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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_federal_trial_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_federal_trial_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other federal trial courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_federal_trial_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clerks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clerks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attorneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attorneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Attorneys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attorneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Appeals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_and_busiest_district_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_and_busiest_district_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Largest and busiest district courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_and_busiest_district_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_district_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_district_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>List of district courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_district_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extinct_district_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extinct_district_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Extinct district courts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extinct_district_courts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extinct district courts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extinct_district_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivided_district_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivided_district_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Subdivided district courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivided_district_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_abolished_district_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_abolished_district_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other abolished district courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_abolished_district_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States district court</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="محكمة المقاطعة في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محكمة المقاطعة في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4" title="মার্কিন জেলা আদালত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন জেলা আদালত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_de_Districte_dels_Estats_Units" title="Tribunal de Districte dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribunal de Districte dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obvodn%C3%AD_soudy_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Obvodní soudy Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obvodní soudy Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court" title="United States District Court – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States District Court" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_de_Distrito_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Cortes de Distrito de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cortes de Distrito de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دادگاه ناحیه‌ای ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادگاه ناحیه‌ای ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cour_de_district_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Cour de district des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cour de district des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EB%B2%95%EC%9B%90" title="미국 연방지방법원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 연방지방법원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corti_distrettuali_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Corti distrettuali degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corti distrettuali degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_daerah_di_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Mahkamah daerah di Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahkamah daerah di Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_de_Distrito_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Tribunal de Distrito dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tribunal de Distrito dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Федеральный окружной суд США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеральный окружной суд США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States district court" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دادگای بەشی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دادگای بەشی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_federala_distriktsdomstolar" title="USA:s federala distriktsdomstolar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s federala distriktsdomstolar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Федеральні окружні суди США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеральні окружні суди США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2a_%C3%A1n_qu%E1%BA%ADn_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tòa án quận Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tòa án quận Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="美国联邦地区法院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国联邦地区法院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_courts&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">United States district courts</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trial court of the U.S. federal judiciary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output 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For the district courts of various U.S. states' judicial systems, see <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States#Courts_by_state_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">Courts of the United States § Courts by state of the United States</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_district_court" title="Special:EditPage/United States district court">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22United+States+district+court%22">"United States district court"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22United+States+district+court%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22United+States+district+court%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22United+States+district+court%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22United+States+district+court%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22United+States+district+court%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/400px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/600px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/800px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Map of the boundaries of the United States district courts within each of the 13 circuits of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a>. All district courts lie within the boundary of a single jurisdiction, usually in <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">a state</a> (heavier lines). Some states have more than one district court (dotted lines denote those jurisdictions)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States"><small>Politics of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade"> Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b> National elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primary</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b> Elections by state and territory</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas" title="Elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado"> Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut" title="Elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware" title="Elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Florida" title="Elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois" title="Elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas" title="Elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky" title="Elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maryland" title="Elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="List of elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan" title="Elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota" title="Elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mississippi" title="Elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Missouri" title="Elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montana" title="Elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska" title="Elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada" title="Elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oregon" title="Elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee"> Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Texas" title="Elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Utah" title="Elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="Elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming" title="Elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Elections in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Elections in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Elections in the District of Columbia">Elections in the District of