CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="rm" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Federalissem – Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )rmwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","schaner","favrer","mars","avrigl","matg","zercladur","fanadur","avust","Settember","october","november","december"],"wgRequestId":"a66d0810-e193-49fa-97df-318aa6ef20e5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Federalissem","wgTitle":"Federalissem","wgCurRevisionId":166450,"wgRevisionId":166450,"wgArticleId":13179,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden","Politica","Artitgels recumandads (Politica)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"rm","wgPageContentLanguage":"rm","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Federalissem","wgRelevantArticleId":13179,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"rm","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"rm"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q204886","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=rm&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_federal_states.svg/1200px-Map_of_federal_states.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="616"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_federal_states.svg/800px-Map_of_federal_states.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="411"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_federal_states.svg/640px-Map_of_federal_states.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="329"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Federalissem – Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//rm.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalissem"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifitgar" href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (rm)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//rm.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalissem"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.rm"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Atom Feed da Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Federalissem rootpage-Federalissem skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Zum Inhalt springen</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hauptmenü" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hauptmenü</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hauptmenü</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigaziun </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" title="Visitar la pagina principala [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Pagina principala</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:La_pinta" title="Infurmaziuns davart il project, tge che ti pos far, nua che ti chassas infurmaziuns"><span>Discutar en la pinta</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Zuf%C3%A4llige_Seite" title="Chargiar ina pagina casuala. [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Artitgel casual</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-participation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sa participar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Cuntegn" title="Qua chattas agid."><span>Agid</span></a></li><li id="n-Prims-pass" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Agid:Prims_pass"><span>Prims pass</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Letzte_%C3%84nderungen" title="La glista da las ultimas midadas en la wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ultimas midadas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-rm.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-rm.svg" width="120" height="15" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spezial:Suche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Tschertgar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Tschertgar Wikipedia" aria-label="Tschertgar Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Intercurir Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spezial:Suche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Tschertgar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Utensils persunals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Änderung des Aussehens der Schriftgröße, -breite und -farbe der Seite" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Erscheinungsbild" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Erscheinungsbild</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm" class=""><span>Donaziuns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Federalissem" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich." class=""><span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Federalissem" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>T'annunziar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Weitere Optionen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils persunals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils persunals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Benutzermenü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_rm.wikipedia.org&uselang=rm"><span>Donaziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Benutzerkonto_anlegen&returnto=Federalissem" title="Wir ermutigen dich dazu, ein Benutzerkonto zu erstellen und dich anzumelden. Es ist jedoch nicht zwingend erforderlich."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear in conto d'utilisader</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Anmelden&returnto=Federalissem" title="I fiss bun sche ti s'annunziassas, ti na stos dentant betg. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>T'annunziar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Seiten für abgemeldete Benutzer <a href="/wiki/Agid:Einf%C3%BChrung" aria-label="Erfahre mehr über das Bearbeiten"><span>Weitere Informationen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Beitr%C3%A4ge" title="Eine Liste der Bearbeitungen, die von dieser IP-Adresse gemacht wurden [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribuziuns</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Meine_Diskussionsseite" title="Discussiun davart modificaziuns che derivan da questa adressa dad IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pagina da discussiun da questa IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Website"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Anfang</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definiziun_dal_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiziun_dal_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definiziun dal term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiziun_dal_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istorgia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Istorgia umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federalissem_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalissem_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Federalissem modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalissem_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germania_ed_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germania_ed_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Germania ed Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germania_ed_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stadis_Unids_da_l’America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadis_Unids_da_l’America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Stadis Unids da l’America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadis_Unids_da_l’America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diever_betg_unitar_da_la_terminologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diever_betg_unitar_da_la_terminologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Diever betg unitar da la terminologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diever_betg_unitar_da_la_terminologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorgia_da_las_ideas_e_svilup_da_la_teoria_dal_federalissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorgia_da_las_ideas_e_svilup_da_la_teoria_dal_federalissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Istorgia da las ideas e svilup da la teoria dal federalissem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istorgia_da_las_ideas_e_svilup_da_la_teoria_dal_federalissem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Istorgia da las ideas e svilup da la teoria dal federalissem umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istorgia_da_las_ideas_e_svilup_da_la_teoria_dal_federalissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federalissem_politic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalissem_politic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Federalissem politic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalissem_politic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalissem_instituziunal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalissem_instituziunal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Federalissem instituziunal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalissem_instituziunal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furmaziun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furmaziun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Furmaziun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furmaziun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funcziuns_dal_federalissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcziuns_dal_federalissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Funcziuns dal federalissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funcziuns_dal_federalissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L’ambivalenza_tranter_l’autodeterminaziun_e_la_pussanza_da_regulaziun_surordinada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L’ambivalenza_tranter_l’autodeterminaziun_e_la_pussanza_da_regulaziun_surordinada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>L’ambivalenza tranter l’autodeterminaziun e la pussanza da regulaziun surordinada</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-L’ambivalenza_tranter_l’autodeterminaziun_e_la_pussanza_da_regulaziun_surordinada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt L’ambivalenza tranter l’autodeterminaziun e la pussanza da regulaziun surordinada umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-L’ambivalenza_tranter_l’autodeterminaziun_e_la_pussanza_da_regulaziun_surordinada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decentralisaziun_politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralisaziun_politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Decentralisaziun politica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralisaziun_politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambivalenza_democratica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambivalenza_democratica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ambivalenza democratica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambivalenza_democratica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furmas_dal_federalissem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furmas_dal_federalissem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Furmas dal federalissem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furmas_dal_federalissem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stadis_federals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadis_federals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Stadis federals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stadis_federals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Stadis federals umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stadis_federals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stadi_central_–_stadi_federal_–_stadi_federativ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadi_central_–_stadi_federal_–_stadi_federativ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Stadi central – stadi federal – stadi federativ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadi_central_–_stadi_federal_–_stadi_federativ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repartiziun_da_las_cumpetenzas_tranter_il_stadi_federal_e_sias_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repartiziun_da_las_cumpetenzas_tranter_il_stadi_federal_e_sias_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Repartiziun da las cumpetenzas tranter il stadi federal e sias parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repartiziun_da_las_cumpetenzas_tranter_il_stadi_federal_e_sias_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territori_statal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territori_statal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Territori statal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territori_statal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stadis_federativs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadis_federativs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Stadis federativs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadis_federativs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L’Europa_federala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L’Europa_federala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>L’Europa federala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L’Europa_federala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Annotaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Litteratura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colliaziuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colliaziuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Colliaziuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colliaziuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhaltsverzeichnis umschalten</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Federalissem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Zu einem Artikel in einer anderen Sprache gehen. Verfügbar in 84 Sprachen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 Sprachen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralismus" title="Föderalismus – tudestg svizzer" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Föderalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tudestg svizzer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A)" title="فدرالية (توجه سياسي) – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فدرالية (توجه سياسي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܦܕܪܠܝܐ – arameic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܕܪܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismu" title="Federalismu – asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Federalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizm" title="Federalizm – aserbeidschanic" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Federalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbeidschanic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فدرالیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – baschkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Федерализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федэралізм – bieloruss" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Федэралізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruss" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keser%C3%A8katan" title="Keserèkatan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Keserèkatan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Федерализъм – bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федерализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="संघवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संघवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဖဲတ်ဒရယ်စနိစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဖဲတ်ဒရယ်စနိစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রবাদ – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তরাষ্ট্রবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederalismo" title="Pederalismo – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pederalismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فیدراڵیزم – curd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیدراڵیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismus" title="Federalismus – tschec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Federalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tschec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffederaliaeth" title="Ffederaliaeth – kimric" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffederaliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – danais" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Føderalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralismus" title="Föderalismus – tudestg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Föderalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tudestg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miiriwatwu%C9%94t" title="Miiriwatwuɔt – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Miiriwatwuɔt" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – englais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaciismo" title="Federaciismo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federaciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – spagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralism" title="Föderalism – eston" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Föderalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eston" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فدرالیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismi" title="Federalismi – finlandais" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Federalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ralisme" title="Fédéralisme – franzos" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fédéralisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franzos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisim" title="Federalisim – friulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Federalisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – fris" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פדרליזם – ebraic" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדרליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="संघवाद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संघवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizam" title="Federalizam – croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Federalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ֆեդերալիզմ – armen" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեդերալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – indonais" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – talian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="連邦主義 – giapunais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連邦主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapunais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფედერალიზმი – georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფედერალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – casac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Федерализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="casac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="연방주의 – corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연방주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismus" title="Federalismus – luxemburgais" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Federalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – limburgais" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C4%81lisms" title="Federālisms – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Federālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सङ्घीयता – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सङ्घीयता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisma" title="Federalisma – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Federalisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അധികാരവിഭജനം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അധികാരവിഭജനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahaman_persekutuan" title="Fahaman persekutuan – malaic" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fahaman persekutuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စုစနစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စုစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="lesenswerter Artikel"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فدرالیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सङ्घीयता – nepalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सङ्घीयता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – ollandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ollandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – norvegiais nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Føderalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiais nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – norvegais bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Føderalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegais bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Federalisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaalizimii" title="Federaalizimii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Federaalizimii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸੰਘਵਾਦ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਘਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizm" title="Federalizm – polac" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Federalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فدراليزم – paschto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فدراليزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paschto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – rumen" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – russ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федерализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizmus" title="Federalizmus – slovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Federalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaaliisim" title="Federaaliisim – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Federaaliisim" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Федерализам – serb" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Федерализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – svedais" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ระบอบสหพันธรัฐ – tailandais" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบอบสหพันธรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederalismo" title="Pederalismo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pederalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizm" title="Federalizm – tirc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Federalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федералізм – ucranais" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федералізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucranais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وفاقیت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وفاقیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federa%C5%82ismo" title="Federałismo – Venetisch" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Federałismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BD_ph%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Định lý phân quyền – vietnamais" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Định lý phân quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Federalismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="联邦主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფედერალიზმი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფედერალიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Federalism" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义 – chinais" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="联邦主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="聯邦主義 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聯邦主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204886#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifitgar las colliaziuns tar autras linguas" class="wbc-editpage">Modifitgar colliaziuns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Tip da pagina"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Federalissem" title="Mussar l'artitgel [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artitgel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussiun:Federalissem" rel="discussion" title="Discussiuns davart il cuntegn da l'artitgel [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussiun</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sprachvariante ändern" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">rumantsch</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Questa pagina"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Federalissem"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=history" title="Versiuns pli veglias da questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Utensils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Utensils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Werkzeuge</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Weitere Optionen" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aktionen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Federalissem"><span>Leger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit" title="Modifitgar questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifitgar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit" title="Modifitgar il code da funtauna da questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifitgar il code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Allgemein </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Linkliste/Federalissem" title="Glista da tut las paginas vichi che mussan sin questa pagina [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Colliaziuns sin questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:%C3%84nderungen_an_verlinkten_Seiten/Federalissem" rel="nofollow" title="Ultimas midadas sin paginas colliadas cun questa pagina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modificaziuns sin paginas colliadas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Spezialseiten" title="Glista da tut las paginas spezialas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paginas spezialas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&oldid=166450" title="Link permanent tar questa versiun da la pagina"><span>Colliaziun permanenta</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=info" title="Weitere Informationen über diese Seite"><span>Infurmaziuns da la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Zitierhilfe&page=Federalissem&id=166450&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Hinweise, wie diese Seite zitiert werden kann"><span>Citar questa pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:URL-K%C3%BCrzung&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFederalissem"><span>Gekürzte URL abrufen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Frm.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFederalissem"><span>QR-Code runterladen</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampar/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:Buch&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Federalissem"><span>Crear in cudesch</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Federalissem&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telechargiar sco PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&printable=yes" title="Versiun per stampar da questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiun per stampar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En auters projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Federalism" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204886" title="Link zum verbundenen Objekt im Datenrepositorium [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata object</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Seitenwerkzeuge"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Erscheinungsbild"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Erscheinungsbild</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">In die Seitenleiste verschieben</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ord Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="rm" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Map_of_federal_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_federal_states.svg/300px-Map_of_federal_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_federal_states.svg/450px-Map_of_federal_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_federal_states.svg/600px-Map_of_federal_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Charta dals stadis cun constituziun federala</figcaption></figure> <p>Il term <b>federalissem</b> (da latin <i>foedus</i>, <i>foedera</i>, ‹lia›, ‹allianza›, ‹contract›) designescha ozendi en emprima lingia in princip d’organisaziun tar il qual ils singuls members (stadis commembers) disponan d’in’autonomia e statalitad limitada, ma èn s’unids ad in stadi cumplessiv. Savens vegn la noziun duvrada a moda nundifferenziada ed applitgada tant sin federaziuns en il segn pli stretg sco er sin confederaziuns. </p><p>Sco stadi da tempra federalistica designesch’ins in <a href="/wiki/Stadi" title="Stadi">stadi</a> che dispona d’ina constituziun federala. Quel è structurà tenor il princip dal stadi federal e sa cumpona uschia da stadis commembers, ils quals disponan da cumpetenzas statalas limitadas che na derivan betg dal stadi cumplessiv. Ord vista dal dretg public disponan pia, sper il stadi cumplessiv, er ils singuls members da quel d’in’atgna <a href="/wiki/Suveranitad" title="Suveranitad">suveranitad</a> originara areguard lur populaziun e lur territori.