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id="toc-Type_dynamics_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_dichotomies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_dichotomies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Four dichotomies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_dichotomies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes:_extraversion/introversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes:_extraversion/introversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Attitudes: extraversion/introversion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes:_extraversion/introversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions:_sensing/intuition_and_thinking/feeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions:_sensing/intuition_and_thinking/feeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Functions: sensing/intuition and thinking/feeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions:_sensing/intuition_and_thinking/feeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominant_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominant_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Dominant function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominant_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle_preferences:_judging/perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle_preferences:_judging/perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Lifestyle preferences: judging/perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle_preferences:_judging/perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy_and_validity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy_and_validity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Accuracy and validity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accuracy_and_validity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accuracy and validity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accuracy_and_validity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Little_evidence_for_dichotomies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_evidence_for_dichotomies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Little evidence for dichotomies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_evidence_for_dichotomies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Little_evidence_for_"dynamic"_type_stack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_evidence_for_"dynamic"_type_stack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Little evidence for "dynamic" type stack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_evidence_for_"dynamic"_type_stack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Validity_and_utility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Validity_and_utility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Validity and utility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Validity_and_utility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_objectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_objectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Lack of objectivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_objectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factor_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factor_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Factor analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factor_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correlates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Correlates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correlates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Reliability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Utility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correlations_with_other_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlations_with_other_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Correlations with other instruments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Correlations_with_other_instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Correlations with other instruments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Correlations_with_other_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keirsey_temperaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keirsey_temperaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Keirsey temperaments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keirsey_temperaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Big Five </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Popularity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popularity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Misuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="مؤشر مايرز بريغز للأنماط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤشر مايرز بريغز للأنماط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_-_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0" title="মায়ার্স - ব্রিগস টাইপ ইনডিকেটর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মায়ার্স - ব্রিগস টাইপ ইনডিকেটর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_L%C5%ABi-h%C3%AAng_Ch%C3%AD-piau" title="Myers-Briggs Lūi-hêng Chí-piau – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Myers-Briggs Lūi-hêng Chí-piau" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Типология на Майерс-Бригс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Типология на Майерс-Бригс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers_Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers Briggs Type Indicator – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Myers Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%DD%A3%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لانديكاتور د مايرز-بريݣس ديال لأنماط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لانديكاتور د مايرز-بريݣس ديال لأنماط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs-Typenindikator" title="Myers-Briggs-Typenindikator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Myers-Briggs-Typenindikator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicador_Myers-Briggs" title="Indicador Myers-Briggs – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indicador Myers-Briggs" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_motako_adierazle" title="Myers-Briggs motako adierazle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Myers-Briggs motako adierazle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%E2%80%93%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="آزمون شخصیت مایرز–بریگز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمون شخصیت مایرز–بریگز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers_Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers Briggs Type Indicator – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Myers Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTI" title="MBTI – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MBTI" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%E2%80%93%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%BD_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Մայերս–Բրիգս տիպաբանության ցուցիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայերս–Բրիգս տիպաբանության ցուցիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicatore_Myers-Briggs" title="Indicatore Myers-Briggs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indicatore Myers-Briggs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTI" title="MBTI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MBTI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მაიერს-ბრიგსის ტიპთა ინდიკატორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაიერს-ბრიგსის ტიპთა ინდიკატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_asmenyb%C4%97s_testas" title="Myers-Briggs asmenybės testas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Myers-Briggs asmenybės testas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs-t%C3%ADpuselm%C3%A9let" title="Myers–Briggs-típuselmélet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Myers–Briggs-típuselmélet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_typeindicator" title="Myers-Briggs typeindicator – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Myers-Briggs typeindicator" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTI" title="MBTI – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MBTI" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Myers-Briggs" title="Test Myers-Briggs – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Test Myers-Briggs" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipologia_de_Myers-Briggs" title="Tipologia de Myers-Briggs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tipologia de Myers-Briggs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Типология Майерс — Бриггс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типология Майерс — Бриггс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_indikator_tipov" title="Myers-Briggs indikator tipov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Myers-Briggs indikator tipov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мајер-Бригс класификација типова личности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мајер-Бригс класификација типова личности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggsin_tyyppi-indikaattori" title="Myers–Briggsin tyyppi-indikaattori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myers–Briggsin tyyppi-indikaattori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ตัวชี้วัดของไมเออร์ส-บริกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวชี้วัดของไมเออร์ส-บริกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers-Briggs_Tip_G%C3%B6stergesi" title="Myers-Briggs Tip Göstergesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Myers-Briggs Tip Göstergesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%80%D1%81-%D0%91%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%81" title="Індикатор типів Маєрс-Бріггс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індикатор типів Маєрс-Бріггс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B3_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="مائرس برگس ٹائپ انڈیکیٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مائرس برگس ٹائپ انڈیکیٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%AFc_nghi%E1%BB%87m_t%C3%ADnh_c%C3%A1ch_Myers-Briggs" title="Trắc nghiệm tính cách Myers-Briggs – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trắc nghiệm tính cách Myers-Briggs" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF-%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%81%E5%BD%99%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95" title="邁爾斯-布里格斯人品彙類法 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="邁爾斯-布里格斯人品彙類法" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-scientific personality questionnaire</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms (e.g., ENTP, INTP, INTJ and ISFJ) redirect here. These are Myers–Briggs personality types but are also used in <a href="/wiki/Socionics" title="Socionics">Socionics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter" title="Keirsey Temperament Sorter">Keirsey Temperament Sorter</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MBTI" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/MTBI" class="mw-redirect" title="MTBI">MTBI</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyersBriggsTypes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MyersBriggsTypes.png/300px-MyersBriggsTypes.