Columbia</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_United_States" title="List of elections in the United States">List of elections</a>)</b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in the United States">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States" title="Populism in the United States">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism_in_the_United_States" title="Protectionism in the United States">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States" title="Political culture of the United States">Political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territorial</a> government</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislatures</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Courts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia government</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Council of the District of Columbia">District Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United States">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_United_States" title="List of diplomatic missions in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_passport" title="United States passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_United_States_citizens" title="Visa requirements for United States citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United 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width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States district courts</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial courts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal judiciary">U.S. federal judiciary</a>. There is one district court for each <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judicial_district" title="United States federal judicial district">federal judicial district</a>. Each district covers one <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> or a portion of a state. There is at least one federal courthouse in each district, and many districts have more than one. District court decisions are appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">U.S. court of appeals</a> for the circuit in which they reside, except for certain specialized cases that are appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> or directly to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>. </p><p>District courts are courts of <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">equity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">admiralty</a>, and can hear both <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> cases. But unlike <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">U.S. state courts</a>, federal district courts are courts of <a href="/wiki/Limited_jurisdiction" title="Limited jurisdiction">limited jurisdiction</a>, and can only hear cases that involve disputes between <a href="/wiki/Diversity_jurisdiction" title="Diversity jurisdiction">residents of different states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_question_jurisdiction" title="Federal question jurisdiction">questions of federal law</a>, or federal crimes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_basis">Legal basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the U.S. Supreme Court, which was expressly established by <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III of the Constitution</a>, the district courts were established by Congress pursuant to authority delegated by Article III<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the enacting of a federal statute, the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a>. There is no constitutional requirement that district courts exist at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfander_Page_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the drafting and ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>, some opponents of a strong federal judiciary argued that the federal courts ought to be limited to the Supreme Court, which would hear appeals only from state courts. In other words, the state courts would be treated as <a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">federal tribunals</a> under Article I of the Constitution for the purpose of hearing disputes under federal law, but their judges would not become officers of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfander_Page_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carrington" title="Edward Carrington">Edward Carrington</a> advocated this position in a letter to <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, and it was also discussed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._81" title="Federalist No. 81">Federalist No. 81</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfander_Page_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view did not prevail, and the first Congress created the district court system that is still in place today.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfander_Page_83-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuant to the Constitution, nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state courts</a> retain the power of <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_jurisdiction" title="Concurrent jurisdiction">concurrent jurisdiction</a> in most federal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Act was first passed, there were thirteen districts created among the eleven states which had ratified the Constitution by that point. When North Carolina and Rhode Island voted to ratify, a district was created for each of them, bringing the number of districts to fifteen. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">insular areas</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> each have one territorial court; these courts are called "district courts" and exercise the same jurisdiction as district courts,<sup id="cite_ref-USGOV_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGOV-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FJC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but differ from district courts in that territorial courts are <a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Article IV courts</a>, with judges who serve ten-year terms rather than the <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime tenure">lifetime tenure</a> of judges of <a href="/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Article I and Article III tribunals">Article III courts</a>, such as the district court judges.<sup id="cite_ref-FJC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FJC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> does not have a district court or a federal territorial court, and so federal matters there are sent to either the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Hawaii" title="United States District Court for the District of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO_AS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO_AS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> were previously part of the United States but were never part of the U.S. federal court system.<sup id="cite_ref-Go_Page_7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go_Page_7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 89 districts in the 50 states, with a total of 94 districts including territories.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is at least one judicial district for each <a href="/wiki/United_States_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States state">state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. </p><p>Each state has between one and four districts. For states with multiple districts, they are named geographically. States with two districts all give them either Northern–Southern or Western–Eastern designations. Most states with three districts add a Middle District, with two exceptions: Illinois has a Central District instead of a Middle District, and Oklahoma has Northern, Western, and Eastern Districts. Of the three states with four districts, New York and Texas use all four directional designations, while California has a Central District and no Western District. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_federal_trial_courts">Other federal trial courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other federal trial courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are other federal trial courts that have nationwide <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over certain types of cases, but the district court also has <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_jurisdiction" title="Concurrent jurisdiction">concurrent jurisdiction</a> over many of those cases, and the district court is the only one with jurisdiction over civilian criminal cases. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade">United States Court of International Trade</a> addresses cases involving international trade and customs issues. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">United States Court of Federal Claims</a> has <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_jurisdiction" title="Exclusive jurisdiction">exclusive jurisdiction</a> over most claims for money damages against the United States, including disputes over federal contracts, unlawful <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">takings</a> of private property by the federal government, and suits for injury on federal property or by a federal employee. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Tax_Court" title="United States Tax Court">United States Tax Court</a> has jurisdiction over contested pre-assessment determinations of <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">taxes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judges">Judges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">United States federal judge</a></div> <p>A judge of a United States district court is officially titled a "United States District Judge". Other <a href="/wiki/Federal_judge" title="Federal judge">federal judges</a>, including <a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">circuit judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court justices</a>, can also sit in a district court upon assignment by the chief judge of the circuit or by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>. The number of judges in each district court (and the structure of the judicial system generally) is set by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> appoints the federal judges for terms of good behavior (subject to the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>), so the nominees often share at least some of his or her convictions. In states represented by a senator of the president's party, the senator (or the more senior of them if both senators are of the president's party) has substantial input into the nominating process, and through a tradition known as <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">senatorial courtesy</a> can exercise an unofficial veto over a nominee unacceptable to the senator. </p><p>Federal magistrate judges are appointed by each district court pursuant to statute. They are appointed for an eight-year term and may be reappointed for additional eight-year terms. A magistrate judge may be removed "for incompetency, misconduct, neglect of duty, or physical or mental disability".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A magistrate judgeship may be a stepping stone to a district judgeship nomination. </p><p>District judges usually concentrate on managing their court's overall caseload, supervising trials, and writing opinions in response to important motions like the motion for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a>. Since the 1960s, routine tasks like resolving discovery disputes can, in the district judge's discretion, be referred to <a href="/wiki/United_States_magistrate_judge" title="United States magistrate judge">magistrate judges</a>. Magistrate judges can also be requested to prepare reports and recommendations on contested matters for the district judge's consideration or, with the consent of all parties, to assume complete jurisdiction over a case including conducting the trial. </p><p>With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">territorial courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Guam" title="District Court of Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_for_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="District Court of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>), federal district judges are <a href="/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals#Article_III_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Article I and Article III tribunals">Article III judges</a> appointed for life, and can be removed involuntarily only when they violate the standard of "good behavior". The sole method of involuntary removal of a judge is through <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> followed by a trial in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and a conviction by a two-thirds vote. Otherwise, a judge, even if convicted of a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> criminal offense by a jury, is entitled to hold office until retirement or death. In the history of the United States, twelve judges have been impeached by the House, and seven have been removed following conviction in the Senate. (For a table that includes the twelve impeached judges, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_impeachments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal impeachments">Impeachment in the United States</a>.) </p><p>A judge who has reached the age of 65 (or has become disabled) may retire or elect to go on <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior status</a> and keep working. Such senior judges are not counted in the quota of active judges for the district and do only whatever work they are assigned by the chief judge of the district, but they keep their offices (called "chambers") and staff, and many of them work full-time. </p><p>As of 2010, there were 678 authorized district court judgeships.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A federal judge is addressed in writing as "<a href="/wiki/The_Honorable" class="mw-redirect" title="The Honorable">The Honorable</a> John/Jane Doe" or "Hon. John/Jane Doe" and in speech as "Judge" or "Judge Doe" or, when presiding in court, "Your Honor". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clerks">Clerks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clerks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each district court appoints a clerk, who is responsible for overseeing filings made with the court, maintaining the court's records, processing fees, fines, and restitution, and managing the non-judicial work of the court, including information technology, budget, procurement, human resources, and financial. Clerks may appoint deputies, clerical assistants, and employees to carry out the work of the court. The clerk of each district court must reside in the district for which the clerk is appointed, except that the clerk of the District of Columbia and the clerk of the Southern District of New York may reside within twenty miles of their respective districts. </p><p>The Judiciary Act of 1789 authorized the Supreme Court and the judge of each U.S. District Court to appoint a clerk to assist with the administration of federal judicial business in those courts. The clerk for each district court was to also serve as clerk of the corresponding circuit court. The Judiciary Act required each clerk to issue the writs summoning jurors and "to record the decrees, judgments and determinations of the court of which he is clerk." </p><p>The Judicial Code (28 U.S.C. § 751) provides that the clerk is appointed, and may be removed, by the court. The clerk's duties are prescribed by the statute, by the court's customs and practices, and by policy established by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of the United States</a>. The clerk is appointed by order of the court <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> to serve the entire court. The role of the clerk and deputies or assistants should not be confused with the judges' <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerks</a>, who assist the judges by conducting research and preparing drafts of opinions. </p><p>To be eligible to serve as a clerk, a person must have a minimum of 10 years of progressively responsible administrative experience in public service or business that provides a thorough understanding of organizational, procedural, and human aspects of managing an organization, and at least 3 of the 10 years must have been in a position of substantial management responsibility. An attorney may substitute the active practice of law on a year-for-year basis for the management or administrative experience requirement. Clerks do not have to be licensed attorneys, but some courts specify that a law degree is a preference for employment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure_in_the_United_States" title="Civil procedure in the United States">Civil procedure<br />in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em; padding-bottom:0.2em;;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrines_of_civil_procedure" title="Doctrines of civil procedure">Doctrines of civil procedure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.35em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Venue_(law)" title="Venue (law)">Venue</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.35em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Pleading" title="Pleading">Pleadings</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">Motions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em; padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_of_process" title="Service of process">Service of process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complaint" title="Complaint">Complaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Answer_(law)" title="Answer (law)">Answer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterclaim" title="Counterclaim">Counterclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossclaim" title="Crossclaim">Crossclaim</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.35em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit#Pre-trial" title="Lawsuit">Pretrial procedure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em; padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">Discovery</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogatories" title="Interrogatories">Interrogatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">Depositions</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Request_for_admissions" title="Request for admissions">Request for admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_for_production" title="Request for production">Request for production</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.35em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;font-weight:normal;"> Resolution without trial</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em; padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">Default judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">Summary judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_dismissal" title="Voluntary dismissal">Voluntary dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_dismissal" title="Involuntary dismissal"><span class="wrap">Involuntary dismissal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">Settlement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.35em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em; padding-bottom:0.2em;;padding:0.3em 1.75em 0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_(law)" title="Party (law)">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)" title="Burden of proof (law)">Burden of proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.35em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">Appeal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.7em 0.7em; padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">Mandamus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">Certiorari</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_procedure_(United_States)" title="Template:Civil procedure (United States)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_procedure_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Civil procedure (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_procedure_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil procedure (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike some state courts, the power of federal courts to hear cases and controversies is strictly limited. Federal courts may not decide every case that happens to come before them. In order for a district court to entertain a lawsuit, Congress must first grant the court subject matter jurisdiction over the type of dispute in question. </p><p>The district courts exercise original jurisdiction over—that is, they are empowered to conduct trials in—the following types of cases: </p> <ul><li>Civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Certain civil actions between citizens of different states or citizens of a state and a foreign state;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Civil actions within the admiralty or maritime jurisdiction of the United States;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Criminal prosecutions brought by the United States;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Civil actions in which the United States is a party;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>Many other types of cases and controversies<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>For most of these cases, the jurisdiction of the federal district courts is concurrent with that of the state courts. In other words, a plaintiff can choose to bring these cases in either a federal district court or a state court. Congress has established a procedure whereby a party, typically the defendant, can "remove" a case from state court to federal court, provided that the federal court also has original jurisdiction over the matter (meaning that the case could have been filed in federal court initially).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the party that initially filed the case in state court believes that removal was improper, that party can ask the district court to "remand" the case to the state court system. For certain matters, such as patent and copyright infringement disputes and prosecutions for federal crimes, the jurisdiction of the district courts is exclusive of that of the state courts, meaning that only federal courts can hear those cases.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to their original jurisdiction, the district courts have appellate jurisdiction over a very limited class of judgments, orders, and decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attorneys">Attorneys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attorneys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_District_Court_Reciprocity_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/United_States_District_Court_Reciprocity_Map.png/220px-United_States_District_Court_Reciprocity_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/United_States_District_Court_Reciprocity_Map.png/330px-United_States_District_Court_Reciprocity_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/United_States_District_Court_Reciprocity_Map.png/440px-United_States_District_Court_Reciprocity_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>United States District Court Attorney Admissions Reciprocity Map</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to represent a party in a case in a district court, a person must be an <a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney at law (United States)">attorney at law</a> and generally must be admitted to the bar of that particular court. The United States usually does not have a separate <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination" title="Bar examination">bar examination</a> for federal practice (except with respect to patent practice before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>). <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">Admission to the bar</a> of a district court is generally available to any attorney who is admitted to practice law in the state where the district court sits.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>56 districts (around 60% of all district courts) require an attorney to be admitted to practice in the state where the district court sits. The other 39 districts (around 40% of all district courts) extend admission to certain lawyers admitted in other states, although conditions vary from court to court. For example, the district courts in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York">Eastern District of New York</a>) extend admission to attorneys admitted to the bar in Connecticut or Vermont and to the district court in that state, but otherwise require attorneys to be admitted to the New York bar. Only 13 districts extend admission to attorneys admitted to any U.S. state bar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attorney generally submits an application with a fee and takes the oath of admission. Local practice varies as to whether the oath is given in writing or in open court before a judge of the district. A "sponsor" admitted to the court's bar is often required. Several district courts require attorneys seeking admission to their bars to take an additional bar examination on federal law, including the following: the Southern District of Ohio,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Northern District of Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Puerto_Rico" title="United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico">District of Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_hac_vice" title="Pro hac vice">Pro hac vice</a></i> admission is also available in most federal district courts on a case-by-case basis. Most district courts require <i>pro hac vice</i> attorneys to associate with an attorney admitted to practice before the court.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeals">Appeals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, a final ruling by a district court in either a civil or a criminal case can be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States court of appeals">United States court of appeals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judicial_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal judicial circuits">federal judicial circuit</a> in which the district court is located, except that some district court rulings involving patents and certain other specialized matters must be appealed instead to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a>, and in a very few cases the appeal may be taken directly to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_and_busiest_district_courts">Largest and busiest district courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Largest and busiest district courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Court_House,_Los_Angeles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/U.S._Court_House%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG/220px-U.S._Court_House%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/U.S._Court_House%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG/330px-U.S._Court_House%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/U.S._Court_House%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG/440px-U.S._Court_House%2C_Los_Angeles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption>United States Court House in downtown <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a>, one of several sites used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">Central District of California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">Central District of California</a> is the largest federal district by population;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it includes all five counties that make up <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a>. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> are divided between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York">Eastern District of New York</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk County</a>). New York suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> are covered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Connecticut" title="United States District Court for the District of Connecticut">District of Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States District Court for the District of New Jersey">District of New Jersey</a>, respectively. </p><p>The Southern District of New York and the Central District of California are the largest federal districts by number of judges, with 28 judges each.