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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_living_things" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_living_things"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role in living things</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_living_things-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Factors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osmotic_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmotic_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Osmotic pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmotic_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmotic_gradient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmotic_gradient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Osmotic gradient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmotic_gradient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reverse_osmosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_osmosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reverse osmosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_osmosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forward_osmosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forward_osmosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Forward osmosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forward_osmosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_developments_in_osmosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_developments_in_osmosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Future developments in osmosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_developments_in_osmosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osmosis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%AD" title="تناضح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تناضح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93smosis" title="Ósmosis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ósmosis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A3" title="অভিস্রবণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিস্রবণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Осмас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Осмас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Осмоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Осмоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osmoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosi_(directa)" title="Osmosi (directa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osmosi (directa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musenerera" title="Musenerera – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Musenerera" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoos" title="Osmoos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osmoos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8F%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ώσμωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ώσμωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93smosis" title="Ósmosis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ósmosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmozo" title="Osmozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Osmozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosi" title="Osmosi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osmosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B2" title="اسمز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسمز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm%C3%B3is" title="Osmóis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Osmóis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%ED%88%AC" title="삼투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Օսմոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="परासरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परासरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osmoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoso" title="Osmoso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Osmoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umnyikilizo" title="Umnyikilizo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umnyikilizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himnufl%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Himnuflæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Himnuflæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosi" title="Osmosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osmosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94" title="אוסמוזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסמוזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಸ್ಮಾಸಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಮಾಸಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოსმოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსმოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osimosisi" title="Osimosisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Osimosisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoz" title="Osmoz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Osmoz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Осмос – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осмос" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoze" title="Osmoze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osmoze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosas" title="Osmosas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osmosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekikenululo" title="Ekikenululo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekikenululo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozm%C3%B3zis" title="Ozmózis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ozmózis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Осмоза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Осмоза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വൃതിവ്യാപനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൃതിവ്യാപനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E9%80%8F" title="浸透 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="浸透" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm%C3%B2si" title="Osmòsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Osmòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmos" title="Osmos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osmos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm%C3%B2si" title="Osmòsi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Osmòsi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osmoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoz%C4%83" title="Osmoză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Osmoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Осмос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осмос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Osmoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osm%C3%B3za" title="Osmóza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osmóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osmoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmose" title="Osmose – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Osmose" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دەڵاندن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەڵاندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Осмоза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Осмоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoza" title="Osmoza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osmoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoosi" title="Osmoosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osmoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmos" title="Osmos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osmos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சவ்வூடு பரவல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சவ்வூடு பரவல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="ద్రవాభిసరణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రవాభిసరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="ออสโมซิส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออสโมซิส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoz" title="Osmoz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmoz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Осмос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Осмос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0" title="عمل نفوذ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمل نفوذ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A9m_th%E1%BA%A5u" title="Thẩm thấu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thẩm thấu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Osmosis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%97%E9%80%8F" title="渗透 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="渗透" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F" 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class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Osmosis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Osmosis (disambiguation)">Osmosis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0307_Osmosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/0307_Osmosis.jpg/400px-0307_Osmosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/0307_Osmosis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>The process of osmosis over a <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">semipermeable membrane</a>. The blue dots represent particles driving the osmotic gradient.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Osmosis</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the spontaneous net movement or <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> molecules through a <a href="/wiki/Selectively_permeable_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectively permeable membrane">selectively-permeable membrane</a> from a region of high <a href="/wiki/Water_potential" title="Water potential">water potential</a> (region of lower <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be used to describe a physical process in which any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osmosis can be made to do <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">Osmotic pressure</a> is defined as the external <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> required to prevent net movement of solvent across the membrane. Osmotic pressure is a <a href="/wiki/Colligative_properties" title="Colligative properties">colligative property</a>, meaning that the osmotic pressure depends on the <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">molar concentration</a> of the solute but not on its identity. </p><p>Osmosis is a vital process in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological systems</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">biological membranes</a> are semipermeable. In general, these membranes are impermeable to large and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> molecules, such as <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a>, while being permeable to non-polar or <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> molecules like <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> as well as to small molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and nitric oxide. Permeability depends on solubility, charge, or chemistry, as well as solute size. Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane, tonoplast membrane (vacuole) or organelle membranes by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer via <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">aquaporins</a> (small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible for facilitated <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> and ion channels). Osmosis provides the primary means by which <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> is transported into and out of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">turgor pressure</a> of a cell is largely maintained by osmosis across the cell membrane between the cell interior and its relatively hypotonic environment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelles_recherches_sur_l_endosmose_et_125.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouvelles_recherches_sur_l_endosmose_et_125.png/220px-Nouvelles_recherches_sur_l_endosmose_et_125.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouvelles_recherches_sur_l_endosmose_et_125.png/330px-Nouvelles_recherches_sur_l_endosmose_et_125.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nouvelles_recherches_sur_l_endosmose_et_125.png/440px-Nouvelles_recherches_sur_l_endosmose_et_125.png 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Osmometer" title="Osmometer">endosmometer</a>" invented by Dutrochet</figcaption></figure> <p>Some kinds of osmotic flow have been observed since ancient times, e.g., on the construction of Egyptian pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-1976hammel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1976hammel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Nollet" title="Jean-Antoine Nollet">Jean-Antoine Nollet</a> first documented observation of osmosis in 1748.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "osmosis" descends from the words "endosmose" and "exosmose", which were coined by French physician <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutrochet" title="Henri Dutrochet">René Joachim Henri Dutrochet</a> (1776–1847) from the Greek words ἔνδον (<i>éndon</i> "within"), ἔξω (<i>éxō</i> "outer, external"), and ὠσμός (<i>ōsmós</i> "push, impulsion").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Traube" title="Moritz Traube">Moritz Traube</a> invented highly selective precipitation membranes, advancing the art and technique of measurement of osmotic flow.