">\u00c9PID\u00c9MIES<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"typhus","alt_slug":null,"twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2015-02-17T16:43:36.000000Z"}],"widgets":[],"links":[],"recommended_readings":[],"tags":[],"sponsors":[],"translation":{"id":"28a6a159-85b7-4b23-90ba-d38d0c4d8efc","article_id":"83350","title":"Typhus","summary":"Typhus, see EPIDEMIC.","body":"<h3>Typhus<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t Typhus, <em>see<\/em> <a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">Epidemic<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"typhus","alt_slug":null,"twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2015-02-17T16:43:36.000000Z"},"media":[],"related_collections":[]},"related_articles":[{"id":"71948","author_text":"Howard Morrison","revisor":null,"major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"article","itunes_songs":null,"indigo":null,"itunes_title_en":null,"itunes_title_fr":null,"indigo_title_en":null,"indigo_title_fr":null,"status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2016-06-21T15:26:38.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"Epidemiology","slug":"epidemiology","alt_slug":null,"summary":"Epidemiology is the branch of medical science devoted to the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. Descriptive and analytic epidemiology are observational, whereas clinical epidemiology is experimental in nature.","body":"<h3>Epidemiology<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tEpidemiology is the branch of medical science devoted to the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. Descriptive and analytic epidemiology are observational, whereas clinical epidemiology is experimental in nature. Descriptive epidemiology is used to identify populations at an increased or decreased risk of disease or death, while analytic epidemiology is used to identify risk or protective factors for diseases.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDescriptive studies include the collection of data, analysis and dissemination of findings on disease incidence (new cases), prevalence, morbidity, survival and mortality. Analytic studies include case-control studies that compare individuals who have a disease with those who don't regarding their exposure to some potentially hazardous agent, and cohort studies, in which the disease experience of individuals exposed to an agent is compared with that of an unexposed population. Experimental epidemiology is restricted to the conduct of clinical trials.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tGraduate school programs in epidemiology are offered at 10 Canadian universities: the universities of Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia, Western Ontario, Toronto and Ottawa, and McGill University, Queen's University, Dalhousie University and McMaster University. Only two, McGill University and the University of Toronto, have long-standing PhD programs; other schools offer Master's degrees. Epidemiology programs are usually located within schools of Public Health or Community Medicine, and are often associated with biostatistics programs. Although there are no undergraduate programs in epidemiology, courses are offered as part of some undergraduate health sciences programs. Graduate students in epidemiology typically have an educational background in biology, statistics, medicine, nursing or social sciences.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tEpidemiologic research is conducted by universities, governments and private industry. Federal and provincial governments (including provincial cancer agencies) are involved in disease surveillance and risk factor identification, whereas local health departments typically focus on disease surveillance and health promotion. The pharmaceutical industry conducts clinical trials to test the effectiveness of new therapeutic agents.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUntil the 1960s most epidemiologic research focused on infectious disease outbreaks. The increasing importance of chronic diseases, coupled with methodologic advances, has led to a substantial increase in epidemiologic studies of chronic diseases such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/cancer\/\">cancer<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/heart-disease\/\">heart disease<\/a>. These studies have highlighted the importance of lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking and diet in the etiology of these diseases. The advent of <a href=\"\/article\/aids\/\">AIDS<\/a> and the resurgence of \"old\" diseases such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tuberculosis\/\">tuberculosis<\/a> has resulted in a renewed interest in infectious disease epidemiology.\r\n<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"pivot":{"model_id":"83350","relatable_id":"71948","relatable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","position":0},"translations":[{"id":"8b4f4604-0c85-4c88-9306-9a2d6c6015e6","article_id":"71948","title":"Epidemiology","summary":"Epidemiology is the branch of medical science devoted to the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. Descriptive and analytic epidemiology are observational, whereas clinical epidemiology is experimental in nature.","body":"<h3>Epidemiology<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tEpidemiology is the branch of medical science devoted to the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations. Descriptive and analytic epidemiology are observational, whereas clinical epidemiology is experimental in nature. Descriptive epidemiology is used to identify populations at an increased or decreased risk of disease or death, while analytic epidemiology is used to identify risk or protective factors for diseases.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDescriptive studies include the collection of data, analysis and dissemination of findings on disease incidence (new cases), prevalence, morbidity, survival and mortality. Analytic studies include case-control studies that compare individuals who have a disease with those who don't regarding their exposure to some potentially hazardous agent, and cohort studies, in which the disease experience of individuals exposed to an agent is compared with that of an unexposed population. Experimental epidemiology is restricted to the conduct of clinical trials.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tGraduate school programs in epidemiology are offered at 10 Canadian universities: the universities of Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia, Western Ontario, Toronto and Ottawa, and McGill University, Queen's University, Dalhousie University and McMaster University. Only two, McGill University and the University of Toronto, have long-standing PhD programs; other schools offer Master's degrees. Epidemiology programs are usually located within schools of Public Health or Community Medicine, and are often associated with biostatistics programs. Although there are no undergraduate programs in epidemiology, courses are offered as part of some undergraduate health sciences programs. Graduate students in epidemiology typically have an educational background in biology, statistics, medicine, nursing or social sciences.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tEpidemiologic research is conducted by universities, governments and private industry. Federal and provincial governments (including provincial cancer agencies) are involved in disease surveillance and risk factor identification, whereas local health departments typically focus on disease surveillance and health promotion. The pharmaceutical industry conducts clinical trials to test the effectiveness of new therapeutic agents.