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Cyberpunk - Wikipedia
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aria-controls="toc-Style_and_ethos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Style and ethos subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Style_and_ethos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Society and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reception_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Reception and impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anime_and_manga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anime_and_manga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anime and manga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anime_and_manga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_counterculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_counterculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Society and counterculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_counterculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyberpunk_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyberpunk_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cyberpunk derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyberpunk_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_trademark_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_trademark_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Registered trademark status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_trademark_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyberpunk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuberpunk" title="Kuberpunk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kuberpunk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="سايبربانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سايبربانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiberpank" title="Kiberpank – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kiberpank" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95" title="সাইবারপাংক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাইবারপাংক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Кіберпанк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіберпанк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Кібэрпанк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кібэрпанк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Киберпънк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Киберпънк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberpunk" title="Ciberpunk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciberpunk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyberpunk" title="Kyberpunk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCberpunk" title="Küberpunk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küberpunk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BA" title="Κυβερνοπάνκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβερνοπάνκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberpunk" title="Ciberpunk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciberpunk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiberpunko" title="Kiberpunko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kiberpunko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="سایبرپانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سایبرپانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibearphunc" title="Cibearphunc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cibearphunc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberpunk" title="Ciberpunk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciberpunk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84%ED%8E%91%ED%81%AC" title="사이버펑크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이버펑크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Կիբերպանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիբերպանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciberpunko" title="Ciberpunko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ciberpunko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberpunk" title="Siberpunk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siberpunk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="סייברפאנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סייברפאנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="კიბერპანკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კიბერპანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiberpankas" title="Kiberpankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kiberpankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Киберпанк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Киберпанк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberpunk" title="Siberpunk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Siberpunk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="サイバーパンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイバーパンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Киберпанк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киберпанк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyberpunk" title="Kyberpunk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiberpank" title="Kiberpank – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kiberpank" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%A9" title="سایبەرپەنک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سایبەرپەنک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajberpank" title="Sajberpank – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sajberpank" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyberpunk" title="Kyberpunk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Киберпанк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Киберпанк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ไซเบอร์พังก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไซเบอร์พังก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Киберпанк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Киберпанк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberpunk" title="Siberpunk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siberpunk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Кіберпанк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіберпанк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cyberpunk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Science fiction subgenre in a futuristic dystopian setting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Times_Square%2C_New_York_City_%28HDR%29.jpg/288px-Times_Square%2C_New_York_City_%28HDR%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Times_Square%2C_New_York_City_%28HDR%29.jpg/432px-Times_Square%2C_New_York_City_%28HDR%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Times_Square%2C_New_York_City_%28HDR%29.jpg/576px-Times_Square%2C_New_York_City_%28HDR%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3896" data-file-height="2606" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DelValleCity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DelValleCity.jpg/288px-DelValleCity.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DelValleCity.jpg/432px-DelValleCity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DelValleCity.jpg/576px-DelValleCity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5428" data-file-height="2970" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongqing_Nightscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chongqing_Nightscape.jpg/288px-Chongqing_Nightscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chongqing_Nightscape.jpg/432px-Chongqing_Nightscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Chongqing_Nightscape.jpg/576px-Chongqing_Nightscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1292" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Artificial landscapes and "city lights at night" were some of the first metaphors used by the genre for <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a> (in <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>). From top to bottom: <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>), <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>).</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Cyberpunk</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopian</a> futuristic setting said to focus on a combination of "<a href="/wiki/Low-life" title="Low-life">low-life</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features futuristic technological and scientific achievements, such as <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">cyberware</a>, juxtaposed with <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a>, dystopia or decay.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of cyberpunk is rooted in the <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave science fiction</a> movement of the 1960s and 1970s, when writers like <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> examined the impact of technology, <a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">drug culture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> while avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> tendencies of earlier science fiction. </p><p>Comics exploring cyberpunk themes began appearing as early as <a href="/wiki/Judge_Dredd" title="Judge Dredd">Judge Dredd</a>, first published in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Released in 1984, <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s influential <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i> helped solidify cyberpunk as a genre, drawing influence from <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hacker culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ronin_(DC_Comics)" title="Ronin (DC Comics)">Ronin</a></i> is an example of a cyberpunk graphic novel. Other influential cyberpunk writers included <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a> subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of <a href="/wiki/Katsuhiro_Otomo" title="Katsuhiro Otomo">Katsuhiro Otomo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(manga)" title="Akira (manga)">Akira</a></i>, with its <a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">1988 anime film adaptation</a> (also directed by Otomo) later popularizing the subgenre. </p><p>Early films in the genre include <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s 1982 film <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>, one of several of Philip K. Dick's works that have been adapted into films (in this case, <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i>). The "first cyberpunk television series"<sup id="cite_ref-Hague_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hague-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Headroom_(TV_series)" title="Max Headroom (TV series)">Max Headroom</a></i> from 1987, playing in a futuristic dystopia ruled by an oligarchy of television networks, and where computer hacking played a central role in many story lines. The films <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mnemonic_(film)" title="Johnny Mnemonic (film)">Johnny Mnemonic</a></i> (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-ctheory1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctheory1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Rose_Hotel_(film)" title="New Rose Hotel (film)">New Rose Hotel</a></i> (1998),<sup id="cite_ref-dvdverdict2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvdverdict2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1999_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both based upon short stories by William Gibson, flopped commercially and critically, while <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)"><i>The Matrix</i> trilogy</a> (1999–2003) and <i><a href="/wiki/Judge_Dredd_(film)" title="Judge Dredd (film)">Judge Dredd</a></i> (1995) were some of the most successful cyberpunk films. </p><p>Newer cyberpunk media includes <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049" title="Blade Runner 2049">Blade Runner 2049</a></i> (2017), a sequel to the original 1982 film; <i><a href="/wiki/Dredd" title="Dredd">Dredd</a></i> (2012), which was not a sequel to the original movie; <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(2017_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (2017), a live-action adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(manga)" title="Ghost in the Shell (manga)">the original manga</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Alita:_Battle_Angel" title="Alita: Battle Angel">Alita: Battle Angel</a></i> (2019), based on the 1990s Japanese manga <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Angel_Alita" title="Battle Angel Alita">Battle Angel Alita</a></i>; the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Altered_Carbon_(TV_series)" title="Altered Carbon (TV series)">Altered Carbon</a></i>, based on <a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Morgan" title="Richard K. Morgan">Richard K. Morgan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Altered_Carbon" title="Altered Carbon">2002 novel of the same name</a>; and the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a></i> (2020) and <a href="/wiki/Original_net_animation" title="Original net animation">original net animation</a> (ONA) <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk:_Edgerunners" title="Cyberpunk: Edgerunners">Cyberpunk: Edgerunners</a></i> (2022), both based on <a href="/wiki/R._Talsorian_Games" title="R. Talsorian Games">R. Talsorian Games</a>'s 1988 tabletop role-playing game <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_(role-playing_game)" title="Cyberpunk (role-playing game)">Cyberpunk</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrence Person has attempted to define the content and ethos of the cyberpunk literary movement stating: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized, alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change, an ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Datasphere" title="Datasphere">datasphere</a> of computerized information, and invasive modification of the human body.