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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Vlad Dracul" redirects here. Not to be confused with his son, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_Dracula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad Dracula">Vlad Dracula</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Vlad II (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a> from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447. He is internationally known as the father of <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a>, or Dracula. Born an <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate son</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a>, he spent his youth at the court of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Luxembourg">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a>, who made him a member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a> in 1431 (hence his <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a>). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a>, allowing him to settle in nearby <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. Vlad could not assert his claim during the life of his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Aldea" title="Alexander I Aldea">Alexander I Aldea</a>, who acknowledged the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Vlad II Dracul</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlad_Dracul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Vlad_Dracul.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="229"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1436 – 1442</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Aldea" title="Alexander I Aldea">Alexander I Aldea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea II">Mircea II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1443 – 1447</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basarab_II_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab II of Wallachia">Basarab II of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1395</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1447(1447-11-00) (aged 51–52) <a href="/wiki/Ilfov_County" title="Ilfov County">Bălteni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Dealu_Monastery" title="Dealu Monastery">Dealu Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba_County" title="Dâmbovița County">Dâmbovița County</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Moldavia#Personal_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander I of Moldavia">Doamna Eupraxia of Moldavia</a></li><li>Doamna Călțuna ?</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia" title="Mircea II of Wallachia">Mircea II of Wallachia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_the_Impaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III the Impaler">Vlad III the Impaler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu cel Frumos">Radu III the Fair</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_C%C4%83lug%C4%83rul" title="Vlad Călugărul">Vlad IV the Monk</a></li><li>Alexandra of Wallachia</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" title="House of Drăculești">House of Drăculești</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></td></tr></tbody></table> After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad seized Wallachia with Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's position weakened, causing Vlad to pay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> in the summer of 1438. <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">Voivode of Transylvania</a>, came to Wallachia to convince Vlad to join a crusade against the Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army in Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> where he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and made Vlad's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Basarab_II_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab II of Wallachia">Basarab II</a>, voivode. Vlad was released before the end of the year but was forced to leave his two young sons as <a href="/wiki/Hostages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostages">hostages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman court</a>. He was restored in Wallachia with Ottoman support in 1443. He remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire between October 1443 and January 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against the Ottomans during the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a>. With the support of a Burgundian fleet, he captured the important Ottoman fortress at <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a> in 1445. He made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration of his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad to flee from <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> in late November, where he was killed at a nearby village. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Reign">2 Reign</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_rule">2.1 First rule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Captivity_and_second_rule">2.2 Captivity and second rule</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Family">3 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References">4 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sources">5 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Vlad's early life is poorly documented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936-1">[1]</a> He was born before 1395,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936-1">[1]</a> and was one of the numerous <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate sons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936-1">[1]</a> Vlad's modern biographers agree that he was sent as a hostage to <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Luxembourg">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, in 1395 or 1396.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200039-2">[2]</a> Sigismund mentioned that Vlad had been educated at his court, suggesting that he spent his youth in <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and other major towns of Hungary and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936-1">[1]</a> Mircea I died in 1418, and his only legitimate son (and co-ruler), <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Wallachia" title="Michael I of Wallachia">Michael</a>, succeeded him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200036-3">[3]</a> Two years later, Michael died fighting against his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Dan_II_of_Wallachia" title="Dan II of Wallachia">Dan II</a> (the son of Mircea I's elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Dan_I_of_Wallachia" title="Dan I of Wallachia">Dan I</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200031,_37%E2%80%9338-4">[4]</a> During the following decade, Dan II and Vlad's half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Radu_II_of_Wallachia" title="Radu II of Wallachia">Radu II Praznaglava</a>, were fighting against each other for Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200038-5">[5]</a> Vlad left Buda for Poland without Sigismund's authorization in early 1423, but was captured before reaching the border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198937-6">[6]</a> Before long, Sigismund acknowledged Dan II as the lawful ruler of Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198938-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> historian, <a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a>, recorded that Vlad was "an officer in the army" of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a>, and he "had access" to the imperial palace in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198938-7">[7]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Radu Florescu</a> says that Sigismund had appointed Vlad to receive John VIII (who had come to Italy to seek assistance against the Ottomans) in Venice in 1423, and Vlad accompanied the emperor back to Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198938-7">[7]</a> After realizing that John VIII could not help him to seize Wallachia, Vlad returned to Hungary in 1429.