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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Naser Khosrow" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Naser_Khosrow,_Iran" title="Naser Khosrow, Iran">Naser Khosrow, Iran</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Nasir Khusraw (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: ناصرخسرو; 1004 – between 1072–1088) was an <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> poet, philosopher, traveler, and missionary (<a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">da'i</a>) for the Isma'ili <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Nasir Khusraw</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_-_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1008"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Depiction by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassam_Arjangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rassam Arjangi (page does not exist)">Rassam Arjangi</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:رسام ارژنگی">fa</a>], 1961</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Proof (ḥujja) of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1004 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Qubodiyon" title="Qubodiyon">Qubadiyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1072–1088 <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Yamgan_District" title="Yamgan District">Yumgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data">Tomb of Nasir Khusraw Balkhi, <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Safarnama" title="Safarnama">Safarnama</a> <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(Nasir_Khusraw)" title="Diwan (Nasir Khusraw)">Diwan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teacher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced by</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Despite being one of the most prominent Isma'ili philosophers and theologians of the Fatimids and the writer of many philosophical works intended for only the inner circle of the Isma'ili community, Nasir is best known to the general public as a poet and writer who ardently supported his native Persian tongue as an artistic and scientific language. All of Nasir's philosophical Isma'ili works are in Persian, a rarity in the Isma'ili literature of the Fatimids, which primarily used <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. Nasir was a key figure in the spread of Isma'ilism in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. He is with great reverence called "Pir" or "Shah Sayyid Nasir" by the Isma'ili community of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> (split between <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>) and their branches in northern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, who all consider him to be their founder. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Life">2 Life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Works">3 Works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Legacy_and_assessment">4 Legacy and assessment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sources">6 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Nasir Khusraw's full name was Abu Mu'in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw ibn Harith al-Qubadiyani al-Marvazi, which he would generally refer himself by in his prose philosophical works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20033%E2%80%934-1">[1]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Safarnama" title="Safarnama">Safarnama</a>, he mostly calls himself "Nasir", and in his poetry he mostly uses the <a href="/wiki/Pen-name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen-name">pen-name</a> "Hujjat", a title meaning "proof", which he had received by the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> missionary organisation in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20034-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a> In his poetry he also sometimes use the names of "Nasir" and "Khusraw", the latter being a Persian name, which according to historian Dr C. Alice Hunsberger "would certainly have been a point of great pride to this defender of Persian culture and language."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20034-2">[2]</a> His name is also transliterated as Nasir-i Khusraw<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a> and Naser-e Khosrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtas2021167-4">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Nasir is the subject of many tales, including a fake autobiography that bears his name and has been passed around between Isma'ilis and non-Isma'ilis for many centuries. The writings of Nasir that are still in existence offer insightful information about his life and philosophy. Yet, it appears that the majority of these manuscripts were censored to remove any references to Isma'ilism by antagonistic <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> scribes. A native Persian,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Nasir was from a family of government bureaucrats and landowners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20033-9">[9]</a> He most likely adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> form of Islam before his conversion to Isma'ilism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a> He was born in 1004 in <a href="/wiki/Qubodiyon" title="Qubodiyon">Qubadiyan</a>, a neighborhood of the city of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Marw</a> province in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a> The area was then controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>, a culturally <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianised</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> slave origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1988587%E2%80%93596-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth2001578%E2%80%93583-11">[11]</a> Nasir supposedly started his career as a scribe before moving to the city of Marw to work as a financial administrator. He was allowed entry to the court at Balkh until in 1040, when Khurasan was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a> He retained his office under the Seljuks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a> whose co-founder <a href="/wiki/Chaghri_Beg" title="Chaghri Beg">Chaghri Beg</a> ruled Khurasan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1990617%E2%80%93618-12">[12]</a> Around the age of 41, Nasir underwent a tremendous and sudden change in his