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interests","url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/turkey-increasingly-looks-russia-iran-protect-its-interests-n971571","thumbnailUrl":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_social_share_1024x768_scale,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753426/190214-hassan-rouhani-recep-erdogan-vladimir-putin-cs-1053a.jpg","alternativeHeadline":"U.S. ally Turkey looks to Russia and Iran to protect its interests","articleBody":"WASHINGTON — As Trump administration officials presided over the second day of an international conference in Warsaw dominated by calls to ratchet up pressure on Iran, one longtime U.S. ally and NATO member was noticeably absent — Turkey. Snubbing the gathering in Poland, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Thursday attended a rival conference in the Black Sea resort of Sochi, where he planned to meet his Russian and Iranian counterparts to work out a final settlement of the war in Syria. The dueling summits illustrate President Donald Trump's struggle to forge a united front against Iran, and reflect Turkey's drift away from Washington as it finds common ground with Moscow and Tehran, experts and former officials said. For decades, the U.S. could count on Turkey as a reliable partner that would line up with other allies against Iran and support Washington's strategic goals. But the political landscape has changed, U.S. influence in the region is in doubt, and Ankara is staking out an independent course, said Colin Clarke, senior research fellow at the Soufan Center, a New York-based think tank. \"I think we're seeing a realignment,\" Clarke told NBC News. \"The U.S. has gone from the position where we called the shots, to where we are making mere suggestions to Turkey. That's a major sea change.\" Turkey's relations with Washington have come under mounting strain since Erdogan was elected president in 2014, as the Turkish leader has pushed back on U.S. policies and carried out a crackdown on dissent. But the conflict in Syria has opened up the most dramatic divide between the two countries, with Ankara infuriated at Washington's support for Kurdish forces in Syria, which it sees as a terrorist threat. When national security adviser John Bolton flew to Ankara in January, Erdogan refused to meet him and expressed outrage at U.S. demands that Turkey refrain from launching strikes against Kurdish fighters in northeastern Syria. \"We cannot swallow . . . the message that Bolton gave in Israel,\" the Turkish president said, and added that Bolton \"probably doesn't know\" the difference between ethnic Kurds and armed Kurdish groups. With the U.S. planning to withdraw its small contingent of 2,000 troops in Syria within months, Turkey has recognized for some time it must reach an accommodation with Russia and Iran to safeguard its interests in Syria, experts said. \"The real power brokers in Syria are Iran and Russia,\" said Ilan Goldenberg, a former senior official under the Obama administration and now a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, a think tank. The three countries meeting in Sochi have emerged as the dominant players in what appears to be the final phase of the Syrian civil war. Russia and Iran came to the aid of the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad and have succeeded in turning the tide of the conflict in Assad's favor. Turkey cultivated Islamist rebel groups opposed to Assad that have been beaten back for the most part. But Russia and Iran need Turkey's help in squelching the rebels in their last strongholds in the northern province of Idlib, and Ankara needs Russian and Iranian cooperation to ensure Kurdish forces are kept in check and to pave the way for Syrian refugees to return, former U.S. diplomats said. \"I am confident that our trilateral summit on Syria will provide a new impulse toward stabilization in this country,\" Putin said before the talks began in Sochi. In discussions with Ankara, U.S. officials have revived the idea of a protected \"buffer zone\" for the Kurds in the northeast, but Erdogan has said any such area would have to be coordinated with Russia. When an uprising erupted in Syria in 2011, Erdogan had hoped to see Assad fall. But Turkey has since come to accept that Assad is firmly in place, and that the Syrian regime's patrons — Russia and Iran — will be needed to prevent a Kurdish state forming on Turkey's southern border, said Aykan Erdemir, a member of the Turkish parliament from 2011-2015. \"Turkey realizes it has lost in Syria. And the Kurdish issue has always been the top priority for Turkey,\" said Erdemir, now a fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a hawkish think tank. And that \"means you have to work with Russia,\" he said. As U.N. peace talks on Syria foundered in recent years despite backing from the United States, Turkey joined up with Russia and Iran for an alternative peace process that soon overshadowed the U.N. effort, a result that made the United States look impotent, foreign diplomats and experts said. At a moment when Turkey's fragile economy is plagued by debt and inflation, Ankara is anxious to retain close economic cooperation with Moscow, as it relies on gas supplies from Russia and revenues from Russian tourists and from Turkish contractors in Russia, Erdemir said. After a Russian fighter jet was downed by Turkey in November 2015, Moscow banned charter vacation trips to the country, dealing a severe blow to Turkey's tourism industry. Erdogan also sees Russia as an important alternative source for weapons. Ankara has ignored warnings from two successive U.S. administrations against buying the Russian-made S-400 missile system and Turkish officials say they plan to wrap up the purchase later this year. Turkey is not alone in seeking to cultivate Russia, as other U.S. partners in the Middle East — including Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates — see Moscow as stepping into a vacuum left by the U.S., offering arms and energy deals. \"Everybody in the region is looking at Russia,\" Goldenberg said. \"With their relatively small intervention in Syria, they were basically were able to turn the tide in a regional war.\" Like Russia, Turkey has opposed the Trump administration's hardline on Iran, and Erdogan has threatened to defy the U.S. sanctions reimposed on Tehran, calling them an \"imperial\" policy. During the last round of sanctions that preceded the 2015 nuclear agreement with Iran, Turkey was accused of turning a blind eye to sanctions busting. The Trump administration last year granted Turkey an exemption to allow it to purchase oil from Iran, though at lower levels. But it remains clear if the White House is ready to renew the waiver to Ankara later this year. Erdogan's harsh treatment of political opponents, journalists and other critics, along with his preference for an Islamist political model at the expense of the country's secular traditions, has put him at odds with the United States and the European Union. But he has dismissed Western objections, and his supporters point out that the democracies of Europe refused to open the door to Turkey's request for EU membership for years. Turkey has also bristled at America's close embrace of Riyadh, opposing Saudi Arabia's embargo on Qatar while competing with the kingdom to serve as the region's leading Sunni power. When the Saudi writer Jamal Khashoggi was killed in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul in October, Erdogan's government leaked out damning details of the incident, forcing Riyadh to revise its official explanation more than once. \"Turkey saw an opportunity to embarrass the Saudis, to gain leverage,\" Goldenberg said. So far, Turkey has yet to pay a serious price for its disagreements with Washington and European powers. Congress has threatened to sanction Turkey if it goes ahead with acquiring the Russian-made S-400 missiles, and Trump threatened to imposed sanctions if Ankara crushed the Kurds in Syria. But Erdogan has calculated that the United States is not ready to hit its old ally hard with punitive measures, experts said. \"I think he believes he has impunity in relations with the EU and the U.S., \" Erdemir said of the Turkish president. \"Erdogan knows that Putin will push back, Iran will push back, but not the U.S.