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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Microspheres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microspheres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_protocells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_protocells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biological protocells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_protocells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Spherical particle larger than nano particles but smaller than sand particles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the particles. For the software company, see <a href="/wiki/Microsphere_(software_company)" title="Microsphere (software company)">Microsphere (software company)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Microsphere_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Microsphere (disambiguation)">microsphere (disambiguation)</a>. For the biological cell fragment, see <a href="/wiki/Microvesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvesicles">Microvesicles</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Microparticle" title="Special:EditPage/Microparticle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Microparticle%22">"Microparticle"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Microparticle%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Microparticle%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Microparticle%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Microparticle%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Microparticle%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style=""><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> definition</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Particle with dimensions between 1 × 10<sup>−7</sup> and 1 × 10<sup>−4</sup> m. </p><p><i>Note 1</i>: The lower limit between micro- and nano-sizing is still a matter of debate. </p><p><i>Note 2</i>: To be consistent with the prefix “micro” and the range imposed by the definition,<br />dimensions of microparticles should be expressed in μm.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p><b>Microparticles</b> are particles between 0.1 and 100 μm in size. Commercially available microparticles are available in a wide variety of materials, including <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic materials">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microparticles encountered in daily life include <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, sand, dust, flour, and powdered sugar. The study of microparticles has been called <a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">micromeritics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this term is not very common. </p><p>Microparticles have a much larger surface-to-volume ratio than at the macroscale, and thus their behavior can be quite different. For example, metal microparticles can be explosive in air. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsphere">Microspheres</a> are spherical microparticles,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are used where consistent and predictable particle surface area is important. </p><p>In biological systems, a microparticle is synonymous with a <a href="/wiki/Microvesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvesicles">microvesicle</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_vesicle" title="Extracellular vesicle">extracellular vesicle</a> (EV). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Home pregnancy tests make use of gold microparticles. Many applications are also listed in the <a href="/wiki/Microsphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsphere">microsphere</a> article. </p><p>A recent study showed that infused, negatively charged, immune-modifying microparticles could have therapeutic use in diseases caused or potentiated by inflammatory monocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid_=_24431111_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_=_24431111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microparticles can also be used during <a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_procedure" title="Minimally invasive procedure">minimally invasive</a> embolization procedures, such as <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoidal_artery_embolization" title="Hemorrhoidal artery embolization">hemorrhoidal artery embolization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microspheres">Microspheres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Microspheres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Microspheres</b> are small spherical particles, with diameters in the <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometer</a> range (typically 1 μm to 1000 μm (1 mm). Microspheres are sometimes referred to as spherical microparticles. In general microspheres are solid or hollow and do not have a fluid inside, as opposed to microcapsules. </p><p>Microspheres can be made from various natural and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic chemical">synthetic materials</a>. Glass microspheres, <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> microspheres, metal microspheres, and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> microspheres are commercially available.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid and hollow microspheres vary widely in density and, therefore, are used for different applications. Hollow microspheres are typically used as additives to lower the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of a material. Solid microspheres have numerous applications depending on what material they are constructed of and what size they are. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> and expandable microspheres are the most common types of polymer microspheres. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">IUPAC definition</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Microparticle of spherical shape without membrane or any distinct outer layer. </p><p><i>Note</i>: The absence of outer layer forming a distinct phase is important to distinguish<br />microspheres from microcapsules because it leads to first-order diffusion phenomena,<br />whereas diffusion is zero order in the case of microcapsules.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p><i>Polystyrene microspheres</i> are typically used in <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> applications due to their ability to facilitate procedures such as cell sorting and immunoprecipitation. Proteins and ligands <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorb</a> onto polystyrene readily and permanently, which makes polystyrene microspheres suitable for medical research and biological laboratory experiments. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_microspheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyethylene microspheres">Polyethylene microspheres</a></i> are commonly used as a permanent or temporary filler. Lower melting temperature enables polyethylene microspheres to create porous structures in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic materials">ceramics</a> and other materials. High sphericity of polyethylene microspheres, as well as availability of colored and fluorescent microspheres, makes them highly desirable for flow visualization and <a href="/wiki/Fluid_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid flow">fluid flow</a> analysis, microscopy techniques, health sciences, process <a href="/wiki/Troubleshooting" title="Troubleshooting">troubleshooting</a> and numerous research applications. Charged polyethylene microspheres are also used in electronic paper digital displays.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Expandable_microsphere" title="Expandable microsphere">Expandable microspheres</a></i> are polymer microspheres that are used as a blowing agent in e.g. puff ink, automotive underbody coatings and injection molding of thermoplastics. They can also be used as a lightweight filler in e.g. cultured marble, waterborne paints and crack fillers/joint compound. Expandable polymer microspheres can expand to more than 50 times their original size when heat is applied to them. The exterior wall of each sphere is a thermoplastic shell that encapsulates a low boiling point hydrocarbon. When heated, this outside shell softens and expands as the hydrocarbon exerts a pressure on the internal shell wall. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Glass_microspheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass microspheres">Glass microspheres</a></i> are primarily used as a filler and volumizer for weight reduction, retro-reflector for highway safety, additive for cosmetics and adhesives, with limited applications in medical technology. </p><p>Microspheres made from highly transparent glass can perform as very high quality <a href="/wiki/Optical_microcavity" title="Optical microcavity">optical microcavities</a> or optical microresonators. </p><p><i>Ceramic microspheres</i> are used primarily as grinding media. </p><p>Hollow microspheres loaded with drug in their outer polymer shell were prepared by a novel emulsion solvent diffusion method and spray drying technique. </p><p>Microspheres vary widely in quality, sphericity, uniformity, particle size and particle size distribution. The appropriate microsphere needs to be chosen for each unique application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_2">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New applications for microspheres are discovered every day. Below are just a few: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assay" title="Assay">Assay</a> - Coated microspheres provide measuring tool in biology and drug research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">Buoyancy</a> - Hollow microspheres are used to decrease material density in plastics (glass and <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>), neutrally-buoyant microspheres are frequently used for fluid flow visualization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_image_velocimetry" title="Particle image velocimetry">Particle image velocimetry</a> - Solid or hollow microspheres used for <a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">flow visualization</a>, density of the particle has to match that of the fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic materials">Ceramics</a> - Used to create porous ceramics used for filters (microspheres melt out during firing, Polyethylene Microspheres) or used to prepare highstrength lightweight concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a> - Opaque microspheres used to hide wrinkles and give color, Clear microspheres provide "smooth ball bearing" texture during application (Polyethylene Microspheres)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconvolution" title="Deconvolution">Deconvolution</a> - Small fluorescent microspheres (<200 nanometers) are required to obtain an experimental <a href="/wiki/Point_spread_function" title="Point spread function">Point spread function</a> to characterise microscopes and perform image deconvolution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">Drug delivery</a> - As miniature time release drug capsule made of, for example, polymers. A similar use is as outer shells of microbubble <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agents</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">contrast-enhanced ultrasound</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">Electronic paper</a> - Dual Functional microspheres used in <a href="/wiki/Gyricon" title="Gyricon">Gyricon</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">electronic paper</a></li> <li>Insulation – expandable polymer microspheres are used for thermal insulation and sound dampening.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Care" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Care">Personal Care</a> - Added to Scrubs as an exfoliating agent (Polyethylene Microspheres)</li> <li>Spacers - Used in LCD screens to provide a precision spacing between glass panels (glass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_(metrology)" title="Standard (metrology)">Standards</a> - monodispere microspheres are used to calibrate particle sieves, and particle counting apparatus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflective" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroreflective">Retroreflective</a> - added on top of paint used on roads and signs to increase night visibility of road stripes and signs (glass)</li> <li>Thickening Agent - Added to paints and epoxies to modify <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a></li> <li>Drugs can be formulated as HBS floating microsphere. Following are list of drugs which can formulated as microsphere: <a href="/wiki/Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosiglitazone" title="Rosiglitazone">Rosiglitazone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acyclovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Acyclovir">Acyclovir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranitidine" title="Ranitidine">Ranitidine HCl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">Metformin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a>, <a href="/wiki/L-Dopa" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Dopa">L-Dopa</a> and beneseragide, Fluorouracil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_protocells">Biological