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MyersBriggsTypes.png/450px-MyersBriggsTypes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MyersBriggsTypes.png/600px-MyersBriggsTypes.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A chart with descriptions of each Myers–Briggs personality type and the four dichotomies central to the theory</figcaption></figure> The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-report questionnaire that makes <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> claims<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> to categorize individuals into 16 distinct "<a href="/wiki/Psychological_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological type">psychological types</a>" or "personality types". The MBTI was constructed during World War II by Americans <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cook_Briggs" title="Katharine Cook Briggs">Katharine Cook Briggs</a> and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Briggs_Myers" title="Isabel Briggs Myers">Isabel Briggs Myers</a>, inspired by Swiss psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>'s 1921 book <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pittenger_467–488-7">[7]</a> The test assigns a binary value to each of four categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. One letter from each category is taken to produce a four-letter test result representing one of 16 possible types, such as "INFP" or "ESTJ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> The perceived accuracy of test results relies on the <a href="/wiki/Barnum_effect" title="Barnum effect">Barnum effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flattery" title="Flattery">flattery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, leading participants to personally identify with descriptions that are somewhat desirable, vague, and widely applicable.<a href="#cite_note-Whitbourne-10">[10]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Psychometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometric">psychometric</a> indicator, the test exhibits significant deficiencies, including poor <a href="/wiki/Test_validity" title="Test validity">validity</a>, poor <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">reliability</a>, measuring supposedly <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomous</a> categories that are not <a href="/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)" title="Independence (probability theory)">independent</a>, and not being comprehensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2013-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerMartinko2016-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995-14">[14]</a> Most of the research supporting the MBTI's validity has been produced by the Center for Applications of Psychological Type, an organization run by the Myers–Briggs Foundation, and published in the center's own journal, the Journal of Psychological Type (JPT), raising questions of independence, bias and <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilienfeldLynnLohr2014-5">[5]</a> Despite controversies over validity, the instrument has demonstrated widespread influence since its adoption by the Educational Testing Service in 1962. It is estimated that 50 million people have taken the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and that 10,000 businesses, 2,500 colleges and universities, and 200 government agencies in the United States use the MBTI.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katharine_Briggs_and_Isabel_Briggs-Myers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Katharine_Briggs_and_Isabel_Briggs-Myers.jpg/170px-Katharine_Briggs_and_Isabel_Briggs-Myers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Katharine_Briggs_and_Isabel_Briggs-Myers.jpg/255px-Katharine_Briggs_and_Isabel_Briggs-Myers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Katharine_Briggs_and_Isabel_Briggs-Myers.jpg/340px-Katharine_Briggs_and_Isabel_Briggs-Myers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cook_Briggs" title="Katharine Cook Briggs">Katharine Cook Briggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Briggs_Myers" title="Isabel Briggs Myers">Isabel Briggs Myers</a> <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">extrapolated</a> their MBTI theory from Carl Jung's writings in his 1921 book Psychological Types</figcaption></figure> Briggs began her research into <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a> in 1917. Upon meeting her future son-in-law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members. Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments: meditative (or thoughtful), spontaneous, executive, and social.<a href="#cite_note-CAPT-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPP-17">[17]</a> After the publication in 1923 of an English translation of Carl Jung's book <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Types" title="Psychological Types">Psychological Types</a> (first published in German as Psychologische Typen in 1921), Briggs recognized that Jung's theory resembled, but went far beyond, her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199522-18">[18]</a> Briggs's four types were later identified as corresponding to the IXXXs (Introverts: "meditative"), EXXPs (Extraverts & Prospectors: "spontaneous"), EXTJs (Extraverts, Thinkers & Judgers: "executive") and EXFJs (Extraverts, Feelers & Judgers: "social").<a href="#cite_note-19">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-CAPT-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPP-17">[17]</a> Her first publications were two articles describing Jung's theory, in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>, "Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box" (1926)<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and "Up From Barbarism" (1928).<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> After extensively studying the work of Jung, Briggs and her daughter extended their interest in human behavior into efforts to turn the theory of psychological types to practical use.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-CAPT-16">[16]</a> Isabel Myers was particularly fascinated by the concept of <a href="/wiki/Introversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Introversion">introversion</a> and she typed herself as an "INFP". However, she felt the book was too complex for the general public, and therefore she tried to organize the <a href="/wiki/Jungian_cognitive_functions" title="Jungian cognitive functions">Jungian cognitive functions</a> to make it more accessible.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_The_Personality_Brokers-22">[21]</a> Although Myers graduated from <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> in political science in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xx-23">[22]</a> neither Myers nor Briggs were formally educated in the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and both were self-taught in the field of <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometric testing">psychometric testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii-24">[23]</a> Myers therefore apprenticed herself to <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Hay" title="Edward N. Hay">Edward N. Hay</a> (1891–1958), the head personnel officer for a large <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Pennsylvania_Bank" title="First Pennsylvania Bank"> bank</a>. From Hay, Myers learned rudimentary test construction, scoring, validation, and statistical methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii,_xx-25">[24]</a> Briggs and Myers began creating their indicator during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> in the belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sorts of war-time jobs that would be the "most comfortable and effective" for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii-24">[23]</a> The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook, published in 1944, was re-published as "Myers–Briggs Type Indicator" in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Myers' work attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chauncey" title="Henry Chauncey">Henry Chauncey</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Educational_Testing_Service" title="Educational Testing Service">Educational Testing Service</a>, a private assessment-organization. Under these auspices, the first MBTI "manual" was published, in 1962. The MBTI received further support from <a href="/wiki/Donald_W._MacKinnon" title="Donald W. MacKinnon">Donald W. MacKinnon</a>, head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>; W. Harold Grant, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a>; and Mary H. McCaulley of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975, and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type was founded as a research laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xxi-27">[26]</a> After Myers' death in May 1980, Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI manual, and the second edition was published in 1985. The third edition appeared in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Format_and_administration">Format and administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Format and administration">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, an advanced scoring-system was developed<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> for the MBTI. From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator (TDI),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonSaunders1990-30">[29]</a> which is a scoring system for the longer MBTI, Form J,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessHarveySwartz2003-31">[30]</a> which includes the 290 items written by Myers that had survived her previous item analyses. It yields 20 subscales (five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales), plus seven additional subscales for a new "comfort-discomfort" factor (which parallels, though not perfectly measuring, the <a href="/wiki/NEO-PI" class="mw-redirect" title="NEO-PI">NEO-PI</a> factor of <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> This factor's scales indicate a sense of overall comfort and confidence versus discomfort and anxiety. They also load onto one of the four type-dimensions:<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <ul><li>guarded-optimistic (T/F),</li> <li>defiant-compliant (T/F),</li> <li>carefree-worried (T/F),</li> <li>decisive-ambivalent (J/P),</li> <li>intrepid-inhibited (E/I),</li> <li>leader-follower (E/I), and</li> <li>proactive-distractible (J/P).</li></ul> Also included is a composite of these called "strain". There are also scales for type-scale consistency and comfort-scale consistency. Reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50, "an acceptable result given the brevity of the subscales".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonSaunders1990-30">[29]</a> In 1989, a scoring system was developed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] for only the 20 subscales for the original four dichotomies. This was initially known[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as "Form K" or "the Expanded Analysis Report". This tool is now called the MBTI Step II.