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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cathepsin_K_and_other_cathepsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cathepsin_K_and_other_cathepsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cathepsin K and other cathepsins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cathepsin_K_and_other_cathepsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrix_metalloproteinases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrix_metalloproteinases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Matrix metalloproteinases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrix_metalloproteinases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osteoclast_physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osteoclast_physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Osteoclast physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osteoclast_physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odontoclast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odontoclast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Odontoclast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odontoclast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternate_use_of_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_use_of_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alternate use of term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_use_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osteoclast</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="ناقضة العظم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناقضة العظم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osteoclast" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclasto" title="Osteoclasto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osteoclasto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklasto" title="Osteoklasto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osteoklasto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="استئوکلاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استئوکلاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost%C3%A9oclaste" title="Ostéoclaste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ostéoclaste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclasto" title="Osteoclasto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osteoclasto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="ऑस्टियोक्लास्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑस्टियोक्लास्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklas" title="Osteoklas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Osteoklas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclasto" title="Osteoclasto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osteoclasto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98" title="אוסטאוקלסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסטאוקלסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Остеокласт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Остеокласт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklasts" title="Osteoklasts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osteoklasts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszteoklaszt" title="Oszteoklaszt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszteoklaszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osteoclast" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E9%AA%A8%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="破骨細胞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="破骨細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclasto" title="Osteoclasto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Osteoclasto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Osteoclast" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Остеокласт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остеокласт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklasti" title="Osteoklasti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osteoklasti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osteoklast" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Остеокласт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Остеокласт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E9%AA%A8%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="破骨細胞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="破骨細胞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q828410#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cell that breaks down bone tissue</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:beige">Osteoclast</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteoclast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Osteoclast.jpg/300px-Osteoclast.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Osteoclast.jpg/450px-Osteoclast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Osteoclast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="257" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Light micrograph</a> of an osteoclast displaying typical distinguishing characteristics: a large cell with multiple nuclei and a "foamy" cytosol.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bone_degrading_cells_-_Osteoclasts_3_--_Smart-Servier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bone_degrading_cells_-_Osteoclasts_3_--_Smart-Servier.png/100px-Bone_degrading_cells_-_Osteoclasts_3_--_Smart-Servier.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bone_degrading_cells_-_Osteoclasts_3_--_Smart-Servier.png/150px-Bone_degrading_cells_-_Osteoclasts_3_--_Smart-Servier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bone_degrading_cells_-_Osteoclasts_3_--_Smart-Servier.png/200px-Bone_degrading_cells_-_Osteoclasts_3_--_Smart-Servier.png 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1119" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration showing a single osteoclast</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">osteoclast progenitors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Function</th><td class="infobox-data">Breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Bone_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone tissue">bone tissue</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>osteoclastus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010010">D010010</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H2.00.pdf">H2.00.03.7.00005 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma66781">66781</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Anatomical terms of microanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828410" class="extiw" title="d:Q828410">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>osteoclast</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i>ὀστέον<i> (osteon)</i> 'bone' and <i> </i>κλαστός<i> (clastos)</i> 'broken') is a type of <a href="/wiki/Bone_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cell">bone cell</a> that breaks down <a href="/wiki/Bone_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone tissue">bone tissue</a>. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and <a href="/wiki/Bone_remodeling" title="Bone remodeling">remodeling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebral</a> <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated protein and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> at a molecular level by secreting acid and a <a href="/wiki/Collagenase" title="Collagenase">collagenase</a>, a process known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bone_resorption" title="Bone resorption">bone resorption</a></i>. This process also helps regulate the level of blood <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>. </p><p>Osteoclasts are found on those surfaces of bone that are undergoing resorption. On such surfaces, the osteoclasts are seen to be located in shallow depressions called <i>resorption bays (Howship's lacunae)</i>. The resorption bays are created by the erosive action of osteoclasts on the underlying bone. The border of the lower part of an osteoclast exhibits finger-like processes due to the presence of deep infoldings of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>; this border is called <i>ruffled border</i>. The ruffled border lies in contact with the bone surface within a resorption bay. The periphery of the ruffled border is surrounded by a ring-like zone of <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> which is devoid of cell <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> but is rich in <a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">actin filaments</a>. This zone is called <i>clear zone</i> or <i>sealing zone</i>. The actin filaments enable the cell membrane surrounding the sealing zone to be anchored firmly to the bony wall of Howship's lacunae. In this way, a closed subosteoclastic compartment is created between the ruffled border and the bone that is undergoing resorption. The osteoclasts secrete <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen ions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collagenase" title="Collagenase">collagenase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_K" title="Cathepsin K">cathepsin K</a> and hydrolytic enzymes into this compartment. Resorption of bone matrix by the osteoclasts involves two steps: (1) dissolution of inorganic components (minerals), and (2) digestion of organic component of the bone matrix. The osteoclasts pump hydrogen ions into <i>subosteoclastic compartment</i> and thus create an acidic microenvironment, which increases solubility of bone mineral, resulting in the release and re-entry of bone minerals into the cytoplasm of osteoclasts to be delivered to nearby capillaries. After the removal of minerals, collagenase and gelatinase are secreted into the subosteoclastic compartment. These enzymes digest and degrade collagen and other organic components of decalcified bone matrix. The degradation products are phagocytosed by osteoclasts at the ruffled border. Because of their phagocytic properties, osteoclasts are considered to be a component of the <a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">mononuclear phagocyte system</a> (MPS). The activity of osteoclasts is controlled by hormones and cytokines. Calcitonin, a hormone of thyroid gland, suppresses the osteoclastic activity. The osteoclasts do not have receptors for parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, PTH stimulates the <a href="/wiki/Osteoblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoblasts">osteoblasts</a> to secrete the cytokine called osteoclast-stimulating factor, which is a potent stimulator of the osteoclastic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An odontoclast (/odon·to·clast/; o-don´to-klast) is an osteoclast associated with absorption of the roots of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">deciduous teeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Free_Dictionary_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Free_Dictionary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRAPosteoclastculture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TRAPosteoclastculture.jpg/350px-TRAPosteoclastculture.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TRAPosteoclastculture.jpg/525px-TRAPosteoclastculture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TRAPosteoclastculture.jpg/700px-TRAPosteoclastculture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tartrate_resistant_acid_phosphatase" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase">Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase</a> positive osteoclast in cell culture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteoclast1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Osteoclast1.jpg/350px-Osteoclast1.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Osteoclast1.jpg/525px-Osteoclast1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Osteoclast1.jpg/700px-Osteoclast1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Illustrated cross-section of an activated osteoclast</figcaption></figure> <p>An osteoclast is a large <a href="/wiki/Multinucleate" title="Multinucleate">multinucleated cell</a> and human osteoclasts on bone typically have four nuclei<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are 150–200 μm in diameter. When osteoclast-inducing cytokines are used to convert <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> to osteoclasts, very large cells that may reach 100 μm in diameter occur. These may have dozens of nuclei, and typically express major osteoclast proteins but have significant differences from cells in living bone because of the not-natural substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the multinucleated assembled osteoclast allows it to focus the ion transport, protein secretory and vesicular transport capabilities of many macrophages on a localized area of bone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In bone, osteoclasts are found in pits in the bone surface which are called resorption bays, or <a href="/wiki/John_Howship" title="John Howship">Howship's</a> <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(histology)" title="Lacuna (histology)">lacunae</a>. Osteoclasts are characterized by a cytoplasm with a homogeneous, "foamy" appearance. This appearance is due to a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (biology)">vesicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacuoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuoles">vacuoles</a>. These vacuoles include <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Acid_phosphatase" title="Acid phosphatase">acid phosphatase</a>. This permits characterization of osteoclasts by their staining for high <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tartrate_resistant_acid_phosphatase" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase">tartrate resistant acid phosphatase</a> (TRAP) and <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_K" title="Cathepsin K">cathepsin K</a>. Osteoclast rough endoplasmic reticulum is sparse, and the Golgi complex is extensive.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a site of active bone resorption, the osteoclast forms a specialized <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>, the "ruffled border", that opposes the surface of the bone tissue. This extensively folded or ruffled border facilitates bone removal by dramatically increasing the cell surface for secretion and uptake of the resorption compartment contents and is a morphologic characteristic of an osteoclast that is actively resorbing bone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since their discovery in 1873 there has been considerable debate about their origin. Three theories were dominant: from 1949 to 1970 the connective tissue origin was popular, which stated that osteoclasts and <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblasts</a> are of the same lineage, and osteoblasts fuse together to form osteoclasts. After years of controversy it is now clear that these cells develop from the self fusion of macrophages.