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tUntil the 1960s most epidemiologic research focused on infectious disease outbreaks. The increasing importance of chronic diseases, coupled with methodologic advances, has led to a substantial increase in epidemiologic studies of chronic diseases such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/cancer\/\">cancer<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/heart-disease\/\">heart disease<\/a>. These studies have highlighted the importance of lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking and diet in the etiology of these diseases. The advent of <a href=\"\/article\/aids\/\">AIDS<\/a> and the resurgence of \"old\" diseases such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/article\/tuberculosis\/\">tuberculosis<\/a> has resulted in a renewed interest in infectious disease epidemiology.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"epidemiology","alt_slug":null,"twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2016-06-21T15:26:38.000000Z"},{"id":"c9f9fab4-8360-4ba4-8b1c-4340be140602","article_id":"71948","title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie","summary":"L'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie est la branche de la m\u00e9decine qui \u00e9tudie la r\u00e9partition et les causes des maladies touchant la population d'un territoire d\u00e9termin\u00e9.","body":"<h3>\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\tL'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie est la branche de la m\u00e9decine qui \u00e9tudie la r\u00e9partition et les causes des maladies touchant la population d'un territoire d\u00e9termin\u00e9. L'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie d'observation regroupe l'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie descriptive et l'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie analytique tandis que l'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie clinique est de nature exp\u00e9rimentale. L'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie descriptive sert \u00e0 rep\u00e9rer les populations menac\u00e9es par un risque de maladie ou de mortalit\u00e9 croissant ou d\u00e9croissant, alors que l'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie analytique sert \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir les facteurs de risque ou de protection contre les maladies.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLes \u00e9tudes descriptives comprennent la collecte de donn\u00e9es, l'analyse et la distribution des r\u00e9sultats sur l'incidence des maladies (cas nouveaux), leur pr\u00e9valence, leur morbidit\u00e9, ainsi que la survie et la mortalit\u00e9. Les \u00e9tudes analytiques comprennent les \u00e9tudes cas-t\u00e9moins qui comparent un groupe de malades et un groupe-t\u00e9moin de personnes en bonne sant\u00e9 \u00e0 l'\u00e9gard de leur exposition \u00e0 un agent potentiellement dangereux, et les \u00e9tudes de cohortes dans lesquelles les individus atteints d'une maladie apr\u00e8s une exposition \u00e0 un agent sont compar\u00e9s avec ceux d'une population non expos\u00e9e. L'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie exp\u00e9rimentale se limite \u00e0 des essais cliniques.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLes programmes d'\u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie sont offerts dans 10 universit\u00e9s canadiennes : les universit\u00e9s de l'Alberta, du Manitoba, de la Colombie-Britannique, de Western Ontario, de Toronto, d'Ottawa et les universit\u00e9s McGill, Queen, Dalhousie et McMaster. Deux seulement, l'U. McGill et l'U. de Toronto, offrent depuis longtemps des programmes de doctorat; les autres \u00e9coles pr\u00e9parent au dipl\u00f4me de ma\u00eetrise. Les programmes d'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie font g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement partie des facult\u00e9s de sant\u00e9 publique et de m\u00e9decine communautaire, et d\u00e9veloppent souvent des programmes mixtes avec les bio-statistiques. Il n'existe pas de programme de premier cycle en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie mais des cours sont offerts \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur des programmes de premier cycle en sciences de la sant\u00e9. Les \u00e9tudiants des 2<sup>e<\/sup> et 3<sup>e<\/sup> cycles en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie ont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des acquis en biologie, en statistiques, en m\u00e9decine, en soins infirmiers ou en sciences sociales.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLa recherche en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie est dirig\u00e9e par les universit\u00e9s, les gouvernements et l'industrie priv\u00e9e. Les gouvernements f\u00e9d\u00e9ral et provinciaux (y compris les organismes de recherche sur le cancer) participent \u00e0 la surveillance \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique et \u00e0 la d\u00e9couverte des facteurs de risque, alors que les d\u00e9partements de sant\u00e9 locaux se concentrent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur la surveillance des maladies et la promotion de la sant\u00e9. L'industrie pharmaceutique proc\u00e8de \u00e0 des essais cliniques pour v\u00e9rifier l'efficacit\u00e9 de nouveaux agents th\u00e9rapeutiques.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tJusque dans les ann\u00e9es 60, la majeure partie de la recherche en \u00e9pid\u00e9miologie portait sur les flamb\u00e9es de maladies infectieuses. L'importance croissante des maladies chroniques et les progr\u00e8s m\u00e9thodologiques ont amen\u00e9 une augmentation substantielle des \u00e9tudes \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques de maladies chroniques comme le <a href=\"\/article\/cancer\/\">CANCER<\/a> et les <a href=\"\/article\/heart-disease\/\">CARDIOPATHIES<\/a>. Ces \u00e9tudes ont mis en \u00e9vidence l'importance des facteurs reli\u00e9s aux habitudes de vie comme le tabagisme et le r\u00e9gime alimentaire dans l'\u00e9tiologie de ces maladies. L'apparition du <a href=\"\/article\/aids\/\">SIDA<\/a>et le r\u00e9veil de \u00ab vieilles \u00bb maladies comme la <a href=\"\/article\/tuberculosis\/\">TUBERCULOSE<\/a> ont provoqu\u00e9 un int\u00e9r\u00eat renouvel\u00e9 pour l'\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie des maladies infectieuses.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"epidemiologie","alt_slug":null,"twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2006-02-08T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2016-06-21T15:26:38.000000Z"}]},{"id":"88054","author_text":"","revisor":"Patricia G. Bailey","major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"article","itunes_songs":"","indigo":"","itunes_title_en":"","itunes_title_fr":"","indigo_title_en":"","indigo_title_fr":"","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2009-05-19T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-03-25T13:11:23.