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<li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_nuclear_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_nuclear_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Iranian nuclear program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_nuclear_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NATO_missile_shield_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_missile_shield_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>NATO missile shield crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_missile_shield_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_of_Turkey_and_Iran_with_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_of_Turkey_and_Iran_with_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Relations of Turkey and Iran with Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_of_Turkey_and_Iran_with_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_the_Arab_Spring_and_Syrian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_the_Arab_Spring_and_Syrian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Since the Arab Spring and Syrian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_the_Arab_Spring_and_Syrian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconciliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconciliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Reconciliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconciliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Setback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Up_and_down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Up_and_down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Up and down</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Up_and_down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration_against_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration_against_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Collaboration against terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaboration_against_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trade relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resident_diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resident_diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Resident diplomatic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resident_diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drone_competency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drone_competency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Drone competency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drone_competency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات التركية الإيرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات التركية الإيرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran%E2%80%93T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="İran–Türkiyə münasibətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran–Türkiyə münasibətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranisch-t%C3%BCrkische_Beziehungen" title="Iranisch-türkische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iranisch-türkische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="روابط ایران و ترکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط ایران و ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_l%27Iran_et_la_Turquie" title="Relations entre l'Iran et la Turquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre l'Iran et la Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84-%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թուրք-իրանական հարաբերություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրք-իրանական հարաբերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Iran_dengan_Turki" title="Hubungan Iran dengan Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Iran dengan Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F%E2%80%93%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="יחסי איראן–טורקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי איראן–טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAkiliy%C3%AAn_%C3%8Eran_%C3%BB_Tirkiyey%C3%AA" title="Têkiliyên Îran û Tirkiyeyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Têkiliyên Îran û Tirkiyeyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron_%E2%80%94_Turkiya_munosabatlari" title="Eron — Turkiya munosabatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eron — Turkiya munosabatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Ir%C3%A3_e_Turquia" title="Relações entre Irã e Turquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Irã e Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирано-турецкие отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирано-турецкие отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations between Iran and Turkey</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Iran–Turkey relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_Iran_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Turkey and Iran"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Turkey and Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Turkey_Iran_Locator.svg/250px-Turkey_Iran_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Turkey_Iran_Locator.svg/375px-Turkey_Iran_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Turkey_Iran_Locator.svg/500px-Turkey_Iran_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/68px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/90px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/53px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/79px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/105px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Embassy of Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Embassy of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iran–Turkey relations</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">bilateral relations</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. The two states' relationship is complex and characterized by periods of both tension and cooperation, as both Iran and Turkey are fighting for influence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> through supporting opposing <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxies</a> as part of a proxy conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The two countries are also major trade partners and are perceived as mutually interdependent due to geographical proximity (<a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">Iran–Turkey border</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">historically shared cultural, linguistic, and ethnic traits</a>. </p><p>Historically, the region has shared empires and conquests by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottomans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a>, the Ottomans in particular were very heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian culture</a>. This legacy has persisted in modern <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkish culture</a>. Iran and Turkey have long been at odds over conflicts such as those in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>. However, they also have shared common interests in some instances, such as the issue of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish separatism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a>. </p><p>Turkey has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, while Iran has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and consulates in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Ottoman–Safavid relations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Iran–Turkey relations">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations%22">"Iran–Turkey relations"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Numerous times throughout the millennia-long history shared by the two neighboring nations, parts of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (or Asia Minor) were conquered by the various empires based in modern-day Iran, including the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a>, amongst others. In ancient times, the Asia Minor formed one of the core regions of the Achaemenid Empire, with the cities of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> in western Anatolia being the most notable. <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır Province</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a>, formed