\" Turkey has even sought to undercut the United States in Latin America, refusing to back U.S.-led sanctions on Venezuela and opposing Washington's effort to recognize opposition leader Juan Guaido. A month after the Trump administration granted an exemption for Ankara to allow it to continue to import Iranian oil, Erdogan paid a visit to Venezuela in December to lend his support to the regime of President Nicolas Maduro. \"That's pretty extraordinary,\" said Eric Edelman, a former U.S. ambassador to Turkey now with the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments think tank. \"It's impossible to imagine any previous Turkish leader doing that.\"","dateModified":"2019-02-14T17:21:00.000Z","datePublished":"2019-02-14T17:21:00.000Z","articleSection":"news","articleId":"ncna971571","identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"uid","value":"ncna971571"},"topics":"","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-1500w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753426/190214-hassan-rouhani-recep-erdogan-vladimir-putin-cs-1053a.jpg","caption":"From left, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Sochi, Russia, on Thursday."},"author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"Person","name":"Dan De Luce","image":null,"jobTitle":null,"description":"Dan De Luce is a reporter for the NBC News Investigative Unit. 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class="article-hero__bg-container"><div class="article-hero__divider"></div><header class="article-hero__header mh0-print layout-grid-container"><aside class="article-hero__unibrow-grid layout-grid-item grid-col-2-l"><div data-testid="unibrow-container" class="unibrow articleTitleSection article-hero__tax-term"><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/world"><span data-testid="unibrow-text">World</span></a></div></aside><div class="article-hero-headline layout-grid-item grid-col-10-l"><h1 class="article-hero-headline__htag lh-none-print black-print">U.S. ally Turkey looks to Russia and Iran to protect its interests</h1><div class="styles_articleDek__Icz5H styles_withImage__SSIip" data-testid="article-dek">Analysis: The U.S. organized a global conference on the Mideast in Warsaw, but Turkey's leader is at a summit with Russian and Iranian leaders instead.</div></div></header></div><div class="article-hero__media-holder layout-grid-container"><div class="article-hero__media-container layout-grid-item grid-col-10-xl grid-col-push-2-xl"><figure class="article-hero__main"><picture class="article-hero__main-image" data-testid="picture"><source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-1000w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753426/190214-hassan-rouhani-recep-erdogan-vladimir-putin-cs-1053a.jpg"/><source media="(min-width: 758px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753426/190214-hassan-rouhani-recep-erdogan-vladimir-putin-cs-1053a.jpg"/><source media="(min-width: 320px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753426/190214-hassan-rouhani-recep-erdogan-vladimir-putin-cs-1053a.jpg"/><img src="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753426/190214-hassan-rouhani-recep-erdogan-vladimir-putin-cs-1053a.jpg" alt="Image: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, shakes hands with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Russian President Vladimir Putin during a meeting in Sochi, Russia, on Feb. 14, 2019." height="1721" width="2500"/></picture></figure></div><figcaption class="caption article-hero__caption layout-grid-item grid-col-10-xl grid-col-push-2-xl" data-testid="caption"><span class="caption__container" data-testid="caption__container">From left, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Sochi, Russia, on Thursday.</span><span class="caption__source" data-testid="caption__source">Presidential Press Service via AP</span></figcaption></div></section><div class="article-body" data-activity-map="article-article-body" data-taboola-target="read-more" data-testid="article-body"><div class="article-body__grid--container"><div class="ad dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="interstitial" data-sizes="[[[0,0],[[4,4]]]]" 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class="styles_save__ILVuj"></li></ul></div><div class="article-body__date-source" data-testid="article-body-timestamp"><time class="relative z-1" dateTime="2019-02-14T17:21:00.000Z" data-testid="timestamp__datePublished" content="2019-02-14T17:21:00.000Z">Feb. 14, 2019, 5:21 PM UTC</time></div><div class="article-body__byline"><div class="article-inline-byline" data-activity-map="inline-byline-article-top">By <span class="byline-name" data-testid="byline-name"><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/author/dan-de-luce-ncpn891376">Dan De Luce</a></span></div></div></section><div class="article-body__content"><p class="">WASHINGTON — As Trump administration officials presided over the second day of an international conference in Warsaw dominated by calls to ratchet up pressure on Iran, one longtime <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/turkey-s-erdogan-snubs-john-bolton-rift-between-nato-allies-n956011" target="_blank">U.S. ally and NATO member</a> was noticeably absent — Turkey.</p><p class="">Snubbing the gathering in Poland, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Thursday attended a rival conference in the Black Sea resort of Sochi, where he planned to meet his<a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/russia-iran-open-their-arms-turkey-loses-patience-u-s-n838686" target="_blank"> Russian and Iranian counterparts</a> to work out a final settlement of the <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/trump-s-withdrawal-syria-victory-iran-russia-experts-say-n950111" target="_blank">war in Syria.</a></p><div class="ad ad--text-alignment ad-container boxinlineAd dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="boxinline" data-sizes="[[[1000,1],[]],[[758,1],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[728,90],[360,360]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[360,360]]]]" data-render-on-view="true" data-targeting="{}" data-active-tab="true" data-offset-viewport="100" data-testid="ad__container__inner"></div></div><div id="taboolaReadMoreBelow"></div><p class="">The dueling summits illustrate President Donald Trump's struggle to forge a united front against Iran, and reflect Turkey's drift away from Washington as it finds common ground with Moscow and Tehran, experts and former officials said.