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"Cholera in Canada","slug":"cholera","alt_slug":"","summary":"Cholera first reached Canada in 1832, brought by immigrants from Britain. Epidemics occurred in 1832, 1834, 1849, 1851, 1852 and 1854. There were cases in Halifax in 1881. The epidemics killed at least 20 000 people in Canada.","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/thumbnails\/1b3552ab-1a36-43e8-83ad-6e0bac2b7ab6.jpg\" title='Cholera Epidemic' alt='Cholera Epidemic' \/><figcaption>Black smoke hangs over Qu\u00e9bec in 1832 as terrified citizens burn smudge pots to combat cholera. Painting by Joseph L\u00e9gar\u00e9. (Courtesy National Gallery of Canada).<\/figcaption><\/div>\r\n<h3>Cholera<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"javascript:DisplayMedia('3977', '3977', '3977', 400, 282, 0, 0, 0);\" name=\"3977\"><\/a> Cholera is an acute infectious disease of the intestines, acquired by consuming water or food contaminated by the bacterium <em>Vibrio cholerae<\/em>. Cholera causes the production of severe watery diarrhea. Left untreated the disease can rapidly cause extreme dehydration, leading to kidney failure and possible death. A weak physical condition increases the likelihood of severe symptoms and possibly serious complications from the disease. Cholera is treated with electrolyte solutions, also known as oral rehydration salts, in order to replace lost nutrients from the body.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tCholera first reached Canada in 1832, brought by immigrants from Britain. Epidemics occurred in 1832, 1834, 1849, 1851, 1852 and 1854. There were cases in Halifax in 1881. The epidemics killed at least 20 000 people in Canada. Cholera was feared because it was deadly and no one understood how it spread or how to treat it. The death rate for untreated cases is extremely high. Grosse \u00cele, near Qu\u00e9bec, was opened in 1832 as a quarantine station and all ships stopped there for inspection.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDuring epidemics, individual towns attempted to quarantine themselves against the disease. When quarantine failed to stop the disease, public health measures were taken by towns and provincial and colonial governments. The response to cholera encouraged governments to act to protect the health of Canadians and to provide for the sick. Not all the actions were popular and in some areas riots ensued, with crowds burning the cholera hospitals. Anger over cholera contributed to the antigovernment agitation in Lower Canada in the 1830s. Cholera was fairly common around the world prior to the advent of modern sanitation methods developed in the 20th century. Familiarity with the disease reduced the fear in later epidemics and a better understanding of how it spreads has made more effective prevention possible.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn the modern world cholera becomes endemic due to a lack of infrastructure and weak health care systems that lower the effectiveness of sanitation and contribute to conditions that allow the bacteria to thrive. The disease is common in refugee camps because of crowded and unsanitary conditions. South America had outbreaks of cholera in the 1990s and outbreaks continue to occur sporadically in southern Africa. Cholera is endemic in Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique. In Zimbabwe, deteriorating political conditions have also affected the social system and cholera is becoming endemic even in the nation's capital, Harare, where modern sanitation formerly helped prevent cholera. Medical professionals are attempting to improve public education about cholera prevention in regions prone to it, but without government investment in sanitation infrastructure, only limited success can be achieved.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe annual number of reported cases of cholera in Canada during 1995 to 2004 ranged from 1 to 8. Most cases in Canada result from international travel to an affected region. Cholera is considered a \"reportable disease,\" which means that local, national and international health authorities must be notified upon discovery. Reporting diseases is an important practice for <a href=\"\/article\/epidemiology\/\">EPIDEMIOLOGY<\/a>, which allows for disease monitoring and establishes patterns of occurrence around the globe. Other reportable diseases include active cases of <a href=\"\/article\/tuberculosis\/\">TUBERCULOSIS<\/a>, syphilis and <a href=\"\/article\/aids\/\">HIV\/AIDS<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">EPIDEMIC<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"pivot":{"model_id":"83350","relatable_id":"88054","relatable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","position":0},"translations":[{"id":"a2b25283-16b7-4592-b2cd-2f58d3e53a8e","article_id":"88054","title":"Cholera in Canada","summary":"Cholera first reached Canada in 1832, brought by immigrants from Britain. Epidemics occurred in 1832, 1834, 1849, 1851, 1852 and 1854. There were cases in Halifax in 1881. The epidemics killed at least 20 000 people in Canada.","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/thumbnails\/1b3552ab-1a36-43e8-83ad-6e0bac2b7ab6.jpg\" title='Cholera Epidemic' alt='Cholera Epidemic' \/><figcaption>Black smoke hangs over Qu\u00e9bec in 1832 as terrified citizens burn smudge pots to combat cholera. Painting by Joseph L\u00e9gar\u00e9. (Courtesy National Gallery of Canada).<\/figcaption><\/div>\r\n<h3>Cholera<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"javascript:DisplayMedia('3977', '3977', '3977', 400, 282, 0, 0, 0);\" name=\"3977\"><\/a> Cholera is an acute infectious disease of the intestines, acquired by consuming water or food contaminated by the bacterium <em>Vibrio cholerae<\/em>. Cholera causes the production of severe watery diarrhea. Left untreated the disease can rapidly cause extreme dehydration, leading to kidney failure and possible death. A weak physical condition increases the likelihood of severe symptoms and possibly serious complications from the disease. Cholera is treated with electrolyte solutions, also known as oral rehydration salts, in order to replace lost nutrients from the body.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tCholera first reached Canada in 1832, brought by immigrants from Britain. Epidemics occurred in 1832, 1834, 1849, 1851, 1852 and 1854. There were cases in Halifax in 1881. The epidemics killed at least 20 000 people in Canada. Cholera was feared because it was deadly and no one understood how it spread or how to treat it. The death rate for untreated cases is extremely high. Grosse \u00cele, near Qu\u00e9bec, was opened in 1832 as a quarantine station and all ships stopped there for inspection.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDuring epidemics, individual towns attempted to quarantine themselves against the disease. When quarantine failed to stop the disease, public health measures were taken by towns and provincial and colonial governments. The response to cholera encouraged governments to act to protect the health of Canadians and to provide for the sick. Not all the actions were popular and in some areas riots ensued, with crowds burning the cholera hospitals. Anger over cholera contributed to the antigovernment agitation in Lower Canada in the 1830s. Cholera was fairly common around the world prior to the advent of modern sanitation methods developed in the 20th century. Familiarity with the disease reduced the fear in later epidemics and a better understanding of how it spreads has made more effective prevention possible.