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the busiest district courts in terms of criminal federal felony filings were the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Mexico" title="United States District Court for the District of New Mexico">District of New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Texas">Western District of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas">Southern District of Texas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Arizona" title="United States District Court for the District of Arizona">District of Arizona</a>. These four districts all share the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico – United States border">border with Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crackdown on illegal immigration resulted in 75 percent of the criminal cases filed in the 94 district courts in 2007 being filed in these four districts and the other district that borders Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern District of California">Southern District of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The busiest patent litigation court is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas</a>, with the most patent lawsuits filed there nearly every year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_district_courts">List of district courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of district courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">List of United States district and territorial courts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinct_district_courts">Extinct district courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Extinct district courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivided_district_courts">Subdivided district courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subdivided district courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts" title="List of former United States district courts">List of former United States district courts</a></div> <p>Most extinct district courts have disappeared by being divided into smaller districts. The following courts were subdivided out of existence: <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Alabama" title="List of former United States district courts">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Arkansas" title="List of former United States district courts">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#California" title="List of former United States district courts">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Florida" title="List of former United States district courts">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Georgia" title="List of former United States district courts">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Illinois" title="List of former United States district courts">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Indiana" title="List of former United States district courts">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Iowa" title="List of former United States district courts">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Kentucky" title="List of former United States district courts">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Louisiana" title="List of former United States district courts">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Michigan" title="List of former United States district courts">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Mississippi" title="List of former United States district courts">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Missouri" title="List of former United States district courts">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#New_York" title="List of former United States district courts">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#North_Carolina" title="List of former United States district courts">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Ohio" title="List of former United States district courts">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Pennsylvania" title="List of former United States district courts">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Tennessee" title="List of former United States district courts">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Texas" title="List of former United States district courts">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Virginia" title="List of former United States district courts">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Washington" title="List of former United States district courts">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#West_Virginia" title="List of former United States district courts">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts#Wisconsin" title="List of former United States district courts">Wisconsin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_abolished_district_courts">Other abolished district courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other abolished district courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On rare occasions, an extinct district court was extinguished by merging it with other district courts. In every case except one, this has restored a district court that had been subdivided: </p> <ul><li>Between 1794 and 1797, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of North Carolina">United States District Court for the District of North Carolina</a> was divided into the United States district courts for the districts of <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Edenton" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Edenton">Edenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Bern" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of New Bern">New Bern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Wilmington" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Wilmington">Wilmington</a>.</li> <li>Between 1801 and 1802, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States District Court for the District of New Jersey">United States District Court for the District of New Jersey</a> was divided into the United States district courts for the districts of <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_East_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of East Jersey">East Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_West_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of West Jersey">West Jersey</a>.</li> <li>When California was admitted as a state in 1850, it was initially divided into two districts, the Northern and the Southern.<sup id="cite_ref-calif_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calif-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern District of California was abolished on July 27, 1866, and the State made to constitute one district, the statute providing that the Judge of the Northern District exercise the powers of the United States District Court for the District of California, and that all records of the Southern District Court be delivered to the Clerk of the Northern District Court.<sup id="cite_ref-calif_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calif-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty years later, on August 5, 1886, Congress re-created the Southern District of California.<sup id="cite_ref-calif_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calif-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Between 1911 and 1961, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the District of South Carolina">United States District Court for the District of South Carolina</a> was divided into the United States district courts for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the Western District of South Carolina">Western</a> districts of South Carolina.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois</a> was eliminated and a new <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois">United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois</a> was created in its place on October 2, 1978.</li></ul> <p>There are a few additional extinct district courts that fall into neither of the above two patterns. </p> <ul><li>From 1801 to 1802, the District of Columbia and pieces of Maryland and Virginia formed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Potomac" title="United States District Court for the District of Potomac">United States District Court for the District of Potomac</a>, which was the first United States district court to cross state lines. During the same period, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Norfolk">United States District Court for the District of Norfolk</a> was carved out of another piece of Virginia. The United States district courts for the districts of Maryland and Virginia remained during this brief period.</li> <li>From 1801 to 1802, and again from 1802 to 1872, the state of North Carolina was subdivided into the United States district courts for the districts of <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Albemarle" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Albemarle">Albemarle</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Cape_Fear" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Cape Fear">Cape Fear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Pamptico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Pamptico">Pamptico</a>. These courts were extinguished when the state was reorganized into the United States district courts for the Eastern and Western districts of North Carolina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Orleans" title="United States District Court for the District of Orleans">United States District Court for the District of Orleans</a>. This court was renamed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Louisiana">United States District Court for the District of Louisiana</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a> became the State of Louisiana.