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198939-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200039-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A simple three-storey house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG/220px-Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG/220px-Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG" data-alt="A simple three-storey house" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG/330px-Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG/440px-Casa_Vlad_Dracul_din_Sighisoara4.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vlad_Dracul_House" title="Vlad Dracul House">Vlad Dracul House</a> in the main square of <a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a> where Vlad Dracul lived in the early 1430s</figcaption></figure> Sigismund made Vlad a first-class member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a> (a chivalric order established by Sigismund) in Nuremberg on 8 February 1431.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198940-9">[9]</a> Other first-class members included <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198940-9">[9]</a> The dragon-shaped badge of the order gave rise to his Romanian sobriquet, Dracul ("the Dragon"), for which his sons became known as Dracula ("son of Dracul").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198940-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012133-10">[10]</a> Vlad swore fealty to Sigismund who declared him the lawful prince of Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198941-11">[11]</a> Vlad had to promise that he would protect the Roman Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198941-11">[11]</a> However, Sigismund did not assist him to seize Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200039-2">[2]</a> In the summer, Vlad's half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Aldea" title="Alexander I Aldea">Alexander I Aldea</a>, invaded Wallachia with Moldavian support and dethroned Dan II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200041-12">[12]</a> Vlad did not abandon his claim to Wallachia and settled in Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200042-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012143-14">[14]</a> A Neo-Renaissance mural in a three-storey house in the main square of <a href="/wiki/Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Sighișoara">Sighișoara</a> (which was uncovered on the 500th anniversary of the death of Vlad Dracul's son, Dracula) may depict Vlad Dracul after an original painting, according to Radu Florescu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198945-15">[15]</a> The mural depicts a corpulent man with oval-shaped eyes and long moustaches wearing a white turban.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198944-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_Aldea" title="Alexander I Aldea">Alexander I Aldea</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Adrianople</a> to do homage to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, in 1432.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200042-13">[13]</a> Vlad wanted to invade Wallachia with the support of <a href="/wiki/Wallachian_boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallachian boyars">Wallachian boyars</a> (or noblemen) who had fled to Transylvania, but Alexander Aldea's principal official, Albu, prevented the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200042-13">[13]</a> Sigismund authorized Vlad to buy weapons and muster an army of exiled boyars only in 1434.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198943-17">[17]</a> In 1435, Alexander Aldea fell seriously ill and never recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200043-18">[18]</a> Taking advantage of his brother's illness, Vlad broke into Wallachia, but Alexander Aldea and his Ottoman allies forced him to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200043-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_rule">First rule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First rule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallachia_cca1390.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of Wallachia, Dobruja, and three fiefs in the Kingdom of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wallachia_cca1390.svg/220px-Wallachia_cca1390.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wallachia_cca1390.svg/220px-Wallachia_cca1390.svg.png" data-alt="Map of Wallachia, Dobruja, and three fiefs in the Kingdom of Hungary" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wallachia_cca1390.svg/330px-Wallachia_cca1390.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wallachia_cca1390.svg/440px-Wallachia_cca1390.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lands ruled around 1390 by Vlad Dracul's father, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a></figcaption></figure> Alexander Aldea died in autumn 1436, enabling Vlad Dracul to seize Wallachia with Hungarian support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200043-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012143-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001237-19">[19]</a> He did not dismiss his predecessor's officials with the exception of Albu, who thus became his enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200045%E2%80%9346-20">[20]</a> Vlad did not confirm the treaty that Alexander Aldea had concluded with the Ottomans, provoking an Ottoman incursion against Wallachia in November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200043-18">[18]</a> Vlad's patron, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Luxembourg">Sigismund of Luxembourg</a>, died on 9 December 1437.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001239-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198949-23">[23]</a> Sigismund's death and the <a href="/wiki/Budai_Nagy_Antal_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Budai Nagy Antal revolt">uprising of the Transylvanian peasants</a> weakened Hungary, forcing Vlad to seek reconciliation with the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a> He went to <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> and swore fealty to Murad II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a> He also promised to pay a yearly tribute to the sultan and to support the Ottomans' military campaigns at the sultan's order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198949-23">[23]</a> Before long, Murad II decided to invade Hungary and gathered his troops at <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Germany" title="Albert II of Germany">Albert of Habsburg</a> (who was Sigismund of Luxembourg's son-in-law and successor)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001279-25">[25]</a> wrote a letter to Vlad, ordering him to protect Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160-24">[24]</a> Ignoring the king's command, Vlad joined Murad II who came to Wallachia at the head of his army in summer 1438, serving the sultan as his guide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012164-26">[26]</a> The Ottoman and Wallachian troops broke into Hungary at Orșova.