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Person">Lawrence Person</a><sup id="cite_ref-Person_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Person-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Cyberpunk plots often involve conflict between <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackers">hackers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megacorporation" title="Megacorporation">megacorporations</a>, and tend to be set in a near-future <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, rather than in the far-future settings or galactic vistas found in novels such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(Isaac_Asimov_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (Isaac Asimov novel)">Foundation</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settings are usually <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-industrial">post-industrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopias</a> but tend to feature extraordinary cultural ferment and the use of technology in ways never anticipated by its original inventors ("the street finds its own uses for things").<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson,_William_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson,_William-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the genre's atmosphere echoes <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>, and written works in the genre often use techniques from <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are sources who view that cyberpunk has shifted from a literary movement to a mode of science fiction due to the limited number of writers and its transition to a more generalized cultural formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origins">History and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of cyberpunk are rooted in the <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave science fiction</a> movement of the 1960s and 1970s, where <i><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_(magazine)" title="New Worlds (magazine)">New Worlds</a></i>, under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>, began inviting and encouraging stories that examined new writing styles, techniques, and <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypes</a>. Reacting to conventional storytelling, New Wave authors attempted to present a world where society coped with a constant upheaval of new technology and culture, generally with dystopian outcomes. Writers like <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> often examined the impact of drug culture, technology, and the ongoing sexual revolution, drawing themes and influence from experimental literature of <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> authors such as <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, and art movements like <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballard, a notable critic of literary archetypes in science fiction, instead employs metaphysical and psychological concepts, seeking greater relevance to readers of the day. Ballard's work is considered have had a profound influence on cyberpunk's development,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As evidenced by the term "Ballardian" becoming used to ascribe literary excellence amongst science fiction social circles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballard, along with Zelazny and others continued the popular development of "realism" within the genre<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delany's 1968 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_(novel)" title="Nova (novel)">Nova</a></i>, considered a forerunner of cyberpunk literature,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes neural implants, a now popular cyberpunk <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> for human computer interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also influenced one of the genres most well known cyberpunk novels, <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick's</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i>, first published in 1968, shares common dystopian themes with later works by Gibson and Sterling, and is praised for its "realist" exploration of cybernetic and artificial intelligence ideas and ethics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dick's protege and friend <a href="/wiki/K._W._Jeter" title="K. W. Jeter">K. W. Jeter</a> wrote a novel called <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Adder" title="Dr. Adder">Dr. Adder</a></i> in 1972 that, Dick lamented, might have been more influential in the field had it been able to find a publisher at that time. It was not published until 1984, after which Jeter made it the first book in a trilogy, followed by <i>The Glass Hammer</i> (1985) and <i><a href="/wiki/Death_Arms_(novel)" title="Death Arms (novel)">Death Arms</a></i> (1987). Jeter wrote other standalone cyberpunk novels before going on to write three authorized sequels to <i>Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</i>, named <i>Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human</i> (1995), <i>Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night</i> (1996), and <i>Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "cyberpunk" first appeared as the <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_(short_story)" title="Cyberpunk (short story)">title of a short story</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bethke" title="Bruce Bethke">Bruce Bethke</a>, written in 1980 and published in <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was picked up by <a href="/wiki/Gardner_Dozois" title="Gardner Dozois">Gardner Dozois</a>, editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine">Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine</a></i>, and popularized in his editorials.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bethke says he made two lists of words, one for technology, one for troublemakers, and experimented with combining them variously into compound words, consciously attempting to coin a term that encompassed both punk attitudes and high technology. He described the idea thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The kids who trashed my computer; their kids were going to be Holy Terrors, combining the ethical vacuity of teenagers with a technical fluency we adults could only guess at. Further, the parents and other adult authority figures of the early 21st Century were going to be terribly ill-equipped to deal with the first generation of teenagers who grew up truly "speaking computer".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Afterward, Dozois began using this term in his own writing, most notably in a 1984 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> article where he said "About the closest thing here to a self-willed esthetic 'school' would be the purveyors of bizarre hard-edged, high-tech stuff, who have on occasion been referred to as 'cyberpunks' — Sterling, Gibson, Shiner, Cadigan, Bear."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1984, William Gibson's novel <i>Neuromancer</i> was published, delivering a glimpse of a future encompassed by what became an archetype of cyberpunk "virtual reality", with the human mind being fed light-based worldscapes through a computer interface. Some, perhaps ironically including Bethke himself, argued at the time that the writers whose style Gibson's books epitomized should be called "Neuromantics", a pun on the name of the novel plus "<a href="/wiki/New_Romantics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Romantics">New Romantics</a>", a term used for a New Wave pop music movement that had just occurred in Britain, but this term did not catch on. Bethke later paraphrased <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanwick" title="Michael Swanwick">Michael Swanwick</a>'s argument for the term: "the movement writers should properly be termed neuromantics, since so much of what they were doing was clearly imitating <i>Neuromancer</i>". </p><p>Sterling was another writer who played a central role, often consciously, in the cyberpunk genre, variously seen as either keeping it on track, or distorting its natural path into a stagnant formula.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, he edited a volume of cyberpunk stories called <i><a href="/wiki/Mirrorshades:_The_Cyberpunk_Anthology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrorshades: The Cyberpunk Anthology">Mirrorshades: The Cyberpunk Anthology</a></i>, an attempt to establish what cyberpunk was, from Sterling's perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the subsequent decade, the motifs of Gibson's <i>Neuromancer</i> became formulaic, climaxing in the satirical extremes of <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_Crash" title="Snow Crash">Snow Crash</a></i> in 1992. </p><p>Bookending the cyberpunk era, Bethke himself published a novel in 1995 called <i><a href="/wiki/Headcrash" title="Headcrash">Headcrash</a></i>, like <i>Snow Crash</i> a satirical attack on the genre's excesses. Fittingly, it won an honor named after cyberpunk's spiritual founder, the <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Philip K. Dick Award</a>. It satirized the genre in this way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...full of young guys with no social lives, no sex lives and no hope of ever moving out of their mothers' basements ... They're total wankers and losers who indulge in Messianic fantasies about someday getting even with the world through almost-magical computer skills, but whose actual use of the Net amounts to dialing up the scatophilia forum and downloading a few disgusting pictures. You know, cyberpunks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_ethos">Style and ethos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Style and ethos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary figures in the cyberpunk movement include William Gibson, Neal Stephenson, Bruce Sterling, Bruce Bethke, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cadigan" title="Pat Cadigan">Pat Cadigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Shirley" title="John Shirley">John Shirley</a>. Philip K. Dick (author of <i>Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</i>, from which the film <i>Blade Runner</i> was adapted) is also seen by some as prefiguring the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Blade Runner</i> can be seen as a quintessential example of the cyberpunk style and theme.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop role-playing games</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk 2020">Cyberpunk 2020</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowrun" title="Shadowrun">Shadowrun</a></i>, often feature storylines that are heavily influenced by cyberpunk writing and movies. Beginning in the early 1990s, some trends in <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk fashion">fashion</a> and music were also labeled as cyberpunk. Cyberpunk is also featured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a>), with <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(franchise)" title="Akira (franchise)">Akira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell" title="Ghost in the Shell">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i> being among the most notable.<sup id="cite_ref-CWCcyber_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWCcyber-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting">Setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibuya_Nights,_Japan_--_2017-05_(unsplash.com).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shibuya_Nights%2C_Japan_--_2017-05_%28unsplash.com%29.jpg/175px-Shibuya_Nights%2C_Japan_--_2017-05_%28unsplash.com%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shibuya_Nights%2C_Japan_--_2017-05_%28unsplash.com%29.jpg/263px-Shibuya_Nights%2C_Japan_--_2017-05_%28unsplash.com%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Shibuya_Nights%2C_Japan_--_2017-05_%28unsplash.com%29.jpg/350px-Shibuya_Nights%2C_Japan_--_2017-05_%28unsplash.com%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibuya_crossing_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Shibuya_crossing_night.jpg/175px-Shibuya_crossing_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Shibuya_crossing_night.jpg/263px-Shibuya_crossing_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Shibuya_crossing_night.jpg/350px-Shibuya_crossing_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibuya_Crossing_at_night_(14738088849).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shibuya_Crossing_at_night_%2814738088849%29.jpg/175px-Shibuya_Crossing_at_night_%2814738088849%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shibuya_Crossing_at_night_%2814738088849%29.jpg/263px-Shibuya_Crossing_at_night_%2814738088849%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Shibuya_Crossing_at_night_%2814738088849%29.jpg/350px-Shibuya_Crossing_at_night_%2814738088849%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1481" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibuya_Crossing,_May_2017_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shibuya_Crossing%2C_May_2017_1.jpg/175px-Shibuya_Crossing%2C_May_2017_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shibuya_Crossing%2C_May_2017_1.jpg/263px-Shibuya_Crossing%2C_May_2017_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shibuya_Crossing%2C_May_2017_1.jpg/350px-Shibuya_Crossing%2C_May_2017_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the latter three images depict the <a href="/wiki/Shibuya_Crossing" title="Shibuya Crossing">Shibuya Crossing</a>).</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_-_Alley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KWC_-_Alley.jpg/175px-KWC_-_Alley.