<sup id="cite_ref-Teitelbaum_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teitelbaum-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the beginning of 1980 that the <a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">monocyte phagocytic system</a> was recognized as precursor of osteoclasts.<sup id="cite_ref-cells_of_bone_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cells_of_bone-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osteoclast formation requires the presence of <a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANKL</a> (receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand) and <a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor">M-CSF (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor)</a>. These membrane-bound proteins are produced by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Stromal_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromal cells">stromal cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteoblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoblasts">osteoblasts</a>, thus requiring direct contact between these cells and osteoclast <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursors</a>. </p><p>M-CSF acts through its receptor on the osteoclast, c-fms (<a href="/wiki/Colony_stimulating_factor_1_receptor" title="Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor">colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor</a>), a transmembrane <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase" title="Tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinase</a>-receptor, leading to <a href="/wiki/Secondary_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary messenger">secondary messenger</a> activation of tyrosine kinase Src. Both of these molecules are necessary for osteoclastogenesis and are widely involved in the <a href="/wiki/Differentiation_(cellular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differentiation (cellular)">differentiation</a> of monocyte/macrophage derived cells. </p><p>RANKL is a member of the tumour necrosis family (<a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factors">TNF</a>), and is essential in osteoclastogenesis. RANKL knockout mice exhibit a phenotype of <a href="/wiki/Osteopetrosis" title="Osteopetrosis">osteopetrosis</a> and defects of tooth eruption, along with an absence or deficiency of osteoclasts. RANKL activates NF-κβ (nuclear factor-κβ) and NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated t cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1) through <a href="/wiki/RANK" title="RANK">RANK</a>. NF-κβ activation is stimulated almost immediately after RANKL-RANK interaction occurs and is not upregulated. NFATc1 stimulation, however, begins ~24–48 hours after binding occurs and its expression has been shown to be RANKL dependent. </p><p>Osteoclast differentiation is inhibited by <a href="/wiki/Osteoprotegerin" title="Osteoprotegerin">osteoprotegerin</a> (OPG), which is produced by osteoblasts and binds to RANKL thereby preventing interaction with RANK. While osteoclasts are derived from the hematopoietic lineage, osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once activated, osteoclasts move to areas of microfracture in the bone by <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a>. Osteoclasts lie in small cavities called Howship's lacunae, formed from the digestion of the underlying bone. The sealing zone is the attachment of the osteoclast's <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">plasma membrane</a> to the underlying bone. Sealing zones are bounded by belts of specialized adhesion structures called <a href="/wiki/Podosome" title="Podosome">podosomes</a>. Attachment to the bone matrix is facilitated by integrin receptors, such as αvβ3, via the specific <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_motifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid motifs">amino acid motif</a> Arg-Gly-Asp in bone matrix proteins, such as <a href="/wiki/Osteopontin" title="Osteopontin">osteopontin</a>. The osteoclast releases hydrogen ions through the action of <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> + <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> → <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">HCO<sub>3</sub></a><sup>−</sup> + <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">H</a><sup>+</sup>) through the <i>ruffled border</i> into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and aiding dissolution of the mineralized bone <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(biology)" title="Matrix (biology)">matrix</a> into <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a>, H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, water and other substances. Dysfunction of the carbonic anhydrase has been documented to cause some forms of osteopetrosis. Hydrogen ions are pumped against a high concentration gradient by <a href="/wiki/Proton_pump" title="Proton pump">proton pumps</a>, specifically a unique <a href="/wiki/V-ATPase" title="V-ATPase">vacuolar-ATPase</a>. This enzyme has been targeted in the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>. In addition, several <a href="/wiki/Hydrolytic_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolytic enzyme">hydrolytic enzymes</a>, such as members of the <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin" title="Cathepsin">cathepsin</a> and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) groups, are released to digest the organic components of the matrix. These enzymes are released into the compartment by <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a>. Of these hydrolytic enzymes, cathepsin K is of most importance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cathepsin_K_and_other_cathepsins">Cathepsin K and other cathepsins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cathepsin K and other cathepsins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_K" title="Cathepsin K">Cathepsin K</a> is a collagenolytic <a href="/wiki/Papain-like_protease" title="Papain-like protease">papain-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Cycteine_proteases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycteine proteases">cysteine protease</a> that is mainly expressed in osteoclasts, and is secreted into the resorptive pit. Cathepsin K is the major <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a> involved in the degradation of type I collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. Mutations in the cathepsin K gene are associated with <a href="/wiki/Pycnodysostosis" title="Pycnodysostosis">pycnodysostosis</a>, a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Osteopetrosis" title="Osteopetrosis">osteopetrotic</a> disease, characterised by a lack of functional cathepsin K expression. Knockout studies of cathepsin K in mice lead to an osteopetrotic phenotype, which, is partially compensated by increased expression of proteases other that cathepsin K and enhanced osteoclastogenesis. </p><p>Cathepsin K has an optimal enzymatic activity in acidic conditions. It is synthesized as a proenzyme with