</p><p class="">For decades, the U.S. could count on Turkey as a reliable partner that would line up with other allies against Iran and support Washington's strategic goals. But the political landscape has changed, U.S. influence in the region is in doubt, and Ankara is staking out an independent course, said Colin Clarke, senior research fellow at the Soufan Center, a New York-based think tank.</p><p class="">"I think we're seeing a realignment," Clarke told NBC News. "The U.S. has gone from the position where we called the shots, to where we are making mere suggestions to Turkey. That's a major sea change."</p><p class="">Turkey's relations with Washington have come under mounting strain since Erdogan was elected president in 2014, as the Turkish leader has <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/turkey-s-erdogan-vows-country-will-defy-economic-threats-u-n901866" target="_blank">pushed back on U.S. policies</a> and carried out a crackdown on dissent. But the conflict in Syria has opened up the most dramatic divide between the two countries, with Ankara infuriated at Washington's support for Kurdish forces in Syria, which it sees as a terrorist threat.</p><div class="ad ad--text-alignment ad-container boxinlineAd dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="boxinline" data-sizes="[[[1000,1],[]],[[758,1],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[728,90],[360,360]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[360,360]]]]" data-render-on-view="true" data-targeting="{}" data-active-tab="true" data-offset-viewport="100" data-testid="ad__container__inner"></div></div><p class="">When national security adviser John Bolton flew to Ankara in January, Erdogan refused to meet him and expressed outrage at U.S. demands that Turkey refrain from launching strikes against Kurdish fighters in northeastern Syria.</p><figure class="styles_inlineImage__yAWZ0 styles_medium__OMa6x"><picture class="styles_image__1qciH" data-testid="picture"><source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a.jpg 1x"/><source media="(min-width: 320px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a.jpg 1x"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a.jpg" alt="Image: Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019." height="1667" width="2500"/></picture><figcaption class="caption styles_caption__Pe5JC" data-testid="caption"><span class="caption__container" data-testid="caption__container">Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019.</span><span class="caption__source" data-testid="caption__source">Chris McGrath / Getty Images</span></figcaption></figure><p class="">"We cannot swallow . . . the message that Bolton gave in Israel," the Turkish president <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/4f043984-132d-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e" target="_blank">said</a>, and added that Bolton "probably doesn't know" the difference between ethnic Kurds and armed Kurdish groups.</p><p class="">With the U.S. planning to withdraw its small contingent of 2,000 troops in Syria within months, Turkey has recognized for some time it must reach an accommodation with Russia and Iran to safeguard its interests in Syria, experts said.</p><p class="">"The real power brokers in Syria are Iran and Russia," said Ilan Goldenberg, a former senior official under the Obama administration and now a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, a think tank.</p><div class="recommended-intersection-ref" data-activity-map="recommended-article-body-recommended" data-testid="recommended-wrapper"></div><div class="recommended-intersection-ref" data-activity-map="recommended-article-body-recommended" data-testid="recommended-wrapper"></div><p class="">The three countries meeting in Sochi have emerged as the dominant players in what appears to be the final phase of the Syrian civil war. Russia and Iran came to the aid of the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad and have succeeded in turning the tide of the conflict in Assad's favor.</p><figure class="styles_inlineImage__yAWZ0 styles_medium__OMa6x"><picture class="styles_image__1qciH" data-testid="picture"><source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a.jpg 1x"/><source media="(min-width: 320px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a.jpg 1x"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a.jpg" alt="Image: A Syrian Democratic forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017." height="1626" width="2500"/></picture><figcaption class="caption styles_caption__Pe5JC" data-testid="caption"><span class="caption__container" data-testid="caption__container">A Syrian Democratic Forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017.</span><span class="caption__source" data-testid="caption__source">Bulent Kilic / AFP/Getty Images file</span></figcaption></figure><p class="">Turkey cultivated Islamist rebel groups opposed to Assad that have been beaten back for the most part. But Russia and Iran need Turkey's help in squelching the rebels in their last strongholds in the northern province of Idlib, and Ankara needs Russian and Iranian cooperation to ensure Kurdish forces are kept in check and to pave the way for Syrian refugees to return, former U.S. diplomats said.</p><div class="ad ad--text-alignment ad-container boxinlineAd dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="boxinline" data-sizes="[[[1000,1],[]],[[758,1],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[728,90],[360,360]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[360,360]]]]" data-render-on-view="true" data-targeting="{}" data-active-tab="true" data-offset-viewport="100" data-testid="ad__container__inner"></div></div><p class="">"I am confident that our trilateral summit on Syria will provide a new impulse toward stabilization in this country," Putin <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-the-middle-east-russia-is-back/2018/12/04/e899df30-aaf1-11e8-9a7d-cd30504ff902_story.html?utm_term=.a091d5cdc333">said</a> before the talks began in Sochi.</p><p class="">In discussions with Ankara, U.S. officials have revived the idea of a protected "buffer zone" for <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/u-s-stop-arming-kurds-syria-n823866" target="_blank">the Kurds</a> in the northeast, but Erdogan has said any such area would have to be coordinated with Russia.</p><p class="">When an uprising erupted in Syria in 2011, Erdogan had hoped to see Assad fall. But Turkey has since come to accept that Assad is firmly in place, and that the Syrian regime's patrons — Russia and Iran — will be needed to prevent a Kurdish state forming on Turkey's southern border, said Aykan Erdemir, a member of the Turkish parliament from 2011-2015.