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per part vegn concedì als members d’ina tala confederaziun il dretg da sortir da quella. Il dretg constituziunal scrit na sto però betg correspunder necessariamain a la realitad constituziunala. Uschia excluda per exempel la Decleraziun da princips da l’Assamblea generala da las <a href="/wiki/Naziuns_unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Naziuns unidas">Naziuns unidas</a> dals 24 d’october 1970 per gronda part in dretg da secessiun en rom dal dretg d’autodeterminaziun dals pievels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definiziun_dal_term">Definiziun dal term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifitgar secziun: Definiziun dal term" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Definiziun dal term"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il federalissem odiern deriva dal term latin <i>foedus</i> che manegia l’emprim, en il latin classic, en general in’allianza (tranter stadis) u in contract (tranter persunas privatas).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En il decurs dal temp è la muntada da noziuns sco <i>foedus</i>, <i>foederati</i>, ‹federaziun›, ‹federal› sa midada talmain ch’ina definiziun generala n’è betg pussaivla.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorgia">Istorgia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sco federats valevan en la Republica romana dal temp avant <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> stirpas e pievels che na furmavan nagina colonia da Roma e che na disponivan er betg dal dretg da burgais roman. Cun quels vegnivan fatgas allianzas (<i>foedera</i>) ch’als obligavan da sustegnair <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> militarmain. En l’ulteriur decurs da l’istorgia è la noziun vegnida applitgada durant il temp da la migraziun dals pievels sin las stirpas barbaras, per il pli germanas, a las qualas ins concediva il dretg da sa domiciliar entaifer l’<a href="/wiki/Imperi_roman" title="Imperi roman">Imperi roman</a>; er en quest cas avevan quellas da furnir sco recumpensa truppas per l’armada romana. En rom dal svilup dals fatgs da militar durant l’antica tardiva è la noziun danovamain sa midada e designava uss il dretg da federats; a basa da quel furmavan truppas da mercenaris multietnicas, che cumpigliavan er burgais romans, las forzas armadas. Questa muntada funcziunala ch’è stada en diever be in tschert temp n’ha nagin connex cun il federalissem odiern.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il <a href="/wiki/Sontg_Imperi_roman" title="Sontg Imperi roman">Sontg Imperi roman</a> aveva gia tratgs federals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uschia dependevan per exempel ils Ottons, Saliers e Staufers d’elements federativs per far valair la pussanza imperiala, damai ch’i mancavan ils instruments necessaris per dominar l’entir territori nà d’ina pussanza centrala (meds da communicaziun adattads, in’administraziun codifitgada exequida da funcziunaris e.a.). Il domini dals retgs ed imperaturs saxons dal temp autmedieval – da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich I (n'exista betg)">Heinrich I</a> sur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto I (n'exista betg)">Otto I</a> fin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto III (n'exista betg)">Otto III</a> – na considerescha la medievistica ozendi betg pli sco execuziun da pussanza centralistica, organisada a moda severa, mabain sco domini consensual; facticamain stuevan ils retgs elegids numnadamain s’arranschar fitg ferm cun las pussanzas regiunalas. Ed en il Sontg Imperi roman dal temp medieval tardiv disponivan prinzis u auters regents regiunals d’ina vasta autonomia ed er da blers dretgs da cundecisiun sco prinzis electurs u en rom da la Dieta imperiala. Ma pir cur che singuls prinzis han cumenzà a sa distanziar dal tuttafatg da l’Imperi è la cooperaziun federala a nivel imperial ida da rendì. Quai ha manà en il decurs dal temp modern tempriv ad in grond dumber da stadis pitschens, segnads plitost da l’isolaziun e dal cumbat tranter pèr che da la collavuraziun.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalissem_modern">Federalissem modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifitgar secziun: Federalissem modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Federalissem modern"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sco princip da dretg public modern è il federalissem sa sviluppà en Frantscha durant il temp da l’<a href="/wiki/Illuminissem" title="Illuminissem">illuminissem</a>, e quai oravant tut a basa da las lavurs teoreticas da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montesquieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montesquieu (n'exista betg)">Montesquieu</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proudhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proudhon (n'exista betg)">Proudhon</a>. Montesquieu veseva en il federalissem surtut ina furma da la separaziun da las pussanzas che gidia – sper la separaziun en legislativa, executiva e giudicativa – a limitar supplementarmain la pussanza centrala absolutistica.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il federalissem dueva uschia sa sviluppar ad in impurtant element constituziunal per structurar stadis moderns sco ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> u l’<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. En l’<a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> ha surtut il territori da lingua tudestga sviluppà tradiziuns federalisticas. Ed en il 20avel tschientaner han elements federalistics cumplettà la furma da regenza parlamentar-democratica. Als pajais federativs sco sutdivisiun regiunala dal stadi han ins surdà atgnas cumpetenzas ch’els pon reglar tenor agen dretg. Tras quai è l’execuziun da la pussanza e la procedura da decisiun repartida sin differents nivels; sper il nivel dal stadi cumplessiv è vegnì quel da ses stadis commembers, uschia ch’i dat ulteriuras pussaivladads da far valair l’opiniun politica e da far opposiziun. Per las burgaisas ed ils burgais augmenta questa repartiziun las pussaivladads da sa participar al svilup politic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germania_ed_Austria">Germania ed Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifitgar secziun: Germania ed Austria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Germania ed Austria"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> èn sa sviluppads differents models da la collavuraziun ed uniun statala tranter ils dus pols dal particularissem d’ina vart e da l’unitarissem da l’autra vart. Las constituziuns da la Confederaziun tudestga ch’è sa furmada il 1815, da l’Imperi tudestg, da la Republica da Weimar e da la Republica Federala Tudestga èn tuttas segnadas d’elements federalistics. En la constituziun da Weimar eran ils elements federalistics main ferms che quels unitars. </p><p>La constituziun austriaca dal 1920 enconuscheva tratgs federalistics be fitg flaivels; ultra da quai è la centralisaziun anc creschida per motivs economics e politics. Pir las revisiuns da la constituziun dal 1974 han mess fin a quest svilup. Ulteriuras revisiuns han augmentà las cumpetenzas dals pajais federativs e la posiziun dal Cussegl federal, vul dir da la chombra parlamentara che represchenta ils pajais federativs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stadis_Unids_da_l’America"><span id="Stadis_Unids_da_l.E2.80.99America"></span>Stadis Unids da l’America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifitgar secziun: Stadis Unids da l’America" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Stadis Unids da l’America"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cun la fundaziun dals Stadis Unids da l’America han ins realisà l’emprima giada il federalissem modern en la pratica. A moda programmatica ha la nova constituziun alura er purtà il titel Articles of Confederation; quella è stada en vigur dal 1776 fin il 1789 a basa dals artitgels da confederaziun ch’avevan transfurmà suenter l’independenza il construct statal en in stadi federativ (1783). Entaifer quel era fixada la suveranitad cumplaina dals singuls stadis. Ma gia il 1789 han ins fundà ils Stadis Unids e transfurmà uschia la confederaziun en in stadi federal che sa cumpona da stadis commembers unids sut ina democrazia presidiala. Correspundentamain n’han ins er betg numnà il stadi cumplessiv confederaziun, mabain uniun. Il 1860/61, en rom da la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_da_secessiun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guerra da secessiun (n'exista betg)">Guerra da secessiun</a>, è la debatta davart il federalissem anc returnada ina giada sin il parchet politic: Sa distanziond sapientivamain d’ina definiziun dal federalissem ch’era per els memia stretga, èn ils stadis dal sid sortids da l’Uniun, èn sa numnads Confederate States of America e lur truppas ‹confederads›.