spirituality, which drastically altered the direction of his life. According to Nasir, the incident had the characteristics of a dream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a> He subsequently resigned from his office and converted to Isma'ilism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a> In December 1045, Nasir made the decision to embark on a prolonged journey with the ultimate goal of performing a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. In March 1046, along with his brother Abu Sa'id and an Indian attendant, he started his journey, which would first end after nearly seven years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a> From Khurasan, he travelled west, passing through northern and western Iran, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. He then descended to <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, where he performed his pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDabashi2012122-13">[13]</a> On August 1047, he went to Cairo in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007205-8">[8]</a> which served as the capital of the Isma'ili <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a> The Fatimid Caliphate was the first and last significant Shi'i dominion until the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of Iran in 1501, who declared Twelver Shi'ism as its official religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20036-14">[14]</a> The majority of other governmental power bases were overwhelmingly Sunni, including the Ghaznavid and Seljuk rulers, who demonstrated their support for the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> caliph in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> by making determined efforts to put an end to Isma'ili activity, especially that of Isma'ili missionaries operating under the Fatimid caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20037-15">[15]</a> At Cairo, Nasir was taught Isma'ili teachings, law, and administration by prominent scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20036-14">[14]</a> He met <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a> (died 1087), an Isma'ili scholar from <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in southwestern Iran, who had also recently arrived to Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2020-16">[16]</a> He became Nasir's teacher, instructing him in enigmatic Isma'ili concepts and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a> Nasir was raised to the position of dā‘ī "missionary" and appointed as the Hujjat-i Khorasan, though the hostility he encountered in the propagation of these new religious ideas after his return to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a> in 1052 A.D. and Sunnite <a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">fanaticism</a> compelled him at last to flee. After wandering from place to place, he found refuge in <a href="/wiki/Yamgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamgan">Yamgan</a> (about 1060 A.D.) in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>, where he spent as a hermit the last decades of his life, gathering a considerable number of devoted adherents, who have handed down his doctrines to succeeding generations.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-17">[17]</a> Nasir-i Khusraw explained that through revelation (<a href="/wiki/Tanzil" title="Tanzil">tanzil</a>), intellectual matters were transformed into a state that could be understood by humankind. Esoteric interpretation (<a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">ta’wil</a>) is necessary to revert them to their original intellectual state. He also said that one must not be satisfied with the exoteric form but look for the person who can explain the original esoteric meaning to them. In saying this he alluded to the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imam of the Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> He died in Yamagan in present-day northern Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Ludwig2009-19">[19]</a> He was buried in a small mausoleum on a small hill in the present-day village of Hadrat-i Sayyid (also called Hadrat-i Sa'id), on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Koksha_Valley" title="Koksha Valley">Koksha Valley</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007207-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchadl200964-21">[21]</a> According to an engraved inscription on the structure, it was renovated in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007207-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li>Safarnama (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سفرنامه)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Safarnama" title="Safarnama">Safarnama</a> (The Book of Travels) is his most famous work. He visited dozens of cities in about seven years (March 6, 1046 – October 23, 1052) and wrote comprehensively about them, including details about colleges, caravanserais, mosques, scientists, kings, the public, the population, the area of the cities, and, of course, his interesting memories. After 1000 years, his Safarnama is still readable for <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian-speaking</a> people. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(Nasir_Khusraw)" title="Diwan (Nasir Khusraw)">Diwan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: دیوان)</li></ul> Among his other works, most of the lyrical poems in his <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(Nasir_Khusraw)" title="Diwan (Nasir Khusraw)">Diwan</a> were composed in his retirement, and their chief topics are an enthusiastic praise of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, his descendants, and al-Mustansir in particular, along with passionate outcries against Khorasan and its rulers, who had driven him from his home. It also explores his immense satisfaction with the quiet solitude of Yumgan, and his utter despondency again in seeing himself despised by his former associates and excluded from participation in the glorious contest of life. Scattered through all these alternating outbursts of hope and despair, there are lessons of morality, and solemn warnings against the tricks and perfidy of the world, the vanity of all earthly splendour and greatness, the folly and injustice of men, and the hypocrisy, frivolity and viciousness of fashionable society and princely courts in particular.