</p><figure class="styles_inlineImage__yAWZ0 styles_medium__OMa6x"><picture class="styles_image__1qciH" data-testid="picture"><source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140.jpg 1x"/><source media="(min-width: 320px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140.jpg 1x"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140.jpg" alt="Image: Recep Tayyip Erdogan" height="1636" width="2500"/></picture><figcaption class="caption styles_caption__Pe5JC" data-testid="caption"><span class="caption__container" data-testid="caption__container">Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan speaks to the media at the parliament in Ankara on Jan. 8, 2019.</span><span class="caption__source" data-testid="caption__source">Burhan Ozbilici / AP</span></figcaption></figure><p class="">"Turkey realizes it has lost in Syria. And the Kurdish issue has always been the top priority for Turkey," said Erdemir, now a fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a hawkish think tank. And that "means you have to work with Russia," he said.</p><p class="">As U.N. peace talks on Syria foundered in recent years despite backing from the United States, Turkey joined up with Russia and Iran for an alternative peace process that soon overshadowed the U.N. effort, a result that made the United States look impotent, foreign diplomats and experts said.</p><p class="">At a moment when Turkey's fragile economy is plagued by <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/trump-tariffs-sanctions-offer-erdogan-excuse-turkey-s-economic-woes-n910736" target="_blank">debt and inflation, </a>Ankara is anxious to retain close economic cooperation with Moscow, as it relies on gas supplies from Russia and revenues from Russian tourists and from Turkish contractors in Russia, Erdemir said. After a Russian fighter jet was downed by Turkey in November 2015, Moscow <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-orders-economic-sanctions-against-turkey-after-downing-plane-n470651" target="_blank">banned charter vacation trips to the country, </a>dealing a severe blow to Turkey's tourism industry.</p><div class="ad ad--text-alignment ad-container boxinlineAd dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="boxinline" data-sizes="[[[1000,1],[]],[[758,1],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[728,90],[360,360]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[360,360]]]]" data-render-on-view="true" data-targeting="{}" data-active-tab="true" data-offset-viewport="100" data-testid="ad__container__inner"></div></div><p class="">Erdogan also sees Russia as an important alternative source for weapons. Ankara has ignored warnings from two successive U.S. administrations against buying the Russian-made S-400 missile system and Turkish officials say they <a href="https://www.france24.com/en/20181224-turkey-says-us-missile-deal-does-not-affect-400-purchase-russia" target="_blank">plan</a> to wrap up the purchase later this year.</p><figure class="styles_inlineImage__yAWZ0 styles_medium__OMa6x"><picture class="styles_image__1qciH" data-testid="picture"><source media="(min-width: 1000px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-560w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p.jpg 1x"/><source media="(min-width: 320px)" srcSet="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_avif,q_auto:eco,dpr_2/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p.jpg 2x, https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p.jpg 1x"/><img loading="lazy" src="https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/t_fit-760w,f_auto,q_auto:best/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p.jpg" alt="Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane" height="1623" width="2500"/></picture><figcaption class="caption styles_caption__Pe5JC" data-testid="caption"><span class="caption__container" data-testid="caption__container">Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane, also known as Ain al-Arab, on Jan. 30, 2015. Kurdish forces recaptured the town on the Turkish frontier in a symbolic blow to the jihadists who have seized large swathes of territory in their onslaught across Syria and Iraq.</span><span class="caption__source" data-testid="caption__source">Bulent Kilic / AFP - Getty Images file</span></figcaption></figure><p class="">Turkey is not alone in seeking to cultivate Russia, as other U.S. partners in the Middle East — including Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates — see Moscow as stepping into a vacuum left by the U.S., offering arms and energy deals.</p><p class="">"Everybody in the region is looking at Russia," Goldenberg said. "With their relatively small intervention in Syria, they were basically were able to turn the tide in a regional war."</p><p class="">Like Russia, Turkey has opposed the Trump administration's hardline on Iran, and <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/erdogan-warns-trump-turkey-does-not-respond-threats-n899886" target="_blank">Erdogan has threatened</a> to defy the U.S. sanctions reimposed on Tehran, calling them an "imperial" policy. During the last round of sanctions that preceded the 2015 nuclear agreement with Iran, Turkey was accused of turning a blind eye to sanctions busting.</p><p class="">The Trump administration last year granted Turkey an exemption to allow it to purchase oil from Iran, though at lower levels. But it remains clear if the White House is ready to renew the waiver to Ankara later this year.</p><p class="">Erdogan's harsh treatment of political opponents, journalists and other critics, along with his preference for an Islamist political model at the expense of the country's secular traditions, has put him at odds with the United States and the European Union. But he has dismissed Western objections, and his supporters point out that the democracies of Europe refused to open the door to Turkey's request for EU membership for years.</p><div class="ad ad--text-alignment ad-container boxinlineAd dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="boxinline" data-sizes="[[[1000,1],[]],[[758,1],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[728,90],[360,360]]],[[0,0],[[300,250],[700,50],[5,5],[360,360]]]]" data-render-on-view="true" data-targeting="{}" data-active-tab="true" data-offset-viewport="100" data-testid="ad__container__inner"></div></div><p class="">Turkey has also bristled at America's close embrace of Riyadh, opposing Saudi Arabia's embargo on Qatar while competing with the kingdom to serve as the region's leading Sunni power.</p><p class="">When the Saudi writer <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/khashoggi-mystery-exposes-rifts-between-u-s-allies-turkey-saudi-n918431" target="_blank">Jamal Khashoggi was killed</a> in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul in October, Erdogan's government leaked out damning details of the incident, forcing Riyadh to revise its official explanation more than once. "Turkey saw an opportunity to embarrass the Saudis, to gain leverage," Goldenberg said.</p><p class="">So far, Turkey has yet to pay a serious price for its disagreements with Washington and European powers. Congress has threatened to sanction Turkey if it goes ahead with acquiring the Russian-made S-400 missiles, and Trump threatened to imposed sanctions if Ankara crushed the Kurds in Syria. But Erdogan has calculated that the United States is not ready to hit its old ally hard with punitive measures, experts said.