part of <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> up to the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a> and the ratified <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Iranians</a> share a common cultural heritage, known as the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a>, which was a prominent characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> (977–1186), <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> (1037–1194), <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> (1077–1307), <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> (1299–1922), <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a> (1370–1507), <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1374–1468), <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1378–1501), and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> (1501–1736) Empires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 April 1926, the First "Treaty of Friendship" between Iran and Turkey was signed in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. The basic principles included friendship, neutrality and non-aggression towards each other. The agreement also included possible joint action against groups who would try to disturb peace and security or who would try to overthrow either country's government. This policy was indirectly aimed at the internal problems both countries had with their <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> minorities. </p><p>On 23 January 1932, the first definitive frontier treaty between Turkey and Iran was signed in Tehran. The <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">border</a> between Turkey and Iran is one of the oldest in the world and has stayed more or less the same since the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> in 1514, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a>. The 1932 treaty thus formalized a centuries-old status quo. On the same day, the countries signed a new Treaty of Friendship, as well as a Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg/220px-Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg/330px-Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg/440px-Reza_Shah_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> (right) with <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Pahlavi I</a>, the Shah of Iran (left) in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 16 June and 2 July 1934, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a> visited Turkey with several high-ranking officials, including General <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Arfa" title="Hasan Arfa">Hasan Arfa</a> (at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>). Several regions in Turkey were visited and attempts at close friendship and cooperation between the two leaders were made. Reza Shah was reportedly impressed by the republic's modernization reforms and he saw this as an example for his own country. </p><p>On 8 July 1937, a <a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">non-aggression pact</a> was signed between <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, which later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saadabad" title="Treaty of Saadabad">Treaty of Saadabad</a>. The purpose of this agreement was to ensure security and peace in the Middle East. </p><p>In August 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Pact">Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)</a>, a mutual security pact between Iran, Turkey, Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> was established. </p><p>In July 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_for_Development" title="Regional Cooperation for Development">Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD)</a>, aimed at joint economic projects between Iran, Turkey and Pakistan, was established. </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_life_in_exile" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile">exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> and he stayed there for eleven months.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 5, 1965, Khomeini left <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and went to <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-e_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A period of coldness passed after the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> which caused major changes in Iran and the Middle Eastern status quo. Today, Iran and Turkey closely cooperate in a wide variety of fields, such as fighting <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, and promoting stability in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. However, the two countries have competed for influence since the 1990s; this has been escalating since the 2010s in various fronts across <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> and South Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_nuclear_program">Iranian nuclear program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iranian nuclear program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2010, Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Recep Tayyip Erdogan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a> made an unscheduled trip to Tehran in coordination with Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> to make an <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran#Tehran_Nuclear_Declaration,_2010" title="Nuclear program of Iran">agreement</a> to outsource Iranian uranium enrichment to his country to avoid further sanctions on Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision of Turkey to host a radar system to track missiles launched from Iran has been seen by the Iranians as a serious break in relations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2012 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> Global Attitudes Survey, 54% of Turks oppose Iran's acquisition of nuclear weapons, 46% consider a nuclear-armed Iran somewhat of a threat and 26% support the use of military force to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-PewRC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewRC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 37% of Turks believe that Iran is a minor threat/no threat at all, the lowest percentage between surveyed countries in MENA region (even lower than Jordan at 55%).<sup id="cite_ref-PewRC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewRC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But only 34% of Turkey's population approves of tougher sanctions on Iran, compared to 52% of Turks disapproving of sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-PewRC_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PewRC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_missile_shield_crisis">NATO missile shield crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NATO missile shield crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/NATO_missile_defence_system" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO missile defence system">NATO missile defence system</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_and_Ahmed_Davuto%C4%9Flu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_and_Ahmed_Davuto%C4%9Flu.jpg/250px-Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_and_Ahmed_Davuto%C4%9Flu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_and_Ahmed_Davuto%C4%9Flu.jpg/375px-Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_and_Ahmed_Davuto%C4%9Flu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_and_Ahmed_Davuto%C4%9Flu.jpg/500px-Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_and_Ahmed_Davuto%C4%9Flu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a> and Turkish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a> during a joint press conference in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkey, the largest <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member in the region, hosted the establishment of a NATO missile shield in September 2011 which has caused a crisis between Turkey and Iran. Iran claimed that the missile shield is a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> plot to protect <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> from any counter-attack should Israel target Iran's nuclear facilities. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> stated that Turkey should rethink its policies over <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the missile shield, and promotion of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warn_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iranian <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Rahim_Safavi" title="Yahya Rahim Safavi">Yahya Rahim Safavi</a> also expressed his opinion over the situation: "the behaviour of Turkish statesmen towards Syria and Iran is wrong and, I believe, they are acting in line with the goals of America," adding that "if Turkey does not distance itself from this unconventional political behaviour it will have both the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a> turning away from it domestically and the neighbouring countries of Syria, Iraq and Iran reassessing their political ties."<sup id="cite_ref-warn_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey stated that the NATO missile system neither causes a threat or targets any particular nation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)">Minister of National Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="İsmet Yılmaz">İsmet Yılmaz</a>, insisted that the system's aim is to secure <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, as well as for the security of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 23, 2011, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> warned Iran over the United States' presence in Turkey, saying that "Iran would be badly miscalculating if they did not look at the entire region and all of our presence in many countries, both in bases and in training with NATO allies, like Turkey.”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guard</a>'s aerospace division threatened to strike Turkey if other countries attacked Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_of_Turkey_and_Iran_with_Israel">Relations of Turkey and Iran with Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations of Turkey and Iran with Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the past, <a href="/wiki/Turkey-Israel_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-Israel relations">Turkey's ties with Israel</a> have caused various disagreements between <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. However, Turkey's neutral stance with regards to the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">disputes between Israel and Iran</a> has secured the maintenance of friendly bilateral relations. The growing trade between Turkey and Iran indicates the two countries’ willingness to strengthen mutual ties. </p><p>Turkey's relations with Israel have deteriorated since the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">Gaza War (2008–09)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a> (2010) and the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>. From 2010 to 2016, Turkey had no diplomatic relations with Israel at the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadorial</a> level. However, on 28 June 2016, Turkey and Israel signed an agreement to normalize relations, which included a $20 million compensation fund from Israel to Turkish families affected by the Gaza-bound flotilla attack, an eventual return of ambassadors and initial talks of a natural gas pipeline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_Arab_Spring_and_Syrian_Civil_War">Since the Arab Spring and Syrian Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since the Arab Spring and Syrian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iran's relations with Turkey have occasionally soured over the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">AKP</a> government's active involvement in regional disputes between <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> groups since the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran firmly backs the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (formed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>), while the AKP government in Turkey (which has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">political Islam</a>) supports the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a> (formed mostly of Sunni Muslims). </p><p>Both Turkey and Iran supported the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian revolution of 2011</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> government, and condemned the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 military intervention in Yemen">2015 military intervention in Yemen</a>, Iran and Turkey supported rival groups (Shia and Sunni, respectively), which led to official arguments between <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a>. Erdoğan stated that "Iran and the terrorist groups must withdraw" and Zarif replied, "Turkey makes strategic mistakes". However, a few days later, Erdoğan went to Tehran for talks on improving Turkish-Iranian trade relations and was received by <a href="/wiki/Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamenei">Khamenei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rouhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouhani">Rouhani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the ascent of the Islamist AKP government to power in 2002, Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">a constitutionally secular state</a>) had maintained a neutral foreign policy with regards to the religious and sectarian conflicts in the region. </p><p>Turkey and Iran's differing geopolitical goals in Syria and Iraq have also led to increased tension and suspicion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has on multiple occasions clashed with Iranian-backed <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shiite</a> militias such as <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashab_al-Kahf_(militant_group)" title="Ashab al-Kahf (militant group)">Ashab al-Kahf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-Iranian views have been propagated by Turkish media like <a href="/wiki/Yeni_Akit" title="Yeni Akit">Yeni Akit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeni_%C5%9Eafak" title="Yeni Şafak">Yeni Şafak</a> due to the Iranian role during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%9316)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–16)">Battle of Aleppo (2012–16)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other matters also aggravate relations, such as both countries supporting opposing sides in <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)</a>, and Turkey's installation of a NATO radar tracking Iranian activities (<a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> said that the NATO defense system deployed in southeast Turkey was meant to protect Israel from Iranian missile attacks).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconciliation">Reconciliation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconciliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilateral_Iran-Russia-Turkey_Summit_September_2018_in_Tehran_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trilateral_Iran-Russia-Turkey_Summit_September_2018_in_Tehran_4.jpg/220px-Trilateral_Iran-Russia-Turkey_Summit_September_2018_in_Tehran_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trilateral_Iran-Russia-Turkey_Summit_September_2018_in_Tehran_4.jpg/330px-Trilateral_Iran-Russia-Turkey_Summit_September_2018_in_Tehran_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trilateral_Iran-Russia-Turkey_Summit_September_2018_in_Tehran_4.jpg/440px-Trilateral_Iran-Russia-Turkey_Summit_September_2018_in_Tehran_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> and Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> in Tehran, September 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran was quick to condemn the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt</a>, leading to improved relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January 2017 onward, Turkey has collaborated closely with Iran and Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process#First_round_of_Astana_talks_(January_2017)" title="Syrian peace process">Astana talks</a> to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey's relations with Iran further improved during the <a href="/wiki/2017_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis">2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis</a>, where both countries backed <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> in a dispute with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey condemned the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Iranian protests">2017–18 Iranian protests</a>, accusing the United States and Israel of interference in internal Iranian affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran and Turkey also backed one another in their respective disputes with the United States in summer 2018, with Turkey publicly opposing U.S. sanctions on Iran after U.S. withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran nuclear deal">Iran nuclear deal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iran condemning U.S. sanctions on Turkey over the <a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Detention_of_Andrew_Brunson" title="Turkey–United States relations">detention of Andrew Brunson</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both Turkey and Iran say they want to put a stop to the conflict even though both countries are supporting opposing sides in the Syrian war.