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tIn the modern world cholera becomes endemic due to a lack of infrastructure and weak health care systems that lower the effectiveness of sanitation and contribute to conditions that allow the bacteria to thrive. The disease is common in refugee camps because of crowded and unsanitary conditions. South America had outbreaks of cholera in the 1990s and outbreaks continue to occur sporadically in southern Africa. Cholera is endemic in Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique. In Zimbabwe, deteriorating political conditions have also affected the social system and cholera is becoming endemic even in the nation's capital, Harare, where modern sanitation formerly helped prevent cholera. Medical professionals are attempting to improve public education about cholera prevention in regions prone to it, but without government investment in sanitation infrastructure, only limited success can be achieved.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tThe annual number of reported cases of cholera in Canada during 1995 to 2004 ranged from 1 to 8. Most cases in Canada result from international travel to an affected region. Cholera is considered a \"reportable disease,\" which means that local, national and international health authorities must be notified upon discovery. Reporting diseases is an important practice for <a href=\"\/article\/epidemiology\/\">EPIDEMIOLOGY<\/a>, which allows for disease monitoring and establishes patterns of occurrence around the globe. Other reportable diseases include active cases of <a href=\"\/article\/tuberculosis\/\">TUBERCULOSIS<\/a>, syphilis and <a href=\"\/article\/aids\/\">HIV\/AIDS<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<em>See also <\/em><a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">EPIDEMIC<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"cholera","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2009-05-19T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-03-25T13:11:23.000000Z"},{"id":"9e13ab34-7769-4675-898c-b242a14c65e5","article_id":"88054","title":"Cholera in Canada [\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627]","summary":"\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f3\u06f2 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f8\u06f3\u06f2\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f3\u06f4\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f4\u06f9\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u06f1\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u06f2 \u0648 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u06f4 \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f8\u06f1 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 20 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. ","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/thumbnails\/1b3552ab-1a36-43e8-83ad-6e0bac2b7ab6.jpg\" title='\u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0648\u0628\u0627' alt='\u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0648\u0628\u0627' \/><figcaption>\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1832 \u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0628\u06a9 \u0622\u0648\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062a \u06af\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0647 (\u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06af\u0627\u0644\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627).<\/figcaption><\/div>\r\n<h3>\u0648\u0628\u0627<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n<a href=\"javascript:DisplayMedia('3977', '3977', '3977', 400, 282, 0, 0, 0);\" name=\"3977\"><\/a>\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u0641\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0622\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0630\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc <em>Vibri<\/em> o cholerae \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u0622\u06cc\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0628\u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06a9\u0645 \u0622\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06af \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u06a9 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u063a\u0630\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f3\u06f2 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f8\u06f3\u06f2\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f3\u06f4\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f4\u06f9\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u06f1\u060c \u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u06f2 \u0648 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f5\u06f4 \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f8\u06f1 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u0641\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 20 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a. Grosse \u00cele\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0628\u06a9\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1832 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0646\u0637\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. 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\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1990 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u062e \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0632\u0634\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0637\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f5 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f4 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06f1 \u062a\u0627 \u06f8 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u00ab\u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634\u00bb \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc <a href=\"\/article\/epidemiology\/\">\u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/a> \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0641\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0648 \u0627 <a href=\"\/article\/tuberculosis\/\">\u0686 \u0622<\/a> \u06cc \u0648\u06cc\/\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0632 <a href=\"\/article\/aids\/\">\u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/a> \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n<em>\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc<\/em> <a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/a> \u06cc\u062f. \r\n<\/p>","slug":"ob","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fa","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":1,"created_at":"2025-01-28T14:05:39.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-28T14:05:39.000000Z"},{"id":"5b8b9c89-fa7e-4581-addc-e0406d559ac7","article_id":"88054","title":"Chol\u00e9ra au Canada","summary":"La maladie a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite pour la premi\u00e8re fois au Canada en 1832, par des immigrants en provenance de la Grande-Bretagne. Des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies surviennent en 1832, 1834, 1849, 1851, 1852 et 1854. On rapporte \u00e9galement quelques cas \u00e0 Halifax en 1881.","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/thumbnails\/1b3552ab-1a36-43e8-83ad-6e0bac2b7ab6.jpg\" title='Chol\u00e9ra, \u00e9pid\u00e9mie de' alt='Chol\u00e9ra, \u00e9pid\u00e9mie de' \/><figcaption>En 1832, une fum\u00e9e noire flotte au-dessus de Qu\u00e9bec, pendant que les habitants terrifi\u00e9s font br\\u00fbler des chaudrons fumeux pour combattre le chol\u00e9ra. Peinture r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par Joseph L\u00e9gar\u00e9 (avec la permission du Mus\u00e9e des beaux-arts du Canada).