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href="#Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Neolithic and Chalcolithic Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_and_historic_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_and_historic_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Prehistoric and historic China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_and_historic_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_Taiwan_and_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_Taiwan_and_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Prehistoric Taiwan and Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_Taiwan_and_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Māori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nephrite</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99%C5%9Fim" title="Yəşim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəşim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C)" title="Нефрыт (камень) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нефрыт (камень)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C)" title="Нэфрыт (камень) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэфрыт (камень)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Нефрит (минерал) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нефрит (минерал)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrita" title="Nefrita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nefrita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrit" title="Nefrit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nefrit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrit" title="Nephrit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nephrit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Νεφρίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεφρίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrita" title="Nefrita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nefrita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نفریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9phrite_(roche)" title="Néphrite (roche) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néphrite (roche)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neifr%C3%ADt" title="Neifrít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neifrít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrita" title="Nefrita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nefrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%98%A5_(%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%BC)" title="연옥 (광물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연옥 (광물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF_(%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC)" title="Նեֆրիտ (միներալ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեֆրիտ (միներալ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrite_(minerale)" title="Nefrite (minerale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nefrite (minerale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="נפריט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפריט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88)" title="Нефрит (таш) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нефрит (таш)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefr%C4%ABts" title="Nefrīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nefrīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefritas" title="Nefritas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nefritas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrit" title="Nefrit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nefrit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrit" title="Nefrit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nefrit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefriet" title="Nefriet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nefriet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ネフライト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネフライト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefritt_(krystall)" title="Nefritt (krystall) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nefritt (krystall)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefritt" title="Nefritt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nefritt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrit" title="Nefrit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nefrit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefryt" title="Nefryt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nefryt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Нефрит (минерал) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нефрит (минерал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrit" title="Nefrit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nefrit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefriitti" title="Nefriitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nefriitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrit_(kristall)" title="Nefrit (kristall) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nefrit (kristall)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Бөерташ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөерташ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="เนไฟรต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนไฟรต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefrit_(mineral)" title="Nefrit (mineral) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nefrit (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Нефрит (мінерал) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нефрит (мінерал)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrit" title="Nephrit – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nephrit" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%8E%89" title="软玉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软玉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mineral. For the Sailor Moon character, see <a href="/wiki/Dark_Kingdom#Nephrite" title="Dark Kingdom">Dark