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>Gushayish va Rahayish (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: گشایش و رهایش)</li></ul> Another work of Nasir Khusraw is the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a> philosophical work "Gushayish va Rahayish" which has been translated into English by F.M. Hunzai under the title: "Knowledge and Liberation". The work discusses creation, questions related to the soul, epistemology, and Ismaili Islamic doctrines. From a linguistic point of view, the work is an example of early philosophical writing in new Persian. It is the same strain which runs, although in a somewhat lower key, through his two larger <a href="/wiki/Masnavi_(poetic_form)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masnavi (poetic form)">masnavis</a>, the Rawshana-i-nama (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: روشنایی‌نامه) (or Book of Enlightenment, also known as Shish Fasl), and the Sa'datnama (Book of Felicity). The former is divided into two sections: the first, of a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">metaphysical</a> character, contains a sort of practical <a href="/wiki/Cosmography" title="Cosmography">cosmography</a>, chiefly based on <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>'s theories, but frequently intermixed both with the freer speculations of the well-known philosophical brotherhood of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_al-Safa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhwan al-Safa">Ikhwan al-Safa</a>, and purely Shi'ite or Isma'ili ideas; the second, or ethical section of the poem, abounds in moral maxims and ingenious thoughts on man's good and bad qualities, on the necessity of shunning the company of fools and double-faced friends, on the deceptive allurements of the world and the secret snares of ambitious men craving for rank and wealth. It concludes with an imaginary vision of a beautiful work of spirits who have stripped off the fetters of earthly cares and sorrows and revel in the pure light of divine wisdom and love.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-17">[17]</a> If we compare this with a similar <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> in Nasir's Diwan, which culminates in the praise of Mustansir, we are fairly entitled to look upon it as a covert allusion to the eminent men who revealed to the poet in Cairo the secrets of the Isma'ili faith, and showed him what he considered the heavenly ladder to superior knowledge and spiritual bliss.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-17">[17]</a> A similar series of excellent teachings on practical wisdom and the blessings of a virtuous life, only of a more severe and uncompromising character, is contained in the Sa'datnama; and, judging from the extreme bitterness of tone manifested in the reproaches of kings and emirs, we should be inclined to consider it a protest against the vile aspersions poured out upon Nasir's moral and religious attitude during those persecutions which drove him at last to Yumgan.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-17">[17]</a> Of all other works of the author, the Zaad-al-Musafirin (or Travelling Provisions of Pilgrims) and the Wajh-i Din (or The Face of Religion) are theoretical descriptions of his religious and philosophical principles; the rest of them can be dismissed as being probably just as <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> as Nasir's famous autobiography (found in several Persian tadhkiras or biographies of poets), a mere forgery of the most extravagant description, which is mainly responsible for the confusion in names and dates in older accounts of our author.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-17">[17]</a> <ul><li>Wajh-i din (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: وجه دین)</li></ul> Nasir Khusraw, explains the spiritual interpretation of the tradition of a six day creation of the physical universe. He writes about how the story of creation is a symbolic explanation of what happened when God created the universe. Interpreting it literally is something human beings do based on the limits of their intellects. In the scriptures, when it says that God began the work of creating the world on Sunday, completed it on Friday, and then rested on Saturday, it is not a literal account, rather a symbolic one.<a href="#cite_note-Virani-22">[22]</a> When the Prophets shared the story of a six-day creation of the physical universe, it was meant for the people to understand that God was saying that six prophets would come into this world and command people to work. When the seventh day came, God would not command in this manner, but would rather reward them for their hard work.<a href="#cite_note-Virani-22">[22]</a> <ul><li>Book on Mathematics (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: غرایب الحساب و عجایب الحساب)</li></ul> Nasir Khusraw wrote a book on mathematics which has now been lost. He states in his other work that he could: not find one single scholar throughout all of Khorasan and eastern lands like myself [who] could grapple with the solutions to these problems. But he felt it his responsibility to take the task for readers he would never see, 'those yet to come, in a time yet to come' <ul><li>Jamiʿ al hikmatayn (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: جامع الحکمتین)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Legacy_and_assessment">Legacy and assessment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy and assessment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Despite being one of the most prominent Isma'ili philosophers and theologians of the Fatimid era and the writer of many philosophical works intended for only the inner circle of the Isma'ili community, Nasir is best known to the general public as a poet and writer who ardently supported Persian as an artistic and scientific language. All of Nasir's philosophical Isma'ili works are in Persian, a rarity in the Isma'ili literature of the Fatimids, which primarily used Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">[3]</a> Nasir was a key figure in the spread of Isma'ilism in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. He is with great reverence called "Pir" or "Shah Sayyid Nasir" by the Isma'ili community of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> (split between Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>) and their branches in northern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, who all consider him to be their founder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2017122-23">[23]</a> Devotees that visit Nasir Khusraw's mausoleum also refer him by other names than "Nasir Khusraw", such as <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shāh</a> (king), shāh-i buzurgvār (great king), mawlā (guardian), shīd-i Yumgān (sun of Yumgan), and uqāb-i Yumgān (eagle of Yumgan). The latter refers to one of Nasir Khusraw's poems, written to offer moral advice; The narrative, which is based on an ancient fable, describes an eagle circling in the sky "full of selfish pride" before being brought to the ground by an arrow with eagle feathers sewn into its fletch. The final lines of the poem convey a lesson, which has become a well-known saying amongst speakers of the Persian language; az māst ki bar māst ("what comes from us returns to us"), meaning that people possess the very characteristic that will determine both their success and failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchadl200977-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20033–4-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20033%E2%80%934_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunsberger2003">Hunsberger 2003</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20034-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20034_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunsberger20034_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunsberger2003">Hunsberger 2003</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Smet2021_3-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Smet2021">de Smet 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUtas2021167-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUtas2021167_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUtas2021">Utas 2021</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNanji2012" class="citation cs2">Nanji, Azim (2012-04-24), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/nasir-i-khusraw-SIM_5827?lang=en">"Nāṣir-i K̲h̲usraw"</a>, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Brill, retrieved 2023-09-03, <q>Nāṣir-i K̲h̲usraw, whose full name was Abū Muʿīn Nāṣir b. K̲h̲usraw b. Ḥārit̲h̲ al-Ḳubād̲h̲iyānī, Persian poet and prose writer, a noted traveller, and an Ismāʿīlī philosopher and dāʿī [q.v.].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir-i+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2usraw&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Nanji&rft.aufirst=Azim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fnasir-i-khusraw-SIM_5827%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dpul.princeton.edu/badakhshan_collection/feature/na-ir-i-khusraw">"Nāṣir-i Khusraw"</a>. Digital PUL. 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2023-09-03. <q>Nāṣir-i Khusraw was a Persian scholar, poet, traveler and missionary for the Ismāʿīlī Shīʿī movement who is widely credited with the establishment of the Ismāʿīlī community in Badakhshan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+PUL&rft.atitle=N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir-i+Khusraw&rft.date=2020-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdpul.princeton.edu%2Fbadakhshan_collection%2Ffeature%2Fna-ir-i-khusraw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alumni.columbia.edu/content/nasir-khusraw-ruby-badakhshan-portrait-persian-poet-traveller-and-philosoph">"Nasir Khusraw, The Ruby of Badakhshan: A Portrait of the Persian Poet, Traveller and Philosoph | Columbia Alumni Association"</a>. www.alumni.columbia.edu. 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"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/N%C4%81sir_Khosrau" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nāsir Khosrau">Nāsir Khosrau</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=N%C4%81sir+Khosrau&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=248&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Eth%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Karl+Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2019" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41992496">"Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): The Birth of Jesus"</a>. Studies in Islamic Historiography: 147–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004415294_007">10.1163/9789004415294_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004415294" title="Special:BookSources/9789004415294"><bdi>9789004415294</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214047322">214047322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Islamic+Historiography&rft.atitle=Hierohistory+in+Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB+l-Nu%CA%BFm%C4%81n%27s+Foundation+of+Symbolic+Interpretation+%28As%C4%81s+al-Ta%CA%BEw%C4%ABl%29%3A+The+Birth+of+Jesus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214047322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004415294_007&rft.isbn=9789004415294&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41992496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludwig2009-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig2009_19-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_W._Adamec" title="Ludwig W. Adamec">Ludwig W. Adamec</a> (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.237. Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810861615" title="Special:BookSources/0810861615">0810861615</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007207-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007207_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007207_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchadl200964-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchadl200964_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchadl2009">Schadl 2009</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Virani-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virani_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virani_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2005" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37219457">"The Days of Creation in the Thought of Nasir Khusraw"</a>. Nasir Khusraw: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nasir+Khusraw%3A+Yesterday%2C+Today%2C+Tomorrow&rft.atitle=The+Days+of+Creation+in+the+Thought+of+Nasir+Khusraw&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37219457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2017122-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2017122_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaftary2017">Daftary 2017</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchadl200977-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchadl200977_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchadl2009">Schadl 2009</a>, p. 77. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bosworth, C. E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/balk-town-and-province#pt3">"Balḵ ii. From the Arab conquest to the Mongols."