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160-24">[24]</a> They routed the army of a local Vlach kenez, Cândea, near <a href="/wiki/Ha%C8%9Beg" title="Hațeg">Hațeg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200137-27">[27]</a> They marched along the river <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)" title="Mureș (river)">Mureș</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2lnic,_Alba" title="Câlnic, Alba">Câlnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebe%C8%99" title="Sebeș">Sebeș</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a> At Sebeș, Vlad convinced the leaders of the town to give in without resistance, promising to protect their property if they accompanied him to Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200137-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012161-28">[28]</a> The Ottomans and Wallachians laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, but the siege lasted only for 8 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a> They destroyed the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, before they left Hungary loaded with plunder and taking more than 30,000 captives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160%E2%80%93161-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200137-27">[27]</a> After the Ottoman army left Wallachia, Vlad offered Albert of Habsburg to set the burghers who had been captured at Sebeș free, but the king (who regarded them traitors) refused his offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200045-30">[30]</a> Vlad's attempts to maintain a balance between Hungary and the Ottomans made both the king and the sultan suspicious about his true intentions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200045-30">[30]</a> Albert allowed a pretender to the Wallachian throne, <a href="/wiki/Basarab_II_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab II of Wallachia">Basarab</a> (who was a son of Dan II) to settle in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200045-30">[30]</a> The Ottomans strengthened the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a> and sent new troops to garrison the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200177-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert of Habsburg</a> died on 27 October 1439.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001280-32">[32]</a> The majority of the Hungarian noblemen elected <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Poland</a> king in early 1440.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281-33">[33]</a> Władysław made the talented military commander, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Transylvania" title="Voivode of Transylvania">voivode of Transylvania</a> in February 1441.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001283-34">[34]</a> Hunyadi who decided to restore the influence of Hungary in Wallachia ordered the burghers of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> to mint coins for Vlad around 15 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012280-35">[35]</a> Two or three weeks later, Hunyadi came to <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> to meet Vlad, demanding him to join a crusade against the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012280-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198953-36">[36]</a> After Hunyadi defeated the Ottomans in Transylvania in March 1442,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001285-37">[37]</a> the Ottoman governor of Bulgaria accused Vlad of treachery, according to the contemporaneous Ottoman historian, <a href="/wiki/Ne%C5%9Fri" title="Neşri">Neşri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198954-39">[39]</a> Murad summoned Vlad to <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> to demonstrate his loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a> Before departing, Vlad made his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia" title="Mircea II of Wallachia">Mircea</a>, the ruler of Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a> Soon after he came to Edirne, he was captured at the sultan's command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a> He was held in captivity in <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captivity_and_second_rule">Captivity and second rule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Captivity and second rule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F,_the_Impaler,_Prince_of_Wallachia_(1456-1462)_(died_1477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A long-faced man with oval-shaped eyes and long moustaches wearing a cap decorated by pearls and feather" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg/220px-Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3698" data-file-height="4660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 277px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg/220px-Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg" data-alt="A long-faced man with oval-shaped eyes and long moustaches wearing a cap decorated by pearls and feather" data-width="220" data-height="277" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg/330px-Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg/440px-Vlad_%C5%A2epe%C5%9F%2C_the_Impaler%2C_Prince_of_Wallachia_%281456-1462%29_%28died_1477%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vlad Dracul's son, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> (or Dracula)</figcaption></figure> Murad sent <a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_%C5%9Eehabeddin" title="Hadım Şehabeddin">Hadım Şehabeddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a> (or governor) of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a>, to annex Wallachia in August 1442.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200181-40">[40]</a> Hunyadi annihilated the Ottoman army in the Carpathian Mountains in September,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001285-37">[37]</a> and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab, voivode of Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a> Before the end of the year, Murad II released Vlad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a> Vlad had to pledge that he would not support the enemies of the Ottoman Empire and he would pay an annual tribute and send 500 Wallachian boys to serve as <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> in the sultan's army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198954-39">[39]</a> He was also forced to leave his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radu_cel_Frumos" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu cel Frumos">Radu</a>, as hostages in the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">[38]</a> The circumstances of Vlad's return to Wallachia are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200190-41">[41]</a> He regained his throne between March and September 1443.