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Form J or the TDI included the items (derived from Myers' and McCaulley's earlier work) necessary to score what became known as Step III.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998119-36">[35]</a> (The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that the two instruments were one and the same<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998131-37">[36]</a>) Step III was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations: the Myers–Briggs Company, the publisher of all the MBTI works; the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT), which holds all of Myers' and McCaulley's original work; and the MBTI Trust headed by Katharine and Peter Myers. CAPT advertised Step III as addressing type development and the use of "perception and judgment" by respondents.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Concepts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The MBTI is based on the influential theory of <a href="/wiki/Personality_type#Carl_Jung" title="Personality type">psychological types</a> proposed by Swiss psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> in 1921,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1971-39">[38]</a> which was partially based on the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Ancient_classic_element_systems" title="Classical element">four elements</a> of classical cosmology.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Jung speculated that people experience the world using four principal psychological functions—<a href="/wiki/Sensation_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation (psychology)">sensation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">intuition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thinking</a>—and that one of these four functions is dominant in an individual, a majority of the time. In MBTI theory, the four categories are <a href="/wiki/Extraversion_and_introversion" title="Extraversion and introversion">introversion/extraversion</a>, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. According to the MBTI, each person is said to have one preferred quality from each category, producing 16 unique types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberKaufmannSteinmann201734-35-41">[40]</a> The MBTI emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearmanAlbritton1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsimnotcrazyimjust00pearpagen13_xiii]-42">[41]</a> "The underlying assumption of the MBTI is that we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences, and these preferences underpin our interests, needs, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>."<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The MBTI Manual states that the indicator "is designed to implement a theory; therefore, the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer19981-44">[43]</a> Fundamental to the MBTI is the <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> of psychological types as originally developed by Carl Jung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii-24">[23]</a> Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions: <ul><li>The "<a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">judging</a>) functions: thinking and feeling.</li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrational</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Perceiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceiving">perceiving</a>) functions: sensation and intuition.</li></ul> Jung believed that for every person, each of the functions is expressed primarily in either an introverted or extraverted form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199517-45">[44]</a> Based on Jung's original concepts, Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type, described below, on which the MBTI is based. According to psychologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> writing in 1995 the 16 personality types used in MBTI are incomplete, as Jung's theory used 32 types, 16 of which could not be measured by questionnaire. Per Eysenck, it was unfair to Jung to claim the scale accurately measured Jungian concepts.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Both Jung's original model and the simplified MBTI remain hypothetical, with no controlled scientific studies supporting either.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_Jung">Differences from Jung</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Differences from Jung">edit</a>]</div> Jung did not see the type preferences (such as introversion and extraversion) as dualistic, but rather as tendencies: both are innate and have the potential to balance.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-48">[47]</a> Jung's typology theories postulated a sequence of four cognitive functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition), each having one of two polar tendencies (extraversion or introversion), giving a total of eight dominant functions. The MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions, although with some differences in expression from Jung's model. While the Jungian model proposes the first three dichotomies, Myers and Briggs added the judgment-perception preference.<a href="#cite_note-Pittenger_467–488-7">[7]</a> The most notable addition of Myers' and Briggs' ideas to Jung's original thought is their concept that a given type's fourth letter (J or P) indicates a person's most preferred extraverted function, which is the dominant function for extraverted types and the auxiliary function for introverted types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199521–22-49">[48]</a> Jung hypothesized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world: exterior for extraverts and interior for introverts. The remaining three functions, he suggested, operate in the opposite orientation.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Some MBTI practitioners, however, place doubt on this concept as being a category error with next to no empirical evidence backing it relative to other findings with correlation evidence, yet as a theory it still remains part of Myers' and Briggs' extrapolation of their original theory despite being discounted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynierse2009-51">[50]</a> Jung's hypothesis can be summarized as: if the dominant cognitive function is introverted, then the other functions are extraverted and vice versa. The MBTI Manual summarizes Jung's work of balance in psychological type as follows: "There are several references in Jung's writing to the three remaining functions having an opposite attitudinal character. For example, in writing about introverts with thinking dominant ... Jung commented that the counterbalancing functions have an extraverted character."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998-28">[27]</a> Using the INTP type as an example, the orientation according to Jung would be as follows: <ul><li>Dominant introverted thinking</li> <li>Auxiliary extraverted intuition</li> <li>Tertiary introverted sensing</li> <li>Inferior extraverted feeling</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_dynamics_and_development">Type dynamics and development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Type dynamics and development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cognitive_Functions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cognitive_Functions.svg/220px-Cognitive_Functions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cognitive_Functions.svg/330px-Cognitive_Functions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cognitive_Functions.svg/440px-Cognitive_Functions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A diagram depicting the cognitive functions of each type: A type's background color represents its dominant function and its text color represents its auxiliary function.</figcaption></figure> Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right <a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">handedness</a>: people are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding. The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or "<a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomies</a>", with a resulting 16 possible psychological types. None of these are considered to be "better" or "worse"; however, Briggs and Myers theorized that people innately "prefer" one overall combination of type differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers19959-52">[51]</a> In the same way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right-hander, so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, though they can become more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development. The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters – the initial letters of each of their four type preferences (except in the case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation "N" to distinguish it from introversion). For instance: <ul><li>ENTJ: extraversion (E), intuition (N), thinking (T), judgment (J)</li> <li>ISFP: introversion (I), sensing (S), feeling (F), perception (P)</li></ul> These abbreviations are applied to all 16 types. The interaction of two, three, or four preferences is known as "type dynamics". Although type dynamics has received little or no empirical support to substantiate its viability as a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynierse2009-51">[50]</a> Myers and Briggs asserted that for each of the 16 four-preference types, one function is the most dominant and is likely to be evident earliest in life. A secondary or auxiliary function typically becomes more evident (differentiated) during teenage years and provides balance to the dominant. In normal development, individuals tend to become more fluent with a third, tertiary function during mid-life, while the fourth, inferior function remains least consciously developed. The inferior function is often considered to be more associated with the unconscious, being most evident in situations such as high stress (sometimes referred to as being "in the grip" of the inferior function).