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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiros_m%C3%A1xicos_griegos" title="Papiros máxicos griegos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papiros máxicos griegos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papirs_m%C3%A0gics_grecs" title="Papirs màgics grecs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Papirs màgics grecs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyri_Graecae_Magicae" title="Papyri Graecae Magicae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papyri Graecae Magicae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiros_m%C3%A1gicos_griegos" title="Papiros mágicos griegos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papiros mágicos griegos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greziar_papiro_magikoak" title="Greziar papiro magikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greziar papiro magikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاپیروس جادویی یونان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپیروس جادویی یونان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus_grecs_magiques" title="Papyrus grecs magiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papyrus grecs magiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%88%EB%B2%95_%ED%8C%8C%ED%94%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="그리스 마법 파피루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 마법 파피루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papirus_Sihir_Yunani" title="Papirus Sihir Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Papirus Sihir Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiri_magici_greci" title="Papiri magici greci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papiri magici greci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פפירוסי הכישוף היווניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פפירוסי הכישוף היווניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griekse_magische_papyri" title="Griekse magische papyri – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griekse magische papyri" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiros_m%C3%A1gicos_gregos" title="Papiros mágicos gregos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papiros mágicos gregos" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body of papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Greek Magical Papyri</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Greco-Roman_Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greco-Roman_Set.jpg/250px-Greco-Roman_Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greco-Roman_Set.jpg/330px-Greco-Roman_Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greco-Roman_Set.jpg/500px-Greco-Roman_Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A picture of the Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a> drawn on one of the papyri.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">100s BCE to 400s CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyri</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Ritual_and_magical_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Magical spells, formulae, hymns, and rituals</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Greek Magical Papyri</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i><b>Papyri Graecae Magicae</b></i>, abbreviated <i><b>PGM</b></i>) is the name given by scholars to a body of <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a> from Graeco-Roman Egypt, written mostly in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> (but also in <a href="/wiki/Old_Coptic" title="Old Coptic">Old Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a>, etc.), which each contain a number of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Ritual_and_magical_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">magical spells, formulae, hymns, and rituals</a>. The materials in the papyri date from the 100s BCE to the 400s CE.<sup id="cite_ref-betz_intro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscripts came to light through the antiquities trade, from the 1700s onward. One of the best known of these texts is the <a href="/wiki/Mithras_Liturgy" title="Mithras Liturgy">Mithras Liturgy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The texts were published in a series. Individual texts are referenced using the abbreviation <i>PGM</i> plus the volume and item number. Each volume contains a number of spells and rituals. Those listed by Preisendanz went up to PGM LXXXI (81). Further discoveries of similar texts from elsewhere have been allocated further PGM numbers for convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-betz_intro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The corpus of the <i>PGM</i> were not based on an ancient archive, but rather are a modern collection that has been added to over time. The unclear circumstances of each text's production, over a span of centuries, have therefore occasioned some debate. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dieter_Betz" title="Hans Dieter Betz">Hans Dieter Betz</a>, the English translator of the <i>PGM</i>, claims that the texts form a fraction of the "magical books" that must have existed in antiquity, and considers them a form of "underground literature" subject to <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">book-burnings</a> at the time. He cites book-burning in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (Acts 19:19), <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>' orders to burn magical books according to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (Suet. <i>Aug</i>. 31.1), and what he terms "numerous" early Christian book-burnings.<sup id="cite_ref-betz_intro_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Frankfurter, however, considers these texts productions of "innovative members of the Egyptian priesthood during the third-/fourth-century decline of the Egyptian temple infrastructure," and lends them considerably less "underground" status than Betz.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Segal" title="Alan F. Segal">Alan F. Segal</a> goes further, using the <i>PGM</i> to question the dichotomy of magic and religion in scholarship on the Hellenistic world. He uses the existence of hymns in the <i>PGM</i> to suggest that the people who wrote them in such 'magical' texts saw no distinction between such material and the more overtly magical content in the same documents.