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200190-41">[41]</a> During Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire, which lasted from October 1443 to January 1444,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001286-42">[42]</a> Vlad remained neutral, especially because the sultan promised the release of his two sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200190-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047%E2%80%9348-43">[43]</a> In the ensuing peace negotiations between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, Murad II was willing to release Vlad from his obligation to personally visit his court,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012390-44">[44]</a> but the papal legate, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Cesarini" title="Julian Cesarini">Julian Cesarini</a>, prevented the ratification of the peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001287-45">[45]</a> Instead, he urged Władysław to continue the crusade against the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001287-45">[45]</a> On the other hand, Vlad tried to dissuade Władysław III from waging war against the Ottomans, reminding him that Murad II went hunting with more retainers than Władysław had troops, according to the Polish historian, <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200048-46">[46]</a> Nevertheless, he sent 4,000 horsemen under the command of his son, Mircea, to fight against the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012204-47">[47]</a> The crusade ended with the catastrophic defeat of the crusaders in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a> on 10 November 1444.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200048-46">[46]</a> After the battle Hunyadi wanted to return to Hungary through Wallachia, but he was captured by Wallachian soldiers at the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001111-48">[48]</a> Vlad only released him after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_H%C3%A9derv%C3%A1ry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Héderváry (page does not exist)">Lawrence Héderváry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary" title="Palatine of Hungary">Palatine of Hungary</a>, threatened him with a war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012486-49">[49]</a> According to historian John Jefferson, Vlad held Hunyadi in captivity because he wanted to hand him over to the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012486-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camil_Mure%C5%9Fanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Camil Mureşanu">Camil Mureşanu</a> writes that Hunyadi was only imprisoned because the soldiers who captured him did not recognize him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001111-48">[48]</a> Historian Kurt W. Teptow says, Vlad held Hunyadi responsible for the catastrophe and almost killed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200048-46">[46]</a> After releasing Hunyadi, Vlad gave him precious gifts and accompanied him as far as the Hungarian border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012486-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An armed man with a long sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg/220px-Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 394px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg/220px-Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg" data-alt="An armed man with a long sword" data-width="220" data-height="394" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg/330px-Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg/440px-Hunyadi_Janos_P9300275-lev-1000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, who dethroned Vlad Dracul in 1447 (a sculpture by István Tóth in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>)</figcaption></figure> A fleet of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundian</a> crusaders attacked the Ottoman fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the spring 1445.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001118-50">[50]</a> The commander of the fleet, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walerand_of_Wavrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walerand of Wavrin (page does not exist)">Walerand of Wavrin</a>, sent envoys to Hungary to start negotiations about a joint campaign against the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001119-51">[51]</a> At Hunyadi's request, one of Wavrin's envoys, Pedro Vasque de Saavedra, visited Vlad and convinced him to meet Wavrin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001120-52">[52]</a> In July, Vlad went to <a href="/wiki/Isaccea" title="Isaccea">Isaccea</a> where he made an alliance with Wavrin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001120-52">[52]</a> Vlad mustered an army of 4,000–6,000 strong and placed it under the command of his son, Mircea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199154-54">[54]</a> The Burgundian and Wallachian army laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a> in the middle of September, but they could not capture it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200048-46">[46]</a> Before long, however, they conquered and destroyed the small fort at <a href="/wiki/Tutrakan" title="Tutrakan">Tutrakan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121-53">[53]</a> Vlad convinced Wavrin to attack <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a>, saying that whenever the Ottomans "want to harry Wallachia or Transylvania, they and their horses can cross" the Danube near the fortified island at Giurgiu, connected to the Wallachian bank by a bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012230%E2%80%93231-55">[55]</a> During the siege of Giurgiu, two iron rings of a large <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(weapon)" title="Bombard (weapon)">bombard</a> suddenly broke, killing two soldiers, because Vlad, who was in the command of the fire, did not allow the bombard to cool down between blows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121%E2%80%93122-56">[56]</a> The Ottoman garrison of the fortress capitulated on the condition that they were allowed to freely leave for the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001122-57">[57]</a> However, after they left the fortress, 2,000 Wallachian soldiers attacked and massacred them at Vlad's order, because he regarded the commander of the Ottoman garrison responsible for his captivity in 1442.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001122-57">[57]</a> Before long, the Ottoman garrison at <a href="/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria" title="Ruse, Bulgaria">Ruse</a> also capitulated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001123-58">[58]</a> Vlad gave asylum to more than 11,000 Bulgarians who had rebelled against the Ottomans, assisting them to cross the Danube into Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001123-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200051-59">[59]</a> The Burgundian crusaders and the Wallachians approached <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nicopolis</a>, where a Hungarian army under the command of John Hunyadi joined them on 14 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001124-60">[60]</a> However, an early frost forced the crusaders to abandon the campaign in October, because they feared that the Danube would freeze over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001125-61">[61]</a> The relationship between Wallachia and Hungary soon deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200052-62">[62]</a> In a letter written late in 1445 to the townspeople of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, Vlad complained that Wallachian merchants were arrested in Transylvania, although he had left his "little children to be butchered for Christian peace so that [he] and [his] country [could] be subjects" of the king of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200052-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199154-54">[54]</a> His words evidence that he was convinced that his two sons had been murdered in the Ottoman Empire, but the sultan did not harm the boys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199154-54">[54]</a> In 1446 or 1447, Vlad made peace with the Ottomans, even agreeing to return the Bulgarian refugees to the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200052-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001140-63">[63]</a> He intervened in the fight for the Moldavian throne in favor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_II_of_Moldavia" title="Roman II of Moldavia">Roman II of Moldavia</a> in July 1447.