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KWC_-_Alley.jpg/263px-KWC_-_Alley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KWC_-_Alley.jpg/350px-KWC_-_Alley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KWC_-_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/KWC_-_Night.jpg/175px-KWC_-_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/KWC_-_Night.jpg/263px-KWC_-_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/KWC_-_Night.jpg/350px-KWC_-_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/175px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/263px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg/350px-Kowloon_Walled_City_-_1989_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1466" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Life in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City">Kowloon Walled City</a> has often inspired the dystopian identity in modern media works.</div></div></div></div> <p>Cyberpunk writers tend to use elements from <a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime fiction</a>—particularly <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">hardboiled</a> <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernist</a> prose to describe an often <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> underground side of an electronic society. The genre's vision of a <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">troubled future</a> is often called the antithesis of the generally <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> visions of the future popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Gibson defined cyberpunk's antipathy towards utopian science fiction in his 1981 short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Gernsback_Continuum" title="The Gernsback Continuum">The Gernsback Continuum</a>", which pokes fun at and, to a certain extent, condemns utopian science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cyberpunk writing, much of the action takes place <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>, blurring the line between actual and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> in such work is a direct <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">connection</a> between the human brain and computer systems. Cyberpunk settings are dystopias with corruption, computers, and computer networks. </p><p>The economic and technological state of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is a regular theme in the cyberpunk literature of the 1980s. Of Japan's influence on the genre, William Gibson said, "Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk."<sup id="cite_ref-cyberpunk1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyberpunk1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyberpunk is often set in urbanized, artificial landscapes, and "city lights, receding" was used by Gibson as one of the genre's first <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> for cyberspace and virtual reality.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cityscapes of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup id="cite_ref-ags_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ags-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has had major influences in the urban backgrounds, ambiance and settings in many cyberpunk works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowrun" title="Shadowrun">Shadowrun</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> envisioned the landscape of cyberpunk <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in <i>Blade Runner</i> to be "Hong Kong on a very bad day".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The streetscapes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> film were based on Hong Kong. Its director <a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Oshii" title="Mamoru Oshii">Mamoru Oshii</a> felt that Hong Kong's strange and chaotic streets where "old and new exist in confusing relationships" fit the theme of the film well.<sup id="cite_ref-ags_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ags-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City">Kowloon Walled City</a> is particularly notable for its disorganized hyper-urbanization and breakdown in traditional urban planning to be an inspiration to cyberpunk landscapes. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British rule of Hong Kong</a>, it was an area neglected by both the British and Qing administrations, embodying elements of liberalism in a dystopian context. Portrayals of East Asia and Asians in Western cyberpunk have been criticized as <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> and promoting racist tropes playing on American and European fears of East Asian dominance;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this has been referred to as "techno-Orientalism".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_government">Society and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyberpunk can be intended to disquiet readers and call them to action. It often expresses a sense of rebellion, suggesting that one could describe it as a type of cultural revolution in science fiction. In the words of author and critic <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>...a closer look [at cyberpunk authors] reveals that they nearly always portray future societies in which governments have become wimpy and pathetic ...Popular science fiction tales by Gibson, Williams, Cadigan and others <i>do</i> depict <a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a> accumulations of power in the next century, but nearly always clutched in the secretive hands of a wealthy or corporate <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Cyberpunk stories have also been seen as fictional forecasts of the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The earliest descriptions of a global communications network came long before the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> entered popular awareness, though not before traditional science-fiction writers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> and some social commentators such as <a href="/wiki/James_Burke_(science_historian)" title="James Burke (science historian)">James Burke</a> began predicting that such networks would eventually form.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers cite that cyberpunk tends to marginalize sectors of society such as women and people of colour. It is claimed that, for instance, cyberpunk depicts fantasies that ultimately empower <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> using fragmentary and decentered aesthetic that culminate in a masculine genre populated by male outlaws.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics also note the absence of any reference to Africa or black characters in the quintessential cyberpunk film <i>Blade Runner</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other films reinforce stereotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Print_media" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Print media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs in fiction</a></div> <p>Minnesota writer <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bethke" title="Bruce Bethke">Bruce Bethke</a> coined the term in 1983 for his short story "<a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk (novel)">Cyberpunk</a>", which was published in an issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Science Fiction Stories</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cadigan" title="Pat Cadigan">Pat Cadigan</a> and others. Of these, Sterling became the movement's chief ideologue, thanks to his <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cheap_Truth" title="Cheap Truth">Cheap Truth</a></i>. John Shirley wrote articles on Sterling and Rucker's significance.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brunner (novelist)">John Brunner</a>'s 1975 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shockwave_Rider" title="The Shockwave Rider">The Shockwave Rider</a></i> is considered by many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the first cyberpunk novel with many of the <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> commonly associated with the genre, some five years before the term was popularized by Dozois.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Gibson with his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i> (1984) is arguably the most famous writer connected with the term cyberpunk. He emphasized style, a fascination with surfaces, and atmosphere over traditional science-fiction tropes. Regarded as ground-breaking and sometimes as "the archetypal cyberpunk work",<sup id="cite_ref-Person_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Person-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Neuromancer</i> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Philip K. Dick</a> Awards. <i><a href="/wiki/Count_Zero" title="Count Zero">Count Zero</a></i> (1986) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_Overdrive" title="Mona Lisa Overdrive">Mona Lisa Overdrive</a></i> (1988) followed after Gibson's popular debut novel. According to the <a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">Jargon File</a>, "Gibson's near-total ignorance of computers and the present-day hacker culture enabled him to speculate about the role of computers and hackers in the future in ways hackers have since found both irritatingly naïve and tremendously stimulating."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early on, cyberpunk was hailed as a radical departure from science-fiction standards and a new manifestation of vitality.<sup id="cite_ref-Brians_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brians-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, however, some critics arose to challenge its status as a revolutionary movement. These critics said that the science fiction <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a> of the 1960s was much more innovative as far as narrative techniques and styles were concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while <i>Neuromancer</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s narrator may have had an unusual "voice" for science fiction, much older examples can be found: Gibson's narrative voice, for example, resembles that of an updated <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler">Raymond Chandler</a>, as in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep" title="The Big Sleep">The Big Sleep</a></i> (1939).<sup id="cite_ref-Brians_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brians-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others noted that almost all traits claimed to be uniquely cyberpunk could in fact be found in older writers' works—often citing <a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brians_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brians-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Philip K. Dick's works contain recurring themes of social decay, artificial intelligence, paranoia, and blurred lines between objective and subjective realities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influential cyberpunk movie <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i> (1982) is based on his book, <i><a href="/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F" title="Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?">Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans linked to machines are found in Pohl and Kornbluth's <i><a href="/wiki/Wolfbane_(novel)" title="Wolfbane (novel)">Wolfbane</a></i> (1959) and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Creatures_of_Light_and_Darkness" title="Creatures of Light and Darkness">Creatures of Light and Darkness</a></i> (1968).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1994, scholar <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stonehill" title="Brian Stonehill">Brian Stonehill</a> suggested that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>'s 1973 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i> "not only curses but precurses what we now glibly dub cyberspace."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important predecessors include <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Bester (author)">Alfred Bester</a>'s two most celebrated novels, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demolished_Man" title="The Demolished Man">The Demolished Man</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_My_Destination" title="The Stars My Destination">The Stars My Destination</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a>'s novella <i><a href="/wiki/True_Names" title="True Names">True Names</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception_and_impact">Reception and impact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science-fiction writer <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a> describes cyberpunk as "the finest free promotion campaign ever waged on behalf of science fiction". It may not have attracted the "real punks", but it did ensnare many new readers, and it provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring. Cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive to academics, argues Brin; in addition, it made science fiction more profitable to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles, California">Hollywood</a> and to the visual arts generally. Although the "self-important rhetoric and whines of persecution" on the part of cyberpunk fans were irritating at worst and humorous at best, Brin declares that the "rebels did shake things up. We owe them a debt."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> considers cyberpunk the "supreme literary expression if not of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, then of <a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">late capitalism</a> itself".