</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Vol. III/6: Baḵtīārī tribe II–Banān. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 587–596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-118-5"><bdi>978-0-71009-118-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bal%E1%B8%B5+ii.+From+the+Arab+conquest+to+the+Mongols.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E596&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-118-5&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbalk-town-and-province%23pt3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bosworth, C. E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cagri-beg-dawud-b">"Čaḡrī Beg Dāwūd"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Vol. IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 617–618. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-129-1"><bdi>978-0-71009-129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%8Ca%E1%B8%A1r%C4%AB+Beg+D%C4%81w%C5%ABd&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E618&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-129-1&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcagri-beg-dawud-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bosworth, C. E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghaznavids">"Ghaznavids"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Vol. X/6: Germany VI–Gindaros. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–583. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-55-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933273-55-9"><bdi>978-0-933273-55-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghaznavids&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E583&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-933273-55-9&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fghaznavids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAndCQAAQBAJ">Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674049451" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674049451"><bdi>978-0674049451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ism%3A+A+Religion+of+Protest&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0674049451&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAndCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij0BAwAAQBAJ">Ismaili Literature: A Bibliography of Sources and Studies</a>. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-1386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8577-1386-5"><bdi>978-0-8577-1386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ismaili+Literature%3A+A+Bibliography+of+Sources+and+Studies&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8577-1386-5&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIj0BAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC">The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2"><bdi>978-0-521-61636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61636-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2017" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxIwDwAAQBAJ">Ismaili History and Intellectual Traditions</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-28810-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-28810-2"><bdi>978-1-138-28810-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ismaili+History+and+Intellectual+Traditions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-28810-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxIwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Gould" title="Rebecca Gould">Gould, Rebecca Ruth</a> (2022). The Persian Prison Poem. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474484015" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474484015"><bdi>978-1474484015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Prison+Poem&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1474484015&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunsberger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hunsberger, Dr C. Alice (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/media/22njyhsy/hunsberger_khusraw_portrait-643644424.pdf">"Nasir Khusraw: A Portrait of The Persian Poet, Traveller and Philosopher"</a> (PDF). The Institute of Ismaili Studies: 1–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.atitle=Nasir+Khusraw%3A+A+Portrait+of+The+Persian+Poet%2C+Traveller+and+Philosopher&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hunsberger&rft.aufirst=Dr+C.+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F22njyhsy%2Fhunsberger_khusraw_portrait-643644424.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahamid2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mahamid, H. (2017). "Persecutions against Ismaʿili Missionaries in Central Asia: The Case of Nāser Khosrow". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Persianate_Studies" title="Journal of Persianate Studies">Journal of Persianate Studies</a>. 10 (1). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 57–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-12341307">10.1163/18747167-12341307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Persianate+Studies&rft.atitle=Persecutions+against+Isma%CA%BFili+Missionaries+in+Central+Asia%3A+The+Case+of+N%C4%81ser+Khosrow&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18747167-12341307&rft.aulast=Mahamid&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutbuddin2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Qutbuddin, Tahera (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-muayyad-al-shirazi-COM_36558">"al-Muʾayyad al-Shīrāzī"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Mu%CA%BEayyad+al-Sh%C4%ABr%C4%81z%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Qutbuddin&rft.aufirst=Tahera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fal-muayyad-al-shirazi-COM_36558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadl2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schadl, Marcus (2009). "The Shrine of Nasir Khusraw: Imprisoned Deep in the Valley of Yumgan". <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqarnas Online">Muqarnas Online</a>. 26 (1). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 63–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993_02601004">10.1163/22118993_02601004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas+Online&rft.atitle=The+Shrine+of+Nasir+Khusraw%3A+Imprisoned+Deep+in+the+Valley+of+Yumgan&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993_02601004&rft.aulast=Schadl&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Smet2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">de Smet, Daniel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_41014">"Nāṣir-i Khusraw"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir-i+Khusraw&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=de+Smet&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2F%2A-COM_41014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtas2021" class="citation book cs1">Utas, Bo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6gwtEAAAQBAJ">Persian Prose: A History of Persian Literature, Vol V</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845119065" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845119065"><bdi>978-1845119065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Prose%3A+A+History+of+Persian+Literature%2C+Vol+V&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1845119065&rft.aulast=Utas&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6gwtEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._S._Peacock" title="A. C. S. Peacock">Peacock, A. C. S.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAndCQAAQBAJ">The Great Seljuk Empire</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3826-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3826-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-3826-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seljuk+Empire&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3826-0&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAndCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANasir+Khusraw" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&oldid=1276368799">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&oldid=1276368799</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_Khusraw&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 February 2025, at 13:11 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ناصر خسرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناصر خسرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Xosrov" title="Nasir Xosrov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nasir Xosrov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ناصرخسرو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناصرخسرو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="নাসির খসরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাসির খসরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nasir Khusraw" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1ser-e_Chosrou" title="Náser-e Chosrou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náser-e Chosrou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81sir-i_Chusrau" title="Nāsir-i Chusrau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nāsir-i Chusrau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_Josrow" title="Naser Josrow – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Naser Josrow" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_%C4%A4osro" title="Naser Ĥosro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naser Ĥosro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ناصرخسرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناصرخسرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_e_Khosraw" title="Nasir e Khosraw – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nasir e Khosraw" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%8B%9C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%9B%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0" title="나시르 후스라우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나시르 후스라우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%80_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Նասիր Խոսրով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նասիր Խոսրով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasir Khusraw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser-e_Khosrow" title="Naser-e Khosrow – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naser-e Khosrow" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Насыр Хосрау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Насыр Хосрау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Насир Хосров – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Насир Хосров" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="नसीर खुश्रो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नसीर खुश्रो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ناصر خسرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناصر خسرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ナースィル・ホスロー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナースィル・ホスロー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasir Khusraw" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosir_Xisrav" title="Nosir Xisrav – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nosir Xisrav" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ناصر خسرو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناصر خسرو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ناصر خسرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناصر خسرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1cer_Cosroes" title="Nácer Cosroes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nácer Cosroes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nasir Khusraw" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Насир Хосров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Насир Хосров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nasir Khusraw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88" title="ناسر خەسرەو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسر خەسرەو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naser_Hosrov" title="Naser Hosrov – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Naser Hosrov" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Hosrov" title="Nasir Hosrov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nasir Hosrov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_bin_Chusrau" title="Nasir bin Chusrau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nasir bin Chusrau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Носири Хусрав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Носири Хусрав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2s%C4%B1r-%C4%B1_H%C3%BCsrev" title="Nâsır-ı Hüsrev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nâsır-ı Hüsrev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Насір Хосров – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Насір Хосров" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ناصر خسرو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناصر خسرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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