<\/figcaption><\/div>\r\n<h3>Chol\u00e9ra<\/h3>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<a href=\"javascript:DisplayMedia('3977', '3977', '3977', 400, 282, 0, 0, 0);\" name=\"3977\"><\/a> Le chol\u00e9ra est une maladie intestinale infectieuse aigu\u00eb caus\u00e9e par l'ingestion d'eau ou d'aliments contamin\u00e9s par la bact\u00e9rie <em>Vibrio cholerae<\/em>. Il cause des diarrh\u00e9es aqueuses aigu\u00ebs. En l'absence de traitement, il peut rapidement entra\u00eener une d\u00e9shydratation s\u00e9v\u00e8re et une insuffisance r\u00e9nale et la mort. Une mauvaise condition physique augmente les probabilit\u00e9s de sympt\u00f4mes s\u00e9v\u00e8res et de complications potentiellement graves. Le chol\u00e9ra est trait\u00e9 au moyen de solutions \u00e9lectrolytiques, soit des sels de r\u00e9hydratation \u00e0 administrer par voie buccale, qui remplacent les nutriments perdus par le corps.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLa maladie a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite pour la premi\u00e8re fois au Canada en 1832, par des immigrants en provenance de la Grande-Bretagne. Des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies surviennent en 1832, 1834, 1849, 1851, 1852 et 1854. On rapporte \u00e9galement quelques cas \u00e0 Halifax en 1881. Au Canada, au moins 20 000 personnes sont mortes lors de ces \u00e9pid\u00e9mies. \u00c0 l'\u00e9poque, on redoute le chol\u00e9ra, car c'est une maladie mortelle dont personne ne conna\u00eet le mode de propagation ni le traitement. Le taux de mortalit\u00e9 des cas non trait\u00e9s est tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9. En 1832, on ouvre une station de quarantaine \u00e0 la Grosse-\u00cele, pr\u00e8s de Qu\u00e9bec; tous les navires doivent s'y arr\u00eater afin d'\u00eatre inspect\u00e9s.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDurant les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies, certaines villes tentent de se mettre d'elles-m\u00eames en quarantaine afin de se prot\u00e9ger de la maladie. Lorsque la quarantaine s'av\u00e8re inefficace, des mesures de sant\u00e9 publique sont prises par les villes ainsi que les gouvernements provinciaux et colonial. La r\u00e9action face au chol\u00e9ra encourage les gouvernements \u00e0 agir pour prot\u00e9ger la sant\u00e9 des Canadiens et s'occuper des malades. Les mesures prises ne sont pas toutes populaires et, dans certaines r\u00e9gions, des \u00e9meutes \u00e9clatent, au cours desquelles la foule br\u00fble les h\u00f4pitaux \u00e9tablis pour traiter les malades. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1830, la col\u00e8re au sujet du chol\u00e9ra contribue \u00e0 la campagne contre le gouvernement dans le Bas-Canada. La maladie est assez courante dans le monde avant l'av\u00e8nement des m\u00e9thodes sanitaires modernes au cours du 20e si\u00e8cle. Elle effraie moins la population \u00e0 mesure que les gens se familiarisent avec elle au cours des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies subs\u00e9quentes. Une meilleure compr\u00e9hension de la mani\u00e8re dont elle se propage permet une pr\u00e9vention plus efficace.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tDans le monde moderne, le chol\u00e9ra peut \u00eatre end\u00e9mique dans les r\u00e9gions o\u00f9 le manque d'infrastructure et des syst\u00e8mes de soins de sant\u00e9 insuffisants diminuent l'efficacit\u00e9 des mesures sanitaires et contribuent aux conditions permettant \u00e0 la bact\u00e9rie de se d\u00e9velopper. La maladie est fr\u00e9quente dans les camps de r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s en raison de l'encombrement et des mauvaises conditions sanitaires. Des \u00e9closions de chol\u00e9ra sont survenues en Am\u00e9rique du Sud dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 et d'autres continuent \u00e0 se produire en Afrique du Sud de fa\u00e7on sporadique. Le chol\u00e9ra est end\u00e9mique au Malawi, en Zambie et au Mozambique. Au Zimbabwe, la d\u00e9gradation de la situation politique a aussi eu des r\u00e9percussions sur le syst\u00e8me social, et le chol\u00e9ra est en train d'y devenir end\u00e9mique, m\u00eame dans la capitale, Harare, o\u00f9 les mesures d'hygi\u00e8ne modernes avaient r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 \u00e9liminer les vagues de chol\u00e9ra. Les professionnels de la sant\u00e9 tentent d'am\u00e9liorer l'\u00e9ducation du public en mati\u00e8re de pr\u00e9vention dans les r\u00e9gions sujettes aux \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de chol\u00e9ra, mais sans investissement gouvernemental dans l'infrastructure sanitaire, la r\u00e9ussite ne peut \u00eatre que limit\u00e9e.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\tLe nombre annuel de cas de chol\u00e9ra d\u00e9clar\u00e9s au Canada de 1995 \u00e0 2004 est pass\u00e9 de 1 \u00e0 8. La plupart des cas canadiens sont caus\u00e9s par des voyages \u00e0 l'\u00e9tranger dans des r\u00e9gions touch\u00e9es. Le chol\u00e9ra est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une \u00ab maladie \u00e0 d\u00e9claration obligatoire \u00bb, ce qui signifie que les autorit\u00e9s nationales et mondiales de la sant\u00e9 doivent \u00eatre avis\u00e9es de tous les cas. La d\u00e9claration des maladies est importante pour l'<a href=\"\/article\/epidemiology\/\">\u00c9PID\u00c9MIOLOGIE<\/a>, car elle permet de surveiller les maladies et d'\u00e9tablir les tendances dans le monde. Les autres maladies \u00e0 d\u00e9claration obligatoire incluent les cas actifs de <a href=\"\/article\/tuberculosis\/\">TUBERCULOSE<\/a>, de syphilis et de <a href=\"\/article\/aids\/\">SIDA<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<em>Voir aussi<\/em><a href=\"\/article\/epidemic\/\">\u00c9PID\u00c9MIE<\/a>.\r\n<\/p>","slug":"cholera","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2009-05-19T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2020-03-25T13:11:23.000000Z"}]},{"id":"89959","author_text":"","revisor":"","major_update":null,"trigger_warning":0,"views":0,"shares":0,"type":"editorial","itunes_songs":"","indigo":"","itunes_title_en":"","itunes_title_fr":"","indigo_title_en":"","indigo_title_fr":"","status":"published","schedule_from":null,"schedule_until":null,"created_at":"2013-04-03T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2019-01-25T17:28:52.000000Z","deleted_at":null,"title":"The 1885 Montreal Smallpox Epidemic","slug":"plague-the-red-death-strikes-montreal-feature","alt_slug":"","summary":"<em>The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.<\/em><p><\/p>\r\nIn 1885, <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/smallpox\">smallpox<\/a> gripped the city of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/montreal\">Montreal<\/a>.","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/9fb27681-8151-488a-a060-ebd52923eb52.jpg\" title=\"Un fl\u00e9au frappe Montr\u00e9al\" alt=\"Un fl\u00e9au frappe Montr\u00e9al\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>The disease rode the rails from Chicago. In late February 1885, a conductor on the Grand Trunk Railway, George Longley, arrived at Bonaventure Station feverish and covered with fiery eruptions on his hands, face, chest and arms. He was admitted to the\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hotel-dieu\">H\u00f4tel-Dieu<\/a> in Montreal. Longley survived, but his bedding infected P\u00e9lagie Robichaud, an Acadian girl who worked in the laundry. She died on April 1, followed soon by her sister\r\n\tMarie.