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyberpunk further inspired many later writers to incorporate cyberpunk ideas into their own works,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as <a href="/wiki/George_Alec_Effinger" title="George Alec Effinger">George Alec Effinger</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/When_Gravity_Fails" title="When Gravity Fails">When Gravity Fails</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine, created by Louis Rossetto and Jane Metcalfe, mixes new technology, art, literature, and current topics in order to interest today's cyberpunk fans, which Paula Yoo claims "proves that hardcore hackers, multimedia junkies, cyberpunks and cellular freaks are poised to take over the world".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Films" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Films</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Television_and_Web_Series" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Television and Web Series</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a></div> <p>The film <i>Blade Runner</i> (1982) is set in 2019 in a dystopian future in which manufactured beings called <a href="/wiki/Replicant" title="Replicant">replicants</a> are slaves used on space colonies and are legal prey on Earth to various bounty hunters who "retire" (kill) them. Although <i>Blade Runner</i> was largely unsuccessful in its first theatrical release, it found a viewership in the home video market and became a <a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">cult film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the movie omits the religious and mythical elements of Dick's original novel (e.g. empathy boxes and Wilbur Mercer), it falls more strictly within the cyberpunk genre than the novel does. William Gibson would later reveal that upon first viewing the film, he was surprised at how the look of this film matched his vision for <i>Neuromancer</i>, a book he was then working on. The film's tone has since been the staple of many cyberpunk movies, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix trilogy</a></i> (1999–2003), which uses a wide variety of cyberpunk elements. A sequel to <i>Blade Runner</i> was released in 2017. </p><p>The TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Headroom_(TV_series)" title="Max Headroom (TV series)">Max Headroom</a></i> (1987) is an iconic cyberpunk work, taking place in a futuristic dystopia ruled by an oligarchy of television networks. Computer hacking played a central role in many of the story lines. <i>Max Headroom</i> has been called "the first cyberpunk television series".<sup id="cite_ref-Hague_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hague-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of films in the genre has grown steadily since <i>Blade Runner</i>. Several of Philip K. Dick's works have been adapted to the silver screen. The films <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Mnemonic_(film)" title="Johnny Mnemonic (film)">Johnny Mnemonic</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ctheory1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctheory1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1995) and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Rose_Hotel_(film)" title="New Rose Hotel (film)">New Rose Hotel</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-dvdverdict2000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvdverdict2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1999_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1998), both based on short stories by William Gibson, flopped commercially and critically. Other cyberpunk films include <i><a href="/wiki/RoboCop" title="RoboCop">RoboCop</a></i> (1987), <i><a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a></i> (1990), <i><a href="/wiki/Hardware_(film)" title="Hardware (film)">Hardware</a></i> (1990), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawnmower_Man_(film)" title="The Lawnmower Man (film)">The Lawnmower Man</a></i> (1992), <i><a href="/wiki/12_Monkeys_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Monkeys (film)">12 Monkeys</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Hackers_(film)" title="Hackers (film)">Hackers</a></i> (1995), and <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Days_(film)" title="Strange Days (film)">Strange Days</a></i> (1995). Some cyberpunk films have been described as <a href="/wiki/Tech-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech-noir">tech-noir</a>, a hybrid genre combining <a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">neo-noir</a> and science fiction or cyberpunk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anime_and_manga">Anime and manga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anime and manga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Animation" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Animation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Graphic_novels_and_comics" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Graphic novels and comics</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a> subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of <a href="/wiki/Katsuhiro_Otomo" title="Katsuhiro Otomo">Katsuhiro Otomo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(manga)" title="Akira (manga)">Akira</a></i>, with its <a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">1988 anime film adaptation</a>, which Otomo directed, later popularizing the subgenre. <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(franchise)" title="Akira (franchise)">Akira</a></i> inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell" title="Ghost in the Shell">Ghost in the Shell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Angel_Alita" title="Battle Angel Alita">Battle Angel Alita</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-polygon_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polygon-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early Japanese cyberpunk works include the 1982 film <i><a href="/wiki/Burst_City" title="Burst City">Burst City</a></i>, and the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Tetsuo:_The_Iron_Man" title="Tetsuo: The Iron Man">Tetsuo: The Iron Man</a></i>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gravett" title="Paul Gravett">Paul Gravett</a>, when <i>Akira</i> began to be published, cyberpunk literature had not yet been translated into Japanese, Otomo has distinct inspirations such as <a href="/wiki/Mitsuteru_Yokoyama" title="Mitsuteru Yokoyama">Mitsuteru Yokoyama</a>'s manga series <i><a href="/wiki/Tetsujin_28-go" title="Tetsujin 28-go">Tetsujin 28-go</a></i> (1956–1966) and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraud" title="Jean Giraud">Moebius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to Western cyberpunk which has roots in New Wave science fiction literature, Japanese cyberpunk has roots in <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> culture, specifically the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> that arose from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese punk">Japanese punk</a> music scene in the 1970s. The filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Sogo_Ishii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogo Ishii">Sogo Ishii</a> introduced this subculture to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cinema">Japanese cinema</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">punk film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Panic_High_School" title="Panic High School">Panic High School</a></i> (1978) and the punk <a href="/wiki/Biker_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Biker film">biker film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Thunder_Road" title="Crazy Thunder Road">Crazy Thunder Road</a></i> (1980), both portraying the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and the latter featuring a punk <a href="/wiki/Biker_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Biker gang">biker gang</a> aesthetic. Ishii's punk films paved the way for Otomo's seminal cyberpunk work <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(franchise)" title="Akira (franchise)">Akira</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Midnight_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midnight-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cyberpunk themes are widely visible in anime and manga. In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a> is popular and not only teenagers display such fashion styles, cyberpunk has been accepted and its influence is widespread. William Gibson's <i>Neuromancer,</i> whose influence dominated the early cyberpunk movement, was also set in <a href="/wiki/Chiba_(city)" title="Chiba (city)">Chiba</a>, one of Japan's largest industrial areas, although at the time of writing the novel Gibson did not know the location of Chiba and had no idea how perfectly it fit his vision in some ways. The exposure to cyberpunk ideas and fiction in the 1980s has allowed it to seep into the Japanese culture. </p><p>Cyberpunk anime and manga draw upon a futuristic vision which has elements in common with Western science fiction and therefore have received wide international acceptance outside Japan. "The conceptualization involved in cyberpunk is more of forging ahead, looking at the new global culture. It is a culture that does not exist right now, so the Japanese concept of a cyberpunk future, seems just as valid as a Western one, especially as Western cyberpunk often incorporates many Japanese elements."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Gibson is now a frequent visitor to Japan, and he came to see that many of his visions of Japan have become a reality: </p> <blockquote><p>Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> themselves knew it and delighted in it. I remember my first glimpse of <a href="/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shibuya, Tokyo">Shibuya</a>, when one of the young Tokyo journalists who had taken me there, his face drenched with the light of a thousand media-suns—all that towering, animated crawl of commercial information—said, "You see? You see? It is <i>Blade Runner</i> town." And it was. It so evidently was.<sup id="cite_ref-cyberpunk1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyberpunk1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence">Influence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(manga)" title="Akira (manga)">Akira</a></i> (1982 manga) and its <a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">1988 anime film adaptation</a> have influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games.<sup id="cite_ref-vice_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vice-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-filmschoolrejects_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmschoolrejects-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Akira</i> has been cited as a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood films">Hollywood films</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gaeta-empire_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaeta-empire-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_(film)" title="Chronicle (film)">Chronicle</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Looper_(film)" title="Looper (film)">Looper</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Special_(film)" title="Midnight Special (film)">Midnight Special</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Inception" title="Inception">Inception</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-vice_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vice-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as cyberpunk-influenced video games such as <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Kojima" title="Hideo Kojima">Hideo Kojima</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Snatcher_(video_game)" title="Snatcher (video game)">Snatcher</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal Gear (series)">Metal Gear Solid</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-polygon_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polygon-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(series)" title="Half-Life (series)">Half-Life</a></i> series<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dontnod_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Dontnod Entertainment">Dontnod Entertainment</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Remember_Me_(video_game)" title="Remember Me (video game)">Remember Me</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Akira</i> has also influenced the work of musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>, who paid homage to <i>Akira</i> in the "<a href="/wiki/Stronger_(Kanye_West_song)" title="Stronger (Kanye West song)">Stronger</a>" music video,<sup id="cite_ref-vice_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vice-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco" title="Lupe Fiasco">Lupe Fiasco</a>, whose album <i><a href="/wiki/Tetsuo_%26_Youth" title="Tetsuo & Youth">Tetsuo & Youth</a></i> is named after Tetsuo Shima.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular bike from the film, Kaneda's Motorbike, appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'</i>s film <i><a href="/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)" title="Ready Player One (film)">Ready Player One</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/CD_Projekt" title="CD Projekt">CD Projekt</a>'s video game <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_rain_animation_small_letters_shine.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Digital_rain_animation_small_letters_shine.gif/220px-Digital_rain_animation_small_letters_shine.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Digital_rain_animation_small_letters_shine.gif/330px-Digital_rain_animation_small_letters_shine.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Digital_rain_animation_small_letters_shine.gif/440px-Digital_rain_animation_small_letters_shine.