<sup id="cite_ref-1976hammel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1976hammel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>Osmosis is the movement of a solvent across a <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">semipermeable membrane</a> toward a higher concentration of solute. In biological systems, the solvent is typically water, but osmosis can occur in other liquids, supercritical liquids, and even gases.<sup id="cite_ref-KramerTPS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerTPS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KramerAJP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KramerAJP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> When a cell is submerged in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, the water molecules pass through the cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. For example, if the cell is submerged in saltwater, water molecules move out of the cell. If a cell is submerged in freshwater, water molecules move into the cell. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmose_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Osmose_en.svg/220px-Osmose_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Osmose_en.svg/330px-Osmose_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Osmose_en.svg/440px-Osmose_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Water passing through a semipermeable membrane</figcaption></figure><p> When the membrane has a volume of pure water on both sides, water molecules pass in and out in each direction at exactly the same rate. There is no net flow of water through the membrane. </p><p>Osmosis can be demonstrated when potato slices are added to a high salt solution. The water from inside the potato moves out to the solution, causing the potato to shrink and to lose its 'turgor pressure'. The more concentrated the salt solution, the bigger the loss in size and weight of the potato slice. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_garden" title="Chemical garden">Chemical gardens</a> demonstrate the effect of osmosis in inorganic chemistry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2></div> <p>The mechanism responsible for driving osmosis has commonly been represented in biology and chemistry texts as either the dilution of water by solute (resulting in lower concentration of water on the higher solute concentration side of the membrane and therefore a <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of water along a concentration gradient) or by a solute's attraction to water (resulting in less free water on the higher solute concentration side of the membrane and therefore net movement of water toward the solute). Both of these notions have been conclusively refuted. </p><p>The diffusion model of osmosis is rendered untenable by the fact that osmosis can drive water across a membrane toward a higher concentration of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosinski_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosinski-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "bound water" model is refuted by the fact that osmosis is independent of the size of the solute molecules—a colligative property<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—or how hydrophilic they are. </p><p>It is difficult to describe osmosis without a mechanical or thermodynamic explanation, but essentially there is an interaction between the solute and water that counteracts the pressure that otherwise free solute molecules would exert. One fact to take note of is that heat from the surroundings is able to be converted into mechanical energy (water rising). </p><p>Many thermodynamic explanations go into the concept of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_potential" title="Chemical potential">chemical potential</a> and how the function of the water on the solution side differs from that of pure water due to the higher pressure and the presence of the solute counteracting such that the chemical potential remains unchanged. The <a href="/wiki/Virial_theorem" title="Virial theorem">virial theorem</a> demonstrates that attraction between the molecules (water and solute) reduces the pressure, and thus the pressure exerted by water molecules on each other in solution is less than in pure water, allowing pure water to "force" the solution until the pressure reaches equilibrium.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_living_things">Role in living things</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:354px;max-width:354px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg/350px-Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg/525px-Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg/700px-Osmotic_pressure_on_blood_cells_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Effect of different solutions on blood cells</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseContrast_Plain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseContrast_Plain.svg/350px-Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseContrast_Plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseContrast_Plain.svg/525px-Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseContrast_Plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseContrast_Plain.svg/700px-Human_Erythrocytes_OsmoticPressure_PhaseContrast_Plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Micrographs of osmotic pressure on red blood cells (RBC)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg/350px-Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg/525px-Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg/700px-Turgor_pressure_on_plant_cells_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="244" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Plant cell in different environments.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">Osmotic pressure</a> is the main agent of support in many plants. The osmotic entry of water raises the turgor pressure exerted against the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a>, until it equals the osmotic pressure, creating a <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_(biochemistry)" title="Steady state (biochemistry)">steady state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a plant cell is placed in a solution that is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm, water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks. In doing so, the cell becomes <i>flaccid</i>. In extreme cases, the cell becomes <a href="/wiki/Plasmolysis" title="Plasmolysis">plasmolyzed</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> disengages with the cell wall due to lack of water pressure on it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a plant cell is placed in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, water moves into the cell and the cell swells to become <i>turgid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osmosis also plays a vital role in human cells by facilitating the movement of water across cell membranes. This process is crucial for maintaining proper cell hydration, as cells can be sensitive to dehydration or overhydration. In human cells, osmosis is essential for maintaining the balance of water and solutes, ensuring