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>By mid-April it was clear that smallpox was loose in the hospital and could not be contained. The city's board of health then made a catastrophic error. They discharged all patients who did not appear sick. Many were in the stage of incubation, however,\r\n\tand they set the virus loose in the streets of Montreal.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Smallpox is one of the most contagious and loathsome diseases ever to menace humanity. But the real tragedy of the smallpox epidemic in Montreal was that it was preventable. The practice of vaccination, developed by Edward Jenner in England in 1796, was\r\n\twidespread by that time. In Britain, smallpox vaccination became mandatory in the mid-19th century.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Some, however, were suspicious of vaccination. This included many French Canadians, who associated it with British surgeons. Many of them lived in shabby, filthy, overcrowded tenements in the poorest quarters of the city. They were swayed by the rhetoric\r\n\tof the anti-vaccination campaign and homeopathic advocates, who called the vaccinators \"charlatans,\" who were trying to carry out \"l'empoisonment de nos enfants.\" <\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Meanwhile, Montreal was gaining the reputation of a city of plague, to be avoided at all costs. It was now high summer in the city and people with smallpox in their dwellings were seen on the streets along with their children, whose scabs were still contagious.\r\n\tBy July, the disease had spread to St-Henri and Vaudreuil. Every night more bodies were hauled up to C\u00f4te des Neiges cemetery in hearses marked \"SMALLPOX-PICOTTE.\"<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Even the eminent victims were dispatched quickly. When <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sir-francis-hincks\">Sir Francis Hincks<\/a>, a former prime minister of the Province of Canada, died of the disease, his body was hastily\r\n\tburied in the early morning with only a few family members present.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Attempts by public health officials to enforce vaccination or isolation or even to carry away the dead met with resistance and even rioting. Sanitation constables were assaulted as they removed bodies from the worst-infected neighborhoods. On September\r\n\t28, the bells of Notre Dame rang out, calling police from all over the city to disperse an unruly mob that stalked the streets hurling stones. <\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>By the end of the year, smallpox had exhausted the supply of unvaccinated hosts and case numbers declined. The disease had taken nearly 6,000 lives in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Quebec<\/a>, including more than 3,000\r\n\tin Montreal, and had disfigured another 13,000. Nine of ten victims were French Canadians, most of them children.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Thanks to advances in medicine and public health, the smallpox epidemic of Montreal was the last uncontained eruption of the disease in a modern city. In 1979, the World Health Organization announced the global eradication of the disease, though samples\r\n\tof the variola virus are kept in government laboratories in the United States and Russia.<\/p>","twitter_summary":null,"pivot":{"model_id":"83350","relatable_id":"89959","relatable_type":"App\\Models\\Article","position":0},"translations":[{"id":"d15a6081-dbfd-4c8e-8772-5ce828ca12f3","article_id":"89959","title":"The 1885 Montreal Smallpox Epidemic","summary":"<em>The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.<\/em><p><\/p>\r\nIn 1885, <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/smallpox\">smallpox<\/a> gripped the city of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/montreal\">Montreal<\/a>.","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/9fb27681-8151-488a-a060-ebd52923eb52.jpg\" title=\"Un fl\u00e9au frappe Montr\u00e9al\" alt=\"Un fl\u00e9au frappe Montr\u00e9al\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>The disease rode the rails from Chicago. In late February 1885, a conductor on the Grand Trunk Railway, George Longley, arrived at Bonaventure Station feverish and covered with fiery eruptions on his hands, face, chest and arms. He was admitted to the\r\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hotel-dieu\">H\u00f4tel-Dieu<\/a> in Montreal. Longley survived, but his bedding infected P\u00e9lagie Robichaud, an Acadian girl who worked in the laundry. She died on April 1, followed soon by her sister\r\n\tMarie.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>By mid-April it was clear that smallpox was loose in the hospital and could not be contained. The city's board of health then made a catastrophic error. They discharged all patients who did not appear sick. Many were in the stage of incubation, however,\r\n\tand they set the virus loose in the streets of Montreal.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Smallpox is one of the most contagious and loathsome diseases ever to menace humanity. But the real tragedy of the smallpox epidemic in Montreal was that it was preventable. The practice of vaccination, developed by Edward Jenner in England in 1796, was\r\n\twidespread by that time. In Britain, smallpox vaccination became mandatory in the mid-19th century.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Some, however, were suspicious of vaccination. This included many French Canadians, who associated it with British surgeons. Many of them lived in shabby, filthy, overcrowded tenements in the poorest quarters of the city. They were swayed by the rhetoric\r\n\tof the anti-vaccination campaign and homeopathic advocates, who called the vaccinators \"charlatans,\" who were trying to carry out \"l'empoisonment de nos enfants.\" <\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Meanwhile, Montreal was gaining the reputation of a city of plague, to be avoided at all costs. It was now high summer in the city and people with smallpox in their dwellings were seen on the streets along with their children, whose scabs were still contagious.\r\n\tBy July, the disease had spread to St-Henri and Vaudreuil. Every night more bodies were hauled up to C\u00f4te des Neiges cemetery in hearses marked \"SMALLPOX-PICOTTE.\"<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Even the eminent victims were dispatched quickly. When <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sir-francis-hincks\">Sir Francis Hincks<\/a>, a former prime minister of the Province of Canada, died of the disease, his body was hastily\r\n\tburied in the early morning with only a few family members present.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>Attempts by public health officials to enforce vaccination or isolation or even to carry away the dead met with resistance and even rioting. Sanitation constables were assaulted as they removed bodies from the worst-infected neighborhoods. On September\r\n\t28, the bells of Notre Dame rang out, calling police from all over the city to disperse an unruly mob that stalked the streets hurling stones. <\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>By the end of the year, smallpox had exhausted the supply of unvaccinated hosts and case numbers declined. The disease had taken nearly 6,000 lives in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">Quebec<\/a>, including more than 3,000\r\n\tin Montreal, and had disfigured another 13,000. Nine of ten victims were French Canadians, most of them children.