</p><p class="">"I think he believes he has impunity in relations with the EU and the U.S., " Erdemir said of the Turkish president. "Erdogan knows that Putin will push back, Iran will push back, but not the U.S."</p><p class="">Turkey has even sought to undercut the United States in Latin America, refusing to back U.S.-led sanctions on Venezuela and opposing Washington's effort to recognize opposition leader Juan Guaido. A month after the Trump administration <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-sanctions-waivers/us-grants-temporary-iran-oil-waivers-to-eight-countries-including-china-pompeo-idUSKCN1NA1OS">granted</a> an exemption for Ankara to allow it to continue to import Iranian oil, Erdogan paid a <a href="https://apnews.com/18d1e0e6775d48b89012ddd964bbfa3b">visit</a> to Venezuela in December to lend his support to the regime of President Nicolas Maduro.</p><p class="endmark">"That's pretty extraordinary," said Eric Edelman, a former U.S. ambassador to Turkey now with the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments think tank. "It's impossible to imagine any previous Turkish leader doing that."</p></div><div class="article-body__content"><div class="expanded-byline-contributors articleBylineContainer"><div class="expanded-byline article-expanded-byline" data-activity-map="expanded-byline-article-bottom"><span class="byline-thumbnail byline-thumbnail--no-image expanded-byline__thumbnail" data-testid="byline-thumbnail"></span><span class="byline-name expanded-byline__name" data-testid="byline-name"><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/author/dan-de-luce-ncpn891376">Dan De Luce</a></span><span class="byline-social expanded-byline__social"><a href="mailto:Daniel.DeLuce@nbcuni.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="byline-social--link"><span class="icon icon-email"></span></a></span><div class="expanded-byline__bio-wrapper"><p class="byline-bio expanded-byline__bio">Dan De Luce is a reporter for the NBC News Investigative Unit. </p></div></div><div class="expanded-contributors">Josh Lederman contributed.</div></div></div></div><div class="article-body--right-rail-container"><div data-testid="right-rail-container" class="article-body__right-rail layout-grid-item grid-col-4_5-l grid-col-3_5-xl grid-col-push-half-xl"><div class="article-body__right-rail--sticky"></div><div class="ad article-body__right-rail--ad ad--text-alignment ad-container dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="boxrail" data-sizes="[[[1000,1],[[300,250],[360,360]]],[[758,1],[]],[[0,0],[]]]" data-offset="10" data-render-on-view="true" data-targeting="{}" data-active-tab="true" data-testid="ad__container__inner"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="body-bottom-recommended" data-testid="body-bottom-recommended"><div class="ad ad--midresponsive ad-container dn-print" data-testid="ad__container"><div data-mps="true" data-slot="midresponsive" data-sizes="[[[1000,1],[[700,1],[5,5]]],[[758,1],[]],[[0,0],[]]]" data-offset="300" data-refresh-interval="0" data-render-on-view="true" 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The U.S. organized a global conference on the Mideast in Warsaw, but Turkey's leader is at a summit with Russian and Iranian leaders instead.","content":{"text":["WASHINGTON — As Trump administration officials presided over the second day of an international conference in Warsaw dominated by calls to ratchet up pressure on Iran, one longtime U.S. ally and NATO member was noticeably absent — Turkey.","Snubbing the gathering in Poland, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on Thursday attended a rival conference in the Black Sea resort of Sochi, where he planned to meet his Russian and Iranian counterparts to work out a final settlement of the war in Syria.","The dueling summits illustrate President Donald Trump's struggle to forge a united front against Iran, and reflect Turkey's drift away from Washington as it finds common ground with Moscow and Tehran, experts and former officials said.","","For decades, the U.S. could count on Turkey as a reliable partner that would line up with other allies against Iran and support Washington's strategic goals. But the political landscape has changed, U.S. influence in the region is in doubt, and Ankara is staking out an independent course, said Colin Clarke, senior research fellow at the Soufan Center, a New York-based think tank.","\"I think we're seeing a realignment,\" Clarke told NBC News. \"The U.S. has gone from the position where we called the shots, to where we are making mere suggestions to Turkey. That's a major sea change.\"","Turkey's relations with Washington have come under mounting strain since Erdogan was elected president in 2014, as the Turkish leader has pushed back on U.S. policies and carried out a crackdown on dissent. But the conflict in Syria has opened up the most dramatic divide between the two countries, with Ankara infuriated at Washington's support for Kurdish forces in Syria, which it sees as a terrorist threat.","When national security adviser John Bolton flew to Ankara in January, Erdogan refused to meet him and expressed outrage at U.S. demands that Turkey refrain from launching strikes against Kurdish fighters in northeastern Syria.","","\"We cannot swallow . . . the message that Bolton gave in Israel,\" the Turkish president said, and added that Bolton \"probably doesn't know\" the difference between ethnic Kurds and armed Kurdish groups.","With the U.S. planning to withdraw its small contingent of 2,000 troops in Syria within months, Turkey has recognized for some time it must reach an accommodation with Russia and Iran to safeguard its interests in Syria, experts said.","\"The real power brokers in Syria are Iran and Russia,\" said Ilan Goldenberg, a former senior official under the Obama administration and now a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, a think tank.","The three countries meeting in Sochi have emerged as the dominant players in what appears to be the final phase of the Syrian civil war. Russia and Iran came to the aid of the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad and have succeeded in turning the tide of the conflict in Assad's favor.","","Turkey cultivated Islamist rebel groups opposed to Assad that have been beaten back for the most part. But Russia and Iran need Turkey's help in squelching the rebels in their last strongholds in the northern province of Idlib, and Ankara needs Russian and Iranian cooperation to ensure Kurdish forces are kept in check and to pave the way for Syrian refugees to return, former U.S. diplomats said.","\"I am confident that our trilateral summit on Syria will provide a new impulse toward stabilization in this country,\" Putin said before the talks began in Sochi.","In discussions with Ankara, U.S. officials have revived the idea of a protected \"buffer zone\" for the Kurds in the northeast, but Erdogan has said any such area would have to be coordinated with Russia.","When an uprising erupted in Syria in 2011, Erdogan had hoped to see Assad fall. But Turkey has since come to accept that Assad is firmly in place, and that the Syrian regime's patrons — Russia and Iran — will be needed to prevent a Kurdish state forming on Turkey's southern border, said Aykan Erdemir, a member of the Turkish parliament from 2011-2015.","","\"Turkey