Costello | Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis | Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation

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Costello </li> <li>Jason Osborne </li> </ul> </div> <hr/> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p><p>Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is a complex, multi-step process. The goal of this paper is to collect, in one article, information that will allow researchers and practitioners to understand the various choices available through popular software packages, and to make decisions about “best practices” in exploratory factor analysis. In particular, this paper provides practical information on making decisions regarding (a) extraction, (b) rotation, (c) the number of factors to interpret, and (d) sample size.</p></p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Factor analysis, PCA</p> <p id="article_how_to_cite"> <strong> How to Cite: </strong> <p> Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J., (2005) “Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis”, <i>Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation</i> 10(1): 7. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868">https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868</a> </p> </p> <div class="show-for-small-only"> <p> <strong>Downloads:</strong><br/> <a href="/pare/article/1650/galley/1601/download/">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a target="_blank" href="/pare/article/1650/galley/1601/view/">View PDF</a><br/> </p> </div> <div class="summary"> <div class="top"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-6 columns"> <h4 class="number"> 9834 <span>Views</span> </h4> </div> <div class="large-6 columns"> <h4 class="number"> 1882 <span>Downloads</span> </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bottom"> <div class="row" data-equalizer> <div class="large-4 columns" data-equalizer-watch> <h5 id="article_date_published"> Published on <br> 02 Jan 2005 </h5> </div> <div class="large-4 columns" data-equalizer-watch> </div> <div class="large-4 columns" data-equalizer-watch> <h5>License</h5> <a class="has-tip scroll-link" rel="license" id="license" title="Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. 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No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits." data-tooltip="2cc6nw-tooltip" aria-haspopup="true" data-fade-out-duration="1000" title="" aria-describedby="pyltep-tooltip" data-yeti-box="pyltep-tooltip" data-toggle="pyltep-tooltip" data-resize="pyltep-tooltip" data-events="resize" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0"><h5>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0</h5></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="large-4 columns " data-sticky-container> <div class="sticky" data-sticky data-margin-top="0" data-anchor="content" data-sticky-on="large"> <div class="section"> <h4>Authors</h4> <ul> <li> Anna B. Costello </li> <li> Jason Osborne </li> </ul> </div> <div class="section"> <h3>Download</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="/pare/article/1650/galley/1601/download/">Download PDF</a> </li> <li> <a target="_blank" href="/pare/article/1650/galley/1601/view/">View PDF</a> </li> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="section"> <h3>Issue</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="/pare/issue/93/info/"> Volume 10 • 2005 </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="section"> <h3>Identifiers</h3> <ul> <li>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868">https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="section"> <h3>Publication details</h3> <ul> <li>Article Number: 7</li> </ul> </div> <div class="section hide-for-small-only"> <h3>File Checksums (MD5)</h3> <ul> <li> <small>PDF: d711495cedbb6fa54aae7b86fd60c317</small> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="section hide-for-small-only"> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </section> </article>  <div id="HarvardModal" class="reveal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="HarvardModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2 id="HarvardModalTitle">Harvard-Style Citation</h2> <p>Costello, A & Osborne, J. (2005) 'Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis', <i>Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation</i>. 10(1) doi: 10.7275/jyj1-4868</p> <p>Show: <a data-open="VancouverModal">Vancouver Citation Style</a> | <a data-open="APAModal">APA Citation Style</a></p> <button class="close-button" data-close aria-label="Close modal" type="button"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div id="VancouverModal" class="reveal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="VancouverModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2 id="VancouverModalTitle">Vancouver-Style Citation</h2> <p>Costello, A & Osborne, J. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation. 2005 1; 10(1) doi: 10.7275/jyj1-4868</p> <p>Show: <a data-open="HarvardModal">Harvard Citation Style</a> | <a data-open="APAModal">APA Citation Style</a> </p> <button class="close-button" data-close aria-label="Close modal" type="button"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div id="APAModal" class="reveal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="APAModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2 id="APAModalTitle">APA-Style Citation</h2> <p>Costello, A & Osborne, J. (2005, 1 2). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. <i>Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation</i> 10(1) doi: 10.7275/jyj1-4868</p> <p>Show: <a data-open="HarvardModal">Harvard Citation Style</a> | <a data-open="VancouverModal">{% trans 'Vancouver Citation Style' %}</a></p> <button class="close-button" data-close aria-label="Close modal" type="button"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div id="summarymodal" class="reveal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="summarymodal" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <h2 id="summarutitle">Non Specialist Summary</h2> <p>This article has no summary</p> <button class="close-button" data-close aria-label="Close modal" type="button"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="hline"></div> <br/> </main> </div> <footer class="main-footer row expanded"> <div class="large-2 columns very-dark-primary-color text-center logo-wrapper"> <a 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