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just how "underground" the practitioners that produced these texts were therefore remains contested, though Betz points to the admonitions to secrecy about the details of certain practices in certain of the papyri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first papyri of the series were vended to purchasers of art in Egypt during the early 19th century. Another papyrus (PGM III) was acquired by the diplomat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mimaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-François Mimaut (page does not exist)">Jean-François Mimaut</a> (1774–1837) and were deposited in the French <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-betz_intro_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major portion of the collection is the so-called Anastasi collection. About half a dozen of the papyri were purchased in about 1827 by a man calling himself <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Anastasi_(merchant)" title="Giovanni Anastasi (merchant)">Jean d'Anastasi</a>, who may have been Armenian, and was a diplomatic representative at the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivial</a> court in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserted that he obtained them at Thebes (modern <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>), and he sold them to various major European collections, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Museen" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatliche Museen">Staatliche Museen</a> in Berlin, and the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a> in Leiden. H. D. Betz, who edited a translation of the collection, states that these pieces probably came from the library of an ancient scholar and collector of late antiquity based in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes, Egypt</a>. Anastasi acquired a great number of other papyri and antiquities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-betz_intro_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Thebes Cache" also contained the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm papyrus">Stockholm papyrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a> which contains <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar individual, known as <i>he who appeared in Thebes</i>, <a href="/wiki/Khaemweset" title="Khaemweset">Prince Khamwas</a>, was the fourth son of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">King Ramses II</a> and high priest of <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis, Egypt</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Lichtheim" title="Miriam Lichtheim">Miriam Lichtheim</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here I should like to stress that Prince Setne Khamwas, the hero of the two tales named for him, was a passionate antiquarian. The historical prince Khamwas, the fourth son of Ramses II, had been high priest of Ptah at Memphis and administrator of all the Memphite sanctuaries. In that capacity he had examined decayed tombs, restored the names of their owners, and renewed their funerary cults. Posterity had transmitted his renown, and the Demotic tales that were spun around his memory depicted him and his fictional adversary Prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naneferkaptah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naneferkaptah (page does not exist)">Naneferkaptah</a> as very learned scribes and magicians devoted to the study of ancient monuments and writings.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PGM XII and XIII were the <a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">first to be published</a>, appearing in 1843 in Greek, and in a Latin translation in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-betz_intro_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Betz 1992, the first scholarly publication has been credited to the British scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wycliffe_Goodwin" title="Charles Wycliffe Goodwin">Charles Wycliffe Goodwin</a>, who published for the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Antiquarian_Society" title="Cambridge Antiquarian Society">Cambridge Antiquarian Society</a>, one PGM V, translated into English with commentary in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-Betz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early twentieth century Karl Preisendanz collected the texts and published them in two volumes (1928 and 1931). A projected third volume, containing new texts and indices, reached the stage of galley proofs dated "Pentecost 1941", but the type was destroyed during the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. However, photocopies of the proofs circulated among scholars. A revised and expanded edition of the texts was published in 1973-4 in two volumes. Volume 1 was a corrected version of the first edition volume 1, but volume 2 was entirely revised and the papyri originally planned for vol. III were included. The indexes were omitted, however.<sup id="cite_ref-betz_intro_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English translation of Preisendanz's edited papyri, along with some additional Greek and Demotic texts, was produced in the 1980s by Hans Dieter Betz.<sup id="cite_ref-Betz_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PGM can now be searched in the <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_Linguae_Graecae" title="Thesaurus Linguae Graecae">Thesaurus Linguae Graecae</a> database and various concordances and dictionaries have been published.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Betz observes, in the introduction to his translations, that while the papyri were produced in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Greco-Roman Egypt</a>, they contain many sections that are Greek in origin and nature. He notes how <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, among others, are portrayed not as Hellenic or Hellenised aristocrats, as in contemporary literature, but as demonic or even dangerous, much like in <a href="/wiki/Greek_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folklore">Greek folklore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Betz also emphasizes the amount of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> he sees in the papyri, especially between Greek, Jewish and Egyptian beliefs. Betz noted, "In this <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>, the indigenous ancient Egyptian religion has in part survived, in part been profoundly <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">hellenized</a>. In its Hellenistic transformation, the Egyptian religion of the pre-Hellenistic era appears to have been reduced and simplified, no doubt to facilitate its assimilation into Hellenistic religion as the predominant cultural reference. It is quite clear that the magicians who wrote and used the Greek papyri were Hellenistic in outlook. Hellenization, however, also includes the egyptianizing of Greek religious traditions. The Greek magical papyri contain many instances of such egyptianizing transformations, which take very different forms in different texts or layers of tradition. Again, working out the more exact nature of this religious and cultural interaction remains the task of future research."