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>An interpretation of digital rain, similar to the images used in <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell" title="Ghost in the Shell">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> and later in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (1995) influenced a number of prominent filmmakers, most notably <a href="/wiki/The_Wachowskis" title="The Wachowskis">the Wachowskis</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> (1999) and its sequels.<sup id="cite_ref-silver-anime-2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-anime-2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Matrix</i> series took several concepts from the film, including the <a href="/wiki/Matrix_digital_rain" title="Matrix digital rain">Matrix digital rain</a>, which was inspired by the opening credits of <i>Ghost in the Shell</i> and a sushi magazine the wife of the senior designer of the animation, Simon Witheley, had in the kitchen at the time.,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parallels have been drawn to <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I. Artificial Intelligence</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mostow" title="Jonathan Mostow">Jonathan Mostow</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Surrogates" title="Surrogates">Surrogates</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Cameron cited <i>Ghost in the Shell</i> as a source of inspiration,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing it as an influence on <i>Avatar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Original_video_animation" title="Original video animation">original video animation</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Megazone_23" title="Megazone 23">Megazone 23</a></i> (1985) has a number of similarities to <i>The Matrix</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Angel_Alita" title="Battle Angel Alita">Battle Angel Alita</a></i> (1990) has had a notable influence on filmmaker James Cameron, who was planning to adapt it into a film since 2000. It was an influence on his TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Angel_(2000_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Angel (2000 TV series)">Dark Angel</a></i>, and he is the producer of the 2019 film adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/Alita:_Battle_Angel" title="Alita: Battle Angel">Alita: Battle Angel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics">Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, artist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraud" title="Jean Giraud">Moebius</a> collaborated with writer <a href="/wiki/Dan_O%27Bannon" title="Dan O'Bannon">Dan O'Bannon</a> on a story called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Tomorrow_(comics)" title="The Long Tomorrow (comics)">The Long Tomorrow</a></i>, published in the French magazine <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tal_Hurlant" class="mw-redirect" title="Métal Hurlant">Métal Hurlant</a></i>. One of the first works featuring elements now seen as exemplifying cyberpunk, it combined influences from <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">hardboiled</a> crime fiction with a distant sci-fi environment.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> stated that Moebius' artwork for the series, along with other visuals from <i>Métal Hurlant</i>, strongly influenced his 1984 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series had a far-reaching impact in the cyberpunk genre,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being cited as an influence on <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i> (1979) and <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moebius later expanded upon <i>The Long Tomorrow'</i>s aesthetic with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incal" title="The Incal">The Incal</a></i>, a graphic novel collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jodorowsky" title="Alejandro Jodorowsky">Alejandro Jodorowsky</a> published from 1980 to 1988. The story centers around the exploits of a <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a> named John Difool in various science fiction settings, and while not confined to the tropes of cyberpunk, it features many elements of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moebius was one of the designers of <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i> (1982), a movie that shows a world inside a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-boucher_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boucher-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concurrently with many other foundational cyberpunk works, <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> published <a href="/wiki/Frank_Miller" title="Frank Miller">Frank Miller</a>'s six-issue miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin_(DC_Comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōnin (DC Comics)">Rōnin</a></i> from 1983 to 1984. The series, incorporating aspects of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a> culture, martial arts films and manga, is set in a dystopian near-future <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. It explores the link between an ancient Japanese warrior and the apocalyptic, crumbling cityscape he finds himself in. The comic also bears several similarities to <i>Akira</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with highly powerful <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepaths</a> playing central roles, as well as sharing many key visuals.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Rōnin</i> would go on to influence many later works, including <i><a href="/wiki/Samurai_Jack" title="Samurai Jack">Samurai Jack</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as video games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Miller himself would incorporate several toned-down elements of <i>Rōnin</i> into his acclaimed 1986 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i>, in which a retired Bruce Wayne once again takes up the mantle of <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> in a Gotham that is increasingly becoming more dystopian.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pope" title="Paul Pope">Paul Pope</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Year_100" title="Batman: Year 100">Batman: Year 100</a></i>, published in 2006, also exhibits several traits typical of cyberpunk fiction, such as a rebel protagonist opposing a future authoritarian state, and a distinct <a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">retrofuturist</a> aesthetic that makes callbacks to both <i>The Dark Knight Returns</i> and Batman's original appearances in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Video_games" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Video games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Role-playing_games" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Role-playing games</a></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Category:Cyberpunk_video_games" title="Category:Cyberpunk video games">many</a> cyberpunk <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. Popular series include the <i><a href="/wiki/Megami_Tensei" title="Megami Tensei">Megami Tensei</a></i> series, Kojima's <i><a href="/wiki/Snatcher_(video_game)" title="Snatcher (video game)">Snatcher</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear" title="Metal Gear">Metal Gear</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deus Ex (series)">Deus Ex</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Syndicate_(series)" title="Syndicate (series)">Syndicate</a></i> series, and <i><a href="/wiki/System_Shock" title="System Shock">System Shock</a></i> and its <a href="/wiki/System_Shock_2" title="System Shock 2">sequel</a>. Other games, like <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_(1997_video_game)" title="Blade Runner (1997 video game)">Blade Runner</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(video_game)" title="Ghost in the Shell (video game)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)#Video_games" title="The Matrix (franchise)">Matrix</a></i> series, are based upon genre movies, or <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing games</a> (for instance the various <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowrun" title="Shadowrun">Shadowrun</a></i> games). </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing games">RPGs</a> called <i>Cyberpunk</i> exist: <i>Cyberpunk</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk 2020">Cyberpunk 2020</a></i>, <i>Cyberpunk v3.0</i> and <i>Cyberpunk Red</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pondsmith" title="Mike Pondsmith">Mike Pondsmith</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/R._Talsorian_Games" title="R. Talsorian Games">R. Talsorian Games</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/GURPS_Cyberpunk" title="GURPS Cyberpunk">GURPS Cyberpunk</a></i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games" title="Steve Jackson Games">Steve Jackson Games</a> as a module of the <a href="/wiki/GURPS" title="GURPS">GURPS</a> family of RPGs. <i>Cyberpunk 2020</i> was designed with the settings of William Gibson's writings in mind, and to some extent with his approval,<sup id="cite_ref-cpinfluence_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpinfluence-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike the approach taken by <a href="/wiki/FASA_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="FASA Corporation">FASA</a> in producing the transgenre <i><a href="/wiki/Shadowrun" title="Shadowrun">Shadowrun</a></i> game and its various sequels, which mixes cyberpunk with <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> elements such as magic and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">fantasy races</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Orcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcs">orcs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>. Both are set in the near future, in a world where <a href="/wiki/Cyberware" title="Cyberware">cybernetics</a> are prominent. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_Enterprises" title="Iron Crown Enterprises">Iron Crown Enterprises</a> released an RPG named <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_(role-playing_game)" title="Cyberspace (role-playing game)">Cyberspace</a></i>, which was out of print for several years until recently being re-released in online PDF form. <a href="/wiki/CD_Projekt_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="CD Projekt Red">CD Projekt Red</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a>,</i> a cyberpunk <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open world</a> <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video game</a> (RPG) based on the <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_role-playing_game" title="Tabletop role-playing game">tabletop RPG</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk 2020">Cyberpunk 2020</a></i>, on December 10, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, in a convergence of cyberpunk art and reality, the <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jackson_Games,_Inc._v._United_States_Secret_Service#Raid" title="Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service raided Steve Jackson Games's headquarters</a> and confiscated all their computers. Officials denied that the target had been the <i><a href="/wiki/GURPS_Cyberpunk" title="GURPS Cyberpunk">GURPS Cyberpunk</a></i> sourcebook, but Jackson would later write that he and his colleagues "were never able to secure the return of the complete manuscript; [...] The Secret Service at first flatly refused to return anything – then agreed to let us copy files, but when we got to their office, restricted us to one set of out-of-date files – then agreed to make copies for us, but said "tomorrow" every day from March 4 to March 26. On March 26 we received a set of disks which purported to be our files, but the material was late, incomplete and well-nigh useless."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steve Jackson Games won a lawsuit against the Secret Service, aided by the new <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. This event has achieved a sort of notoriety, which has extended to the book itself as well. All published editions of <i>GURPS Cyberpunk</i> have a tagline on the front cover, which reads "The book that was seized by the U.S. Secret Service!" Inside, the book provides a summary of the raid and its aftermath. </p><p>Cyberpunk has also inspired several <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game" title="Tabletop game">tabletop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniature_wargaming" title="Miniature wargaming">miniature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board games</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Necromunda" title="Necromunda">Necromunda</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Games_Workshop" title="Games Workshop">Games Workshop</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Netrunner" title="Netrunner">Netrunner</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Collectible_card_game" title="Collectible card game">collectible card game</a> introduced in 1996, based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk 2020">Cyberpunk 2020</a></i> role-playing game. <i><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_NOVA" title="Tokyo NOVA">Tokyo NOVA</a></i>, debuting in 1993, is a cyberpunk role-playing game that uses <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a> instead of dice. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">Cyberpunk 2077</a></i> set a new record for the largest number of simultaneous players in a single player game, with a record 1,054,388 playing just after the December 10th launch, according to <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a> Database. That tops the previous Steam record of 472,962 players set by <i><a href="/wiki/Fallout_4" title="Fallout 4">Fallout 4</a></i> back in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works#Music" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works § Music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Much of the industrial/dance heavy "Cyberpunk"—recorded in <a href="/wiki/Billy_Idol" title="Billy Idol">Billy Idol</a>'s Macintosh-run studio—revolves around Idol's theme of the common man rising up to fight against a faceless, soulless, corporate world. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Julie Romandetta<sup id="cite_ref-Romandetta_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romandetta-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Invariably the origin of cyberpunk music lies in the <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>-heavy scores of cyberpunk films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_New_York" title="Escape from New York">Escape from New York</a></i> (1981) and <i>Blade Runner</i> (1982).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some musicians and acts have been classified as cyberpunk due to their aesthetic style and musical content. Often dealing with dystopian visions of the future or <a href="/wiki/Biomechanical_art" title="Biomechanical art">biomechanical</a> themes, some fit more squarely in the category than others. Bands whose music has been classified as cyberpunk include <a href="/wiki/Psydoll" title="Psydoll">Psydoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Front_Line_Assembly" title="Front Line Assembly">Front Line Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clock_DVA" title="Clock DVA">Clock DVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelspit" title="Angelspit">Angelspit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigue_Sigue_Sputnik" title="Sigue Sigue Sputnik">Sigue Sigue Sputnik</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some musicians not normally associated with cyberpunk have at times been inspired to create concept albums exploring such themes. Albums such as the British musician and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Replicas_(album)" title="Replicas (album)">Replicas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Principle_(Gary_Numan_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pleasure Principle (Gary Numan album)">The Pleasure Principle</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Telekon" title="Telekon">Telekon</a></i> were heavily inspired by the works of Philip K. Dick. <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man-Machine" title="The Man-Machine">The Man-Machine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a></i> albums both explored the theme of humanity becoming dependent on technology. <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a>' concept album <i><a href="/wiki/Year_Zero_(album)" title="Year Zero (album)">Year Zero</a></i> also fits into this category. <a href="/wiki/Fear_Factory" title="Fear Factory">Fear Factory</a> concept albums are heavily based upon future dystopia, cybernetics, clash between man and machines, virtual worlds. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Idol" title="Billy Idol">Billy Idol</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_(album)" title="Cyberpunk (album)">Cyberpunk</a></i> drew heavily from cyberpunk literature and the <a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">cyberdelic</a> counter culture in its creation. <i><a href="/wiki/1._Outside" class="mw-redirect" title="1. Outside">1. Outside</a></i>, a cyberpunk narrative fueled concept album by <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, was warmly met by critics upon its release in 1995. Many musicians have also taken inspiration from specific cyberpunk works or authors, including <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>, whose albums <i><a href="/wiki/Sister_(Sonic_Youth_album)" title="Sister (Sonic Youth album)">Sister</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Daydream_Nation" title="Daydream Nation">Daydream Nation</a></i> take influence from the works of Philip K. Dick and William Gibson respectively. <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>'s 2001 <a href="/wiki/Drowned_World_Tour" title="Drowned World Tour">Drowned World Tour</a> opened with a cyberpunk section, where costumes, asethetics and stage props were used to accentuate the dystopian nature of the theatrical concert. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> used a cyberpunk-persona and visual style for her sixth studio album <a href="/wiki/Chromatica" title="Chromatica">Chromatica</a> (2020).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthwave_(2000s_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthwave (2000s genre)">synthwave</a> are also influenced by cyberpunk. The former has been inspired by one of the messages of cyberpunk and is interpreted as a dystopian<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> critique of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-stylus1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stylus1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the vein of cyberpunk and the latter is more surface-level, inspired only by the aesthetic of cyberpunk as a nostalgic <a href="/wiki/Retrofuturistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrofuturistic">retrofuturistic</a> revival of aspects of cyberpunk's origins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SonyCenterAtNight.jpg/220px-SonyCenterAtNight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SonyCenterAtNight.jpg/330px-SonyCenterAtNight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SonyCenterAtNight.jpg/440px-SonyCenterAtNight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sony_Center" title="Sony Center">Sony Center</a>, opened in 2000, has been described as having a cyberpunk aesthetic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Writers <a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">David Suzuki</a> and Holly Dressel describe the cafes, brand-name stores and video arcades of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Center" title="Sony Center">Sony Center</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz" title="Potsdamer Platz">Potsdamer Platz</a> public square of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, as "a vision of a cyberpunk, corporate urban future".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_counterculture">Society and counterculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and counterculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several subcultures have been inspired by cyberpunk fiction. These include the <a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">cyberdelic</a> counter culture of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Cyberdelic, whose adherents referred to themselves as "cyberpunks", attempted to blend the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">psychedelic art and drug movement</a> with the technology of <a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">cyberculture</a>. Early adherents included <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leary" title="Timothy Leary">Timothy Leary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Frauenfelder" title="Mark Frauenfelder">Mark Frauenfelder</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._U._Sirius" title="R. U. Sirius">R. U. Sirius</a>. The movement largely faded following the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> implosion of 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a> is a fashion and dance subculture which draws its inspiration from cyberpunk fiction, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">Gothic</a> subcultures. In addition, a distinct cyberpunk fashion of its own has emerged in recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> which rejects the raver and goth influences of <a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">cybergoth</a>, and draws inspiration from urban street fashion, "post apocalypse", functional clothing, high tech sports wear, tactical uniform and multifunction. This fashion goes by names like "tech wear", "goth ninja" or "tech ninja".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Walled_City" title="Kowloon Walled City">Kowloon Walled City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (demolished in 1994) is often referenced as the model cyberpunk/dystopian slum as, given its poor living conditions at the time coupled with the city's political, physical, and economic isolation has caused many in academia to be fascinated by the ingenuity of its spawning.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberpunk_derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cyberpunk derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></div> <p>As a wider variety of writers began to work with cyberpunk concepts, new subgenres of science fiction emerged, some of which could be considered as playing off the cyberpunk label, others which could be considered as legitimate explorations into newer territory. These focused on technology and its social effects in different ways. One prominent subgenre is "<a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a>," which is set in an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> that combines anachronistic technology with cyberpunk's bleak <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> world view. The term was originally coined around 1987 as a joke to describe some of the novels of <a href="/wiki/Tim_Powers" title="Tim Powers">Tim Powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Blaylock" class="mw-redirect" title="James P. Blaylock">James P. Blaylock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/K.W._Jeter" class="mw-redirect" title="K.W. Jeter">K.W. Jeter</a>, but by the time Gibson and Sterling entered the subgenre with their <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_fiction" title="Collaborative fiction">collaborative novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Difference_Engine" title="The Difference Engine">The Difference Engine</a></i> the term was being used earnestly as well.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another subgenre is "<a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">biopunk</a>" (cyberpunk themes dominated by <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>) from the early 1990s, a derivative style building on biotechnology rather than informational technology. In these stories, people are changed in some way not by mechanical means, but by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic manipulation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registered_trademark_status">Registered trademark status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Registered trademark status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the term "Cyberpunk" is a registered trademark owned by <a href="/wiki/CD_Projekt" title="CD Projekt">CD Projekt SA</a> who obtained it from the previous owner <a href="/wiki/R._Talsorian_Games" title="R. Talsorian Games">R. Talsorian Games Inc.</a> who originally registered it for its <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpunk 2020">tabletop role-playing game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. Talsorian Games currently used the trademark under license from CD Projekt SA for the tabletop role-playing game.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the European Union, the "Cyberpunk" trademark is owned by two parties: CD Projekt SA for "games and online gaming services"<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (particularly for the <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_2077" title="Cyberpunk 2077">video game adaptation of the former</a>) and by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> for use outside games.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li><li 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSterling1986" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, Bruce (1986). "Preface". <i>Burning Chrome by William Gibson</i>. Harper Collins. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Burning+Chrome+by+William+Gibson&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Michaud, "Science fiction and politics: Cyberpunk science fiction as political philosophy", pp. 65–77 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassler2008" class="citation book cs1">Hassler, Donald M. (2008). <i>New Boundaries in Political Science Fiction</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-736-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-736-8"><bdi>978-1-57003-736-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Boundaries+in+Political+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-736-8&rft.aulast=Hassler&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span> See pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjgames.com/gurps/books/cyberpunk/bibliography.html">"Bibliography for GURPS Cyberpunk"</a>. <i>sjgames.com</i>. Steve Jackson Games<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>The world of the British Judge Dredd is quintessentially cyberpunk...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sjgames.com&rft.atitle=Bibliography+for+GURPS+Cyberpunk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjgames.com%2Fgurps%2Fbooks%2Fcyberpunk%2Fbibliography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hague-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hague_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hague_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHague2002" class="citation book cs1">Hague, Angela (2002). <i>Teleparody: Predicting/preventing the TV Discourse of Tomorrow</i>. London New York: Wallflower Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903364-39-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-903364-39-6"><bdi>1-903364-39-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50497381">50497381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teleparody%3A+Predicting%2Fpreventing+the+TV+Discourse+of+Tomorrow&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50497381&rft.isbn=1-903364-39-6&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctheory1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctheory1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctheory1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722181849/http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=150">"CTheory.net"</a>. CTheory.