realizes it has lost in Syria. And the Kurdish issue has always been the top priority for Turkey,\" said Erdemir, now a fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a hawkish think tank. And that \"means you have to work with Russia,\" he said.","As U.N. peace talks on Syria foundered in recent years despite backing from the United States, Turkey joined up with Russia and Iran for an alternative peace process that soon overshadowed the U.N. effort, a result that made the United States look impotent, foreign diplomats and experts said.","At a moment when Turkey's fragile economy is plagued by debt and inflation, Ankara is anxious to retain close economic cooperation with Moscow, as it relies on gas supplies from Russia and revenues from Russian tourists and from Turkish contractors in Russia, Erdemir said. After a Russian fighter jet was downed by Turkey in November 2015, Moscow banned charter vacation trips to the country, dealing a severe blow to Turkey's tourism industry.","Erdogan also sees Russia as an important alternative source for weapons. Ankara has ignored warnings from two successive U.S. administrations against buying the Russian-made S-400 missile system and Turkish officials say they plan to wrap up the purchase later this year.","","Turkey is not alone in seeking to cultivate Russia, as other U.S. partners in the Middle East — including Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates — see Moscow as stepping into a vacuum left by the U.S., offering arms and energy deals.","\"Everybody in the region is looking at Russia,\" Goldenberg said. \"With their relatively small intervention in Syria, they were basically were able to turn the tide in a regional war.\"","Like Russia, Turkey has opposed the Trump administration's hardline on Iran, and Erdogan has threatened to defy the U.S. sanctions reimposed on Tehran, calling them an \"imperial\" policy. During the last round of sanctions that preceded the 2015 nuclear agreement with Iran, Turkey was accused of turning a blind eye to sanctions busting.","The Trump administration last year granted Turkey an exemption to allow it to purchase oil from Iran, though at lower levels. But it remains clear if the White House is ready to renew the waiver to Ankara later this year.","Erdogan's harsh treatment of political opponents, journalists and other critics, along with his preference for an Islamist political model at the expense of the country's secular traditions, has put him at odds with the United States and the European Union. But he has dismissed Western objections, and his supporters point out that the democracies of Europe refused to open the door to Turkey's request for EU membership for years.","Turkey has also bristled at America's close embrace of Riyadh, opposing Saudi Arabia's embargo on Qatar while competing with the kingdom to serve as the region's leading Sunni power.","","When the Saudi writer Jamal Khashoggi was killed in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul in October, Erdogan's government leaked out damning details of the incident, forcing Riyadh to revise its official explanation more than once. \"Turkey saw an opportunity to embarrass the Saudis, to gain leverage,\" Goldenberg said.","So far, Turkey has yet to pay a serious price for its disagreements with Washington and European powers. Congress has threatened to sanction Turkey if it goes ahead with acquiring the Russian-made S-400 missiles, and Trump threatened to imposed sanctions if Ankara crushed the Kurds in Syria. But Erdogan has calculated that the United States is not ready to hit its old ally hard with punitive measures, experts said.","\"I think he believes he has impunity in relations with the EU and the U.S., \" Erdemir said of the Turkish president. \"Erdogan knows that Putin will push back, Iran will push back, but not the U.S.\"","Turkey has even sought to undercut the United States in Latin America, refusing to back U.S.-led sanctions on Venezuela and opposing Washington's effort to recognize opposition leader Juan Guaido. A month after the Trump administration granted an exemption for Ankara to allow it to continue to import Iranian oil, Erdogan paid a visit to Venezuela in December to lend his support to the regime of President Nicolas Maduro.","\"That's pretty extraordinary,\" said Eric Edelman, a former U.S. ambassador to Turkey now with the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments think tank. \"It's impossible to imagine any previous Turkish leader doing that.\""]},"documentTracing":{"currentMessageId":{"id":"f0cfef6b-7f56-4634-b1af-af6ada205188","updatedDate":"Thu Feb 14 2019 20:49:30 GMT+0000 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But the conflict in Syria has opened up the most dramatic divide between the two countries, with Ankara infuriated at Washington's support for Kurdish forces in Syria, which it sees as a terrorist threat.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"When national security adviser John Bolton flew to Ankara in January, Erdogan refused to meet him and expressed outrage at U.S. demands that Turkey refrain from launching strikes against Kurdish fighters in northeastern Syria.","elementId":null},{"presentation":{"alignment":"left","size":"medium","style":"default","byline":null,"hideRecommendations":false,"hideProductRecommendations":false},"type":"embeddedImage","image":{"id":"ncim2753446","headline":{"primary":"Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019.","tease":"Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019.","seo":"Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019.","social":"Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019."},"caption":"Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019.","altText":"Image: Civilians wait at a makeshift checkpoint after fleeing ISIS from the Syrian city of Bagouz on Feb. 9, 2019.","url":{"primary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a.jpg"},"imageUrl":{"aims":"https://media2.s-nbcnews.com/i/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a_d0781ca739e7b7ba87d18b8999d3f1ec.jpg","cloudinary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_07/2753446/190214-syria-civilians-isis-cs-1102a.jpg","telemundo":null},"encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","height":1667,"width":2500,"authors":[{"name":"Chris McGrath"}],"source":{"name":"Getty Images","copyright":"2019 Getty Images"},"graphicContent":false,"imageContentType":null},"elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"\"We cannot swallow . . . the message that Bolton gave in Israel,\" the Turkish president \u003ca href=\"https://www.ft.com/content/4f043984-132d-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e, and added that Bolton \"probably doesn't know\" the difference between ethnic Kurds and armed Kurdish groups.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"With the U.S. planning to withdraw its small contingent of 2,000 troops in Syria within months, Turkey has recognized for some time it must reach an accommodation with Russia and Iran to safeguard its interests in Syria, experts said.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"\"The real power brokers in Syria are Iran and Russia,\" said Ilan Goldenberg, a former senior official under the Obama administration and now a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, a think tank.