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diever_betg_unitar_da_la_terminologia">Diever betg unitar da la terminologia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifitgar secziun: Diever betg unitar da la terminologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Diever betg unitar da la terminologia"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En il context dal federalissem en ils Stadis Unids (ed en l’entir intschess anglosaxon) è in federalist pia in aderent d’in ferm stadi central che vul extender ils dretgs dal stadi unitar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En il territori da lingua tudestga percunter è, pervi dal svilup istoric fitg different, in federalist ina persuna che s’engascha per extender las cumpetenzas dals pajais federativs. En lingua englaisa vegnan ils terms <i>federation</i> e <i>confederation</i> per part duvrads per las noziuns tudestgas <i>Bundesstaat</i> e <i>Staatenbund</i>; ma la terminologia n’è betg unitara: malgrà ses caracter statal vegn per exempel il <i>Norddeutscher Bund</i> numnà <i>North German Confederation</i>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a> ha enconuschì ses agen svilup da la terminologia correspundenta e quella s’effectuescha er sin la lingua rumantscha. Per suttastritgar la cuntinuitad istorica dal pajais vegn fatg diever vastamain da las noziuns ‹Confederaziun› e ‹federal›; uschia discurr’ins tant da la Veglia Confederaziun d’avant il 1798, sco er dal contract federal dal 1814 e da la Confederaziun svizra moderna ch’exista dapi il 1848. Per applitgar ina terminologia concisa fiss er da far qua la differenza tranter la Veglia Confederaziun premoderna, il stadi unitar dal temp da la Helvetica, il stadi federativ ch’ha existì ils onns 1803/14–1847 ed il stadi federal modern ch’è entrà en vigur cun la constituziun dal 1848. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorgia_da_las_ideas_e_svilup_da_la_teoria_dal_federalissem">Istorgia da las ideas e svilup da la teoria dal federalissem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifitgar secziun: Istorgia da las ideas e svilup da la teoria dal federalissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Istorgia da las ideas e svilup da la teoria dal federalissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalissem_politic">Federalissem politic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifitgar secziun: Federalissem politic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Federalissem politic"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:La_esp_Rep._Federal,_Rep._Unitaria_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/220px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/330px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/440px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Unitarissem u federalissem? Caricatura en connex cun las tensiuns politicas en Spagna a la fin dal 19avel tschientaner</figcaption></figure> <p>En la perscrutaziun dal federalissem moderna vegn il term dal federalissem savens chapì en in vast senn.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resguard’ins er las structuras surstatalas, surtut l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a>, alura tanscha la sutdivisiun territoriala da la communitad mundiala da las organisaziuns supranaziunalas sur ils stadis che fan part da quellas e (en stadis federals) lur stadis commembers ubain las corporaziuns territorialas superiuras (p.ex. las regiuns franzosas) fin als circuls e las vischnancas. Questa sutdivisiun serva en emprima lingia ad elavurar conflicts a moda graduada. Per quest intent vegnan las cumpetenzas da decisiun repartidas sin ils differents plauns statals. La repartiziun da las cumpetenzas decida a moda essenziala davart la structura federativa. Quella vegn per ordinari definida a basa da las relaziuns da pussanza.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En il dretg statal vegn il term federalissem savens duvrà en in senn pli stretg. Qua designescha quel en spezial in princip d’organisaziun statala, tenor il qual singuls stadis commembers (pajais federativs, stadis), furman in stadi federal – en il senn d’in stadi cumplessiv (<i>Bundesstaat</i>, <i>federation</i>) – u (a moda bundant pli lucca) in stadi federativ (<i>Staatenbund</i>, <i>confederation</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Las singulas parts d’in stadi federal (tut tenor il stadi per exempel pajais, pajais federativs, chantuns u stadis federals) renunzian a lur suveranitad statala, mantegnan però lur statalitad sco corporaziuns territorialas. Il stadi cumplessiv decida davart tut las dumondas da l’unitad e cuntinuitad da l’entir stadi; las singulas parts da quel han il dretg d’autodeterminaziun sin lur champs da cumpetenza (p.ex. furmaziun, polizia). Per ordinari vegn la noziun dal federalissem applitgada sin stadis suverans che concedan a plirs territoris parzials da lur stadi ina tscherta autonomia politica. Quella na dastga betg senz’auter vegnir retratga ed è fixada en la constituziun dal stadi cumplessiv. Ils singuls stadis commembers definids en questa moda disponan d’agens organs politics e d’atgnas cumpetenzas per reglar lur purschidas, e quai senza stuair deducir quests dretgs dal stadi cumplessiv. </p><p>Il federalissem statal sa chatta en in champ da tensiun tranter las cumpetenzas dal stadi cumplessiv e quellas da ses commembers, uschia ch’i po dar moviments pendulars vers dapli centralisaziun ubain vers dapli decentralisaziun. Dapi l’illuminissem èn blers pensaders stads da l’avis ch’il process da federalisaziun mainia, ina giada che quel vegnia lantschà, sur l’uniun da vischnancas independentas, colliaziuns regiunalas e talas che cumpiglian entirs circuls culturals fin a l’uniun mundiala. </p><p>Sper l’idea etatistica dal federalissem (federalissem da surengiu), che sa basa sin l’idea dal stadi, datti er in’idea libertara (federalissem da sutensi) che vegn er numnà ‹federalissem persistent›. Tenor quel èn las pli pitschnas structuras da la societad (gruppas, vischnancas) autonomas. Quellas furman or d’agen impuls allianzas d’interess, surdattan a las structuras surordinadas però be las incumbensas ch’ellas sezzas n’èn betg ablas da surpigliar.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La basa dal federalissem furma la pretensiun da l’uman da pudair decider sez tge colliaziuns areguard la societad e la morala ch’el vul furmar (dretg natiral) per pudair cundecider tge che la cuminanza decida (democrazia directa). Las allianzas che vegnan furmadas da communitads autonomas han ina funcziun ch’è liada ad in intent e pon vegnir desditgas (interpretaziun stretga dal princip da subsidiaritad). </p><p>Ozendi vegn per part argumentà che la democrazia, l’autodeterminaziun ed il svilup economic a nivel local vegnian impedids tras il centralissem dals stadis naziunals. Magari vegn schizunt argumentà ch’il federalissem furmia ina premissa da basa per ina democrazia che funcziunescha e che las vischnancas stoppian esser il punct da partenza da mintga stadi democratic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalissem_instituziunal">Federalissem instituziunal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifitgar secziun: Federalissem instituziunal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Federalissem instituziunal"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exempels per il federalissem instituziunal èn tschertas partidas, uniuns e.a. che sa furman en ils singuls pajais federativs, chantuns etc. e che surdattan ina part da las incumbensas e cumpetenzas ad in’organisaziun da tetg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Furmaziun">Furmaziun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifitgar secziun: Furmaziun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Furmaziun"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stadis federals pon sa furmar sco suonda: </p> <ul><li>Sco colliaziuns da stadis ch’eran fin qua independents ad in stadi cumplessiv pli grond (p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>).</li> <li>Cun schluccar e sutdivider las structuras d’in stadi central da fin qua (p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginavel_Un%C3%AC" title="Reginavel Unì">Reginavel Unì</a>).</li> <li>Sco cuntinuaziun da l’idea d’ina tscherta independenza entaifer ina monarchia (pajais da la curuna) e transfurmaziun dal territori respectiv en ina furma republicana (p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>).</li> <li>Sco structura che vegn octroiada per motivs da la politica mundiala (p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_ed_Erzegovina" title="Bosnia ed Erzegovina">Bosnia ed Erzegovina</a>).</li></ul> <p>Vischnancas autonomas èn sa furmadas: </p> <ul><li>Tar la colonisaziun d’in territori ch’era fin qua nunabità (p.ex. Islanda).</li> <li>Suenter esser sa liberà d’in domini ester (p.ex. Veglia Confederaziun).</li> <li>Suenter ch’in stadi è de facto vegnì schlià (p.ex. en la retroterra da la Somalia).