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Canal_Zone" title="United States District Court for the Canal Zone">United States District Court for the Canal Zone</a>. This court was abolished, effective March 31, 1982, as part of the process of returning the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Canal Zone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. Cases then pending in the Canal Zone court were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_for_China" title="United States Court for China">United States Court for China</a>. This court functioned as a district court between 1906 and 1943. It had jurisdiction over American citizens in China.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">List of courts of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Federal tribunals in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">List of United States district and territorial courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">List of current United States district judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article III of the Constitution provides that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in . . . such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some situations, federal law provides both for the exclusive jurisdiction of federal courts and for the immunity of the defendant from the power of those courts. One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a>-infringement claims against a state government: only the federal courts may hear patent cases, but the states have <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> from such suits under the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eleventh Amendment</a>. Although a state may choose to waive its immunity in such a case and allow it to proceed to trial, if it does not do so, the plaintiff has no recourse. This doctrine was reaffirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank" title="Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank">Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank</a></i>, 527 U.S. 627 (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nearly all district courts have a Local Rule 11.1 or 83.1 that describes the appropriate state judicial institution which admits attorneys to practice (either the state bar association or an office or committee of the state supreme court).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pfander_Page_83-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfander_Page_83_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPfander2009" class="citation book cs1">Pfander, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHpVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>One Supreme Court: Supremacy, Inferiority, and the Judicial Department of the United States</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195340334" title="Special:BookSources/9780195340334"><bdi>9780195340334</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Supreme+Court%3A+Supremacy%2C+Inferiority%2C+and+the+Judicial+Department+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195340334&rft.aulast=Pfander&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHpVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsc.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/74207/The-Role-of-State-Courts-in-our-Federal-System.pdf">The Role of State Courts in our Federal System</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). National Center for State Courts. January 2022. pp. 6–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303190237/https://www.ncsc.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/74207/The-Role-of-State-Courts-in-our-Federal-System.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+State+Courts+in+our+Federal+System&rft.pages=6-10&rft.pub=National+Center+for+State+Courts&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsc.org%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0020%2F74207%2FThe-Role-of-State-Courts-in-our-Federal-System.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGOV-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGOV_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArticle_III_Judges_Division2001" class="citation web cs1">Article III Judges Division (August 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513052918/http://www.uscourts.gov/library/internationalbook-fedcts2.pdf">"An Introduction for Judges and Judicial Administrators in Other Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Federal Court System in the United States</i>. Administrative Office of the United States Courts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscourts.gov/library/internationalbook-fedcts2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Federal+Court+System+in+the+United+States&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+for+Judges+and+Judicial+Administrators+in+Other+Countries&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft.au=Article+III+Judges+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2Flibrary%2Finternationalbook-fedcts2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FJC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FJC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FJC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514085651/http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/territorial">"Territorial Courts"</a>. <i>History of the Federal Judiciary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/territorial">the original</a> on May 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Federal+Judiciary&rft.atitle=Territorial+Courts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Fterritorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAO_AS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GAO_AS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1124T">"American Samoa: Issues Associated with Some Federal Court Options"</a>. U.S. Government Accountability Office. September 18, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016102008/https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-1124T">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Samoa%3A+Issues+Associated+with+Some+Federal+Court+Options&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fproducts%2FGAO-08-1124T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Go_Page_7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Go_Page_7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGo2003" class="citation book cs1">Go, Julian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wJ9tnBsi2YC&pg=PA7">"Introduction"</a>. In Go, Julian; Foster, Anne L. (eds.). <i>The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives</i>. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 1–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822384519" title="Special:BookSources/9780822384519"><bdi>9780822384519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+American+Colonial+State+in+the+Philippines%3A+Global+Perspectives&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=1-42&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780822384519&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wJ9tnBsi2YC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span> (At p. 7.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090526071801/http://www.uscourts.gov/faq.html">"U. S. Courts | Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscourts.gov/faq.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Courts+%7C+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/631">§ 631</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516193815/http://www.uscourts.gov/JudgesAndJudgeships/FederalJudgeships.aspx">"Federal Judgeships"</a>. <i>United States Courts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscourts.gov/JudgesAndJudgeships/FederalJudgeships.aspx">the original</a> on May 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Courts&rft.atitle=Federal+Judgeships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2FJudgesAndJudgeships%2FFederalJudgeships.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1331">§ 1331</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332">§ 1332</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1333">§ 1333</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3231">§ 3231</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1345">§ 1345</a> (United States as plaintiff); <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1346">§ 1346</a> (United States as defendant)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424035854/http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/usc_sup_01_28_10_IV_20_85.html">Title 28, United States Code, Chapter 85</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1441">"28 USC 1441"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=28+USC+1441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F28%2F1441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/158">§ 158</a>(a)(1) (U.S. district courts are authorized to hear appeals from final judgments, orders, and decrees of U.S. bankruptcy judges).