Kingdom § Nephrite</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">Nephritis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #9dec76">Nephrite</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg/220px-Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg/330px-Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg/440px-Nephrite_jordanow_slaski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nephrite from <a href="/wiki/Jordan%C3%B3w_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Jordanów Śląski">Jordanów Śląski</a> (Poland)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #9dec76">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inosilicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inosilicate">Inosilicate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ca<sub>2</sub>(Mg,Fe)<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub><sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">monoclinic<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #9dec76">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">Translucent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a> and often mottled. Light to dark green, yellow to brown, white, gray, black.<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">massive<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">splintery to granular<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> hardness</th><td class="infobox-data">6.0 to 6.5<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">dull<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000295000000000000♠"></span>2.95<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.15<br />−0.05</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Polish luster</th><td class="infobox-data">vitreous to greasy<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Double refractive with anomalous aggregate reaction<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.606 to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000163200000000000♠"></span>1.632<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.009<br />−0.006</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">usually not detectable<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">none<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">inert<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">Absorption spectra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vague line may be present at 500 nm, but rarely any lines. Rarely, in stones of exceptional gem quality, vague lines in the red part of the spectrum may be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nephrite</b> is a variety of the calcium, magnesium, and iron-rich <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a> minerals <a href="/wiki/Tremolite" title="Tremolite">tremolite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Actinolite" title="Actinolite">actinolite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(geology)" title="Aggregate (geology)">aggregates</a> of which also make up one form of <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>). The chemical formula for nephrite is <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a><sub>2</sub>(<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>)<sub>5</sub><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a><sub>8</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>22</sub>(O<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>)<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of two different mineral species called <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>. The other mineral species known as jade is <a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">jadeite</a>, which is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>. While nephrite jade possesses mainly grays and greens (and occasionally yellows, browns, black or whites), jadeite jade, which is rarer, can also contain blacks, reds, pinks and violets. Nephrite jade is an ornamental stone used in <a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">carvings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cabochon" title="Cabochon">cabochon</a> cut gemstones. Nephrite is also the official state mineral of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. </p><p>Nephrite can be found in a translucent white to very light yellow form which is known in China as <i>mutton fat</i> jade,<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an opaque white to very light brown or gray which is known as <i>chicken bone</i> jade,<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in a variety of green colors. Western <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is the principal source of modern <a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">lapidary</a> nephrite.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nephrite jade was used mostly in pre-1800 <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the Pacific Coast and Atlantic Coasts of North America, Neolithic Europe, and southeast Asia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>nephrite</i> is derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lapis nephriticus</i></span>, which in turn is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λίθος">λίθος</a></span> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:νεφριτικός">νεφριτικός</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>líthos nephritikós</i></span>) or <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%86%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:νεφρός">νεφρός</a></span> λίθος (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>nephrós líthos</i></span>), which means "kidney stone" and is the Latin and Greek version of the Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">piedra de ijada</i></span> (the origin of <i>jade</i> and <i>jadeite</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, nephrite jade was once believed to be a cure for kidney stones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names">Other names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the terms already mentioned, nephrite has