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran,_7_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg/220px-Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg/330px-Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg/440px-Ali_Khamenei_%26_Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan_in_Tehran%2C_7_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> with Turkish President Erdoğan in Tehran, 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2019, Turkey refused an invitation by the United States to attend a summit in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> on countering Iranian influence in the Middle East, on the grounds that it "targets one country".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, Turkey condemned the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> by the United States, claiming it would lead to instability in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erdogan later denied media reports that he had described Soleimani as a "martyr" in a phone conversation with President Rouhani.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Setback">Setback</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Setback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reconciliation suffered a massive setback when Turkey launched a <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">military offensive against Rojava</a> and the Syrian government. Iran, which is on good term with Turkey since the coup, began to criticize and condemn Turkey for invading Syria and violating Syrian territorial rights.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iranian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a> has voiced opposition to the offensive, viewing it as a violation of Syria's sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Iran's parliamentary speaker <a href="/wiki/Ali_Larijani" title="Ali Larijani">Ali Larijani</a> canceled his scheduled trip to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran and Turkey's lack of trust for each other has hampered them from achieving their various economic and political goals.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ahval_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahval News">Ahval News</a>, an analyst wrote that while the two countries are competing for influence in Central Asia, particularly in Muslim republics, it is hindering them from becoming real allies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations declined further after the Syrian Army shelled the Turkish Army in <a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a>, as Syria is backed by Iran and the Iranian Army's presence in northern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Up_and_down">Up and down</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Up and down"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, following the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_peace_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement">Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement</a> that normalised <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates relations">Israel–United Arab Emirates relations</a>, Iran and Turkey were among the most vocal critics against the peace treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahsa_Amini_i%C3%A7in_iki_eylemci,_%C4%B0stanbul_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mahsa_Amini_i%C3%A7in_iki_eylemci%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_edit.jpg/220px-Mahsa_Amini_i%C3%A7in_iki_eylemci%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mahsa_Amini_i%C3%A7in_iki_eylemci%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_edit.jpg/330px-Mahsa_Amini_i%C3%A7in_iki_eylemci%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mahsa_Amini_i%C3%A7in_iki_eylemci%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_edit.jpg/440px-Mahsa_Amini_i%C3%A7in_iki_eylemci%2C_%C4%B0stanbul_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Two activists protesting in Istanbul, Turkey as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Iran has been thought to have a multifaceted role in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">Second Libyan conflict</a>. Israel has accused Iran of providing armament support to anti-Turkish warlord <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a> in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Iran later publicly expressed support for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_intervention_in_the_Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish military intervention in the Second Libyan Civil War">Turkish military intervention in the Second Libyan Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> report nonetheless revealed that Iran had supplied Haftar's forces with anti-tank missiles.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan-Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan-Iran relations">Azerbaijan-Iran relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenia-Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia-Iran relations">Armenia-Iran relations</a></div> <p>Iran has strongly denied reports that Iranian trucks were involved in transferring Russian armaments to Armenia during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a>, and offered to mediate between Armenia and Turkish ally <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran also reaffirmed its support for Azerbaijan's "territorial integrity".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Iran has been critical of Turkey's role in the clashes, calling on Turkey to support peace initiatives rather than adding "fuel to the fire".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran also warned of the presence of "terrorists" near its border, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian jihadists</a> which Turkey and Azerbaijan have been accused of using in Nagorno-Karabakh.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Iran arrested several pro-Azerbaijan protesters in northern and northwestern Iranian cities, including some Turkish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Azerbaijan and Iran have been historically uneasy, mainly due to Iran's fear of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkist</a> sentiments promoted by Azerbaijani leaders like <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a>, as well as Azerbaijan's close relations with Iran's greatest regional adversary, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. On the other hand, relations between Armenia and Iran have remained close because of their strong economic ties and Armenia's <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">military alliance</a> with Iranian ally and Turkish rival <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fan_Iran_poem_controversy" title="Erdoğan Iran poem controversy">Erdoğan Iran poem controversy</a></div> <p>Relations between Turkey and Iran worsened after Turkish President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Recep Tayyip Erdogan">Recep Tayyip Erdogan</a> recited a poem claiming the lands of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a> as the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sparking backlash from Iran, fearing the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a> among its <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azeri">Iranian Azeri</a> population. Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a> stated: "President Erdogan was not informed that what he ill-recited in Baku refers to the forcible separation of areas north of Aras from Iranian motherland. Didn't he realize that he was undermining the sovereignty of the Republic of Azerbaijan? No one can talk about our beloved Azerbaijan." Iran also summoned the Turkish ambassador for explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 12, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> summoned the Iranian ambassador to Ankara considering Tehran's “aggressive” reaction to Erdogan's poem. Turkey's foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mevlut_Cavusoglu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlut Cavusoglu">Mevlut Cavusoglu</a> said to Zarif on a phone call that Iran's public statements against the Turkish leader were unacceptable and "baseless".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran initiated a boycott of Turkish goods as a result of Erdogan's comments.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 February 2021, an Iranian-backed proxy group, <a href="/wiki/Ashab_al-Kahf_(militant_group)" title="Ashab al-Kahf (militant group)">Ashab al-Kahf</a>, carried out a missile attack on a Turkish military base in Iraq as retaliation for a Turkish offensive against the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)</a>, which is classified as a terrorist group by the US and EU, in northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Harakat_Hezbollah_al-Nujaba" title="Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba">Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba</a>, another Iranian proxy, issued a warning that it would attack Turkey if it did not end its operations in Iraq. The attack was perceived as a warning from Iran to Turkey against the latter's operations against the PKK. Turkish state-owned media claimed that the attack reflected Iran's support for the group.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 February, Iran's ambassador to Baghdad, <a href="/wiki/Iraj_Masjedi" title="Iraj Masjedi">Iraj Masjedi</a>, mentioned that "Turkish forces should not pose a threat or violate Iraqi soil", and criticized Turkish intentions to control <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 February, Turkey's ambassador to Iraq, <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Fatih Yıldız">Fatih Yıldız</a>, tweeted that "Ambassador of Iran would be the last person to lecture Turkey about respecting borders of Iraq".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaboration_against_terrorism">Collaboration against terrorism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Collaboration against terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkey and Iran vowed to collaborate in their fight against terrorists in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, as thousands of Turkish troops pressed ahead with an air and ground offensive against the militants in northern Iraq. Iranian Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi claimed that the deaths of Turkish soldiers might have been avoided if the United States had informed Turkey that the terrorists were infiltrating into Turkey with heavy weaponry. The U.S. shares intelligence from surveillance drones with Turkey about movement of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> along the border. </p><p>The Turkish government shut down a probe<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, revealing connections between the Iranian Revolutionary Guard and the highest levels of the Turkish government.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to NBC News, a member of the Turkish parliament said that the 2011 Syrian uprising led Turkey to agree that they need Iran and Russia in order to stop a Kurdish state from forming on its southern border.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_relations">Trade relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trade relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economic_Cooperation_Organization_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_map.svg/500px-Economic_Cooperation_Organization_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_map.svg/750px-Economic_Cooperation_Organization_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_map.svg/1000px-Economic_Cooperation_Organization_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Turkey and Iran are members of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Iran and Turkey have very close trade and economic relations. Both countries are part of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO). </p><p>Bilateral trade between the nations is increasing. Between 2000 and 2005, this trade increased from $1 billion to $4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Schleifer_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schleifer-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran's gas export to Turkey is also likely to be increased. At present, the rate is at 50mm cm/d.<sup id="cite_ref-iran-daily.com_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iran-daily.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey imports about 10 billion cubic meters a year of gas from Iran, about 30 percent of its needs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey plans to invest $12 billion in developing phases 22, 23 and 24 of <a href="/wiki/South_Pars" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars">South Pars</a> gas field, according to a senior Iranian oil official<sup id="cite_ref-iran-daily.com_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iran-daily.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-way trade is now in the range of $10 billion (2010), and both governments have announced that the figure should reach the $20 billion mark in the not too distant future.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50 percent of the gas from three phases of Iran's <a href="/wiki/South_Pars" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pars">South Pars</a> gas field will be re-exported to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has won the tender for <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">privatization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Petrochemical_Company#NPC_affiliate_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="National Iranian Petrochemical Company">Razi Petrochemical Complex</a>, valued at $650 million (2008). </p><p>Iranian First Vice President Mohammad-Reza Rahimi announced in October 2012 that the speed of trade exchanges between Iran and Turkey has accelerated and was close to reaching the goal of $30 billion per year. He added that the growing trade relations between Tehran and Ankara indicate the two countries’ willingness to strengthen mutual ties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On April 29, 2019, Turkey and Iran highlighted their intentions of increasing cooperation in the aspect of transportation according to Hurriyet daily news.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey stopped buying Iranian oil completely in 2019 to comply with US sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 December 2020, the Iranian Customs Administration announced the re-opening of the <a href="/wiki/Bazargan,_Iran" title="Bazargan, Iran">Bazargan</a> border crossing in the northwest of Iran, which had shut down 3 months earlier due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 crisis">COVID-19 crisis</a>. Iranian and Turkish trucks were again allowed to pass due to a significant decline of COVID cases in both countries. The closure of borders between the two countries caused a 70% decline in trade, which is now predicted to increase sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2023,Turkey's halt of oil flow through the Iraq-Turkey pipeline, following a legal dispute and compensation ruling, has led to economic, political, and legal consequences. Despite talks of resuming the pipeline, millions of barrels remain stuck, affecting global oil prices and destabilizing Iraq's economy, particularly the Kurdish region. The standoff risks regional instability, U.S. investments, and the rise of rival factions, potentially triggering civil conflict in both Iraqi Kurdistan and wider Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iran and Turkey have extensive tourism relations for years. In 2017 a total of 2.5 million Iranian tourists visited Turkey, making the country as the favorite destination for holiday travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn Iran also benefits from Turkish tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, tourists from Turkey comprise one of the largest that visit Iran, comprising 391,283 registered tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resident_diplomatic_missions">Resident diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Resident diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Iran has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and consulates-general in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>.