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Thanks to advances in medicine and public health, the smallpox epidemic of Montreal was the last uncontained eruption of the disease in a modern city. In 1979, the World Health Organization announced the global eradication of the disease, though samples\r\n\tof the variola virus are kept in government laboratories in the United States and Russia.<\/p>","slug":"plague-the-red-death-strikes-montreal-feature","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"en","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2013-04-03T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2019-01-25T17:28:52.000000Z"},{"id":"9e11afee-defe-40a1-a7a9-c708d6bbd1ff","article_id":"89959","title":"The 1885 Montreal Smallpox Epidemic [\u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644 1885]","summary":"<em>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/em>.<p><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/montreal\">\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f8\u06f5 <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/smallpox\">\u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647<\/a> \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.<\/a> ","body":"<div><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/9fb27681-8151-488a-a060-ebd52923eb52.jpg\" title=\"\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\" alt=\"\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06af\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u06f1\u06f8\u06f8\u06f5 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0647\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0628 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u062a\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/hotel-dieu\">H\u00f4tel-Dieu \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f<\/a>. \u0644\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u06af\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0686\u0627\u0648\u060c \u062f\u062e\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u06a9\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0634\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0634 \r\n \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a. \r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0647\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u06a9\u0628 \u0634\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \r\n \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>\u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u0632\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0698\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0646\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1796 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631 \r\n \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0648\u06a9 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u06a9\u062b\u06cc\u0641 \u0648 \u067e\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0648\u0627 \r\n \u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0648\u067e\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u00ab\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u00abL&#39;empoisonment de nos enfants\u00bb \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. <\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0633\u0628 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f. \r\n\u062a\u0627 \u0698\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a. \u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 C\u00f4te des Neiges \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0633\u06a9\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a \u00abSMALLPOX-PICOTTE\u00bb \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/sir-francis-hincks\">\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc\u0633 \u0647\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0633\u060c<\/a> \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0634\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0633\u062f\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u062d \u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0647 \r\n \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0648 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u06f2 \r\n \u06f8 \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0632\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u062f \u0648 \u067e\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u067e\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. <\/p>\r\n\t\r\n<p>\u062a\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0622\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u06f6\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/quebec\">\u06a9\u0628\u06a9<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f3\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \r\n \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u06f1\u06f3 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 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\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1979\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0648 \r\n \u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>","slug":"thfagmfabhfamrgfakrmzfatsfabfahfayfamrgfaoyzhgyfamontrl","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fa","automated":true,"hidden":0,"views":2,"created_at":"2025-01-27T14:27:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2025-01-27T14:27:13.000000Z"},{"id":"e91e588e-41e5-46ca-be8d-036c309fc3a9","article_id":"89959","title":"L'\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de variole de Montr\u00e9al en 1885","summary":"<em>L'article suivant est un \u00e9ditorial r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par le personnel de l'Encyclop\u00e9die canadienne. Ces articles ne sont pas g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement mis \u00e0 jour.<\/em><p><\/p>\r\n<p>En 1885, la <a href=\"https:\/\/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/smallpox\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\" target=\"_blank\">variole<\/a> envahit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/montreal\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\" target=\"_blank\">Montr\u00e9al<\/a>.<\/p>","body":"<p><img src=\"https:\/\/d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net\/media\/media\/9fb27681-8151-488a-a060-ebd52923eb52.jpg\" title=\"Plague: Smallpox Strikes Montreal\" alt=\"Plague: Smallpox Strikes Montreal\"><br><\/p><p>Ce fl\u00e9au arrive par le train de Chicago. \u00c0 la fin f\u00e9vrier 1885, un conducteur du Grand Trunk Railway, George Longley, entre dans la gare Bonaventure f\u00e9brile et couvert d\u2019\u00e9ruptions inqui\u00e9tantes sur les mains, le visage, le torse et les bras. Il est alors admis \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/hotel-dieu\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\">H\u00f4tel-Dieu<\/a> de Montr\u00e9al. George Longley survit, mais sa literie infecte P\u00e9lagie Robichaud, une Acadienne qui travaille \u00e0 la buanderie. Elle meurt le 1<sup>er<\/sup>avril, suivie de pr\u00e8s par sa s\u0153ur Marie.<br><\/p><p>\u00c0 la mi-avril, la variole s\u2019est empar\u00e9e de l\u2019h\u00f4pital et ne peut \u00eatre contenue. Le Bureau de la sant\u00e9 montr\u00e9alais fait alors une erreur catastrophique. Il renvoie tous les patients qui ne semblent pas malades. Beaucoup en sont alors au stade de l\u2019incubation de la maladie et ils r\u00e9pandent largement le virus dans Montr\u00e9al.