the following synonyms and varieties: <i>axe-stone</i>, <i>B.C. jade</i>, <i>Beilstein</i>, <i>kidney stone</i>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lapis nephriticus</i></span>, <i>nephrite</i>, <i>nephrite</i>, <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">pounamu</a></i></span>, <i>New Zealand greenstone</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>New Zealand jade</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>spinach jade</i> (dark grayish green),<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">talcum nephriticus</i></span>. <i>Tomb jade</i> or <i>grave jade</i> are names given to ancient burial nephrite pieces with a brown or chalky white texture as a surface treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-GRG_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_and_Chalcolithic_Europe">Neolithic and Chalcolithic Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neolithic and Chalcolithic Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nephrite" title="Special:EditPage/Nephrite">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A lot of nephrite tools and amulets are known since the Early Neolithic (7th millennium BC) to the Late Chalcolithic (5th millennium BC) on the Balkans (mainly Bulgaria; also in Greece, Serbia, Croatia) from two or more unknown sources — Balkan "nephrite culture."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tools are found in the Later Neolithic of Poland (from the most probable local source Jordanów), Sardinia (Italy) (unknown source) and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single or just a few finds of nephrite artifacts are also reported from some other European countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_and_historic_China">Prehistoric and historic China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistoric and historic China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nephrite" title="Special:EditPage/Nephrite">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg/250px-%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg/330px-%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg/500px-%27Mutton_fat%27_jade_for_sale_at_Khotan_Jade_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Mutton fat" jade for sale at <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Hotan</a> Jade Market</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg/175px-Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg/263px-Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg/350px-Large_mutton_fat_jade_displayed_in_Hotan_Cultural_Museum_lobby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Large "mutton fat" nephrite jade displayed in <a href="/wiki/Hotan_Cultural_Museum" title="Hotan Cultural Museum">Hotan Cultural Museum</a> lobby.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times, the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial jade items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze River Delta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a> 3400–2250 BC) and in an area of the <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning province">Liaoning province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a> 4700–2200 BC). Jade was used to create many utilitarian and ceremonial objects, ranging from indoor decorative items to <a href="/wiki/Jade_burial_suit" title="Jade burial suit">jade burial suits</a>. Jade was considered the "imperial gem." From about the earliest <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dynasties">Chinese dynasties</a> until present, the jade deposits in most use were from the region of <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> in the Western Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (jade deposits from other areas of China, such as <a href="/wiki/Lantian_County" title="Lantian County">Lantian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, were also in great demand). There, white and greenish nephrite jade is found in small quarries and as pebbles and boulders in the rivers flowing from the <a href="/wiki/Kuen-Lun_mountain_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuen-Lun mountain range">Kuen-Lun mountain range</a> northward into the <a href="/wiki/Takla-Makan_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Takla-Makan desert">Takla-Makan desert</a> area. River jade collection was concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Yarkand_River" title="Yarkand River">Yarkand</a>, and the White Jade (<a href="/wiki/Yurungkash_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurungkash River">Yurungkash</a>) and Black Jade (<a href="/wiki/Karakash_River" title="Karakash River">Karakash</a>) Rivers in Khotan. From the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>, on the southern leg of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, yearly tribute payments consisting of the most precious white jade were made to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperial_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese imperial court">Chinese imperial court</a> and there transformed into <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Objets_d%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Objets d'art">objets d'art</a></i></span> by skilled artisans, as jade was considered more valuable than <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_Taiwan_and_Southeast_Asia">Prehistoric Taiwan and Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Taiwan and Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">Lingling-o</a></div> <p>Carved nephrite jade was the main commodity trade during the historical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Jade_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime Jade Road (page does not exist)">Maritime Jade Road</a>, an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. The nephrite jade was mined in east <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> by animist Taiwanese indigenous peoples and processed mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> by animist indigenous Filipinos. Some were also processed in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, while the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> also participated in the massive animist-led nephrite jade trading network, where other commodities were also traded. Participants in the network at the time had a majority animist population. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the Silk Road in mainland Eurasia. It began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Māori"><span id="M.C4.81ori"></span>Māori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Māori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphibole_2_-_Nephrite_Jade_Basic_calcium_magnesium_iron_silicate_Lander_County_Wyoming_2075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amphibole_2_-_Nephrite_Jade_Basic_calcium_magnesium_iron_silicate_Lander_County_Wyoming_2075.jpg/250px-Amphibole_2_-_Nephrite_Jade_Basic_calcium_magnesium_iron_silicate_Lander_County_Wyoming_2075.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amphibole_2_-_Nephrite_Jade_Basic_calcium_magnesium_iron_silicate_Lander_County_Wyoming_2075.jpg/330px-Amphibole_2_-_Nephrite_Jade_Basic_calcium_magnesium_iron_silicate_Lander_County_Wyoming_2075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amphibole_2_-_Nephrite_Jade_Basic_calcium_magnesium_iron_silicate_Lander_County_Wyoming_2075.jpg/340px-Amphibole_2_-_Nephrite_Jade_Basic_calcium_magnesium_iron_silicate_Lander_County_Wyoming_2075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Nephrite from <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nephrite jade in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> is known as <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">pounamu</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> and is highly valued, playing an important role in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Māori">culture</a>. It is considered a <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Taonga" title="Taonga">taonga</a></i></span>, or treasure, and therefore protected under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a>. The exploitation of it is restricted to the <span title="Māori-language text"><span lang="mi" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu" title="Ngāi Tahu">Ngāi Tahu</a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a></i> (tribe)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is closely monitored. The <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> of New Zealand is <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Wai Pounamu</i></span> in Māori — 'The [land of] Greenstone Water' — because that is where it occurs. </p><p>Weapons and ornaments are made of it; in particular the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Mere_(weapon)" title="Mere (weapon)">mere</a></i></span> (short club) and the <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a></i></span> (neck pendant). These are believed to have their own <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi"><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (Oceanian mythology)">mana</a></i></span> (prestige), are handed down as valuable heirlooms, and often given as gifts to seal important agreements. It has also been used for a range of tools such as <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a> and was used to make nails used in construction, as Māori culture had no metalworking before European contact. </p><p>Commonly called "greenstone," jade <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> in Māori designs is widely popular with tourists. Stone is often imported from Canada, China and Siberia, and <span title="Māori-language text"><span lang="mi" style="font-style: normal;">Ngāi Tahu</span></span> runs a pounamu certification scheme to verify the authenticity of New Zealand stone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GRG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRG_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gem Reference Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of_America" title="Gemological Institute of America">Gemological Institute of America</a>. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87311-019-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87311-019-6"><bdi>0-87311-019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gem+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Gemological+Institute+of+America&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-87311-019-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephrite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk Makepeace, George J. Simandl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geoscience/IndustrialMinerals/Documents/P2004-2-57.pdf">Jade (Nephrite) in British Columbia, Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031091846/http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Geoscience/IndustrialMinerals/Documents/P2004-2-57.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; in G.J. Simandl, W.J. McMillan and N.D. Robinson, (editors), <i>37th Annual Forum on Industrial Minerals Proceedings, Industrial Minerals with emphasis on Western North America</i>, Paper 2004-2-57, pages 287–288 (2004). Accessed October 30, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEasby1968" class="citation book cs1">Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy (1968). <i>Pre-Columbian Jade from Costa Rica</i>. New York: André Emmerich Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Columbian+Jade+from+Costa+Rica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Emmerich+Inc&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Easby&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephrite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKostov2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kostov, Ruslan I. (November 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261795355_Nephrite-yielding_prehistoric_cultures_and_nephrite_occurrences_in_Europe_archaeomineralogical_review">"Nephrite-yielding prehistoric cultures and nephrite occurrences in Europe: archaeomineralogical