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017234736/http://www.msba.org/uploadedFiles/MSBA/Member_Groups/Sections/Litigation/USDCTMDSurvey0115.pdf">"Survey of Admission Rules in Federal District Courts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland</i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msba.org/uploadedFiles/MSBA/Member_Groups/Sections/Litigation/USDCTMDSurvey0115.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+District+Court+for+the+District+of+Maryland&rft.atitle=Survey+of+Admission+Rules+in+Federal+District+Courts&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msba.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FMSBA%2FMember_Groups%2FSections%2FLitigation%2FUSDCTMDSurvey0115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkray2016" class="citation web cs1">Okray, John (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625225523/http://www.fedbar.org/Resources_1/Federal-Lawyer-Magazine/2016/September/Attorney-Admission-Practices-in-the-US-Federal-Courts.aspx?FT=.pdf">"Attorney Admission Practices in the U.S. Federal Courts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Federal Lawyer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fedbar.org/Resources_1/Federal-Lawyer-Magazine/2016/September/Attorney-Admission-Practices-in-the-US-Federal-Courts.aspx?FT=.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attorney+Admission+Practices+in+the+U.S.+Federal+Courts&rft.pub=The+Federal+Lawyer&rft.date=2016-09&rft.aulast=Okray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedbar.org%2FResources_1%2FFederal-Lawyer-Magazine%2F2016%2FSeptember%2FAttorney-Admission-Practices-in-the-US-Federal-Courts.aspx%3FFT%3D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local Rule 83.3, Local Rules of the Southern District of Ohio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local Rule 11.1, Local Rules of the Northern District of Florida,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local Rule 83.1, Local Rules of the District of Puerto Rico.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/our-district">Our District - USAO-CDCA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/133">§ 133</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118215752/http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/mediasources/20070508a?opendocument">"Border Crackdown Jams US Federal Courts"</a>. May 7, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacdl.org/public.nsf/mediasources/20070508a?opendocument">the original</a> on January 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+Crackdown+Jams+US+Federal+Courts&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacdl.org%2Fpublic.nsf%2Fmediasources%2F20070508a%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2008" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Russell (July 23, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Story?id=5429227">"What's Clogging the Courts? Ask America's Busiest Judge"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001031249/https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Story?id=5429227">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What%27s+Clogging+the+Courts%3F+Ask+America%27s+Busiest+Judge&rft.date=2008-07-23&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTheLaw%2FStory%3Fid%3D5429227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2016" class="citation web cs1">Byrd, Owen (October 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexmachina.com/2016-third-quarter-litigation-trends/">"Third Quarter Trends"</a>. Lex Machina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024145332/https://lexmachina.com/2016-third-quarter-litigation-trends/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Quarter+Trends&rft.pub=Lex+Machina&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flexmachina.com%2F2016-third-quarter-litigation-trends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calif-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calif_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calif_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-calif_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilloughby1909" class="citation book cs1">Willoughby, Rodman (1909). <i>History of the Bench and Bar of Southern California</i>. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bench+and+Bar+of+Southern+California&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=Rodman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+district+court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_district_court&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:United_States_District_Courts" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:United States District Courts">Portal:United States District Courts</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscourts.gov/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/us-court/type/district-court">United States district courts by state</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040822154530/http://www.catea.org/grade/legal/district.html">Federal Court Concepts, Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/court-records/">Links to researching court records</a> and also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/021.html">National Archives: Records of District Courts of the United States (Record Group 21) 1685-1993</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514085651/http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/territorial">Territorial Courts at Federal Judicial Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041107235001/http://air.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/autoframe?openform&top=%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Fcourtssitecontent&nav=%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Fdc_nav&page=%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Fdc_bdy">United States District Courts at Federal Judicial Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dockets.justia.com">United States District Court Civil Case 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_federal_courts" title="Template talk:United States federal courts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_federal_courts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States federal courts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_federal_courts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">United States federal courts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">List of United States district and territorial courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/500px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/750px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg/1000px-US_Court_of_Appeals_and_District_Court_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Federal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">District courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alabama (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Alabama" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Alabama" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Alabama" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Alaska" title="United States District Court for the District of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Arizona" title="United States District Court for the District of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li>Arkansas (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Arkansas" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas">W</a>)</li> <li>California (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of California">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of California">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Colorado" title="United States District Court for the District of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Connecticut" title="United States District Court for the District of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Delaware" title="United States District Court for the District of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li>Florida (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Florida" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Florida" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida">S</a>)</li> <li>Georgia (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Georgia" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Georgia" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Georgia" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Hawaii" title="United States District Court for the District of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Idaho" title="United States District Court for the District of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li>Illinois (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois">S</a>)</li> <li>Indiana (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Indiana" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Indiana" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana">S</a>)</li> <li>Iowa (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Iowa" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Iowa" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa">S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Kansas" title="United States District Court for the District of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li>Kentucky (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Kentucky" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Kentucky" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky">W</a>)</li> <li>Louisiana (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Louisiana" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Louisiana" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Louisiana">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maine" title="United States District Court for the District of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maryland" title="United States District Court for the District of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts" title="United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li>Michigan (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Michigan" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota" title="United States District Court for the District of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li>Mississippi (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Mississippi" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Mississippi" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi">S</a>)</li> <li>Missouri (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Missouri" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Montana" title="United States District Court for the District of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Nebraska" title="United States District Court for the District of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Nevada" title="United States District Court for the District of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Hampshire" title="United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States District Court for the District of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Mexico" title="United States District Court for the District of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of New York">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Western District of New York">W</a>)</li> <li>North Carolina (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_North_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_North_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_North_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_North_Dakota" title="United States District Court for the District of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li>Ohio (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Ohio" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Ohio" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio">S</a>)</li> <li>Oklahoma (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Oklahoma" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Oklahoma" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Oklahoma" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Oregon" title="United States District Court for the District of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Puerto_Rico" title="United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Rhode_Island" title="United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the District of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_South_Dakota" title="United States District Court for the District of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li>Tennessee (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee">W</a>)</li> <li>Texas (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas">S</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Texas">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Utah" title="United States District Court for the District of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Vermont" title="United States District Court for the District of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li>Virginia (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia">W</a>)</li> <li>Washington (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Washington" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Washington">W</a>)</li> <li>West Virginia (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_West_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia">N</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_West_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia">S</a>)</li> <li>Wisconsin (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Wisconsin" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin">E</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Wisconsin" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin">W</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Wyoming" title="United States District Court for the District of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialty courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade">Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation"> Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Guam" title="District Court of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_for_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="District Court of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_district_courts" title="List of former United States district courts">Former United States district courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Orleans" title="United States District Court for the District of Orleans">District of Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Potomac" title="United States District Court for the District of Potomac">District of Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois">Eastern District of Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Canal_Zone" title="United States District Court for the Canal Zone">District of the Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_for_China" title="United States Court for China">District of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_for_Berlin" title="United States Court for Berlin">District of Berlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Note</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> does not have a district court or federal territorial court; federal matters there go to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Hawaii" title="United States District Court for the District of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, or <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa" title="High Court of American Samoa">its own Supreme Court</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Law of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Law of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill (United States Congress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of justice"><img alt="Scales of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scale_of_justice.svg/40px-Scale_of_justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scale_of_justice.svg/60px-Scale_of_justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scale_of_justice.svg/80px-Scale_of_justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="206" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">Courts of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Appeals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">District</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bankruptcy_court" title="United States bankruptcy court">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade">International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Tax_Court" title="United States Tax Court">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">State courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">State supreme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test" title="Law School Admission Test">Law School Admission Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States" title="Bar examination in the United States">US bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">Admission to the bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">Reading law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_administrative_law" title="United States administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child custody laws in the United States">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child sexual abuse laws in the United States">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure_in_the_United_States" title="Civil procedure in the United States">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Conflict of laws in the United States">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_contract_law" title="United States contract law">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law_in_the_United_States" title="Property law in the United States">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_corporate_law" title="United States corporate law">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_the_United_States" title="Criminal law of the United States">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_criminal_procedure" title="United States criminal procedure">Procedure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_law" title="United States energy law">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_juvenile_justice_system" title="American juvenile justice system">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_United_States" title="Martial law in the United States">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Privacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="State privacy laws of the United States">State</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_aspects_of_race_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial aspects of race in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_tort_law" title="United States tort law">Tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_trust_law" title="United States trust law">Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" 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