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiobanu199132-65">[65]</a> The Poles also supported Roman, but Roman's opponent, <a href="/wiki/Petru_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru III of Moldavia">Peter III</a>, was Hunyadi's protégé.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiobanu199132-65">[65]</a> On 20 July 1447, John Hunyadi ordered the burghers of Brașov to give shelter to a pretender to the Wallachian throne, <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav</a>, who was a cousin of Vlad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200053-66">[66]</a> Hunyadi unexpectedly broke into Wallachia in late November, taking with him Vladislav (also known as Dan).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200053-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155,_60_(note_11)-67">[67]</a> Vlad fled from Târgoviște, but he was captured and killed in the marshes at <a href="/wiki/Peri%C8%99" title="Periș">Bălteni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200053-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">[68]</a> In a letter written on 4 December 1447, Hunyadi styled himself "voivode of the Transalpine land" (Wallachia) and referred to Târgoviște as his fortress, implying that he had taken control of Wallachia by that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141%E2%80%93142-69">[69]</a> Hunyadi placed Vladislav on the throne of Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECiobanu199132-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">[68]</a> The place of Vlad Dracul's burial has not been identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">[68]</a> Cazacu says, he was most probably buried in the <a href="/wiki/Snagov_Monastery" title="Snagov Monastery">Snagov Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">[68]</a> Florescu writes, Vlad Dracul was buried in a chapel in the <a href="/wiki/Dealu_Monastery" title="Dealu Monastery">Dealu Monastery</a> near Târgoviște.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescu1991250-70">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Vlad II Dracul of Wallachia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2013135%E2%80%93149-71">[71]</a></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #9fe;">16. <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Basarab I of Wallachia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexander_of_Wallachia" title="Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia">Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #9fe;">17. <a href="/wiki/Basarab_I_of_Wallachia#Family" title="Basarab I of Wallachia">Marghita</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Radu_I_of_Wallachia" title="Radu I of Wallachia">Radu I of Wallachia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #9fe;">18. John Dobokai</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Clara_Dobokai" title="Clara Dobokai">Clara Dobokai</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Kalinikia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinikia">Kalinikia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. Vlad II Dracul of Wallachia</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> According to a widely accepted scholarly theory, Vlad's wife was "Cneajna", a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander I of Moldavia">Alexander I of Moldavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198945-15">[15]</a> She was called Eupraxia, according to Florescu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescu1991250-70">[70]</a> Historian Matei Cazacu writes that she was his second wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">[68]</a> He does not identify Vlad's first wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">[68]</a> Vlad's descendants were known as <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" title="House of Drăculești">Drăculești</a>, because they adopted Vlad's sobriquet as their <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> (Dracula).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198941-11">[11]</a> The conflict between the Drăculești and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_D%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" title="House of Dănești">Dănești</a> (the descendants of Dan I of Wallachia), and strifes between the members of the Drăculești line contributed to the political instability in 15th-century Wallachia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200032%E2%80%9334-72">[72]</a> Vlad's eldest sons, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia" title="Mircea II of Wallachia">Mircea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlad_Dracula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad Dracula">Vlad Dracula</a>, were first mentioned in a charter of Vlad on 20 January 1437.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200046-73">[73]</a> Mircea was born in about 1428, Vlad between 1429 and 1431.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200046-73">[73]</a> Their brother (Vlad Dracul's third son), <a href="/wiki/Radu_the_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Radu the Fair">Radu the Fair</a>, was born before 2 August 1439.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200046-73">[73]</a> Florescu writes that Vlad Dracul's daughter, Alexandra, married the Wallachian boyar Vintilă Florescu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescu1991250-70">[70]</a> Vlad Dracul also fathered illegitimate children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200046-73">[73]</a> A Wallachian noblewoman, Călțuna, gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad the Monk">Vlad the Monk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200046-73">[73]</a> Almost no information is known about the life of another illegitimate son, Mircea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200046-73">[73]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198936_1-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200039-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200039_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200039_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200039_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200036-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200036_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200031,_37–38-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200031,_37%E2%80%9338_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, pp. 31, 