protocells</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biological protocells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some refer to <b>microspheres</b> or protein <b>protocells</b> as small spherical units postulated by some scientists as a key stage in the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>. </p><p>In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Miller" title="Stanley Miller">Stanley Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold C. Urey">Harold Urey</a> <a href="/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment">demonstrated</a> that many simple biomolecules could be formed spontaneously from <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a> precursor <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> under laboratory conditions designed to mimic those found on Earth before the evolution of life. Of particular interest was the substantial yield of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> obtained, since amino acids are the building blocks for <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. </p><p>In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_W._Fox" title="Sidney W. Fox">Sidney Fox</a> demonstrated that dry mixtures of amino acids could be encouraged to <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymerize</a> upon exposure to moderate heat. When the resulting <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">polypeptides</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">proteinoids</a>, were dissolved in hot water and the solution allowed to cool, they formed small spherical shells about 2 μm in diameter—microspheres. Under appropriate conditions, microspheres will bud new spheres at their surfaces. </p><p>Although roughly <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> in appearance, microspheres in and of themselves are not alive. Although they do reproduce asexually by budding, they do not pass on any type of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> material. However they may have been important in the development of life, providing a <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">membrane</a>-enclosed volume which is similar to that of a cell. Microspheres, like cells, can grow and contain a double membrane which undergoes diffusion of materials and <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a>. Sidney Fox postulated that as these microspheres became more complex, they would carry on more lifelike functions. They would become heterotrophs, organisms with the ability to absorb nutrients from the environment for energy and growth. As the amount of nutrients in the environment decreased at that period, competition for those precious resources increased. Heterotrophs with more complex biochemical reactions would have an advantage in this competition. Over time, organisms would evolve that used <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> to produce energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cancer_research">Cancer research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cancer research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One useful discovery made from the research of microspheres is a way to fight <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> on a molecular level. According to Wake Oncologists, <a href="/wiki/SIR-Spheres" title="SIR-Spheres">SIR-Spheres</a> microspheres are <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> polymer spheres that emit <a href="/wiki/Beta_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta radiation">beta radiation</a>. Physicians insert a <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">groin</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic artery">hepatic artery</a> and deliver millions of microspheres directly to the tumor site. The SIR-Spheres microspheres target the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> tumors and spare healthy liver tissue. Cancer microsphere technology is the latest trend in cancer therapy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It helps the pharmacist to formulate the product with maximum therapeutic value and minimum or negligible range side effects. A major disadvantage of anticancer drugs is their lack of selectivity for tumor tissue alone, which causes severe side effects and results in low cure rates. Thus, it is very difficult to target abnormal cells by the conventional method of the drug delivery system. Microsphere technology is probably the only method that can be used for site-specific action (grossly overstated), without causing significant side effects on normal cells.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extracellular_vesicles">Extracellular vesicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extracellular vesicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Microvesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvesicles">Microparticles</a> can be released as <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_vesicle" title="Extracellular vesicle">extracellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Microvesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvesicles">microvesicles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cell">endothelial cells</a>. These biological microparticles are thought to be shed from the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> of the cell as lipid bilayer-bound entities that are typically larger than 100 nm in diameter. "Microparticle" has been used most frequently in this sense in the <a href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</a> literature, usually as a term for platelet EVs found in the <a href="/wiki/Blood_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood circulation">blood circulation</a>. Because EVs retain the signature membrane protein composition of the parent cell, MPs and other EVs may carry useful information including <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> of disease. They can be detected and characterized by methods such as <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_light_scattering" title="Dynamic light scattering">dynamic light scattering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coacervate" title="Coacervate">Coacervate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminescent">Luminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-encapsulation" title="Micro-encapsulation">Micro-encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbeads" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbeads">Microbeads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microparticle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVertDoiHellwichHess2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vert, Michel; 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