</li> <li>Turkey has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and consulates-general in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulate-General_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of Iran in Istanbul"><img alt="Consulate-General of Iran in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Consulate-General_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_Istanbul.jpg/120px-Consulate-General_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Consulate-General_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_Istanbul.jpg/180px-Consulate-General_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Consulate-General_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_Istanbul.jpg/240px-Consulate-General_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_in_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of Iran in Istanbul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_2018_general_election_in_Tehran_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Turkey in Tehran"><img alt="Embassy of Turkey in Tehran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Turkish_2018_general_election_in_Tehran_23.jpg/120px-Turkish_2018_general_election_in_Tehran_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Turkish_2018_general_election_in_Tehran_23.jpg/180px-Turkish_2018_general_election_in_Tehran_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Turkish_2018_general_election_in_Tehran_23.jpg/240px-Turkish_2018_general_election_in_Tehran_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Turkey in Tehran</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">Central Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Persian Wars">Ottoman-Persian Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSciolino2000" class="citation news cs1">Sciolino, Elaine (27 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E0D9153EF934A1575BC0A9669C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=all">"nyt.com The People's Shah"</a>. <i>The 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=nyt.com+The+People%27s+Shah&rft.date=2000-08-27&rft.aulast=Sciolino&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E06E0D9153EF934A1575BC0A9669C8B63%26sec%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoya2009" class="citation book cs1">Koya, Abdar Rahman (2009). <i>Iman Khomeini: Life, Thought and Legacy</i>. 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Retrieved 21 December 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurbuz2023" class="citation news cs1">Gurbuz, Emir (2023-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/08/25/turkey-iraq-krg-oil-pipeline-ceyhan-export-erdogan-embargo/">"Turkey's Halt on Iraqi Oil Exports Is Shaking Up Global Markets"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Turkey%E2%80%99s+Halt+on+Iraqi+Oil+Exports+Is+Shaking+Up+Global+Markets&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft.aulast=Gurbuz&rft.aufirst=Emir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F08%2F25%2Fturkey-iraq-krg-oil-pipeline-ceyhan-export-erdogan-embargo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-becomes-top-destination-for-iranian-travelers-127137">"Turkey becomes top destination for Iranian travelers"</a>. <i>Hurriyet Daily News</i>. 11 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Turkey+becomes+top+destination+for+Iranian+travelers&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fturkey-becomes-top-destination-for-iranian-travelers-127137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181830/http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=46608">"Turkey, Iran ready to bolster tourism"</a>. <i>Turkish daily news</i>. June 19, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=46608">the original</a> on September 30, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+daily+news&rft.atitle=Turkey%2C+Iran+ready+to+bolster+tourism&rft.date=2006-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishdailynews.com.tr%2Farticle.php%3Fenewsid%3D46608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azernews.az/region/89754.html">"Nearly One Million Azerbaijani Tourists visit Iran annually" - Retrieved 19 November 2015</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadparvarKalejiGhoreishiMianabadi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Dadparvar, Shabnam; Kaleji, Vali; Ghoreishi, Seyedeh Zahra; Mianabadi, Hojjat (2024). "Impact of Türkiye's Dam Construction on the Water Resources of Transboundary Aras River Basin in Iran". <i>Caucasus Survey</i>: 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F23761202-bja10027">10.30965/23761202-bja10027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caucasus+Survey&rft.atitle=Impact+of+T%C3%BCrkiye%E2%80%99s+Dam+Construction+on+the+Water+Resources+of+Transboundary+Aras+River+Basin+in+Iran&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30965%2F23761202-bja10027&rft.aulast=Dadparvar&rft.aufirst=Shabnam&rft.au=Kaleji%2C+Vali&rft.au=Ghoreishi%2C+Seyedeh+Zahra&rft.au=Mianabadi%2C+Hojjat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozaffariAkbar2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mozaffari, Ali; Akbar, Ali (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2023.2241872">"Heritage diplomacy and soft power competition between Iran and Turkey: competing claims over Rumi and Nowruz"</a>. <i>International Journal of Cultural Policy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10286632.2023.2241872">10.1080/10286632.2023.2241872</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cultural+Policy&rft.atitle=Heritage+diplomacy+and+soft+power+competition+between+Iran+and+Turkey%3A+competing+claims+over+Rumi+and+Nowruz&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10286632.2023.2241872&rft.aulast=Mozaffari&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Akbar%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10286632.2023.2241872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drone_competency">Drone competency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Drone competency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ras-nsa.ca/turkeys-and-irans-drone-supply-in-the-war-in-ukraine/">"Turkey's And Iran's Drone Supply In The War In Ukraine"</a>. <i>Satcha de Henning Michaëlis</i>. Network for Strategic Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Satcha+de+Henning+Micha%C3%ABlis&rft.atitle=Turkey%E2%80%99s+And+Iran%E2%80%99s+Drone+Supply+In+The+War+In+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fras-nsa.ca%2Fturkeys-and-irans-drone-supply-in-the-war-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Relations_of_Iran_and_Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Relations of Iran and Turkey">Relations of Iran and Turkey</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/index.php?q=node/4153">"Will Turkey be complicit in another war against another neighbour?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CASMII" class="mw-redirect" title="CASMII">CASMII</a>. 