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200038-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200038_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198937-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198937_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198938-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198938_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198938_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198938_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198939-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198939_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198940-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198940_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198940_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198940_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012133-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012133_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198941-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198941_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198941_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198941_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200041-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200041_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200042-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200042_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200042_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200042_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012143-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012143_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012143_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198945-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198945_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198945_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198944-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198944_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198943-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198943_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200043-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200043_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200043_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200043_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200043_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001237-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001237_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200045–46-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200045%E2%80%9346_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001239-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001239_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200044-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200044_22-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198949-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198949_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198949_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001279-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001279_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012164-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012164_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu200137-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200137_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200137_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200137_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012161-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012161_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160–161-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012160%E2%80%93161_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200045-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200045_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200045_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200045_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu200177-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200177_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001280-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001280_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001281_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001283-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001283_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012280-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012280_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012280_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198953-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198953_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001285-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001285_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001285_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047_38-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198954-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198954_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescuMcNally198954_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989">Florescu & McNally 1989</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu200181-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200181_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu200190-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200190_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200190_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu200190_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001286-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001286_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200047–48-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200047%E2%80%9348_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012390-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012390_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel2001287-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001287_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel2001287_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel2001">Engel 2001</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200048-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200048_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200048_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200048_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200048_46-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012204-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012204_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001111-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001111_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001111_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012486-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012486_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012486_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012486_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001118-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001118_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001119-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001119_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001120-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001120_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001120_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001121-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121_53-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199154-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199154_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199154_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199154_54-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCazacu1991">Cazacu 1991</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012230–231-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2012230%E2%80%93231_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferson2012">Jefferson 