<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> However, the use of type dynamics is disputed: in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics, James H. Reynierse writes, "Type dynamics has persistent logical problems and is fundamentally based on a series of category mistakes; it provides, at best, a limited and incomplete account of type related phenomena"; and "type dynamics relies on anecdotal evidence, fails most efficacy tests, and does not fit the empirical facts". His studies gave the clear result that the descriptions and workings of type dynamics do not fit the real behavior of people. He suggests getting completely rid of type dynamics, because it does not help, but hinders understanding of personality. The presumed order of functions 1 to 4 did only occur in one out of 540 test results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynierse2009-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_dichotomies">Four dichotomies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Four dichotomies">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Carl Jung </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Subjective </th> <th>Objective </th></tr> <tr> <th>Perception </th> <td>Intuition/Sensing </td> <td>Introversion/Extraversion 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Judging </th> <td>Feeling/Thinking </td> <td>Introversion/Extraversion 2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Myers–Briggs, 16 Personalities </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Subjective </th> <th>Objective </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Deduction </th> <th rowspan="2">Deduction, Induction </th> <td>Intuition/Sensing </td> <td rowspan="2">Introversion/Extraversion </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intuition/Observing </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Induction </th> <th rowspan="2">Retroduction </th> <td rowspan="2">Feeling/Thinking </td> <td>Perception/Judging </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prospecting/Judging </td></tr></tbody></table> The four pairs of preferences or "dichotomies" are shown in the adjacent table. The terms used for each dichotomy have specific technical meanings relating to the MBTI, which differ from their everyday usage. For example, people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more "judgmental" or less "perceptive", nor does the MBTI instrument measure <a href="/wiki/Aptitude" title="Aptitude">aptitude</a>; it simply indicates for one preference over another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer19983-55">[54]</a> Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over introversion cannot be correctly described as more extraverted: they simply have a clear preference. Point scores on each of the dichotomies can vary considerably from person to person, even among those with the same type. However, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference (for example, E vs. I) to be more important than the degree of the preference (for example, very clear vs. slight).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998-28">[27]</a> The expression of a person's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences. The preferences interact through <a href="#Type_dynamics_and_development">type dynamics and type development</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes:_extraversion/introversion">Attitudes: extraversion/introversion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attitudes: extraversion/introversion">edit</a>]</div> Myers–Briggs literature uses the terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them. Extraversion means literally outward-turning and introversion, inward-turning.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> These specific definitions differ somewhat from the popular usage of the words. Extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI publications. The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called "<a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a>". Briggs and Myers recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things ("extraverted attitude") or the internal world of ideas and reflection ("introverted attitude"). The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other. People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion "expend" energy through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> An extravert's flow is directed outward toward people and objects, whereas the introvert's is directed inward toward concepts and ideas. Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted people include: <ul><li>Extraverted are action-oriented, while introverted are thought-oriented.</li> <li>Extraverted seek breadth of knowledge and influence, while introverted seek depth of knowledge and influence.</li> <li>Extraverted often prefer more frequent interaction, while introverted prefer more substantial interaction.</li> <li>Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while introverted recharge and get their energy from spending time alone; they consume their energy through the opposite process.<a href="#cite_note-SpeedReading-58">[57]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions:_sensing/intuition_and_thinking/feeling">Functions: sensing/intuition and thinking/feeling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Functions: sensing/intuition and thinking/feeling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jungian_cognitive_functions" title="Jungian cognitive functions">Jungian cognitive functions</a></div> Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions: <ul><li>Two perceiving functions: <a href="/wiki/Sensation_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation (psychology)">sensation</a> (usually called sensing in MBTI writings) and <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (psychology)">intuition</a></li> <li>Two judging functions: thinking and feeling</li></ul> According to Jung's typology model, each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly and proficiently than the other three; however, all four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances. Because each function can manifest in either an extraverted or an introverted attitude, Jung's model includes eight combinations of functions and attitudes, four of which are largely conscious and four unconscious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Beebe" title="John Beebe">John Beebe</a> created a model that combines ideas of archetypes and the <a href="/wiki/Dialogical_self" title="Dialogical self">dialogical self</a> with functions, each function viewed as performing the role of an archetype within an internal dialog.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Sensing and intuition are the information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers19952-60">[59]</a> They prefer to look for details and facts. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses, that can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. For them, the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995-8">[8]</a> Thinking and feeling are the <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They are concerned with the truth and view it as more important.<a href="#cite_note-:0-61">[60]</a> As noted already, people who prefer thinking do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, "think better" than their feeling counterparts, in the common sense; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions (and, in any case, the MBTI assessment is a measure of preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have "better" emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominant_function">Dominant function</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dominant function">edit</a>]</div> According to Jung, people use all four cognitive functions. However, one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way. This dominant function is supported by the secondary (auxiliary) function, and to a lesser degree the tertiary function. The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function. Myers called this inferior function the "shadow."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199584-62">[61]</a> The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes (extraversion and introversion). Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_preferences:_judging/perception">Lifestyle preferences: judging/perception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifestyle preferences: judging/perception">edit</a>]</div> Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the judging function (thinking or feeling) or their perceiving function (sensing or intuition) when relating to the outside world (extraversion). They held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function (thinking or feeling). Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function (sensing or intuition). According to Myers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199575-64">[63]</a> judging types like to "have matters settled", while perceptive types prefer to "keep decisions open". So, TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical and FJ types as <a href="/wiki/Empathetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathetic">empathetic</a>. SP types tend to appear as concrete and NP types as abstract. The J or P indicates the dominant function for extraverts, whereas for introverts, the J or P indicates their auxiliary function. Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters "important to their inner worlds".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199513-65">[64]</a> For example, because the ENTJ type is extraverted, the J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function (introverted intuition). Their tertiary function is sensing and their inferior function is introverted feeling. Conversely, because the INTJ type is introverted, the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The INTJ type introverts the dominant perceiving function (introverted intuition). Their tertiary function is feeling and their inferior function is extraverted sensing.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accuracy_and_validity">Accuracy and validity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accuracy and validity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> ... a major task in interpretation is to help respondents with less clear reported preferences arrive at a comfortable and accurate assessment of their type. This is accomplished in an interpretation session mainly through an exploration of how type preferences appear in client behaviors. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">The MBTI Manual, Chapter 6: Interpreting Results of the MBTI and Verifying Type<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></cite></div> </div> Despite its popularity, the MBTI has been widely regarded as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> by the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-v512-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinSwan2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweiger-2">[2]</a> The validity (<a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">statistical validity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Test_validity" title="Test validity">test validity</a>) of the MBTI as a <a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">psychometric</a> instrument has been the subject of much criticism. Media reports have called the test "pretty much meaningless",<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-68">[67]</a> and "one of the worst personality tests in existence".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The psychologist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Grant" title="Adam Grant">Adam Grant</a> is especially vocal against MBTI. He called it "the fad that won't die" in a <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a> article.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2013-11">[11]</a> Psychometric specialist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hogan_(psychologist)" title="Robert Hogan (psychologist)">Robert Hogan</a> wrote: "Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese <a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">fortune cookie</a>".<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Campion" title="Nicholas Campion">Nicholas Campion</a> comments that this is "a fascinating example of 'disguised astrology', masquerading as science in order to claim respectability."