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"The three countries meeting in Sochi have emerged as the dominant players in what appears to be the final phase of the Syrian civil war. Russia and Iran came to the aid of the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad and have succeeded in turning the tide of the conflict in Assad's favor.","elementId":null},{"presentation":{"alignment":"left","size":"medium","style":"default","byline":null,"hideRecommendations":false,"hideProductRecommendations":false},"type":"embeddedImage","image":{"id":"ncim2733316","headline":{"primary":"A Syrian Democratic forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017.","tease":"A Syrian Democratic forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017.","seo":"A Syrian Democratic forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017.","social":"A Syrian Democratic forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017."},"caption":"A Syrian Democratic Forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017.","altText":"Image: A Syrian Democratic forces fighter stands guard on a rooftop after retaking the city of Raqa from ISIS fighters on Oct. 20, 2017.","url":{"primary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a.jpg"},"imageUrl":{"aims":"https://media2.s-nbcnews.com/i/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a_b47f94487f311f3a9530d22637e464fb.jpg","cloudinary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_05/2733316/190129-isis-raqa-syria-cs-1106a.jpg","telemundo":null},"encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","height":1626,"width":2500,"authors":[{"name":"Bulent Kilic"}],"source":{"name":"AFP/Getty Images file","copyright":""},"graphicContent":false,"imageContentType":null},"elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"Turkey cultivated Islamist rebel groups opposed to Assad that have been beaten back for the most part. But Russia and Iran need Turkey's help in squelching the rebels in their last strongholds in the northern province of Idlib, and Ankara needs Russian and Iranian cooperation to ensure Kurdish forces are kept in check and to pave the way for Syrian refugees to return, former U.S. diplomats said.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"\"I am confident that our trilateral summit on Syria will provide a new impulse toward stabilization in this country,\" Putin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/in-the-middle-east-russia-is-back/2018/12/04/e899df30-aaf1-11e8-9a7d-cd30504ff902_story.html?utm_term=.a091d5cdc333\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e before the talks began in Sochi.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"In discussions with Ankara, U.S. officials have revived the idea of a protected \"buffer zone\" for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/u-s-stop-arming-kurds-syria-n823866\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ethe Kurds\u003c/a\u003e in the northeast, but Erdogan has said any such area would have to be coordinated with Russia.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"When an uprising erupted in Syria in 2011, Erdogan had hoped to see Assad fall. But Turkey has since come to accept that Assad is firmly in place, and that the Syrian regime's patrons — Russia and Iran — will be needed to prevent a Kurdish state forming on Turkey's southern border, said Aykan Erdemir, a member of the Turkish parliament from 2011-2015.","elementId":null},{"presentation":{"alignment":"left","size":"medium","style":"default","byline":null,"hideRecommendations":false,"hideProductRecommendations":false},"type":"embeddedImage","image":{"id":"ncim2708341","headline":{"primary":"Recep Tayyip Erdogan","tease":"Recep Tayyip Erdogan","seo":"Recep Tayyip Erdogan","social":"Recep Tayyip Erdogan"},"caption":"Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan speaks to the media at the parliament in Ankara on Jan. 8, 2019.","altText":"Image: Recep Tayyip Erdogan","url":{"primary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140.jpg"},"imageUrl":{"aims":"https://media1.s-nbcnews.com/i/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140_8877b38659ca2bf5baf04e3caefcc160.jpg","cloudinary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_02/2708341/190108-erdogan-turkey-mn-1140.jpg","telemundo":null},"encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","height":1636,"width":2500,"authors":[{"name":"Burhan Ozbilici"}],"source":{"name":"AP","copyright":"AP"},"graphicContent":false,"imageContentType":null},"elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"\"Turkey realizes it has lost in Syria. And the Kurdish issue has always been the top priority for Turkey,\" said Erdemir, now a fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a hawkish think tank. And that \"means you have to work with Russia,\" he said.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"As U.N. peace talks on Syria foundered in recent years despite backing from the United States, Turkey joined up with Russia and Iran for an alternative peace process that soon overshadowed the U.N. effort, a result that made the United States look impotent, foreign diplomats and experts said.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"At a moment when Turkey's fragile economy is plagued by \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/trump-tariffs-sanctions-offer-erdogan-excuse-turkey-s-economic-woes-n910736\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edebt and inflation, \u003c/a\u003eAnkara is anxious to retain close economic cooperation with Moscow, as it relies on gas supplies from Russia and revenues from Russian tourists and from Turkish contractors in Russia, Erdemir said. After a Russian fighter jet was downed by Turkey in November 2015, Moscow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-orders-economic-sanctions-against-turkey-after-downing-plane-n470651\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebanned charter vacation trips to the country, \u003c/a\u003edealing a severe blow to Turkey's tourism industry.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"Erdogan also sees Russia as an important alternative source for weapons. Ankara has ignored warnings from two successive U.S. administrations against buying the Russian-made S-400 missile system and Turkish officials say they \u003ca href=\"https://www.france24.com/en/20181224-turkey-says-us-missile-deal-does-not-affect-400-purchase-russia\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eplan\u003c/a\u003e to wrap up the purchase later this year.","elementId":null},{"presentation":{"alignment":"left","size":"medium","style":"default","byline":null,"hideRecommendations":false,"hideProductRecommendations":false},"type":"embeddedImage","image":{"id":"ncim2721111","headline":{"primary":"Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane","tease":"Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane","seo":"Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane","social":"Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane"},"caption":"Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane, also known as Ain al-Arab, on Jan. 30, 2015. Kurdish forces recaptured