2012</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001121–122-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001121%E2%80%93122_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001122-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001122_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001122_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001123-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001123_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001123_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200051-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200051_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001124-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001124_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001125-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001125_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200052-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200052_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200052_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200052_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001140-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001140_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001141-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECiobanu199132-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiobanu199132_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiobanu199132_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECiobanu199132_65-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCiobanu1991">Ciobanu 1991</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200053-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200053_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200053_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200053_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155,_60_(note_11)-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155,_60_(note_11)_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCazacu1991">Cazacu 1991</a>, pp. 55, 60 (note 11). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECazacu199155-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155_68-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155_68-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECazacu199155_68-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCazacu1991">Cazacu 1991</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMureşanu2001141–142-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMure%C5%9Fanu2001141%E2%80%93142_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMure%C5%9Fanu2001">Mureşanu 2001</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlorescu1991250-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescu1991250_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescu1991250_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlorescu1991250_70-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescu1991">Florescu 1991</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2013135–149-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2013135%E2%80%93149_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasan2013">Hasan 2013</a>, pp. 135–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200032–34-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200032%E2%80%9334_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, pp. 32–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreptow200046-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200046_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200046_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200046_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200046_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200046_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreptow200046_73-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreptow2000">Treptow 2000</a>, p. 46. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCazacu1991" class="citation book cs1">Cazacu, Matei (1991). "The reign of Dracula in 1448". In Treptow, Kurt W. (ed.). Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș. East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press. pp. 53–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4"><bdi>0-88033-220-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+reign+of+Dracula+in+1448&rft.btitle=Dracula%3A+Essays+on+the+Life+and+Times+of+Vlad+%C8%9Aepe%C8%99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs%2C+Distributed+by+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88033-220-4&rft.aulast=Cazacu&rft.aufirst=Matei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiobanu1991" class="citation book cs1">Ciobanu, Veniamin (1991). "The equilibrium policy of the Romanian principalities in East-Central Europe, 1444–1485". In Treptow, Kurt W. (ed.). Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș. East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press. pp. 29–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4"><bdi>0-88033-220-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+equilibrium+policy+of+the+Romanian+principalities+in+East-Central+Europe%2C+1444%E2%80%931485&rft.btitle=Dracula%3A+Essays+on+the+Life+and+Times+of+Vlad+%C8%9Aepe%C8%99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs%2C+Distributed+by+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88033-220-4&rft.aulast=Ciobanu&rft.aufirst=Veniamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Engel" title="Pál Engel">Engel, Pál</a> (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3"><bdi>1-86064-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+St+Stephen%3A+A+History+of+Medieval+Hungary%2C+895%E2%80%931526&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86064-061-3&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorescuMcNally1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Florescu, Radu R.</a>; McNally, Raymond T. (1989). Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and his Times. Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-28656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-28656-5"><bdi>978-0-316-28656-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula%2C+Prince+of+Many+Faces%3A+His+Life+and+his+Times&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-316-28656-5&rft.aulast=Florescu&rft.aufirst=Radu+R.&rft.au=McNally%2C+Raymond+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorescu1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Florescu, Radu R.</a> (1991). "A genealogy of the family of Vlad Țepeș". In Treptow, Kurt W. (ed.). Dracula: Essays on the Life and Times of Vlad Țepeș. East European Monographs, Distributed by Columbia University Press. pp. 249–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-220-4"><bdi>0-88033-220-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+genealogy+of+the+family+of+Vlad+%C8%9Aepe%C8%99&rft.btitle=Dracula%3A+Essays+on+the+Life+and+Times+of+Vlad+%C8%9Aepe%C8%99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs%2C+Distributed+by+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88033-220-4&rft.aulast=Florescu&rft.aufirst=Radu+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jefferson, John (2012). The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21904-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21904-5"><bdi>978-90-04-21904-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Wars+of+King+Wladislas+and+Sultan+Murad%3A+The+Ottoman-Christian+Conflict+from+1438%E2%80%931444&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21904-5&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hasan, Mihai Florin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6733752">"Aspecte ale relaţiilor matrimoniale munteano-maghiare din secolele XIV-XV [Aspects of the Hungarian-Wallachian matrimonial relations of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries]"</a>. Revista Bistriţei (in Romanian). XXVII. Cumplexul Muzeal Bistrița-Năsăud: 128–159. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1222-5096">1222-5096</a>. Retrieved 13 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Bistri%C5%A3ei&rft.atitle=Aspecte+ale+rela%C5%A3iilor+matrimoniale+munteano-maghiare+din+secolele+XIV-XV+%5BAspects+of+the+Hungarian-Wallachian+matrimonial+relations+of+the+fourteenth+and+fifteenth+centuries%5D&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1222-5096&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Mihai+Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6733752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMureşanu2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Camil_Mure%C5%9Fanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Camil Mureşanu">Mureşanu, Camil</a> (2001). John Hunyadi: Defender of Christendom. The Center for Romanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-9432-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/973-9432-18-2"><bdi>973-9432-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Hunyadi%3A+Defender+of+Christendom&rft.pub=The+Center+for+Romanian+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=973-9432-18-2&rft.aulast=Mure%C5%9Fanu&rft.aufirst=Camil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreptow2000" class="citation book cs1">Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). Vlad III Dracula: The Life and Times of the Historical Dracula. The Center of Romanian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-98392-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-98392-2-3"><bdi>973-98392-2-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vlad+III+Dracula%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Historical+Dracula&rft.pub=The+Center+of+Romanian+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=973-98392-2-3&rft.aulast=Treptow&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vlad_II_Dracul" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek" class="citation web cs1">Marek, Miroslav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/basarab.html">"Vlad II's rather reliable genealogy"</a>. genealogy.euweb.cz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vlad+II%27s+rather+reliable+genealogy&rft.pub=genealogy.euweb.cz&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.euweb.cz%2Fbalkan%2Fbasarab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVlad+II+Dracul" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dracula-transylvania.blogspot.com/2007/02/wallachia-history-from-mircea-old-to.html">Wallachian History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/EasternWallachia.htm">Wallachian Rulers</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Vlad II Dracul </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dr%C4%83cule%C8%99ti" title="House of Drăculești">House of Drăculești</a></div>Born: before 1395 Died: November 1447 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_I_Aldea" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru I Aldea">Alexandru I Aldea</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a> 1436 – 1442 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_II_of_Wallachia" title="Mircea II of Wallachia">Mircea II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Basarab_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Basarab II">Basarab II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Voivode_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivode of Wallachia">Voivode of Wallachia</a> 1443 – 1447 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&oldid=1274559426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&oldid=1274559426</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Vlad_II_Dracul&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 February 2025, at 01:18 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84" title="فلاد الثاني دراكول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلاد الثاني دراكول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_II_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Улад II Дракул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Улад II Дракул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_II_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Влад II Дракул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Влад II Дракул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II._Dracul" title="Vlad II. Dracul – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vlad II. Dracul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II._Dracul" title="Vlad II. Dracul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vlad II. Dracul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Dracul" title="Vlad Dracul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vlad Dracul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB" title="Βλαντ Β΄ Ντράκουλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βλαντ Β΄ Ντράκουλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_le_Dragon" title="Vlad II le Dragon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vlad II le Dragon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C_2%EC%84%B8_%EB%93%9C%EB%9F%AC%EC%BF%A8" title="블라드 2세 드러쿨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블라드 2세 드러쿨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II._Drakul" title="Vlad II. Drakul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlad II. Drakul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="ולאד דראקול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולאד דראקול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlads_II_Drakuls" title="Vlads II Drakuls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vlads II Drakuls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Vlad_havasalf%C3%B6ldi_fejedelem" title="II. Vlad havasalföldi fejedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Vlad havasalföldi fejedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84" title="فلاد التانى دراكول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلاد التانى دراكول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%892%E4%B8%96" title="ヴラド2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴラド2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82ad_Diabe%C5%82" title="Wład Diabeł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wład Diabeł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Dracul" title="Vlad Dracul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vlad Dracul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_II_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Влад II Дракул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Влад II Дракул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II." title="Vlad II. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlad II." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II._Drakul" title="Vlad II. Drakul – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vlad II. Drakul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_II_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Влад II Дракул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Влад II Дракул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Vlad" title="II. Vlad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Vlad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_II_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Влад II Дракул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Влад II Дракул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84" title="فلاد ثانی ڈراکل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلاد ثانی ڈراکل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vlad II Dracul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="伏拉德二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伏拉德二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 01:18 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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