<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> It has been estimated that between a third and a half of the published material on the MBTI has been produced for the special conferences of the Center for the Application of Psychological Type (which provide the training in the MBTI, and are funded by sales of the MBTI) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type (which is edited and supported by Myers–Briggs advocates and by sales of the indicator).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffieldMoseleyHallEcclestone2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-72">[71]</a> It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffieldMoseleyHallEcclestone2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-72">[71]</a> Many of the studies that endorse MBTI are methodologically weak or unscientific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerMartinko2016-13">[13]</a> A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concluded: "It is clear that efforts to detect simplistic linkages between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing. Indeed, given the mixed quality of research and the inconsistent findings, no definitive conclusion regarding these relationships can be drawn."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerMartinko2016-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pittenger2005-73">[72]</a> The test has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Horoscope" title="Horoscope">horoscopes</a>, as both rely on the <a href="/wiki/Barnum_effect" title="Barnum effect">Barnum effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flattery" title="Flattery">flattery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>, leading participants to personally identify with descriptions that are somewhat desirable, vague, and widely applicable.<a href="#cite_note-Whitbourne-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> MBTI is not recommended in counseling.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_evidence_for_dichotomies">Little evidence for dichotomies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Little evidence for dichotomies">edit</a>]</div> As previously stated in the <a href="#Four_dichotomies">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator § Four dichotomies</a> section, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference (for example, E vs. I) to be more important than the degree of the preference. Statistically, this would mean that scores on each MBTI scale would show a <a href="/wiki/Bimodal_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimodal distribution">bimodal distribution</a> with most people scoring near the ends of the scales, thus dividing people into either, e.g., an extraverted or an introverted psychological type. However, most studies have found that scores on the individual scales were actually distributed in a centrally peaked manner, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a>, indicating that the majority of people were actually in the middle of the scale and were thus neither clearly introverted nor extraverted. Most personality traits do show a normal distribution of scores from low to high, with about 15% of people at the low end, about 15% at the high end and the majority of people in the middle ranges. But in order for the MBTI to be scored, a cut-off line is used at the middle of each scale and all those scoring below the line are classified as a low type and those scoring above the line are given the opposite type. Thus, psychometric assessment research fails to support the concept of type, but rather shows that most people lie near the middle of a continuous curve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCraeCosta1989-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuwirth2004-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stricker-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessHarvey2002-79">[78]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Although we do not conclude that the absence of bimodality necessarily proves that the MBTI developers' theory-based assumption of categorical "types" of personality is invalid, the absence of empirical bimodality in <a href="/wiki/Item_response_theory" title="Item response theory">IRT-based</a> research of MBTI scores does indeed remove a potentially powerful line of evidence that was previously available to "type" advocates to cite in defense of their position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessHarvey2002-79">[78]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_evidence_for_"dynamic"_type_stack">Little evidence for "dynamic" type stack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Little evidence for "dynamic" type stack">edit</a>]</div> Some MBTI supporters argue that the application of type dynamics to MBTI (e.g., where inferred "dominant" or "auxiliary" functions like Se / "Extraverted Sensing" or Ni / "Introverted Intuition" are presumed to exist) is a logical category error that has little empirical evidence backing it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynierse2009-51">[50]</a> Instead, they argue that Myers–Briggs validity as a psychometric tool is highest when each type of category is viewed independently as a dichotomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynierse2009-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Validity_and_utility">Validity and utility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Validity and utility">edit</a>]</div> The content of the MBTI scales is problematic. In 1991, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> committee reviewed data from MBTI research studies and concluded that only the I-E scale has high correlations with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts, showing strong validity. In contrast, the S-N and T-F scales show relatively weak validity. The 1991 review committee concluded at the time there was "not sufficient, well-designed research to justify the use of the MBTI in career counseling programs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowack1996-80">[79]</a> This study based its measurement of <a href="/wiki/Predictive_validity" title="Predictive validity">validity</a> on "criterion-related validity (i.e. does the MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success/job performance?)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowack1996-80">[79]</a> The committee stressed the discrepancy between popularity of the MBTI and research results stating, "the popularity of this instrument in the absence of proven scientific worth is troublesome."<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> There is insufficient evidence to make claims about utility, particularly of the four letter type derived from a person's responses to the MBTI items.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_objectivity">Lack of objectivity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lack of objectivity">edit</a>]</div> The accuracy of the MBTI depends on honest self-reporting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer199852–53-82">[81]</a> Unlike some personality questionnaires, such as the <a href="/wiki/16PF_Questionnaire" title="16PF Questionnaire">16PF Questionnaire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory" title="Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory">Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Personality_Assessment_Inventory" title="Personality Assessment Inventory">Personality Assessment Inventory</a>, the MBTI does not use validity scales to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995-14">[14]</a> As a result, individuals motivated to do so can fake their responses.<a href="#cite_note-Furnham-83">[82]</a> One study found a weak but statistically significant correlation between the MBTI judging scale and the <a href="/wiki/Eysenck_Personality_Questionnaire" title="Eysenck Personality Questionnaire">Eysenck Personality Questionnaire</a> lie scale, suggesting that more socially conformant individuals are more likely to be considered judging according to the MBTI.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-Jones-84">[83]</a> If respondents "fear they have something to lose, they may answer as they assume they should."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer199853-85">[84]</a> However, the MBTI ethical guidelines state, "It is unethical and in many cases illegal to require job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen out applicants."<a href="#cite_note-ethics-86">[85]</a> The intent of the MBTI is to provide "a framework for understanding individual differences, and... a dynamic model of individual development".<a href="#cite_note-type-at-work-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The terminology of the MBTI has been criticized as being very "vague and general",<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> so as to allow any kind of behavior to fit any personality type, which may result in the <a href="/wiki/Barnum_effect" title="Barnum effect">Barnum effect</a>, where people give a high rating to a positive description that supposedly applies specifically to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004-47">[46]</a> Others argue that while the MBTI type descriptions are brief, they are also distinctive and precise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeirsey199814–15-89">[88]</a> Some theorists, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Keirsey" title="David Keirsey">David Keirsey</a>, have expanded on the MBTI descriptions, providing even greater detail. For instance, Keirsey's descriptions of his <a href="/wiki/Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter#Four_temperaments" title="Keirsey Temperament Sorter">four temperaments</a>, which he correlated with the 16 MBTI personality types, show how the temperaments differ in terms of language use, intellectual orientation, educational and vocational interests, social orientation, self-image, personal values, social roles, and characteristic hand gestures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeirsey199832–207-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factor_analysis">Factor analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Factor analysis">edit</a>]</div> Researchers have reported that the JP and the SN scales correlate with one another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCraeCosta1989-76">[75]</a> One factor-analytic study based on (N=1291) college-aged students found six different factors instead of the four purported dimensions, thereby raising doubts as to the <a href="/wiki/Construct_validity" title="Construct validity">construct validity</a> of the MBTI.<a href="#cite_note-Sipps-1985-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correlates">Correlates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Correlates">edit</a>]</div> According to Hans Eysenck: <blockquote> The main dimension in the MBTI is called E-I, or extraversion-introversion; this is mostly a sociability scale, correlating quite well with the MMPI social introversion scale (negatively) and the Eysenck Extraversion scale (positively).<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Unfortunately, the scale also has a loading on neuroticism, which correlates with the introverted end. Thus introversion correlates roughly (i.e., averaging values for males and females) −.44 with dominance, +.37 with abasement, +.46 with counselling readiness, −.52 with self-confidence, −.36 with personal adjustment, and −.45 with empathy.