optimal cellular function. Imbalances in osmotic pressure can lead to cellular dysfunction, highlighting the importance of osmosis in sustaining the health and integrity of human cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In certain environments, osmosis can be harmful to organisms. <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">Freshwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium_fish_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine aquarium fish species">saltwater aquarium fish</a>, for example, will quickly die should they be placed in water of a maladaptive salinity. The osmotic effect of table salt to kill <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leeches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> is another example of a way osmosis can cause harm to organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suppose an animal or plant cell is placed in a solution of sugar or salt in water. </p> <ul><li>If the medium is <i>hypotonic</i> relative to the cell cytoplasm, the cell will gain water through osmosis.</li> <li>If the medium is <i>isotonic</i>, there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane.</li> <li>If the medium is <i>hypertonic</i> relative to the cell cytoplasm, the cell will lose water by osmosis.</li></ul> <p>This means that if a cell is put in a solution which has a solute concentration higher than its own, it will shrivel, and if it is put in a solution with a lower solute concentration than its own, the cell will swell and may even burst.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors">Factors</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Osmosis" title="Special:EditPage/Osmosis">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmotic_pressure">Osmotic pressure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">Osmotic pressure</a></div> <p>Osmosis may be opposed by increasing the pressure in the region of high solute concentration with respect to that in the low solute concentration region. The <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> per unit area, or pressure, required to prevent the passage of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (or any other high-<a href="/wiki/Liquidity" title="Liquidity">liquidity</a> solution) through a selectively permeable membrane and into a solution of greater concentration is equivalent to the osmotic pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Turgor" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgor">turgor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">Osmotic pressure</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Colligative_properties" title="Colligative properties">colligative property</a>, meaning that the property depends on the concentration of the solute, but not on its content or chemical identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmotic_gradient">Osmotic gradient</h3></div> <p>The osmotic gradient is the difference in concentration between two <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solutions</a> on either side of a <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">semipermeable membrane</a>, and is used to tell the difference in percentages of the concentration of a specific particle dissolved in a solution. </p><p>Usually the osmotic gradient is used while comparing solutions that have a semipermeable membrane between them allowing water to diffuse between the two solutions, toward the hypertonic solution (the solution with the higher concentration). Eventually, the force of the column of water on the hypertonic side of the semipermeable membrane will equal the force of diffusion on the hypotonic (the side with a lesser concentration) side, creating equilibrium. When equilibrium is reached, water continues to flow, but it flows both ways in equal amounts as well as force, therefore stabilizing the solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation">Variation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_osmosis">Reverse osmosis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></div> <p>Reverse osmosis is a separation process that uses pressure to force a solvent through a <a href="/wiki/Semi-permeable_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-permeable membrane">semi-permeable membrane</a> that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side, forcing it from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a>. This process is known primarily for its role in turning seawater into drinking water, when salt and other unwanted substances are ridded from the water molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forward_osmosis">Forward osmosis</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forward_osmosis" title="Forward osmosis">Forward osmosis</a></div> <p>Osmosis may be used directly to achieve separation of water from a solution containing unwanted solutes. A "draw" solution of higher osmotic pressure than the feed solution is used to induce a net flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane, such that the feed solution becomes concentrated as the draw solution becomes dilute. The diluted draw solution may then be used directly (as with an ingestible solute like glucose), or sent to a secondary separation process for the removal of the draw solute. This secondary separation can be more efficient than a reverse osmosis process would be alone, depending on the draw solute used and the feedwater treated. <a href="/wiki/Forward_osmosis" title="Forward osmosis">Forward osmosis</a> is an area of ongoing research, focusing on applications in <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, and other areas of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_developments_in_osmosis">Future developments in osmosis</h2></div> <p>Future developments in osmosis and osmosis research hold promise for a range of applications. Researchers are exploring advanced materials for more efficient osmotic processes, leading to improved water desalination and purification technologies. Additionally, the integration of osmotic power generation, where the osmotic pressure difference between saltwater and freshwater is harnessed for energy, presents a sustainable and renewable energy source with significant potential. Furthermore, the field of medical research is looking at innovative drug delivery systems that utilize osmotic principles, offering precise and controlled administration of medications within the body. As technology and understanding in this field continue to evolve, the applications of osmosis are expected to expand, addressing various global challenges in water sustainability, energy generation, and healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_shock" title="Osmotic shock">Osmotic shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmolysis" title="Plasmolysis">Plasmolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis_plant" title="Reverse osmosis plant">Reverse osmosis plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity_gradient_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinity gradient power">Salinity gradient power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_potential" title="Water potential">Water potential</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences Année 1748</i>, published in 1752, contains a condensed version of Nollet's article on pages 10–19. <blockquote><p><i>Original text</i>:<br />Avant que de finir ce Mémoire, je crois devoir rendre compte d'un fait que je dois au hasard, & qui me parut d'abord … singulier … j'en avois rempli une fiole cylindrique, longue de cinq pouces, & d'un pouce de diamètre ou environ; & l'ayant couverte d'un morceau de vessie mouillée & ficelée au col du vaisseau, je l'avois plongée dans un grand vase plein d'eau, afin d'être sûr qu'il ne rentrât aucun air dans l'esprit de vin. Au bout de cinq ou six heures, je fus tout surpris de voir que la fiole étoit plus pleine qu'au moment de son immersion, quoiqu'elle le fût alors autant que ses bords pouvoient le permettre; la vessie qui lui servoit de bouchon, étoit devenue convexe & si tendue, qu’en la piquant avec une épingle, il en sortit un jet de liqueur qui s'éleva à plus d'un pied de hauteur. </p></blockquote><blockquote><p><i>Translation</i>:<br />Before finishing this memoir, I think I should report an event that I owe to chance and which at first seemed to me … strange … I filled [with alcohol] a cylindrical vial, five inches long and about one inch in diameter; and [after] having covered it with piece of damp bladder [which was] tied to the neck of the vial, I immersed it in a large bowl full of water, in order to be sure that no air re-entered the alcohol. At the end of 5 or 6 hours, I was very surprised to see that the vial was fuller than at the moment of its immersion, although it [had been filled] as far as its sides would allow; the bladder that served as its cap, bulged and had become so stretched that on pricking it with a needle, there came from it a jet of alcohol that rose more than a foot high.</p></blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Etymology of "osmosis" : <ul><li>Henri Dutrochet, <i>L'Agent Immédiat du Movement Vital Dévoilé dans sa Nature et dans son Mode d'Action chez les Végétaux et chez les Animaux</i> [The immediate agent of living movement, its nature and mode of action revealed in plants and animals] (Paris, France: Dentu, 1826), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAIAAAAAQAAJ&pg=115">pp. 115</a> and 126.</li> <li>The intermediate word "osmose" and the word "osmotic" were coined by Scottish chemist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a>. See: Thomas Graham (1854) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Su8AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177">"VII. The Bakerian Lecture – On Osmotic Force,"</a> <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London)</i>, vol. 144, pp. 177–288; see especially pp. 177, 178, and 227. See also: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Watts_(chemist)" title="Henry Watts (chemist)">Henry Watts</a>, <i>Elements of Chemistry: Including the Applications of the Sciences in the Arts</i>, 2nd ed. (London, England: Hippolyte Bailliere, 1858), vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRgAAAAAQAAJ&pg=616">p. 616</a>.</li> <li>The word "osmosis" first appeared in: <a href="/wiki/Jabez_Hogg" title="Jabez Hogg">Jabez Hogg</a>, <i>The Microscope: Its History, Construction, and Application...</i>, 6th ed. (London, England: George Routledge and Sons, 1867), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28130893/page/226">p. 226</a>.</li> <li>The etymology of the word "osmosis" is discussed in: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHomer_W._Smith1960" class="citation journal cs1">Homer W. Smith (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.21.5.808">"I. Theory of Solutions: A knowledge of the laws of solutions"</a>. <i>Circulation</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 808–817 (810). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.21.5.808">10.1161/01.CIR.21.5.808</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13831991">13831991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=I.+Theory+of+Solutions%3A+A+knowledge+of+the+laws+of+solutions&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=808-817+%28810%29&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.CIR.21.5.808&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13831991&rft.au=Homer+W.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252F01.CIR.21.5.808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmosis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). 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S2CID 199387639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQinLayKekre2012" class="citation journal cs1">Qin, Jian-Jun; Lay, Winson Chee Loong; Kekre, Kiran Arun (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19443994.2012.669167">"Recent developments and future challenges of forward osmosis for desalination: a review"</a>. <i>Desalination and Water Treatment</i>. <b>39</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012DWatT..39..123Q">2012DWatT..39..123Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19443994.2012.669167">10.1080/19443994.2012.669167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-3994">1944-3994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Desalination+and+Water+Treatment&rft.atitle=Recent+developments+and+future+challenges+of+forward+osmosis+for+desalination%3A+a+review&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2012-02&rft.issn=1944-3994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19443994.2012.669167&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012DWatT..39..123Q&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=Jian-Jun&rft.au=Lay%2C+Winson+Chee+Loong&rft.au=Kekre%2C+Kiran+Arun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F19443994.2012.669167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsmosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/osmosis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/osmosis">osmosis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/School_Science" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:School Science">School Science</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/School_Science/Osmosis_demonstration" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:School Science/Osmosis demonstration">Osmosis demonstration</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Osmosis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Osmosis">Osmosis</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physioweb.med.uvm.edu/bodyfluids/osmosis.htm#Osmosis">Osmosis simulation in Java</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826131940/https://koj.kftg.ch/Java/Osmosis_fast.html">NetLogo Osmosis simulation for educational use</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adamequipment.com/education/Documents/EdExp2c.pdf">An Osmosis Experiment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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