review"</a>. <i>Haemus Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">11–</span>30 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haemus+Journal&rft.atitle=Nephrite-yielding+prehistoric+cultures+and+nephrite+occurrences+in+Europe%3A+archaeomineralogical+review&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft.aulast=Kostov&rft.aufirst=Ruslan+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261795355_Nephrite-yielding_prehistoric_cultures_and_nephrite_occurrences_in_Europe_archaeomineralogical_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephrite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan’s relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it’s a mystery that it’s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/ngai-tahu/the-settlement/settlement-offer/cultural-redress/ownership-and-control/pounamu/">"Pounamu - Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pounamu+-+Te+R%C5%ABnanga+o+Ng%C4%81i+Tahu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngaitahu.iwi.nz%2Fngai-tahu%2Fthe-settlement%2Fsettlement-offer%2Fcultural-redress%2Fownership-and-control%2Fpounamu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANephrite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Bale, Martin T. and Ko, Min-jung. Craft Production and Social Change in Mumun Pottery Period Korea. <i>Asian Perspectives</i> 45(2):159-187, 2006.</li> <li>Kostov, R. I. 2005. Gemmological significance of the prehistoric Balkan 'nephrite culture'. - Ann. Univ. Mining and Geology, 48, part 1, 91-94.</li> <li>Kostov, R. I. 2013. Nephrite-yielding prehistoric cultures and nephrite occurrences in Europe. - Hemus, 2, 11-30.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adamo, I., R. Bocchio. 2013. Nephrite jade from Val Malenco, Italy: review and update. – Gems & Gemology, 49, 2, 2-10.</li> <li>Beck, R. 1991. Jade in the South Pacific. New Zealand, Australia and New Caledonia. – In: Jade (Ed. Keverne, L.). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 221-258.</li> <li>The Bishop Collection. Investigation and Studies in Jade (Ed. Kunz, G. F.). 1906. The Devinne Press, New York, Vol. 1-2, 570 p.</li> <li>Childs-Johnson, E., G. Fang. 2009. The Chinese Jade Age: Early Chinese Jades in American Museums. Science Press, Beijing, 403 p. (in Chinese and English)</li> <li>Darwent, J. 1998. The Prehistoric Use of Nephrite on the British Columbia Plateau. No. 25. Simon Fraser University, Department of Archaeology Press, Burnaby, 123 p.</li> <li>East Asian Jade: Symbol of Excellence. Vol. 1-3. (Ed. Tang, Ch.). 1998. Centre for Chinese Archaeology & Art, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.</li> <li>Feng, X., Y. Zhang, T. Lu, H. Zhang. 2017. Characterization of Mg and Fe contents in nephrite using Raman spectroscopy. – Gems & Gemology, 2, 204-212.</li> <li>Fischer, H. 1880. Nephrit und Jadeit nach ihren mineralogischen Eigenschafen sowie nach ihrer urgeschichtlichen und ethnographischen Bedeutung. 2 Aufl., E. Scheizerbart’sche Verlaghandlung (E. Koch), Stuttgart, 417 S.</li> <li>Gil, G., J. D. Barnes, C. Boschi, P. Gunia, G. Szakmány, Z. Bendő, P. Raczyński, B. Péterdi. 2015. Origin of serpentinite-related nephrite from Jordanów and adjacent areas (SW Poland) and its comparison with selected nephrite occurrences. – Geological Quarterly, 59, 3, 457-472.</li> <li>Hansford, S. H. 1968. Chinese Carved Jades. Faber and Faber, London, 131+96+8 p.</li> <li>Harlow, G. E., S. S. Sorensen, V. B. Sisson. 2007. Jade. – In: Geology of Gem Deposits (Ed. Groat, L. A.). Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course, 37, 207-254.</li> <li>Histoire de la ville de Khotan: tirée des annales de la chine et traduite du chinois ; Suivie de Recherches sur la substance minérale appelée par les Chinois PIERRE DE IU, et sur le Jaspe des anciens<i>. <a href="/wiki/Abel_R%C3%A9musat" class="mw-redirect" title="Abel Rémusat">Abel Rémusat</a>. Paris. L’imprimerie de doublet. 1820. Downloadable from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoireDeLaVilleDeKhotanTireeDesAnnalesDeLaChineEtTraduiteDu">[1]</a></i></li> <li>Hung, H.-C., Y. Iizuka, P. Bellwood, K. D. Nguyen, B. Bellina, P. Silapanth, E. Dizon, R. Santiago, I. Datan, J. Manton. 2007. Ancient jades map 3000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia. – Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 50, 19745-19750.</li> <li>Jade (Ed. Keverne, L.). 1991. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, Lorenz Books, 376 p.; 1991. Anness Publishing, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kalkowsky" title="Ernst Kalkowsky">Kalkowsky, E.</a> 1906. Geologie des Nephrites im südlichen Ligurien. – Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol. Ges., 58, 3, 307-378, pl. XVIII.</li> <li>Kolesnik, Yu. N. 1966. Nephrites of Sibiria. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 150 p. (in Russian).</li> <li>Kostov, R. I., H. Protohristov, Ch. Stoyanov, L. Csedreki, A. Simon, Z. Szikszai, I. Uzonyi, B. Gaydarska, J. Chapman. 2012. Micro-PIXE geochemical fingerprinting of nephrite Neolithic artifacts from Southwest Bulgaria. – Geoarchaeology, 27, 5, 457-469.</li> <li>Laufer, Berthold, 1912, <i>Jade: A Study in Chinese Archeology & Religion</i>, Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1974.</li> <li>Luo, Z., M. Yang, A. H. Shen. 2015. Origin determination of dolomite-related white nephrite through iterative-binary linear discriminant analysis. – Gems & Gemology, 51, 3, 300-311. Albert Saifer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87556-754-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87556-754-1">0-87556-754-1</a></li> <li>Meyer, A. B. 1888. The nephrite question. – American Anthropologist, 1, 3, 231-242.</li> <li>Middleton, A. 2006. Jade – geology and mineralogy. – In: Gems (Ed. O’Donoghue, M.). 2006. Sixth Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London, 332-355.</li> <li>Morin, J. 2016. The Salish nephrite/jade industry: ground stone celt production in British Columbia, Canada. – Lithic Technology, 41, 1, 39-59.</li> <li>Nott, S. C. 1936. Chinese Jade throughout the Ages: A Review of its Characteristics, Decoration, Folklore and Symbolism. B.T. Batsford, London, 193 p.