<a href="#cite_note-93">[ii]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[iii]</a> The failure of the scale to disentangle Introversion and Neuroticism (there is no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in the MBTI) is its worst feature, only equalled by the failure to use <a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">factor analysis</a> in order to test the arrangement of items in the scale.<a href="#cite_note-Eysenck_110-96">[93]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability">Reliability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reliability">edit</a>]</div> The test-retest <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">reliability</a> of the MBTI tends to be low. Large numbers of people (between 39% and 76% of respondents) obtain different type classifications when retaking the indicator after only five weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuwirth2004-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2013-11">[11]</a> A 2013 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune Magazine">Fortune Magazine</a> article titled "Have we all been duped by the Myers-Briggs Test?" wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The interesting – and somewhat alarming – fact about the MBTI is that, despite its popularity, it has been subject to sustained criticism by professional psychologists for over three decades. One problem is that it displays what statisticians call low "test-retest reliability." So if you retake the test after only a five-week gap, there's around a 50% chance that you will fall into a different personality category compared to the first time you took the test. A second criticism is that the MBTI mistakenly assumes that personality falls into mutually exclusive categories. ... The consequence is that the scores of two people labelled "introverted" and "extraverted" may be almost exactly the same, but they could be placed into different categories since they fall on either side of an imaginary dividing line.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-97">[94]</a></blockquote> Within each dichotomy scale, as measured on Form G, about 83% of categorizations remain the same when people are retested within nine months and around 75% when retested after nine months. About 50% of people re-administered the MBTI within nine months remain the same overall type and 36% the same type after more than nine months.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> For Form M (the most current form of the MBTI instrument), the MBTI Manual reports that these scores are higher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998163-99">[96]</a> In one study, when people were asked to compare their preferred type to that assigned by the MBTI assessment, only half of people chose the same profile.<a href="#cite_note-Carskadon-100">[97]</a> Robert and Mary Capraro in 2002 meta-analysis published in the journal <a href="/wiki/Educational_and_Psychological_Measurement" title="Educational and Psychological Measurement">Educational and Psychological Measurement</a> found out that "In general, the MBTI and its scales yielded scores with strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates, although variation was observed." The analysis found that of 210 studies from 1998 to 2001, 14 (7%) reported directly on the reliability of the data, 26% reported reliability via prior studies or the test manual, and 56% did not mention reliability at all.<a href="#cite_note-Capraro_Capraro_Indicator_Score_Reliability_Across-101">[98]</a> It has been argued that criticisms regarding the MBTI mostly come down to questions regarding the validity of its origins, not questions regarding the validity of the MBTI's usefulness.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Others argue that the MBTI can be a reliable measurement of personality, and "like all measures, the MBTI yields scores that are dependent on sample characteristics and testing conditions".<a href="#cite_note-Capraro_Capraro_Indicator_Score_Reliability_Across-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> A 1973 study of university students in the United States found the INFP type was the most common type among students studying the <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">art education</a> subjects, with 36% of fine arts students and 26% of art education students being INFPs.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> A 1973 study of the personality types of teachers in the United States found Intuitive-Perceptive types (ENFP, INFP, ENTP, INTP) were over-represented in teachers of subjects such as English, social studies and art, as opposed to science and mathematics, which featured more sensing (S) and judging (J) types.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> A questionnaire of 27,787 high school students suggested INFP students among them showed a significant preference for art, English, and music subjects.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utility">Utility</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Utility">edit</a>]</div> Isabel Myers claimed that the proportion of different personality types varied by choice of career or course of study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199540–51-106">[103]</a> However, researchers examining the proportions of each type within varying professions report that the proportion of MBTI types within each occupation is close to that within a random sample of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a> Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of type to job satisfaction, as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Druckman-107">[104]</a> The Myers–Briggs Company, then known as Consulting Psychologists Press (and later CPP), became the exclusive publisher of the MBTI in 1975. They call it "the world's most widely used personality assessment", with as many as two million assessments administered annually.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> The Myers-Briggs Company and other proponents state that the indicator meets or exceeds the reliability of other psychological instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuwirth2004-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tieger-110">[107]</a> The MBTI has poor <a href="/wiki/Predictive_validity" title="Predictive validity">predictive validity</a> of employees' job performance ratings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowack1996-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-its-not-you-111">[108]</a> As noted above under Precepts and ethics, the MBTI measures preferences, not ability. The use of the MBTI as a predictor of job success is expressly discouraged in the Manual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer199878-112">[109]</a> It is argued that the MBTI only continues to be popular because many people are qualified to administer it, it is not difficult to understand, and there are many supporting books, websites and other sources which are readily available to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correlations_with_other_instruments">Correlations with other instruments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Correlations with other instruments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keirsey_temperaments">Keirsey temperaments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Keirsey temperaments">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/David_Keirsey" title="David Keirsey">David Keirsey</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Keirsey_Temperament_Sorter" title="Keirsey Temperament Sorter">Keirsey Temperament Sorter</a> after learning about the MBTI system, though he traces four "temperaments" back to Ancient Greek traditions. He maps these temperaments to the Myers–Briggs groupings SP, SJ, NF, and NT. He also gives each of the 16 MBTI types a name, as shown in the below table. <table role="presentation" style="margin: auto; border: 1px solid; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="background-color: #fdf; font-weight: bold;">ISITEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Inspector_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector (role variant)">Inspector</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #fdf; font-weight: bold;">ISIFEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Protector_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protector (role variant)">Protector</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #fdf; font-weight: bold;">INIFEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Counselor_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Counselor (role variant)">Counselor</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #fdf; font-weight: bold;">INITEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Mastermind_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastermind (role variant)">Mastermind</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background-color: #edb; font-weight: bold;">ISETIP</div><a href="/wiki/Crafter_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafter (role variant)">Crafter</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #edb; font-weight: bold;">ISEFIP</div><a href="/wiki/Composer_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Composer (role variant)">Composer</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #edb; font-weight: bold;">INEFIP</div><a href="/wiki/Healer_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Healer (role variant)">Healer</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #edb; font-weight: bold;">INETIP</div><a href="/wiki/Architect_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect (role variant)">Architect</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background-color: #ddf; font-weight: bold;">ESETIP</div><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (role variant)">Promoter</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #ddf; font-weight: bold;">ESEFIP</div><a href="/wiki/Performer_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Performer (role variant)">Performer</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #ddf; font-weight: bold;">ENEFIP</div><a href="/wiki/Champion_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champion (role variant)">Champion</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #ddf; font-weight: bold;">ENETIP</div><a href="/wiki/Inventor_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor (role variant)">Inventor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <div style="background-color: #dfd; font-weight: bold;">ESITEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Supervisor_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervisor (role variant)">Supervisor</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #dfd; font-weight: bold;">ESIFEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Provider_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provider (role variant)">Provider</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #dfd; font-weight: bold;">ENIFEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Teacher_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher (role variant)">Teacher</a> </td> <td> <div style="background-color: #dfd; font-weight: bold;">ENITEJ</div><a href="/wiki/Fieldmarshal_(role_variant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fieldmarshal (role variant)">Fieldmarshal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_Five">Big Five</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Big Five">edit</a>]</div> McCrae and Costa based their Five Factor Model (FFM) on Goldberg's <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five</a> theory.