a molecular weight of 37kDa, and upon activation by autocatalytic cleavage, is transformed into the mature, active form with a molecular weight of ~27kDa. </p><p>Upon polarization of the osteoclast over the site of resorption, cathepsin K is secreted from the ruffled border into the resorptive pit. Cathepsin K transmigrates across the ruffled border by intercellular vesicles and is then released by the functional <b>secretory domain</b>. Within these intercellular vesicles, cathepsin K, along with <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> generated by <a href="/wiki/Tartrate_resistant_acid_phosphatase" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase">TRAP</a>, further degrades the bone extracellular matrix. </p><p>Several other cathepsins are expressed in osteoclasts including <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_B" title="Cathepsin B">cathepsins B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_C" title="Cathepsin C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_D" title="Cathepsin D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_E" title="Cathepsin E">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_G" title="Cathepsin G">G</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_L2" title="Cathepsin L2">L</a>. The function of these <a href="/wiki/Cysteine_protease" title="Cysteine protease">cysteine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_proteases" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartic proteases">aspartic proteases</a> is generally unknown within bone, and they are expressed at much lower levels than cathepsin K. </p><p>Studies on cathepsin L <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockout mice">knockout mice</a> have been mixed, with a report of reduced <a href="/wiki/Trabecular_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabecular bone">trabecular bone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a> cathepsin L knockout mice compared to wild-type and another report finding no skeletal abnormalities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrix_metalloproteinases">Matrix metalloproteinases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Matrix metalloproteinases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinases" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix metalloproteinases">matrix metalloproteinases</a> (MMPs) comprise a family of more than 20 zinc-dependent endopeptidases. The role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in osteoclast biology is ill-defined, but in other tissue they have been linked with tumor promoting activities, such as activation of <a href="/wiki/Growth_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth factors">growth factors</a> and are required for tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/MMP9" title="MMP9">MMP9</a> is associated with the bone microenvironment. It is expressed by osteoclasts, and is known to be required for osteoclast <a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">migration</a> and is a powerful gelatinase. Transgenic mice lacking MMP-9 develop defects in bone development, intraosseous <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a>, and fracture repair. </p><p><a href="/wiki/MMP-13" class="mw-redirect" title="MMP-13">MMP-13</a> is believed to be involved in bone resorption and in osteoclast differentiation, as knockout mice revealed decreased osteoclast numbers, osteopetrosis, and decreased bone resorption. </p><p>MMPs expressed by the osteoclast include MMP-9, -10, -12, and -14. apart from MMP-9, little is known about their relevance to the osteoclast, however, high levels of MMP-14 are found at the sealing zone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osteoclast_physiology">Osteoclast physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Osteoclast physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s and 90s the physiology of typical osteoclasts was studied in detail. With the isolation of the ruffled border, ion transport across it was studied directly in biochemical detail. Energy-dependent acid transport was verified and the postulated proton pump purified.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7929181_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7929181-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the successful culture of osteoclasts, it became apparent that they are organized to support the massive transport of protons for acidification of the resorption compartment and solubilization of the bone mineral. This includes ruffled border Cl<sup>−</sup> permeability to control membrane potential and basolateral Cl<sup>−</sup>/HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> exchange to maintain cytosolic pH in physiologically acceptable ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1829326_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1829326-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effectiveness of its ion secretion depends upon the osteoclast forming an effective seal around the resorption compartment. The positioning of this "sealing zone" appears to be mediated by integrins expressed on the osteoclast surface.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the sealing zone in place, the multinucleated osteoclast reorganizes itself. Developing the highly invaginated ruffled membrane apposing the resorption compartment allows massive secretory activity. In addition, it permits the vesicular <a href="/wiki/Transcytosis" title="Transcytosis">transcytosis</a> of the mineral and degraded collagen from the ruffled border to the free membrane of the cell, and its release into the extracellular compartment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This activity completes the bone resorption, and both the mineral components and collagen fragments are released to the general circulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osteoclasts are regulated by several <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">parathyroid hormone</a> (PTH) from the parathyroid gland, <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">calcitonin</a> from the thyroid gland, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">growth factor interleukin 6</a> (IL-6). This last hormone, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a>, is one of the factors in the disease <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>. Osteoporosis occurs when there is an imbalance between the bone resorption activities of osteoclasts and the bone formation activities of osteoblasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Dance_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dance-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osteoclast activity is also mediated by the interaction of two molecules produced by osteoblasts, namely <a href="/wiki/Osteoprotegerin" title="Osteoprotegerin">osteoprotegerin</a> and <a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANK ligand</a>. These molecules also regulate differentiation of the osteoclast.