24 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Will+Turkey+be+complicit+in+another+war+against+another+neighbour%3F&rft.date=2008-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.campaigniran.org%2Fcasmii%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F4153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran%E2%80%93Turkey+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Algeria–Iran relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Iran relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Egypt–Iran relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Iran relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ghana–Iran relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Iran–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Iran–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Iran–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Iran–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Iran–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Iran–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Iran"><img alt="Emblem of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Argentina–Iran relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bolivia–Iran relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Brazil–Iran relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Cuba–Iran relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ecuador–Iran relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iran–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">after 1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Iran–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Armenia–Iran relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Iran relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bangladesh–Iran relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Georgia–Iran relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="History of Georgia–Iran relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Indonesia–Iran relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Iran–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Iran–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Iran–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Iran–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iran–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iran–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iran–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Iran–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Iran–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Iran–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Iran–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Iran–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Iran–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Iran–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Iran–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Albania–Iran relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Belarus–Iran relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Iran relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Croatia–Iran relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czech Republic–Iran relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Denmark–Iran relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Finland–Iran relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="France–Iran relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Greece–Iran relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Holy See–Iran relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hungary–Iran relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Iran–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iran–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Iran–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Iran–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Iran–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Iran–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Iran–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Iran–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Iran–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Iran–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Australia–Iran relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Iran relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Iran–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran#NATO" title="Foreign relations of Iran">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Views on the nuclear program of Iran">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Israeli–Sunni Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)#Trade_Promotion_Organization" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Trade Promotion Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors from Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Masoud_Pezeshkian_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration">Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Angola–Turkey relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cameroon–Turkey relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Central African Republic–Turkey relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chad–Turkey relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Gabon–Turkey relations">Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burundi–Turkey relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Djibouti–Turkey relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Eritrea–Turkey relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ethiopia–Turkey relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kenya–Turkey relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Madagascar–Turkey relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malawi–Turkey relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritius–Turkey relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mozambique–Turkey relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Rwanda–Turkey relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Seychelles–Turkey relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Somalia–Turkey relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Sudan–Turkey relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sudan–Turkey relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tanzania–Turkey relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Turkey–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Turkey–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Turkey–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Algeria–Turkey relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Egypt–Turkey relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Libya–Turkey relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Morocco–Turkey relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tunisia–Turkey relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Namibia–Turkey relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Africa–Turkey relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Benin–Turkey relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Turkey relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cape Verde–Turkey relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Turkey relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Turkey relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ghana–Turkey relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea–Turkey relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Liberia–Turkey relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mali–Turkey relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mauritania–Turkey relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Niger–Turkey relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nigeria–Turkey relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Senegal–Turkey relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sierra Leone–Turkey relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Togo–Turkey relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–Turkey relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cuba–Turkey relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Turkey relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Haiti–Turkey relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Costa Rica–Turkey relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Guatemala–Turkey relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nicaragua–Turkey relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Panama–Turkey relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Canada–Turkey relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mexico–Turkey relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Argentina–Turkey relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bolivia–Turkey relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brazil–Turkey relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Chile–Turkey relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Colombia–Turkey relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ecuador–Turkey relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Paraguay–Turkey relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Peru–Turkey relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Suriname–Turkey relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Turkey–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Turkey–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Afghanistan–Turkey relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Turkey relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tajikistan–Turkey relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Turkey–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Turkey–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Japan–Turkey relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Mongolia–Turkey relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Korea–Turkey relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="South Korea–Turkey relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Taiwan–Turkey relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bangladesh–Turkey relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Maldives–Turkey relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Nepal–Turkey relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Pakistan–Turkey relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sri Lanka–Turkey relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brunei–Turkey relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Cambodia–Turkey relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="East Timor–Turkey relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Indonesia–Turkey relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Laos–Turkey relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Myanmar–Turkey relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malaysia–Turkey relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Philippines–Turkey relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Singapore–Turkey relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Thailand–Turkey relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Turkey–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bahrain–Turkey relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Georgia–Turkey relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Abkhazia–Turkey relations">Abkhazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iraq–Turkey relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Jordan–Turkey relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kuwait–Turkey relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lebanon–Turkey relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Oman–Turkey relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Palestine–Turkey relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Qatar–Turkey relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Syria–Turkey relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Turkey–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Czech Republic–Turkey relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Hungary–Turkey relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Poland–Turkey relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovakia–Turkey relations">Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belarus–Turkey relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bulgaria–Turkey relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Moldova–Turkey relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Romania–Turkey relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Turkey–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Denmark–Turkey relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Estonia–Turkey relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Finland–Turkey relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iceland–Turkey relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ireland–Turkey relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Latvia–Turkey relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Lithuania–Turkey relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Norway–Turkey relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Sweden–Turkey relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Turkey–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Albania–Turkey relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Croatia–Turkey relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Greece–Turkey relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Italy–Turkey relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Kosovo–Turkey relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Malta–Turkey relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Montenegro–Turkey relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Macedonia–Turkey relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Portugal–Turkey relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="San Marino–Turkey relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Serbia–Turkey relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Slovenia–Turkey relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Spain–Turkey relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Holy See–Turkey relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Austria–Turkey relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Belgium–Turkey relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="France–Turkey relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Luxembourg–Turkey relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Netherlands–Turkey relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Switzerland–Turkey relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Australia–Turkey relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="New Zealand–Turkey relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Solomon Islands–Turkey relations">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Samoa–Turkey relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Tonga–Turkey relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Turkey–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%27s_membership_of_international_organizations" title="Turkey's membership of international organizations">International organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab League–Turkey relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Accession negotiations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_NATO" title="Turkey in NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_United_Nations" title="Turkey and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">Central Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">First Balkan Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">Second Balkan Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace Agreements and Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1926)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1926)">Treaty of Ankara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iraq–Turkey border">Border with Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Bulgaria–Turkey border">Border with Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Greece–Turkey border">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Armenia–Turkey border">Border with Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Azerbaijan–Turkey border">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Georgia–Turkey border">Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Syria–Turkey border">Border with Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Iran–Turkey border">Border with Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">ECHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_Water_Supply_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project">Northern Cyprus pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream" title="Blue Stream">Blue Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz%E2%80%93Ankara_pipeline" title="Tabriz–Ankara pipeline">Tabriz–Ankara pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline" title="Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline">Trans-Anatolian pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkStream" title="TurkStream">TurkStream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Express" title="Friendship Express">Greece–Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway">Azerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions of Turkey">Diplomatic missions of Turkey</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Turkey" title="List of diplomatic missions in Turkey">in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_diplomats" title="List of Turkish diplomats">Diplomatic corps</a></li></ul> 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