</li> <li>Or da la schientscha ch’il stadi na procuria betg per segirezza e na porschia nagin avegnir (p.ex. <i>gated communities</i>, <i>intentional communities</i>, <i>lifeboat communities</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcziuns_dal_federalissem">Funcziuns dal federalissem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifitgar secziun: Funcziuns dal federalissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Funcziuns dal federalissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteca:Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg/langrm-240px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg/langrm-360px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg/langrm-480px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Charta dals singuls stadis commembers che furman ensemen ils Stadis Unids da l’America</figcaption></figure> <p>Sco gudogn politic d’in urden federativ sa laschan allegar surtut ils suandants puncts: En in sistem politic structurà sin plirs plauns organisescha la societad per ina buna part sasezza (regulaziun autonoma); al stadi cumplessiv pervegna l’incumbensa da «regular la regulaziun autonoma». Il federalissem vivifitgescha la collavuraziun democratica, er cun pussibilitar la participaziun politica ‹al lieu›. La furmaziun da l’opiniun politica ha lieu sin differents nivels tenor il princip da subsidiaritad; quai garantescha er che quest process haja lieu datiers dals problems concrets ed a moda flexibla. Als acturs locals e regiunals pussibilitescha il sistem federal da rimnar experientschas politicas ‹en il pitschen›; e tranter las singulas parts dal stadi cumplessiv maina il federalissem ad ina tscherta cumpetitivitad e pussibilitescha da congualar las differentas regiuns ina cun l’autra. E betg il davos prevegna ina separaziun da las pussanzas federativa a concentrar la pussanza be sin in plaun statal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L’ambivalenza_tranter_l’autodeterminaziun_e_la_pussanza_da_regulaziun_surordinada"><span id="L.E2.80.99ambivalenza_tranter_l.E2.80.99autodeterminaziun_e_la_pussanza_da_regulaziun_surordinada"></span>L’ambivalenza tranter l’autodeterminaziun e la pussanza da regulaziun surordinada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifitgar secziun: L’ambivalenza tranter l’autodeterminaziun e la pussanza da regulaziun surordinada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: L’ambivalenza tranter l’autodeterminaziun e la pussanza da regulaziun surordinada"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Betg mo stadis federals, mabain en general tut las structuras politicas pli grondas stattan davant la sfida da chattar l’equiliber tranter la pretensiun dal stadi cumplessiv da diriger l’urden politic ed il dretg d’autodeterminaziun da parts da la communitad sutordinadas (regiuns, etnias, cuminanzas religiusas etc.). La via ad in cumpromiss maina d’ina vart sur la decentralisaziun politica (stadi federal u regiuns autonomas), da l’autra vart sur la collavuraziun adequata d’organs da represchentaziun sin il plaun surordinà. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralisaziun_politica">Decentralisaziun politica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifitgar secziun: Decentralisaziun politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Decentralisaziun politica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surtut la decentralisaziun politica è, en cumbinaziun cun il princip da subsidiaritad, in impurtant instrument per cultivar e furmar decisiuns politicas datiers dals burgais. A las instanzas da regulaziun surordinadas resta alura da definir las cundiziuns generalas, entaifer las qualas la regulaziun autonoma po sa sviluppar. In exempel che mussa bain questa furma da regulaziun e collavuraziun tranter ils differents plauns politics è il sectur da la scola populara: Tschertas premissas e cundiziuns da basa èn regladas a nivel naziunal, en lur realisaziun èn las singulas parts dal stadi (chantuns, pajais federativs) però vaira libras ed autonomas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambivalenza_democratica">Ambivalenza democratica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifitgar secziun: Ambivalenza democratica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Ambivalenza democratica"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sper la decentralisaziun politica èn organs correspundents a nivel dal stadi cumplessiv indispensabels per pudair garantir la represchentaziun adequata da las singulas parts dal stadi e da sias cuminanzas. Quai vegn illustrà qua a l’exempel dals Stadis Unids da l’America. </p><p>Sco tut ils stadis federals sa stentan er ils <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a> d’ina vart da tegnair quint dals dretgs d’autodeterminaziun democratica da las singulas parts dal stadi e da garantir ina represchentaziun federativa da quels sin plaun naziunal. Da l’autra vart han ils burgais il dretg d’esser represchentads sin plaun naziunal a moda egalitara (<i>one man, one vote</i>). Omaduas pretensiuns sa laschan be metter cun stenta sut in tetg: N’ha betg mintga singula vusch da las burgaisas e dals burgais il medem pais, smanatscha in deficit da democrazia; ma ha mintga singula vusch il medem pais, exista il ristg che pitschens stadis commembers vegnian ‹stuschads a l’ur› tras il pais dals stadis commembers fitg populads, quai che manass ad in deficit federativ. Per evitar tant ina maiorisaziun democratica sco er ina maiorisaziun federativa prevesa la constituziun dals Stadis Unids per la legislaziun conclus congruents tant dal Senat sco er da la Chombra dals represchentants. En il Senat è mintga stadi commember represchentà senza resguard da ses dumber da la populaziun cun mintgamai dus senaturs (pia cun medem pais federativ); en la Chombra dals represchentants è mintga burgais (pli precis: mintga electur) represchentà cun in pais pli u main equivalent. Ina situaziun cumparegliabla exista er en auters stadis; en <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a> èn quai il Cussegl naziunal ed il Cussegl dals chantuns. En autras organisaziuns, sco per exempel en l’Uniun europeica, prendan ins percunter en cumpra in deficit democratic per rinforzar la capacitad da decider dals organs europeics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Furmas_dal_federalissem">Furmas dal federalissem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifitgar secziun: Furmas dal federalissem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Furmas dal federalissem"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tranter auter sa laschan differenziar las suandantas furmas dal federalissem. Singulas noziuns cumpletteschan per part ina l’autra, autras èn plitost da muntada istorica: </p> <ul><li>Federalissem unitar, p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li>Federalissem cooperativ, p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. (Las incumbensas a nivel dal stadi cumplessiv e da sias parts èn sapientivamain entretschadas per meglierar la collavuraziun).</li> <li>Federalissem cumpetitiv u federalissem dual, p.ex. Stadis Unids da l’America. (Las incumbensas a nivel dal stadi cumplessiv e da sias parts èn spartidas strictamain a basa dal princip da la concurrenza).</li> <li>Federalissem simmetric, p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Svizra" title="Svizra">Svizra</a>. (Tut las parts dal stadi cumplessiv disponan precis dals medems dretgs).</li> <li>Federalissem asimetric, p.ex. <a href="/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna">Spagna</a>. (Entaifer las singulas parts dal stadi cumplessiv datti differenzas areguard ils dretgs e las obligaziuns; singulas regiuns disponan da dapli autonomia).</li> <li>Federalissem libertar (u persistent): Vischnancas autonomas s’uneschan or d’agen impuls per schliar communablamain quai che surpassas las pussaivladads d’unitads pli pitschnas.</li> <li>Federalissem da stirpa: Inscunters associativs/dissociativs da pussanzas politicas localas u regiunalas en cas d’ina autoritad reducida dal stadi naziunal (p.ex. pajais da las Alps).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stadis_federals">Stadis federals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifitgar secziun: Stadis federals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Stadis federals"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stadi_central_–_stadi_federal_–_stadi_federativ"><span id="Stadi_central_.E2.80.93_stadi_federal_.E2.80.93_stadi_federativ"></span>Stadi central – stadi federal – stadi federativ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifitgar secziun: Stadi central – stadi federal – stadi federativ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=17" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Stadi central – stadi federal – stadi federativ"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datoteca:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg&lang=de" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-240px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-360px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-480px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Sistem administrativ da la Republica Federala Tudestga</figcaption></figure> <p>In stadi federal sa differenziescha per l’ina dal stadi central (u unitar), per l’autra dal stadi federativ. </p><p>Entant ch’il stadi federativ furma be ina colliaziun lucca da stadis suverans, sa tracti tar il stadi federal d’ina uniun da stadis (betg suverans) ad in stadi cumplessiv (suveran). Las relaziuns tranter il stadi federal e sias parts vegn sclerida en il dretg public naziunal e betg en il dretg internaziunal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La constituziun dal stadi cumplessiv reparta las cumpetenzas statalas tranter ils organs dal stadi federal e quels da sias singulas parts en quel senn che ni ils organs federals ni ils stadis commembers disponan d’ina pussanza da regulaziun che fiss superiura a l’autra instituziun. Tras questa repartiziun da la suveranitad da las cumpetenzas sa differenziescha il stadi federal tant dal stadi unitar sco er dal stadi federativ.