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is equally undecided about the sources of the Jewish elements within the papyri, declaring that "the origin and nature of the sections representing Jewish magic in the Greek magical papyri is far from clear."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he concludes that the syncretistic elements within the papyri were a relatively unified approach, best understood as "a Greco-Egyptian, rather than more general Greco-Roman, syncretism."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also says that <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Dieterich" title="Albrecht Dieterich">Albrecht Dieterich</a> noted the importance of the Greek Magical Papyri for the study of ancient religions, because most of the texts combine multiple religions: Egyptian, Greek, Jewish, and/or others.<sup id="cite_ref-Betz_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of function, Pauline Hanesworth remarks that the PGM, beyond literary and intellectual purposes, have practical aims.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Janet_H._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Janet H. Johnson">Janet H. Johnson</a> noted in 1996 that the texts can only be understood entirely when the parts written in the Egyptian language known as <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> are accounted for. Johnson adds, "All four of the Demotic magical texts appear to have come from the collections that Anastasi gathered in the Theban area. Most have passages in Greek as well as in Demotic, and most have words glossed into Old <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> (Egyptian language written with the Greek alphabet [which indicated vowels, which Egyptian scripts did not] supplemented by extra signs taken from the Demotic for sounds not found in Greek); some contain passages written in the earlier Egyptian hieratic script or words written in a special "<a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cipher</a>" script, which would have been an effective secret code to a Greek reader but would have been deciphered fairly simply by an Egyptian."<sup id="cite_ref-Betz_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these pieces of papyrus are pages or fragmentary extracts from spell books, repositories of arcane knowledge and mystical secrets. As far as they have been reconstructed, these books appear to fall into two broad categories: some are compilations of spells and magical writings, gathered by scholarly collectors either out of academic interest or for some kind of study of magic; others may have been the working manuals of travelling magicians, containing their repertoire of spells, formulae for all occasions. Some of these spells would allow an individual to subordinate another of a higher social standing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pages contain spells, recipes, formulae, and prayers (e.g., the <i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Thanksgiving" title="Prayer of Thanksgiving">Prayer of Thanksgiving</a></i>), interspersed with magic words (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Charakt%C3%AAres" title="Charaktêres">charaktêres</a></i> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Voces_magicae" title="Voces magicae">voces magicae</a></i>) and often in shorthand, with abbreviations for the more common formulae. These spells range from impressive and mystical summonings of dark gods and daemons, to folk remedies and even parlor tricks; from portentous, fatal curses, to love charms, and cures for impotence and minor medical complaints.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In many cases, the formulaic words and phrases are strikingly similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/Defixiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Defixiones">defixiones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curse_tablet" title="Curse tablet">curse tablets</a> or binding spells, κατάδεσμοι in Greek), such as those we find inscribed on <a href="/wiki/Ostraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostraka">ostraka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amulets" class="mw-redirect" title="Amulets">amulets</a>, and lead tablets. Since some of these defixiones date from as early as the 500s BCE, and have been found as far afield as Athens, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, Rome, and Sicily (as well as Egypt), this provides a degree of continuity, and suggests that some observations based on the PGM will not be altogether inapplicable to the study of the wider Greco-Roman world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout the spells found in the Greek Magical Papyri, there are numerous references to figurines. They are found in various types of spells, including judicial, erotic, and curse magic. The figurines are made of various materials, which usually correspond to the type of spell. Such figurines have been found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean basin</a>, usually in places that the ancient Greeks associated with the underworld: graves, sanctuaries, and bodies of water, all of which stress the border between life and death, which is a common theme in Greek magic. Some have been discovered in lead coffins, upon which the spell or curse has been inscribed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_in_Greco-Roman_Egypt">Religion in Greco-Roman Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion in Greco-Roman Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Graeco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic in the Graeco-Roman world">Magic in the Graeco-Roman world</a></div> <p>The religion of the Papyri Graecae Magicae is an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of Greek, Egyptian, Christian, Jewish (see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_magical_papyri" title="Jewish magical papyri">Jewish magical papyri</a>), and even Babylonian religious influences engendered by the unique milieu of Greco-Roman Egypt. This syncretism is evident in the Papyri in a variety of ways. Often the Olympians are given attributes of their Egyptian counterparts; alternatively this could be seen as Egyptian deities being referred to by Greek names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> (who was associated with the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>) is given