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odontoclast">Odontoclast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Odontoclast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>odontoclast</b> is an osteoclast associated with <a href="/wiki/Root_resorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Root resorption">absorption of the roots</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">deciduous teeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Free_Dictionary_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Free_Dictionary-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternate_use_of_term">Alternate use of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternate use of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An osteoclast can also be an instrument used to fracture and reset bones (the origin is Greek <i>osteon</i>: bone and <i>klastos</i>: broken). To avoid confusion, the cell was originally termed osotoclast. When the surgical instrument went out of use, the cell became known by its present name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Giant osteoclasts can occur in some diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_bone" title="Paget's disease of bone">Paget's disease of bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonate</a> toxicity. </p><p>In cats, abnormal odontoclast activity can cause <a href="/wiki/Feline_odontoclastic_resorptive_lesion" title="Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion">feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions</a>, necessitating extraction of the affected teeth. </p><p>Osteoclasts play a major role in orthodontic tooth movement and pathologic migration of periodontally compromised teeth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osteoclasts were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Kölliker</a> in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-cells_of_bone_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cells_of_bone-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers" title="List of human cell types derived from the germ layers">List of human cell types derived from the germ layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain Siddiqui (6th Edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Free_Dictionary-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Free_Dictionary_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Free_Dictionary_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/odontoclast">"Odontoclast"</a>. Farlex, The Free Dictionary. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowable+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fun+facts+about+bones%3A+More+than+just+scaffolding&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fknowable-022222-1&rft.aulast=Dance&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowablemagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fhealth-disease%2F2022%2Ffun-facts-about-bones-more-just-scaffolding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteoclast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoppetPreissnerHofbauer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schoppet M, Preissner KT, Hofbauer LC (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.ATV.0000012303.37971.DA">"RANK ligand and osteoprotegerin: paracrine regulators of bone metabolism and vascular function"</a>. <i>Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 549–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.ATV.0000012303.37971.DA">10.1161/01.ATV.0000012303.37971.DA</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11950689">11950689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arteriosclerosis%2C+Thrombosis%2C+and+Vascular+Biology&rft.atitle=RANK+ligand+and+osteoprotegerin%3A+paracrine+regulators+of+bone+metabolism+and+vascular+function&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=549-53&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.ATV.0000012303.37971.DA&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11950689&rft.aulast=Schoppet&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Preissner%2C+KT&rft.au=Hofbauer%2C+LC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252F01.ATV.0000012303.37971.DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteoclast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiraziRavindranCooper2022" class="citation journal cs1">Shirazi, Sajjad; Ravindran, Sriram; Cooper, Lyndon F. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10148651">"Topography-mediated immunomodulation in osseointegration; Ally or Enemy"</a>. <i>Biomaterials</i>. <b>291</b>: 121903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biomaterials.2022.121903">10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121903</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-5905">1878-5905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10148651">10148651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36410109">36410109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomaterials&rft.atitle=Topography-mediated+immunomodulation+in+osseointegration%3B+Ally+or+Enemy&rft.volume=291&rft.pages=121903&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10148651%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1878-5905&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36410109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biomaterials.2022.121903&rft.aulast=Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Sajjad&rft.au=Ravindran%2C+Sriram&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Lyndon+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10148651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsteoclast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteoclast&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11794">MedicineNet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525195120/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11794">Archived</a> 2013-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Osteoclasts">Osteoclasts</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cn4uusbGk8">The Life of Osteoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random42" title="Random42">Random42</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://random42.com/scientific_animation/bone-biology-osteoblasts-and-osteoclasts">Animation by <i>Random42 Scientific Communication</i> on the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulopoiesis" title="Granulopoiesis">Granulopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promyelocyte" title="Promyelocyte">Promyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelocyte" title="Myelocyte">Myelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamyelocyte" title="Metamyelocyte">Metamyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monocytopoiesis" title="Monocytopoiesis">Monocytopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promonocyte" title="Promonocyte">Promonocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">MEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoiesis" title="Thrombopoiesis">Thrombopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">Erythropoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proerythroblast" title="Proerythroblast">Proerythroblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normoblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Normoblast">Normoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extramedullary_hematopoiesis" title="Extramedullary hematopoiesis">Extramedullary hematopoiesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myeloid_tissue" title="Myeloid tissue">Myeloid tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">Granulocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">Neutrophil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">Basophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Baso" title="CFU-Baso">CFU-Baso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">Eosinophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Eos" title="CFU-Eos">CFU-Eos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">Mast cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Mast" title="CFU-Mast">CFU-Mast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">Monocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histiocyte" title="Histiocyte">Histiocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_macrophage" title="Alveolar macrophage">Alveolar macrophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osteoclasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_cell" title="Epithelioid cell">Epithelioid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">giant cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langhans_giant_cell" title="Langhans giant cell">Langhans giant cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-body_giant_cell" title="Foreign-body giant cell">Foreign-body giant cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touton_giant_cell" title="Touton giant cell">Touton giant cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Antigen-presenting cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">Dendritic cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-DL" title="CFU-DL">CFU-DL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">MPS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Meg" title="CFU-Meg">CFU-Meg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte" title="Megakaryocyte">Megakaryocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleated_red_blood_cell" title="Nucleated red blood cell">Nucleated red blood cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-E" title="CFU-E">CFU-E</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immune response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_extravasation" title="Leukocyte extravasation">Leukocyte extravasation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_immunity" title="Intrinsic immunity">Intrinsic immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precursor cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GEMM" title="CFU-GEMM">CFU-GEMM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelomonocyte" title="Myelomonocyte">Myelomonocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">Phagocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic system">Hematopoietic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bone_and_cartilage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bone_and_cartilage" title="Template:Bone and cartilage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bone_and_cartilage" title="Template talk:Bone and cartilage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bone_and_cartilage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bone and cartilage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bone_and_cartilage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perichondrium" title="Perichondrium">perichondrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrocartilage_callus" title="Fibrocartilage callus">fibrocartilage callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysis" title="Metaphysis">metaphysis</a></li> <li>Cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondroblast" title="Chondroblast">chondroblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrocyte" title="Chondrocyte">chondrocyte</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">hyaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_cartilage" title="Elastic cartilage">elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrocartilage" title="Fibrocartilage">fibrous</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">Ossification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_bone" title="Primary bone">primary bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endochondral_ossification" title="Endochondral ossification">endochondral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocyte" title="Osteocyte">osteocyte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">osteoclast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Matrix</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral" title="Bone mineral">bone mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossein" title="Ossein">ossein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoid" title="Osteoid">osteoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone#Cancellous_bone" title="Bone">cancellous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone#Cortical_bone" title="Bone">cortical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphysis" title="Epiphysis">subchondral bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphysis" title="Epiphysis">epiphysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate" title="Epiphyseal plate">epiphyseal plate</a>/<a href="/wiki/Epiphyseal_line" title="Epiphyseal line">epiphyseal line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysis" title="Metaphysis">metaphysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphysis" title="Diaphysis">diaphysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condyle" title="Condyle">condyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicondyle" title="Epicondyle">epicondyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteon" title="Osteon">osteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haversian_canal" title="Haversian canal">Haversian canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmann%27s_canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkmann's canals">Volkmann's canals</a></li> <li><i>connective tissue</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endosteum" title="Endosteum">endosteum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpey%27s_fibres" title="Sharpey's fibres">Sharpey's fibres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthesis" title="Enthesis">enthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(histology)" title="Lacuna (histology)">lacunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_canaliculus" title="Bone canaliculus">canaliculi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabecula" title="Trabecula">trabeculae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_cavity" title="Medullary cavity">medullary cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bone" title="Short bone">short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_bone" title="Flat bone">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_bone" title="Irregular bone">irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Osteoklast"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4246713-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Osteoclasts"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90003255">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ostéoclastes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13185938s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ostéoclastes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13185938s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="osteoklasty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph398374&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529893805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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