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En in stadi unitar, sco per exempel la Frantscha, è la suveranitad da las cumpetenzas percunter centralisada. Tut las cumpetenzas legalas en il stadi vegnan deducidas da questa suveranitad statala surordinada ed èn suttamessas a la pussanza da disponer da quella. Uschia n’ha per exempel in’autoritad locala naginas cumpetenzas or d’agen dretg ch’impedissan il stadi unitar da puspè retrair questas cumpetenzas u da schliar l’autoritad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repartiziun_da_las_cumpetenzas_tranter_il_stadi_federal_e_sias_parts">Repartiziun da las cumpetenzas tranter il stadi federal e sias parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifitgar secziun: Repartiziun da las cumpetenzas tranter il stadi federal e sias parts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=18" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Repartiziun da las cumpetenzas tranter il stadi federal e sias parts"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La repartiziun da las incumbensas tranter il stadi federal e sias parts po vegnir fatga tenor criteris tematics ubain tenor ponderaziuns funcziunalas. Tenor criteris tematics è per exempel il stadi federal responsabel per la politica da l’exteriur e da finanzas, entant ch’ils stadis commembers èn cumpetents per ils fatgs da scola e la segirezza interna. Tar la repartiziun funcziunala è per exempel il stadi federal responsabel per elavurar leschas e las singulas parts da quel per exequir quellas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territori_statal">Territori statal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifitgar secziun: Territori statal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=19" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Territori statal"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En stadis organisads a moda federala sa tschenta la dumonda davart la relaziun tranter il territori statal dal stadi federal ed il territori statal da ses stadis commembers. </p><p>Per ordinari è il territori statal dals dus plauns statals congruent. Ma i po er dar la situaziun che tscherts territoris èn suttamess directamain al stadi federal, senza appartegnair ad in stadi commember da quel. Quai è per exempel il cas tar il Capital Territory da l’<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, tar ils territoris dal <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> u tar il District of Columbia dals <a href="/wiki/Stadis_Unids" title="Stadis Unids">Stadis Unids</a>. In exempel istoric furma il Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen ch’appartegneva directamain a l’Imperi tudestg. </p><p>Da l’autra vart poi er dar territoris ch’appartegnan ad in stadi commember, ma che na fan betg part dal stadi federativ. In exempel istoric per questa situaziun furma la part meridiunala dal Gronducadi da Hessen che n’ha, cuntrari al gronducadi sco tal, betg fatg part ils onns 1867–1871 da la Confederaziun da la Germania dal Nord. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stadis_federativs">Stadis federativs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifitgar secziun: Stadis federativs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=20" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Stadis federativs"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In’autra furma dal federalissem è il stadi federativ. Tar quel sa tracti d’ina colliaziun da stadis suverans a basa da cunvegnas. Entaifer il stadi federativ poi bain dar instituziuns communablas, a las qualas ils stadis surdattan singuls dretgs da suveranitad. La cumpetenza da suveranitad cumplessiva resta però tar ils singuls stadis commembers. Quels decidan er or d’atgna iniziativa da puspè sortir da la lia. In exempel furma l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniun_africana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniun africana (n'exista betg)">Uniun africana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L’Europa_federala"><span id="L.E2.80.99Europa_federala"></span>L’Europa federala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifitgar secziun: L’Europa federala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=21" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: L’Europa federala"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er tar la Communitad economica europeica (CEE) e la Communitad europeica (CE) han ins pudì discurrer sur lung temp d’in stadi federativ. Ozendi dispona l’<a href="/wiki/Uniun_europeica" title="Uniun europeica">Uniun europeica</a> però sper in’atgna administraziun er da cumpetenzas che vegnan survegliadas, a basa dals contracts da l’UE, dal Tribunal da la Communitad europeica. L’Uniun europeica furma in construct supranaziunal sui generis che surpassa in stadi federal; ma ella n’è nagin stadi.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La pretensiun da stgaffir per l’entira Europa ina constituziun tenor ils princips d’in stadi federal numnan ins ‹federalissem europeic›. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotaziuns">Annotaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifitgar secziun: Annotaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=22" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Annotaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Gröpl: <i>Staatsrecht I</i>, 3. ed., C.H. Beck, Minca 2011, coll. 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deuerlein: <i>Föderalismus</i>; Bothe: <i>Föderalismus</i>, p. 21–32; Schultze: <i>Föderalismus</i>, p. 95–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">André Thieme: <i>Der Föderalismusbegriff im Wandel der Zeiten – eine Annäherung</i>, en: Michael Richter, Thomas Schaarschmidt, Mike Schmeitzner (ed.): <i>Länder, Gaue und Bezirke. Mitteldeutschland im 20. Jahrhundert</i>. Mitteldeutscher Verlag, Dresden 2007, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thieme: <i>Der Föderalismusbegriff im Wandel der Zeiten</i>, p. 15s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thieme: <i>Der Föderalismusbegriff im Wandel der Zeiten</i>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thieme: <i>Der Föderalismusbegriff im Wandel der Zeiten</i>, p. 22s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thieme: <i>Der Föderalismusbegriff im Wandel der Zeiten</i>, p. 16s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theo Öhlinger: <i>Die Verfassungsentwicklung in Österreich seit 1974 Bundesstaat, Rechtsstaat und Demokratie als Thema verfassungsrechtlicher Reformen</i>, en: <i>Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht</i>, 37 (1977), p. 405ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thieme: <i>Der Föderalismusbegriff im Wandel der Zeiten</i>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Pernthaler: <i>Allgemeine Staatslehre und Verfassungslehre</i>. Springer, Vienna/New York 1996, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. E.A. Hausteiner e.a.: <i>Föderalismus</i>, en: <i>Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte</i>, 28–30/2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhold Zippelius: <i>Allgemeine Staatslehre</i>, 17. ed., §§ 3 III 4; 35 II 2; 38, surtut IV 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor Schweisfurth: <i>Völkerrecht</i>, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3825283399" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8252-8339-9</a>, p. 36s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Helmut Rüdiger: <i>Föderalismus, Beitrag zur Geschichte der Freiheit</i>, AHDE-Verlag, Berlin 1979, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3813600017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8136-0001-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Ingo von Münch, Ute Mager: <i>Staatsrecht I. Staatsorganisationsrecht unter Berücksichtigung der europarechtlichen Bezüge.</i> 7. ed., Stuttgart 2009, p. 370ss.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zippelius: <i>Allgemeine Staatslehre</i>, 17. ed., § 9 IV, § 39 I 1, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Benz: <i>Der moderne Staat. Grundlagen der politologischen Analyse</i>, Oldenbourg, Minca 2001, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. latiers Schweisfurth: <i>Völkerrecht</i>, Tübingen 2006, 1. chap. § 8.II.1 e Katharina Holzinger, en: Christoph Knill, Dirk Peters e.a. (ed.): <i>Die Europäische Union. Theorien und Analysekonzepte</i>, Schöningh/UTB, Paderborn 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3825226824" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8252-2682-4</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratura">Litteratura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifitgar secziun: Litteratura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=23" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Litteratura"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Introducziun</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Reinhold Zippelius: <i>Allgemeine Staatslehre (Politikwissenschaft)</i>. 17. ed., C.H. Beck, Minca 2017, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783406712968" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-71296-8</a>, §§ 38ss.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lexicons</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Uwe Andersen: <i>Bundesstaat/Föderalismus</i>. En: Uwe Andersen/Wichard Woyke: <i>Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems</i>, 5avla ediziun actualisada, Opladen 2003, p. 83–91.</li> <li>Manfred G. Schmidt: <i>Föderalismus</i>. En: <i>Wörterbuch zur Politik</i>, 2. ediziun repassada ed extendida, Stuttgart 2004, p. 231s.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Istorgia da las ideas</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Emil Brunner: <i>Gerechtigkeit. Eine Lehre von den Grundgesetzen der Gesellschaftsordnung.</i> Theologischer Verlag, Turitg 1981.</li> <li>Ernst Deuerlein: <i>Föderalismus. Die historischen und philosophischen Grundlagen des föderativen Prinzips.</i> Minca 1972.