the epithet <i>Neferihri</i>, from Egyptian <i>Nfr-iry.t</i> 'nice eyes' (PGM IV. 1266). </p><p>Within this profusion of cultural influences can still be seen classical Greek material, and perhaps even aspects of a more accessible "folk-religion" than those preserved in the mainstream literary texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2008)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Greek_Magical_Papyri#Dubious" title="Talk:Greek Magical Papyri">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Sometimes the Greek gods depart from their traditional Olympian natures familiar to classicists, and seem far more <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a>, demonic, and bestial. This is partly the influence of Egyptian religion, in which beast cult and the terror of the divine were familiar elements; equally the context of magical texts makes such sinister deities appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-welde_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welde-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephesia_Grammata" title="Ephesia Grammata">Ephesia Grammata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_magical_papyri" title="Jewish magical papyri">Jewish magical papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrology" title="Papyrology">Papyrology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-betz_intro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-betz_intro_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-betz_intro_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-betz_intro_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-betz_intro_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-betz_intro_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-betz_intro_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-betz_intro_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Dieter Betz (ed), <i>The Greek Magical Papyri in translation</i>, University of Chicago Press, 1985, p.xli.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Hutton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqPbJQkSo8EC&pg=PA116">Witches, Druids and King Arthur</a>, 2006, p.116: "The most famous of these texts is the so-called Mithras liturgy...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfurter, David. 1997. Ritual Expertise in Roman Egypt and the Problem of the Category ‘Magician’. In <i>Envisioning Magic: A Princeton Seminar and Symposium</i>, edited by Peter Schäfer and Hans G. Kippenberg, 115–135. Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Segal, Alan F. 1981. Hellenistic Magic: Some Questions of Definition. In <i>Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions Presented to Gilles Quispel on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday</i>, edited by M. J. Vermaseren and Roel B. Broek, 349–375. Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFowden1986" class="citation book cs1">Fowden, Garth (1986). <i>The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind</i>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32583-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32583-8"><bdi>0-521-32583-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Hermes%3A+A+Historical+Approach+to+the+Late+Pagan+Mind&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-32583-8&rft.aulast=Fowden&rft.aufirst=Garth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2004" class="citation book cs1">Long, Pam O (2004). <i>Openness Secrecy Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance</i>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801866067" title="Special:BookSources/9780801866067"><bdi>9780801866067</bdi></a>. <q><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6606-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-6606-5">0-8018-6606-5</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Openness+Secrecy+Authorship%3A+Technical+Arts+and+the+Culture+of+Knowledge+from+Antiquity+to+the+Renaissance&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780801866067&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Pam+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiriam_Lichtheim" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Lichtheim" title="Miriam Lichtheim">Miriam Lichtheim</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MiriamLichtheimAncientEgyptianLiteratureVolIII/Miriam%20Lichtheim%20Ancient%20Egyptian%20Literature%20Vol%20III#page/n67/mode/2up/search/prince+Khamwas">"Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol III"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature+Vol+III&rft.au=Miriam+Lichtheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMiriamLichtheimAncientEgyptianLiteratureVolIII%2FMiriam%2520Lichtheim%2520Ancient%2520Egyptian%2520Literature%2520Vol%2520III%23page%2Fn67%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fprince%2BKhamwas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Leemans, <i>Papyri graeci musei antiquarii publici Lugduni-Batavi</i>, 2 vols. Brill: 1843, 1885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Betz_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betz_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betz_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betz_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans_Dieter_Betz1992" class="citation book cs1">Hans Dieter Betz (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/G/bo3684249.html"><i>The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells, Volume 1</i></a>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Magical+Papyri+in+Translation%2C+Including+the+Demotic+Spells%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Hans+Dieter+Betz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FG%2Fbo3684249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBetz1985" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (1985). <i>The Greek Magical Papyri in translation</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. xlv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Magical+Papyri+in+translation&rft.pages=xlv&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBetz1985" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (1985). <i>The Greek Magical Papyri in translation</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. xliv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Magical+Papyri+in+translation&rft.pages=xliv&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanesworth2012" class="citation cs2">Hanesworth, Pauline (2012-10-26), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah17179">"Magical papyri, Greek"</a>, in Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew (eds.), <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. wbeah17179, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah17179">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah17179</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3838-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3838-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-3838-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magical+papyri%2C+Greek&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ%2C+USA&rft.pages=wbeah17179&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah17179&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3838-6&rft.aulast=Hanesworth&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah17179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrattonKalleres2014" class="citation book cs1">Stratton, Kimberly B; Kalleres, Dayna S (2014). <i>Daughters of Hecate: women and magic in the ancient world</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195342710" title="Special:BookSources/9780195342710"><bdi>9780195342710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+Hecate%3A+women+and+magic+in+the+ancient+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780195342710&rft.aulast=Stratton&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+B&rft.au=Kalleres%2C+Dayna+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-welde-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-welde_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Esoteric Codex: Ancient Egyptian Texts I" by Christopher Welde, (LULU Press) 2015 p92</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Preisendanz, K. et al. (1928-1931 first ed.) <i>Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri.</i> (2 vols; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PapyriGraecaeMagicae">vol. 1</a> available on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li>Preisendanz, K., Albert Henrichs (1974-1974 second ed.) <i>Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die Griechischen Zauberpapyri.</i> (2 vols) Stuttgart: Teubner.</li> <li>Betz, H. D. et al. (1986) <i>The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Including the Demotic Texts.</i> University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Muñoz Delgado, L. (2001) <i>Léxico de magia y religión en los papiros mágicos griegos.</i> Diccionario Griego-Español. Anejo V. Madrid: CSIC.</li> <li>Skinner, S (2014) <i>Techniques of Graeco-Egyptian Magic.</i> Golden Hoard, Singapore</li> <li>Flowers, S (1995) "Hermetic Magic" Weiser</li> <li>Hanesworth, P. (2012). Magical papyri, Greek. In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (eds R.S. Bagnall, K. Brodersen, C.B. Champion, A. Erskine and S.R. Huebner).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_Magical_Papyri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>William M. Brashear, “The Greek Magical Papyri,” <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i> II, 18.5 (1995), pp. 3380–3730, limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaQFsslw6vIC&pg=RA5-PA3380">online.</a></li> <li>Magic papyri: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBohak1996" class="citation web cs1">Bohak, Gideon (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613071220/http://www.lib.umich.edu/files/exhibits/pap/magic/rb.display.html">"Traditions of Magic in Late Antiquity: Recipe-Books"</a>. <i>Library, University of Michigan</i>. Ann Arbor, Mich. : [University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/files/exhibits/pap/magic/rb.display.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.atitle=Traditions+of+Magic+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Recipe-Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bohak&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Ffiles%2Fexhibits%2Fpap%2Fmagic%2Frb.display.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett" class="citation web cs1">Barrett, Caitlín E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526164252/https://antiquities.library.cornell.edu/gems/plaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems">"Plaster Perspectives on "Magical Gems": Rethinking the Meaning of "Magic"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cornell Collection of Antiquities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a>. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Collection+of+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Plaster+Perspectives+on+%22Magical+Gems%22%3A+Rethinking+the+Meaning+of+%22Magic%22&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Caitl%C3%ADn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantiquities.library.cornell.edu%2Fgems%2Fplaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> by <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> on 26 May 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBetz1992" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans Dieter, ed. (1992). <i>The Greek magical papyri in translation including the Demotic spells</i> (2nd ed.). Chicago [u.a.]: Univ. of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226044477" title="Special:BookSources/9780226044477"><bdi>9780226044477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+magical+papyri+in+translation+including+the+Demotic+spells&rft.place=Chicago+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780226044477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilipp1972" class="citation book cs1">Philipp, [von] Hanna (1972). <i>Terrakotten aus Ägypten</i>. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3786160694" title="Special:BookSources/3786160694"><bdi>3786160694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrakotten+aus+%C3%84gypten&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Gebr.+Mann&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=3786160694&rft.aulast=Philipp&rft.aufirst=%5Bvon%5D+Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M. (1979). "Relations between Magical Papyri and Magical Gems". In Bingen G. & Nachtergael J. (ed.). <i>Actes du XVe Congrès International de Papyrologie</i>. Brussels. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations+between+Magical+Papyri+and+Magical+Gems&rft.btitle=Actes+du+XVe+Congr%C3%A8s+International+de+Papyrologie&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreek+Magical+Papyri" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90819885">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007418526905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_(general)226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkahest" title="Alkahest">Alkahest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion_(alchemy)" title="Digestion (alchemy)">Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">Spagyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a 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