</li> <li>Orchiston, D. W. 1972a. Maori greenstone pendants in the Australian Museum, Sydney. – Records of the Australian Museum, 28, 161-213.</li> <li>Platonov, A. N., V. N. Belichenko, L. V. Nikol’skaya, E. V. Pol’shin. 1975. On the colour of nephrites. – Konstitutsiya i Svoistv Mineralov [Constitution and Properties of Minerals], 9, 52-58 (in Russian).</li> <li>Pope-Hennessy, U. 1923. Early Chinese Jade. Benn, London, 149 p., I-LXIV Pl.</li> <li>Rawson, J. 1975. Chinese Jade Throughout the Ages. London.</li> <li>Skinner, H. D. 1940. The Maori Hei-Tiki. Coulls Somerville Wilkie Ltd., Dunedin.</li> <li>So, J., J. D. Douglas. 1998. Understanding and identifying jades from the Hongshan Culture. – In: East Asian Jade: Symbol of Excellence (Ed. Tang, C.). Centre for Chinese Archaeology & Art, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Vol. 1, 148-163.</li> <li>Suturin, N. A., P. S. Zamaletdinov. 1984. Nephrites. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 150 p. (in Russian)</li> <li>Tsydenova, N. V., M. V. Morozov, M. V. Rampilova, Ye. A. Vasilev, O. P. Matveeva, P. B. Konovalov. 2015. Chemical and spectroscopic study of nephrite artifacts from Transbaikalia, Russia: a provenance study. – Quaternary International, 355, 114-125.</li> <li>Vetlesen, M. 1939. Chinese jade Carvings of the 16th to the 19th century in the collection of Mrs. Georg Vetlesen. New York, 3 vol., 895 p.</li> <li>Wang, R. 2011. Progress review of the scientific study of Chinese ancient jade. – Archaeometry, 53, 4, 674-692.</li> <li>Ward, F. 1987. Jade – stone of heaven. – National Geographic, 172, 3, September, 282-315.</li> <li>Wen, G., Z. Jing. 1996. Mineralogical studies of Chinese archaic jade. – Acta Geologica Taiwanica, 32, 55-83.</li> <li>Wilkins, C. J., W. Craighead Tennant, B. E. Willianson, C. A. McCammon. 2003. Spectroscopic and related evidence on the coloring and constitution of New Zealand jade. – American Mineralogist, 88, 8-9, 1336-1344.</li> <li>Yang, Y. 1996. The Chinese jade culture. – In: Mysteries of Ancient China (Ed. Rawson, J.). G. Braziller, London and New York, 225-296.</li> <li>Yin, Z., C. Jiang, M. Santosh, Y. Chen, Yi Bao, Q. Chen. 2014. Nephrite jade from Guangxi Province, China. – Gems & Gemology, 50, 3, 228-235.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_gem" title="Cardinal gem">1st order</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)" title="Diamond (gemstone)">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Blue_sapphire" title="Sapphire">Blue Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite" title="Chrysoberyl">Alexandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Natural_pearls" title="Pearl">Natural marine pearls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Pink_sapphires" title="Sapphire">Pink sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demantoid" title="Demantoid">Demantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">Tsavorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Precious_opal" title="Opal">Precious Black Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>3rd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Sapphires_of_other_colors" title="Sapphire">Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gem)" title="Aquamarine (gem)">Aquamarine</a></li> <li>Orange <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> (Imperial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbaite" title="Elbaite">Elbaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Other_varieties_of_opal" title="Opal">Precious White and Fire Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>4th order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a> – Verdelite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicolite">Indicolite</a>, polychromous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">Heliodor</a>, pink, yellow-green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> yellow, blue, pink</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a> (malaya), <a href="/wiki/Rhodolite" title="Rhodolite">Rhodolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">Citrine</a></li> <li>Blue <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewelry-Industrial<br />stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>1st order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazurite" title="Lazurite">Lazurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">Jadeite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">Chrysoprase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoite" title="Charoite">Charoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodonite" title="Rhodonite">Rhodonite</a></li> <li>Colorless, <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Smoky_quartz" title="Quartz">smoky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">pink</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a></li> <li>Common <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a></li> <li>Opaque iridescent <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">Graphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacholong" title="Cacholong">Cacholong</a> (Porouse <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>)</li> <li>Marble <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listwanite" title="Listwanite">Listwanite</a> (green mica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">Ophicalcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagodite" title="Pagodite">Pagodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones" title="List of individual gemstones">List of individual gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emeralds_by_size" title="List of emeralds by size">List of emeralds by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size" title="List of sapphires by size">List of sapphires by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species" title="List of gemstones by species">List of gemstones by species</a> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/15px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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