</li> <li>Giuseppe Duso, Werner Krawietz, Dieter Wyduckel (ed.): <i>Konsens und Konsoziation in der politischen Theorie des frühen Föderalismus</i>. Berlin 1997.</li> <li>Horst Dreitzel: <i>Althusius in der Geschichte des Föderalismus.</i> En: E. Bonfatti, G. Duso, M. Scattola (ed.): <i>Politische Begriffe und historisches Umfeld in der ‹Politica methodice digesta› des Johannes Althusius</i>, (<i>Wolfenbütteler Forschungen</i>, tom 100), Wiesbaden 2002, p. 49–112.</li> <li>Constantin Frantz: <i>Der Föderalismus als das leitende Prinzip für die soziale, staatliche und internationale Organisation, unter besonderer Bezugnahme auf Deutschland.</i> Restampa da l’ediziun Magonza 1879. Scientia Verlag, Aalen 1962.</li> <li>Carl Joachim Friedrich: <i>Nationaler und internationaler Föderalismus in Theorie und Praxis</i>. En: <i>Politische Vierteljahresschrift</i>, V. annada, Cologna/Opladen 1964, p. 154–187.</li> <li>Carl Joachim Friedrich: <i>Trends of Federalism in Theory and Practice</i>. New York/Londra 1968.</li> <li>Albert Funk: <i>Föderalismus in Deutschland. Vom Fürstenbund zur Bundesrepublik.</i> Paderborn 2010 (Ediziun da licenza <i>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung</i>, Bonn 2010, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783838900971" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8389-0097-1</a>).</li> <li>Thomas O. Hüglin: <i>Sozietaler Föderalismus. Die politische Theorie des Johannes Althusius</i>. Berlin/New York 1991.</li> <li>Eugen Stamm: <i>Ein berühmter Unberühmter. Neue Studien über Konstantin Frantz und den Föderalismus.</i> Curt Weller Verlag, Constanza 1948.</li> <li>Barbara Zehnpfennig: <i>Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay. Die Federalist Papers</i>. Minca 2007.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Perscrutaziun actuala</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Andreas Heinemann-Grüder: <i>Föderalismus als Konfliktregelung. Indien, Russland, Spanien und Nigeria im Vergleich.</i> Opladen 2012, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/9783866494206" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-86649-420-6</a>.</li> <li>Ines Härtel (ed.): <i>Handbuch Föderalismus – Föderalismus als demokratische Rechtsordnung und Rechtskultur in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt</i>. 4 toms, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 2012. Tom 1: <i>Grundlagen des Föderalismus und der deutsche Bundesstaat.</i> Tom 2: <i>Probleme, Reformen, Perspektiven des deutschen Föderalismus.</i> Tom 3: <i>Entfaltungsbereiche des Föderalismus.</i> Tom 4: <i>Föderalismus in Europa und der Welt.</i></li> <li>Fritz W. Scharpf e.a.: <i>Politikverflechtung. Theorie und Empirie des kooperativen Föderalismus in der Bundesrepublik</i>. 2 toms, Kronberg/Ts. 1976.</li> <li>Fritz W. Scharpf: <i>Die Politikverflechtungsfalle: Europäische Integration und deutscher Föderalismus im Vergleich.</i> En: <i>Politische Vierteljahresschrift</i>, 21avla annada, 1985, p. 323–356.</li> <li>Joachim J. Hesse (ed.): <i>Politikverflechtung im föderativen Staat</i>. Baden-Baden 1978.</li> <li>Michael Matheus: <i>Regionen und Föderalismus. 50 Jahre Rheinland-Pfalz</i> (<i>Mainzer Vorträge</i>, 2). Stuttgart 1997.</li> <li>Rainer-Olaf Schultze: <i>Föderalismus als Alternative? Überlegungen zur territorialen Reorganisation von Herrschaft.</i> En: <i>Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen</i>, 21avla annada, Opladen 1990, p. 475–490.</li> <li>Fritz W. Scharpf: <i>Europäisches Demokratiedefizit und deutscher Föderalismus</i>. En: <i>Staatswissenschaften und Staatspraxis</i>, 3. annada, carnet 3, 1992.</li> <li>Heidrun Abromeit: <i>Der verkappte Einheitsstaat</i>. Opladen 1992.</li> <li>Reinhold Zippelius: <i>Die Modernität des Föderalismus.</i> En: <i>Recht und Gerechtigkeit in der offenen Gesellschaft</i>, 2. ed., Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1996, <a href="/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3428086619" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-428-08661-9</a>, chap. 20.</li> <li>Fritz W. Scharpf: <i>Optionen des Föderalismus in Deutschland und Europa</i>. Francfurt a.M./New York 1994.</li> <li>Heinz Laufer, Ursula Münch: <i>Das föderative System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i>. Opladen 1998.</li> <li>Roland Sturm: <i>Föderalismus in Deutschland.</i> Leske + Budrich, Opladen 2001.</li> <li>Klaus von Beyme: <i>Föderalismus und regionales Bewusstsein. Ein internationaler Vergleich</i>. Minca 2007.</li> <li>Charles B. Blankart: <i>Föderalismus in Deutschland und in Europa.</i> Baden-Baden 2007.</li> <li>Francesco Palermo, Rudolf Hrbek, Elisabeth Alber (ed.): <i>Auf dem Weg zu asymmetrischem Föderalismus?</i> Baden-Baden 2008.</li> <li>Winfried Böttcher (ed.): <i>Subsidiarität – Regionalismus – Föderalismus.</i> Münster 2004.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Carnets tematics / periodica</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Föderalismus. Analysen in entwicklungsgeschichtlicher und vergleichender Perspektive</i>. Ed. dad Arthur Benz e Gerhard Lehmbruch, carnet spezial 32/2001 da la <i>Politische Vierteljahresschrift</i>, Wiesbaden 2002.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schweizermonatshefte.ch/index.php?nav=frhr&heft=10">Föderalismus</a></i>, carnet tematic dals <i>Schweizer Monatshefte</i>, matg 2005.</li> <li><i>Jahrbuch des Föderalismus 2007. Föderalismus, Subsidiarität und Regionen in Europa</i>. 8avla ediziun, ed. da l’Europäisches Zentrum für Föderalismus-Forschung Tübingen, Baden-Baden 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colliaziuns">Colliaziuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifitgar secziun: Colliaziuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifitgar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&action=edit&section=24" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Colliaziuns"><span>modifitgar il code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Federalism?uselang=rm">Commons: Federalissem</a></span></b> – Collecziun da maletgs, videos e datotecas d'audio</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foederalismus.de/"><i>Europäisches Zentrum für Föderalismus-Forschung</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unifr.ch/federalism"><i>Institut für Föderalismus der Universität Freiburg</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dif-hannover.de/"><i>Deutsches Institut für Föderalismusforschung</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.1087.450.0.html">Federalissem</a> en il <a href="/wiki/Lexicon_istoric_retic" title="Lexicon istoric retic">Lexicon istoric retic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-lir.ch/e-LIR___Lexicon.1088.450.0.html">Federaziun</a> en il <a href="/wiki/Lexicon_istoric_retic" title="Lexicon istoric retic">Lexicon istoric retic</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&oldid=166450">https://rm.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&oldid=166450</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spezial:Kategorien" title="Spezial:Kategorien">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Seiten,_die_magische_ISBN-Links_verwenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden (n'exista betg)">Seiten, die magische ISBN-Links verwenden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Politica" title="Categoria:Politica">Politica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Artitgels_recumandads_(Politica)" title="Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Politica)">Artitgels recumandads (Politica)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è vegnida modifitgada l'ultima giada ils 8. avust 2024 a las 20:57.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.grok.se/rm/latest30/Federalissem">Statistica d'access per questa pagina</a><br /><br /> Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/de">Protecziun da datas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Davart">Davart Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Impressum">Impressum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Verhaltenskodex</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Sviluppaders</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/rm.wikipedia.org">Statistiken</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Stellungnahme zu Cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//rm.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalissem&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versiun mobila</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-j4d7q","wgBackendResponseTime":222,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.075","walltime":"0.322","ppvisitednodes":{"value":375,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":662,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":74,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":4,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":7684,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 6.579 1 -total"," 57.30% 3.770 1 Model:Commonscat"," 40.25% 2.648 2 Model:E-LIR"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-64476968cd-ld657","timestamp":"20241102103830","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Federalissem","url":"https:\/\/rm.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federalissem","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q204886","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q204886","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Autoren der Wikimedia-Projekte"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2018-11-07T22:12:34Z","dateModified":"2024-08-08T19:57:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/Map_of_federal_states.svg"}</script> </body> </html>