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=150">the original</a> on 2009-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CTheory.net&rft.pub=CTheory.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctheory.net%2Farticles.aspx%3Fid%3D150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dvdverdict2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dvdverdict2000_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dvdverdict2000_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228231709/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/newrosehotel.php">"DVD Verdict Review – New Rose Hotel"</a>. Dvdverdict.com. 2000-01-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/newrosehotel.php">the original</a> on 2008-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DVD+Verdict+Review+%E2%80%93+New+Rose+Hotel&rft.pub=Dvdverdict.com&rft.date=2000-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvdverdict.com%2Freviews%2Fnewrosehotel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1999-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1999_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1999_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/film/100199rose-film-review.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'New Rose Hotel': Corporate Intrigue, Steamy Seduction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1999-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27New+Rose+Hotel%27%3A+Corporate+Intrigue%2C+Steamy+Seduction&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilm%2F100199rose-film-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Person-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Person_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Person_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerson1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Person">Person, Lawrence</a> (October 8, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slashdot.org/features/99/10/08/2123255.shtml">"Notes Toward a Postcyberpunk Manifesto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slashdot&rft.atitle=Notes+Toward+a+Postcyberpunk+Manifesto&rft.date=1999-10-08&rft.aulast=Person&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslashdot.org%2Ffeatures%2F99%2F10%2F08%2F2123255.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in <i>Nova Express</i>, issue 16 (1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graham_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2004" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Stephen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Oe1m073C-0C&pg=RA2-PT289"><i>The Cybercities Reader</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27956-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27956-7"><bdi>978-0-415-27956-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cybercities+Reader&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27956-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Oe1m073C-0C%26pg%3DRA2-PT289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson,_William-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson,_William_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1981" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, William (1981). <i>Burning Chrome</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+Chrome&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, Stacy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGi9FB3uEXkC&pg=PA75"><i>The Matrix Trilogy:Cyberpunk Reloaded</i></a>. Wallflower Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-32-8"><bdi>978-1-904764-32-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Matrix+Trilogy%3ACyberpunk+Reloaded&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904764-32-8&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGi9FB3uEXkC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphySchmeink2017" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Graham; Schmeink, Lars (2017). <i>Cyberpunk and Visual Culture</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66515-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-66515-5"><bdi>978-1-351-66515-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyberpunk+and+Visual+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-66515-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Schmeink%2C+Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon2014" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Brooks (2014). <i>Science Fiction After 1900: From the Steam Man to the Stars</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93888-4"><bdi>978-0-415-93888-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+After+1900%3A+From+the+Steam+Man+to+the+Stars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93888-4&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2005" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, Stacy (2005). <i>The Matrix Trilogy: Cyberpunk Reloaded</i>. London: Wallflower Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-33-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-33-5"><bdi>978-1-904764-33-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Matrix+Trilogy%3A+Cyberpunk+Reloaded&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904764-33-5&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation web cs1">Parker, John R. ParkerJohn R. (20 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comicsalliance.com/new-worlds-magazine-returns/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'New Worlds': One of the Most Influential Sci-Fi Magazines Returns This Fall"</a>. <i>ComicsAlliance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComicsAlliance&rft.atitle=%27New+Worlds%27%3A+One+of+the+Most+Influential+Sci-Fi+Magazines+Returns+This+Fall&rft.date=2011-08-20&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John+R.+ParkerJohn+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomicsalliance.com%2Fnew-worlds-magazine-returns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffery1991" class="citation book cs1">McCaffery, Larry (1991). <i>Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk & Postmodern Science Fiction</i>. Duke University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1168ch3">10.2307/j.ctv1168ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9822-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-9822-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1168ch3">j.ctv1168ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972009012">972009012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storming+the+Reality+Studio%3A+A+Casebook+of+Cyberpunk+%26+Postmodern+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972009012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1168ch3%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1168ch3&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9822-6&rft.aulast=McCaffery&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhefnawy2015" class="citation book cs1">Elhefnawy, Nader (2015-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol5lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT60"><i>Cyberpunk, Steampunk and Wizardry: Science Fiction Since 1980</i></a>. Nader Elhefnawy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyberpunk%2C+Steampunk+and+Wizardry%3A+Science+Fiction+Since+1980&rft.pub=Nader+Elhefnawy&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft.aulast=Elhefnawy&rft.aufirst=Nader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOl5lDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172557/http://www.ballardian.com/unblinking-clinical-from-ballard-to-cyberpunk">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Unblinking, clinical': From Ballard to cyberpunk"</a>. <i>Ballardian.com</i>. 2008-11-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballardian.com/unblinking-clinical-from-ballard-to-cyberpunk">the original</a> on 2017-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballardian.com&rft.atitle=%27Unblinking%2C+clinical%27%3A+From+Ballard+to+cyberpunk&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballardian.com%2Funblinking-clinical-from-ballard-to-cyberpunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2016" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (2016-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781382608.001.0001"><i>Science Fiction Rebels</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9781781382608.001.0001">10.5949/liverpool/9781781382608.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781382608" title="Special:BookSources/9781781382608"><bdi>9781781382608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Rebels&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9781781382608.001.0001&rft.isbn=9781781382608&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9781781382608.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffery1991" class="citation book cs1">McCaffery, Larry (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972009012"><i>Storming the Reality Studio : a Casebook of Cyberpunk & Postmodern Science Fiction</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 20, 208, 216, 264, 279, 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9822-6"><bdi>978-0-8223-9822-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/972009012">972009012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storming+the+Reality+Studio+%3A+a+Casebook+of+Cyberpunk+%26+Postmodern+Science+Fiction.&rft.pages=20%2C+208%2C+216%2C+264%2C+279%2C+331&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F972009012&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9822-6&rft.aulast=McCaffery&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F972009012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2018" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Alan (2018-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tor.com/2018/03/29/destruction-and-renewal-nova-by-samuel-r-delany/">"Destruction and Renewal: Nova by Samuel R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyberpunk+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberpunk.asia%2Findex.php%3Flng%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyberpunk1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyberpunk1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyberpunk1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Gibson, William (30 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1956774,00.html">"The Future Perfect"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Future+Perfect&rft.date=2001-04-30&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1956774%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1984" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, William (August 1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuromancer00gibs"><i>Neuromancer</i></a></span>. Ace Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuromancer00gibs/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-441-56956-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-441-56956-4"><bdi>978-0-441-56956-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuromancer&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Ace+Books&rft.date=1984-08&rft.isbn=978-0-441-56956-4&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneuromancer00gibs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ags-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ags_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ags_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmond,_Sean2004" class="citation book cs1">Redmond, Sean (2004). <i>Liquid Metal: The Science Fiction Film Reader</i>. 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Routledge. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07776-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07776-7"><bdi>978-0-415-07776-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Arts%3A+An+Introductory+Reader&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07776-7&rft.aulast=Wheale&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dGfKmubQIgC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashimoto2021" class="citation web cs1">Hashimoto, Kazuma (30 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/2021/1/30/22255318/cyberpunk-2077-genre-xenophobia-orientalism">"The cyberpunk genre has been Orientalist for decades — but it doesn't have to be"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=The+cyberpunk+genre+has+been+Orientalist+for+decades+%E2%80%94+but+it+doesn%27t+have+to+be&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft.aulast=Hashimoto&rft.aufirst=Kazuma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2021%2F1%2F30%2F22255318%2Fcyberpunk-2077-genre-xenophobia-orientalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang" class="citation news cs1">Yang, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/orientalism-cyberpunk-2077-yellow-peril-science-fiction/">"Orientalism, 'Cyberpunk 2077,' and Yellow Peril in Science Fiction"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-24</span></span> – via www.wired.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Orientalism%2C+%27Cyberpunk+2077%2C%27+and+Yellow+Peril+in+Science+Fiction&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Forientalism-cyberpunk-2077-yellow-peril-science-fiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGharagozli2021" class="citation web cs1">Gharagozli, Saba (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwimprint.ca/article/detriments-of-techno-orientalism/">"Detriments of Techno-Orientalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprint (newspaper)">Imprint</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Waterloo" title="University of Waterloo">University of Waterloo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imprint&rft.atitle=Detriments+of+Techno-Orientalism&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=Gharagozli&rft.aufirst=Saba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuwimprint.ca%2Farticle%2Fdetriments-of-techno-orientalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1999" class="citation book cs1">David, Brin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/798534246"><i>The Transparent Society : Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom?</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02790-3"><bdi>978-0-465-02790-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/798534246">798534246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transparent+Society+%3A+Will+Technology+Force+Us+to+Choose+Between+Privacy+and+Freedom%3F.&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F798534246&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02790-3&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Brin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F798534246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1956" class="citation magazine cs1">Clarke, Arthur C. (1956). "The Last Question". <i>Science Fiction Quarterly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Last+Question&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanaganBooth2002" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Mary; Booth, Austin (2002). <i>Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture</i>. 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United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Cyber+Sound%3A+Old+Fashioned+Rock+Gets+a+Future+Shock+from+New+Technology&rft.date=1993-06-25&rft.aulast=Romandetta&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shellzine.net/cyberpunk-music-origins-and-evolution/">"Cyberpunk Music: Origins and Evolution"</a>. shellzine.net. December 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cyberpunk+Music%3A+Origins+and+Evolution&rft.pub=shellzine.net&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshellzine.net%2Fcyberpunk-music-origins-and-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHam,_Robert" class="citation web cs1">Ham, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/exo-mw0002387718">"Exo - Gatekeeper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaporwave%3A+Soundtrack+to+Austerity&rft.pub=Stylus.com&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.au=Ward%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stylus.com%2Fhzwtls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">Suzuki, David</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbvpz6NaZC8C&pg=PA332"><i>Good News for a Change:How Everyday People Are Helping the Planet</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wordspy.com&rft.atitle=steampunk+-+Word+Spy&rft.aulast=Spy&rft.aufirst=Word&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordspy.com%2Findex.php%3Fword%3Dsteampunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trademarks.justia.com/856/81/cyberpunk-85681741.html">"CYBERPUNK Trademark of CD PROJEKT S.A. - Registration Number 5184170 - Serial Number 85681741 :: Justia Trademarks"</a>. <i>trademarks.justia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trademarks.justia.com&rft.atitle=CYBERPUNK+Trademark+of+CD+PROJEKT+S.A.+-+Registration+Number+5184170+-+Serial+Number+85681741+%3A%3A+Justia+Trademarks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrademarks.justia.com%2F856%2F81%2Fcyberpunk-85681741.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As can be seen in copyright statement within PDFs for Cyberpunk tabletop role-playing game, i.e. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rtalsoriangames.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/RTG-CPR-TalesoftheRed-Erratav1.0.pdf">https://rtalsoriangames.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/RTG-CPR-TalesoftheRed-Erratav1.0.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170823100025/https://euipo.europa.eu/eSearch/%23details/designs/001243075-0001#details/trademarks/010409258">"Cyberpunk"</a>. <i>European Union Intellectual Property Office</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=The+Witcher+studio+assuages+concerns+over+%27Cyberpunk%27+trademark&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Allegra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2017%2F4%2F6%2F15208078%2Fcyberpunk-2077-trademark-vs-copyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyberpunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberpunk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyberpunk" title="Template:Cyberpunk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyberpunk" title="Template talk:Cyberpunk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyberpunk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyberpunk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyberpunk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberpunk</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cyberpunk_works" title="List of cyberpunk works">List of cyberpunk works</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bethke" title="Bruce Bethke">Bruce Bethke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Cadigan" title="Pat Cadigan">Pat Cadigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakury%C5%AB_Ishii" title="Gakuryū Ishii">Sogo Ishii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Maddox" title="Tom Maddox">Tom Maddox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Oshii" title="Mamoru Oshii">Mamoru Oshii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuhiro_Otomo" title="Katsuhiro Otomo">Katsuhiro Otomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shirley" title="John Shirley">John Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masamune_Shirow" title="Masamune Shirow">Masamune Shirow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypherpunk" title="Cypherpunk">Cypherpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrohippies" title="Electrohippies">Electrohippies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Philosophy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_freedom" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">AI in fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Cyberculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacorporation" title="Megacorporation">Megacorporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Derivative genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcyberpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcyberpunk">Postcyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steampunk_works" title="List of steampunk works">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biopunk_works" title="List of biopunk works">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyberpunk" title="Category:Cyberpunk">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avant-garde_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avant-garde" title="Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde" title="Template talk:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avant-garde_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature<br />and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Goth_subculture" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Goth_subculture" title="Template talk:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Goth_subculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture"><span style="color:white">Goth subculture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Associated music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereal_wave" title="Ethereal wave">Ethereal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Cold wave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Death" title="Christian Death">Christian Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy" title="The Sisters of Mercy">The Sisters of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">The Damned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Sex_Fiend" title="Alien Sex Fiend">Alien Sex Fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance" title="Dead Can Dance">Dead Can Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocteau_Twins" title="Cocteau Twins">Cocteau Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_of_the_Nephilim" title="Fields of the Nephilim">Fields of the Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_rock_artists" title="List of gothic rock artists">List of gothic rock artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)" title="Robert Smith (musician)">Robert Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murphy_(musician)" title="Peter Murphy (musician)">Peter Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Curtis" title="Ian Curtis">Ian Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Eldritch" title="Andrew Eldritch">Andrew Eldritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson" title="Cassandra Peterson">Cassandra Peterson/Elvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_O" title="Eva O">Eva O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinah_Cancer" title="Dinah Cancer">Dinah Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Richards" title="Monica Richards">Monica Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hammer" title="Lisa Hammer">Lisa Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozz_Williams" title="Rozz Williams">Rozz Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitane_DeMone" title="Gitane DeMone">Gitane DeMone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Morrison" title="Patricia Morrison">Patricia Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_McCoy" title="Carl McCoy">Carl McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fraser" title="Elizabeth Fraser">Elizabeth Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Hammer" title="Doc Hammer">Doc Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Perry" title="Brendan Perry">Brendan Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Black" title="Bethany Black">Bethany Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_Mourning" title="Wednesday Mourning">Wednesday Mourning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(nightclub)" title="Neo (nightclub)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Theater" title="Phantasy Theater">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Dark_Alternative_Movement" title="Singapore Dark Alternative Movement">Singapore Dark Alternative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_goth_scene" title="Toronto goth scene">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable club nights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F_Club" title="F Club">F Club (1977–1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Phonographique" title="Le Phonographique">Le Phonographique (1979–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batcave_(club)" title="Batcave (club)">Batcave (1982–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrowerkz#Slimelight" title="Electrowerkz">Slimelight (1987–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Guild" title="Death Guild">Death Guild (1993–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmortis" title="Xmortis">Xmortis (2004–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27era_Luna_Festival" title="M'era Luna Festival">M'era Luna Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Dead_Festival" title="Drop Dead Festival">Drop Dead Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumous_Gothic_Festival" title="Lumous Gothic Festival">Lumous Gothic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Goth_Weekend" title="Whitby Goth Weekend">Whitby Goth Weekend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(goth_festival)" title="Convergence (goth festival)">Convergence (goth festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bats_Day_in_the_Fun_Park" title="Bats Day in the Fun Park">Bats Day in the Fun Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Goth_Day" title="World Goth Day">World Goth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">List of gothic festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Art and fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Gothic" title="New Gothic">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Goth" title="Health Goth">Health Goth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Bernstein" title="Drew Bernstein">Lip Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Beauty" title="Gothic Beauty">Gothic Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mortem" title="Rose Mortem">Rose Mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gorey" title="Edward Gorey">Edward Gorey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_hair" title="Big hair">Big hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathhawk">Deathhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcombing" title="Backcombing">Backcombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winklepickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Winklepickers">Winklepickers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Film and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family" title="The Addams Family">The Addams Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triana_Orpheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triana Orpheus">Triana Orpheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crow" title="The Crow">The Crow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodbye_Family" title="The Goodbye Family">The Goodbye Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(comic_book)" title="The Sandman (comic book)">The Sandman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_83" title="Gypsy 83">Gypsy 83</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Shades of black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">Dark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_goth" title="Mall goth">Mall goth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174526#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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