<\/p><p>La variole est une des maladies les plus contagieuses et les plus d\u00e9testables \u00e0 avoir menac\u00e9 l\u2019humanit\u00e9. Or, le plus tragique dans l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de Montr\u00e9al, c\u2019est qu\u2019elle aurait pu \u00eatre \u00e9vit\u00e9e. Le vaccin antivariolique, mis au point par Edward Jenner en Angleterre en 1796, est bien r\u00e9pandu \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque. D\u2019ailleurs, en Angleterre, la vaccination contre la variole est obligatoire d\u00e8s la moiti\u00e9 du 19<sup>e<\/sup>si\u00e8cle.<\/p><p>D\u2019aucuns, toutefois, se m\u00e9fient de la vaccination. C\u2019est le cas de nombreux Canadiens fran\u00e7ais, qui l\u2019associent aux chirurgiens britanniques. Vivant souvent dans des logements d\u00e9labr\u00e9s, sales et surpeupl\u00e9s des quartiers les plus pauvres de la ville, ils sont facilement convaincus par les discours contre la vaccination et les d\u00e9fenseurs de l\u2019hom\u00e9opathie, qui consid\u00e8rent la vaccination comme du \u00abcharlatanisme\u00bb, vou\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00abl\u2019empoisonnement de nos enfants\u00bb.<\/p><p>Pendant ce temps, Montr\u00e9al se taille la r\u00e9putation de ville de la peste, \u00e0 \u00e9viter \u00e0 tout prix. On est en plein \u00e9t\u00e9 et des gens se prom\u00e8nent dans la rue avec leurs enfants couverts de gales encore contagieuses. D\u00e8s juillet, la maladie envahit Saint-Henri et Vaudreuil. Chaque nuit, on monte des corps au cimeti\u00e8re de C\u00f4te-des-Neiges dans des corbillards ainsi identifi\u00e9s: \u00abSMALLPOX-PICOTTE\u00bb [sic].<\/p><p>M\u00eame les victimes bien connues sont enterr\u00e9es rapidement. Quand <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/sir-francis-hincks\" target=\"_blank\">sir Francis Hincks<\/a>, un ancien premier ministre de la province du Canada, succombe \u00e0 la maladie, on inhume h\u00e2tivement son corps au petit matin, en pr\u00e9sence de quelques membres de la famille.<\/p><p>Les tentatives des fonctionnaires de la sant\u00e9 publique d\u2019appliquer les r\u00e8gles de vaccination et d\u2019isolement ou m\u00eame d\u2019\u00e9loigner les morts provoquent la r\u00e9sistance quand ce n\u2019est des \u00e9meutes. Les agents sanitaires sont attaqu\u00e9s alors qu\u2019ils enl\u00e8vent les corps des quartiers les plus infect\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Le 28 septembre, les cloches de Notre-Dame retentissent pour faire appel \u00e0 la police de toute la ville pour disperser la foule agit\u00e9e qui envahit les rues et lance des pierres. <\/p><p>\u00c0 la fin de l\u2019ann\u00e9e, la variole vient \u00e0 manquer d\u2019h\u00f4tes non vaccin\u00e9s, et le nombre de cas baisse enfin. La maladie a alors fait pr\u00e8s de 6000 morts au <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/fr\/article\/quebec\" target=\"_blank\">Qu\u00e9bec<\/a>, dont plus de 3000 \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, et 13 000 autres personnes sont d\u00e9figur\u00e9es. Neuf victimes sur dix sont des Canadiens fran\u00e7ais, la plupart des enfants.<\/p><p> <\/p><p>En raison de la progression de la m\u00e9decine et de la sant\u00e9 publique, l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie de variole de Montr\u00e9al est la derni\u00e8re apparition non ma\u00eetris\u00e9e du fl\u00e9au dans une ville moderne. En 1979, l\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 annonce l\u2019\u00e9radication g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la maladie, m\u00eame si des \u00e9chantillons du virus sont gard\u00e9s dans les laboratoires gouvernementaux des \u00c9tats-Unis et de la Russie.<\/p> <table align=\"right\" border=\"0\" width=\"360\"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <\/td> <\/tr> <tr> <td align=\"center\"><br><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>","slug":"un-fleau-frappe-montreal","alt_slug":"","twitter_summary":null,"locale":"fr","automated":false,"hidden":0,"views":0,"created_at":"2013-04-03T00:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2019-01-25T17:28:52.000000Z"}]}],"associated_collections":[]}" header="Content" ></article-sidebar> </div> <div class="main-content"> <input class="js-picture-information" type="hidden" value="[]"> <main class="main-grid"> <article class="article main-grid__content"> <input type="hidden" id="isUserLogin" name="loginuser" value=""> <aside id="articlewidgets" class="article-widgets"> <input type="checkbox" class="menu-open" name="menu-open" id="menu-open"/> <label class="widget-open-button" for="menu-open"> <span class="dot--1"></span> <span class="dot--2"></span> <span class="dot--3"></span> </label> <button data-target="popup-citation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent"> <div class="widget-item__icon--citation"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Citation</span> </button> <button data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-edit-submit"> <div class="widget-item__icon--edit"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Suggest an Edit</span> </button> <button data-target="popup-translation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-translation"> <div class="widget-item__icon--translate"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Request translation</span> </button> <button id="popup-translation__original" class="widget-item hide-widget"> <div class="widget-item__icon--revert"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Revert to English</span> </button> </aside> <div id="popup-translation" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div role="heading">Request a Translation</div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="'6LeIWwglAAAAANriZBXJ8HgScx2u6jGAx0gY0GKm'" data-callback="onSubmit" data-size="invisible"> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <div id="translation-language-picker"> <translation-select recaptcha-site-key="6LeIWwglAAAAANriZBXJ8HgScx2u6jGAx0gY0GKm" slug=typhus locale=en></translation-select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="translation-rating-snackbar"> <translation-rating show-rating=0 slug=typhus></translation-rating> </div> <div id="popup-edit" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div>Suggest an Edit</div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <div class="contact-form edit-form"> <div class="form-error-list"> <ul></ul> </div> <form method="POST" action="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/submitArticle" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="form form-submit-edit form-main"><input name="_token" type="hidden" value="a46deaLo4xIbtJHnX1tYLaGtdPxWn79wakUfOSzY"> <input name="aid" type="hidden" value="83350"> <input name="edit" type="hidden" value="true"> <div class="input-group "> <label for="description">Enter your suggested edit(s) to this article in the form field below</label> <textarea id="text-editor" class="form-control input input-fullSpan" placeholder="Write your message here..." name="description" cols="50" rows="10"></textarea> </div> <div class="btn-container"> <div> <input class="disabled js-submitedit-submit b b-md b-invert" type="submit" value="Submit"> </div> <div> <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="js-popup-close b-link">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="popup-citation" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div> Citation </div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <ul class="list"> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy1" type="text" value="MLA 8TH EDITION |聽. 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