the town on the Turkish frontier in a symbolic blow to the jihadists who have seized large swathes of territory in their onslaught across Syria and Iraq.","altText":"Musa, a 25-year-old Kurdish marksman, stands atop a building as he looks at the destroyed Syrian town of Kobane","url":{"primary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p.jpg"},"imageUrl":{"aims":"https://media2.s-nbcnews.com/i/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p_6768c97e0a2a18495efda5afd7093ef4.jpg","cloudinary":"https://media-cldnry.s-nbcnews.com/image/upload/newscms/2019_03/2721111/190118-syria-kurdish-fighter-kobane-se-956p.jpg","telemundo":null},"encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","height":1623,"width":2500,"authors":[{"name":"Bulent Kilic"}],"source":{"name":"AFP - Getty Images file","copyright":""},"graphicContent":false,"imageContentType":null},"elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"Turkey is not alone in seeking to cultivate Russia, as other U.S. partners in the Middle East — including Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, the United Arab Emirates — see Moscow as stepping into a vacuum left by the U.S., offering arms and energy deals.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"\"Everybody in the region is looking at Russia,\" Goldenberg said. \"With their relatively small intervention in Syria, they were basically were able to turn the tide in a regional war.\"","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"Like Russia, Turkey has opposed the Trump administration's hardline on Iran, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/erdogan-warns-trump-turkey-does-not-respond-threats-n899886\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eErdogan has threatened\u003c/a\u003e to defy the U.S. sanctions reimposed on Tehran, calling them an \"imperial\" policy. During the last round of sanctions that preceded the 2015 nuclear agreement with Iran, Turkey was accused of turning a blind eye to sanctions busting.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"The Trump administration last year granted Turkey an exemption to allow it to purchase oil from Iran, though at lower levels. But it remains clear if the White House is ready to renew the waiver to Ankara later this year.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"Erdogan's harsh treatment of political opponents, journalists and other critics, along with his preference for an Islamist political model at the expense of the country's secular traditions, has put him at odds with the United States and the European Union. But he has dismissed Western objections, and his supporters point out that the democracies of Europe refused to open the door to Turkey's request for EU membership for years.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"Turkey has also bristled at America's close embrace of Riyadh, opposing Saudi Arabia's embargo on Qatar while competing with the kingdom to serve as the region's leading Sunni power.","elementId":null},{"type":"embeddedVideo","disablePlaylistAutoplay":false,"presentation":{"alignment":"left","size":"medium","style":"default","byline":null,"hideRecommendations":false,"hideProductRecommendations":false},"video":{"id":"mmvo52870725717","taxonomy":{"additionalTerms":[{"dateCreated":"Thu Sep 16 2021 03:36:46 GMT+0000 (UTC)","dateModified":"Thu Sep 16 2021 03:36:46 GMT+0000 (UTC)","description":{"primary":null},"id":"nctx19","isCurated":true,"name":"Nightly 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A month after the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-sanctions-waivers/us-grants-temporary-iran-oil-waivers-to-eight-countries-including-china-pompeo-idUSKCN1NA1OS\"\u003egranted\u003c/a\u003e an exemption for Ankara to allow it to continue to import Iranian oil, Erdogan paid a \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/18d1e0e6775d48b89012ddd964bbfa3b\"\u003evisit\u003c/a\u003e to Venezuela in December to lend his support to the regime of President Nicolas Maduro.","elementId":null},{"type":"markup","element":"p","html":"\"That's pretty extraordinary,\" said Eric Edelman, a former U.S. ambassador to Turkey now with the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments think tank. \"It's impossible to imagine any previous Turkish leader doing that.\"","elementId":null}],"datePublished":"Thu Feb 14 2019 17:21:00 GMT+0000 (UTC)","dateModified":"Thu Feb 14 2019 20:49:29 GMT+0000 (UTC)","dateCreated":"Thu Feb 14 2019 17:21:00 GMT+0000 (UTC)","source":null,"presentation":{"alignment":"left","size":"medium","style":"normal","byline":"EXPANDED","hideRecommendations":false,"hideProductRecommendations":false},"publisher":{"name":"nbcnews"},"subnav":null,"eventDateTime":{"endsAt":null}}],"error":null,"isNativeAd":false,"presentation":{"alignment":"left","size":"medium","style":"normal","byline":"EXPANDED","hideRecommendations":false,"hideProductRecommendations":false},"fetchingRelated":false,"relatedArticles":null,"isLoadingMostPopularStories":false,"mostPopularStoryList":{"callout":null,"content":{"pagination":{"totalItems":10},"items":[{"headline":{"tease":"Matt Gaetz says he doesn't plan to rejoin Congress after withdrawing as Trump's pick for attorney general"},"id":"rcna181378","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/matt-gaetz-says-doesnt-plan-rejoin-congress-withdrawing-name-attorney-rcna181378"}},{"headline":{"tease":"With Matt Gaetz's withdrawal, Trump's 'retribution' campaign hits the harsh reality of governing in Washington"},"id":"rcna181233","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/matt-gaetzs-withdrawal-trumps-retribution-campaign-rcna181233"}},{"headline":{"tease":"Texas Board of Education votes to approve Bible curriculum in elementary schools"},"id":"rcna181415","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/texas-board-education-votes-approve-bible-curriculum-elementary-school-rcna181415"}},{"headline":{"tease":"Trump's transition team turns to Project 2025 after disavowing it during the campaign"},"id":"rcna180689","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-team-turns-project-2025-disavowing-effort-campaign-rcna180689"}},{"headline":{"tease":"Kansas woman found buried in a freezer in Oklahoma died from 30 stab wounds, report says"},"id":"rcna181260","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/kansas-woman-found-buried-freezer-oklahoma-died-30-stab-wounds-report-rcna181260"}},{"headline":{"tease":"Putin claims new missile used in Ukraine is 'incapable' of being intercepted"},"id":"rcna181304","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/putin-kim-threats-keep-pressure-kyiv-week-escalations-rcna181304"}},{"headline":{"tease":"Giants release struggling quarterback Daniel Jones after signing him to $160 million deal "},"id":"rcna181374","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/sports/nfl/giants-release-daniel-jones-rcna181374"}},{"headline":{"tease":"Israel kills Hezbollah leader who planned elaborate attack on U.S. soldiers in Iraq"},"id":"rcna181315","url":{"primary":"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/israel-kills-hezbollah-leader-planned-elaborate-attack-us-soldiers-ira-rcna181315"}},{"headline":{"tease":"Vaccines don't cause autism. 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