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> McCrae and Costa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCraeCosta1989-76">[75]</a> present <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlations</a> between the MBTI scales and the <a href="/wiki/Big_five_personality_traits" class="mw-redirect" title="Big five personality traits">Big Five</a> personality constructs measured, for example, by the NEO-PI-R.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> The five purported personality constructs have been labeled: extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism (emotional instability), although there is not universal agreement on the Big Five theory and the related Five-Factor Model (FFM).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyleStankovCattell1995-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The following correlations are based on the results from 267 men and 201 women as part of a longitudinal study of aging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCraeCosta1989-76">[75]</a> <div class="center"> <div role="figure" style="display: inline-block; border: 1px solid;"> <table> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#EDB;"> <td> </td> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Extraversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraversion">Extraversion</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Openness_to_experience" title="Openness to experience">Openness</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Agreeableness" title="Agreeableness">Agreeableness</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">Neuroticism</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FDF"> <th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#Attitudes:_Extraversion_(E)/Introversion_(I)">E–I</a> </th> <td>−0.74 </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>−0.03 </td> <td>0.08 </td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#DDF"> <th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#Functions:_Sensing_(S)/Intuition_(N)_and_Thinking_(T)/Feeling_(F)">S–N</a> </th> <td>0.10 </td> <td>0.72 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>−0.15 </td> <td>−0.06 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#DFD"> <th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#Functions:_Sensing_(S)/Intuition_(N)_and_Thinking_(T)/Feeling_(F)">T–F</a> </th> <td>0.19 </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td>0.44 </td> <td>−0.15 </td> <td>0.06 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFD"> <th scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#Lifestyle:_Judgment_(J)/Perception_(P)">J–P</a> </th> <td>0.15 </td> <td>0.30 </td> <td>−0.06 </td> <td>−0.49 </td> <td>0.11 </td></tr></tbody></table> The closer the number is to 1.0 or −1.0, the higher the degree of <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a>. </div> </div> These correlations refer to the second letter shown, i.e., the table shows that I and P have negative correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness, respectively, while F and N have positive correlations with agreeableness and openness, respectively. These results suggest that the four MBTI scales can be incorporated within the <a href="/wiki/Big_five_personality_traits" class="mw-redirect" title="Big five personality traits">Big Five</a> personality trait constructs, but that the MBTI lacks a measure for emotional stability dimension of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five</a> (though the TDI, discussed above, has addressed that dimension). Emotional stability (or <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a>) is a predictor of depression and anxiety disorders. These findings led McCrae and Costa to conclude that, "correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality. The five-factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings within a broader, more commonly shared conceptual framework." However, "there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types, instead, the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCraeCosta1989-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Popularity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, MBTI testing became a fad among young South Koreans who were using it in an attempt to find compatible dating partners. The fad originated with a website called 16Personalities.com, which offers a free approximation of the official paid test.<a href="#cite_note-Chea-April2022-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chea-March2022-119">[116]</a> Both independent experts and a representative of the MBTI publishing company have cautioned against using the MBTI test for dating, as the test was not designed for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-kr-120">[117]</a> South Korea experienced a similar trend in the early 2000s with the <a href="/wiki/Blood_type_personality_theory" title="Blood type personality theory">blood type personality theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kr-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chea-April2022-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-KoreaTimes-August2022-121">[118]</a> One survey reported that by December 2021, nearly half of the population had taken the MBTI personality test. The MBTI personality test also became an issue in <a href="/wiki/2022_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="2022 South Korean presidential election">2022 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KoreaTimes-August2022-121">[118]</a> In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a> reported that "A growing number of Korean companies are asking job candidates to reveal their MBTI personality test results, angering job hunters who argue that the test is an unreasonable standard to screen and evaluate their capabilities."<a href="#cite_note-Chea-March2022-119">[116]</a> A survey of South Korean job-seekers in their twenties found that 60% opposed the use of the test for such purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Chea-March2022-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> 16Personalities.com also influenced an MBTI fad in China, where some employers and job recruiters have asked applicants about their MBTI or 16Personalities results. The trend in China also led to MBTI-related products, paid services, and social media such as podcasts and memes.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misuse">Misuse</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Misuse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2021, director Tim Travers Hawkins's film Persona: The Dark Truth Behind Personality Tests premiered on HBO.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The company which owns the test condemns its misuse, writing the test "is not, and was never intended to be predictive, and should never be used for hiring, screening or to dictate life decisions."<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <dl><dt>Criticism</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">Labeling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merve_Emre#Works" title="Merve Emre">The Personality Brokers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Others</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjective_Check_List" title="Adjective Check List">Adjective Check List</a> (ACL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_types" title="Brain types">Brain types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DISC_assessment" title="DISC assessment">DISC assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riso%E2%80%93Hudson_Enneagram_Type_Indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Riso–Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator">Riso–Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIRO-B" class="mw-redirect" title="FIRO-B">FIRO-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Codes" title="Holland Codes">Holland Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology#Historical_overview" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational psychology § Historical overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_compatibility" title="Interpersonal compatibility">Interpersonal compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_Type_Index" title="Jungian Type Index">Jungian Type Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tests#Personality_tests" title="List of tests">List of tests § Personality tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture#Kim_Cameron_and_Robert_Quinn" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture § Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_Assessment_System" title="Personality Assessment System">Personality Assessment System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_clash" title="Personality clash">Personality clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_NEO_Personality_Inventory" title="Revised NEO Personality Inventory">Revised NEO Personality Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Birkman#The_Birkman_Method" title="Roger Birkman">Roger Birkman § The Birkman Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socionics" title="Socionics">Socionics</a>, a partner theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Interest_Inventory" title="Strong Interest Inventory">Strong Interest Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory" title="Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory">Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kilmann_Conflict_Mode_Instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument">Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology#Type_theories" title="Personality psychology">Personality psychology § Type theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-factor_models_of_personality#Factors_integrated_into_modern_instruments" title="Two-factor models of personality">Two-factor models of personality § Factors integrated into modern instruments</a> (CPI 260)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "X" stands for dichotomies: in this particular case, what letter goes in which place doesn't matter for the description. (e.g., EXXPs may be (1) ENFPs, (2) ESFPs, (3) ENTPs, or (4) ESTPs.) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> It also correlates −.24 with aggression, but is it doubtful whether this correlation is really unfortunate. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> By a rule of thumb, these correlations should be considered weak, weak, weak, moderate, weak, weak and noise respectively. Overall, this makes a non-correlation of −0.1475±0.01, similar to the quoted result of a longitudinal study of aging later in this article.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a>. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-v512-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-v512_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-v512_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2022" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Jim (2022-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/myers-briggs-psychology-test-garbage-b2200663.html">"How thousands of companies ended up using a bogus psychology test on their staff"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 2024-09-25. <q>dozens of scientists have pointed out that Myers-Briggs is pseudoscience. There is no peer-reviewed, statistically significant, double-blind research demonstrating that it works.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+thousands+of+companies+ended+up+using+a+bogus+psychology+test+on+their+staff&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fmyers-briggs-psychology-test-garbage-b2200663.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schweiger-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schweiger_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schweiger_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweiger1985" class="citation journal cs1">Schweiger, David M. (August 1985). "Measuring managerial cognitive styles: On the logical validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator". Journal of Business Research. 13 (4): 315–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0148-2963%2885%2990004-9">10.1016/0148-2963(85)90004-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Research&rft.atitle=Measuring+managerial+cognitive+styles%3A+On+the+logical+validity+of+the+Myers-Briggs+Type+Indicator&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-328&rft.date=1985-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0148-2963%2885%2990004-9&rft.aulast=Schweiger&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinSwan2019-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinSwan2019_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinSwan2019_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinSwan2019">Stein & Swan 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThyerPignotti2015-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThyerPignotti2015_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThyerPignotti2015">Thyer & Pignotti 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELilienfeldLynnLohr2014-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilienfeldLynnLohr2014_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELilienfeldLynnLohr2014_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLilienfeldLynnLohr2014">Lilienfeld, Lynn & Lohr 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> See,<a href="#cite_note-v512-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schweiger-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinSwan2019-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThyerPignotti2015-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELilienfeldLynnLohr2014-5">[5]</a> etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittenger_467–488-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pittenger_467–488_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pittenger_467–488_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Pittenger, David J. (December 1993). "The Utility of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator". Review of Educational Research. 63 (4): 467–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3102%2F00346543063004467">10.3102/00346543063004467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Educational+Research&rft.atitle=The+Utility+of+the+Myers-Briggs+Type+Indicator&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-488&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3102%2F00346543063004467&rft.aulast=Pittenger&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/">"MBTI® Basics"</a>. The Myers & Briggs Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211012192345/https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-12. Retrieved 2021-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Myers+%26+Briggs+Foundation&rft.atitle=MBTI%C2%AE+Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myersbriggs.org%2Fmy-mbti-personality-type%2Fmbti-basics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitbourne-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbourne_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitbourne_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitbourne2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Krauss_Whitbourne" title="Susan Krauss Whitbourne">Whitbourne, Susan Krauss</a> (January 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-at-any-age/201401/what-you-dont-know-about-this-personality-test-can-hurt-you">"What You Don't Know about This Personality Test Can Hurt You"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>. Retrieved March 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+You+Don%27t+Know+about+This+Personality+Test+Can+Hurt+You&rft.pub=Psychology+Today&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=Whitbourne&rft.aufirst=Susan+Krauss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Ffulfillment-at-any-age%2F201401%2Fwhat-you-dont-know-about-this-personality-test-can-hurt-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2013-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2013_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2013_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2013_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant2013">Grant 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger1993_12-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFPittenger1993">Pittenger 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardnerMartinko2016-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerMartinko2016_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerMartinko2016_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardnerMartinko2016_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardnerMartinko2016">Gardner & Martinko 2016</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGardnerMartinko2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1995_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyle1995">Boyle 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2012" class="citation news cs1">Cunningham, Lillian (14 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/myers-briggs-does-it-pay-to-know-your-type/2012/12/14/eaed51ae-3fcc-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html">"Myers-Briggs: Does it pay to know your type?"</a>. The Washington Post. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1239570178">1239570178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Myers-Briggs%3A+Does+it+pay+to+know+your+type%3F&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fon-leadership%2Fmyers-briggs-does-it-pay-to-know-your-type%2F2012%2F12%2F14%2Feaed51ae-3fcc-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAPT-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAPT_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAPT_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAPT_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capt.org/mbti-assessment/isabel-myers.htm">"The Story of Isabel Briggs Myers"</a>. Center for Applications of Psychological Type. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170120193009/https://www.capt.org/mbti-assessment/isabel-myers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2017-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Applications+of+Psychological+Type&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Isabel+Briggs+Myers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capt.org%2Fmbti-assessment%2Fisabel-myers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPP-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPP_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPP_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpp.com/pr/Fall03TYPEwriter.pdf">"The TYPE Writer: 'It Happened In 1943: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Turns 60 Years Old'"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628131304/https://www.cpp.com/pr/Fall03TYPEwriter.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2009-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+TYPE+Writer%3A+%27It+Happened+In+1943%3A+The+Myers-Briggs+Type+Indicator+Turns+60+Years+Old%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpp.com%2Fpr%2FFall03TYPEwriter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199522-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199522_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1926" class="citation magazine cs1">Briggs, Katharine Cook (1926). "Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Meet+Yourself+Using+the+Personality+Paint+Box&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1928" class="citation magazine cs1">Briggs, Katharine Cook (1928). "Up From Barbarism". The New Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Up+From+Barbarism&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_The_Personality_Brokers-22"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_The_Personality_Brokers_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2018" class="citation news cs1">Block, Melissa (September 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/09/22/650019038/how-the-myers-briggs-personality-test-began-in-a-mothers-living-room-lab">"How The Myers-Briggs Personality Test Began In A Mother's Living Room Lab"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922235704/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/22/650019038/how-the-myers-briggs-personality-test-began-in-a-mothers-living-room-lab">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+The+Myers-Briggs+Personality+Test+Began+In+A+Mother%27s+Living+Room+Lab&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F09%2F22%2F650019038%2Fhow-the-myers-briggs-personality-test-began-in-a-mothers-living-room-lab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xx-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xx_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii,_xx-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xiii,_xx_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, pp. xiii, xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.uflib.ufl.edu/repositories/2/resources/593">"Guide to the Isabel Briggs Myers Papers 1885–1992"</a>. University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries, Department of Special and Area Studies Collections, Gainesville, FL. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051230224949/http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/spec/manuscript/guides/Myers.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-12-30. Retrieved 2005-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Isabel+Briggs+Myers+Papers+1885%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+George+A.+Smathers+Libraries%2C+Department+of+Special+and+Area+Studies+Collections%2C+Gainesville%2C+FL.&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.uflib.ufl.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xxi-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers1995xxi_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, p. xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998_28-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998">Myers et al. 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/myers-briggs-type-indicator">"Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Myers-Briggs+Type+Indicator+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fneuroscience%2Fmyers-briggs-type-indicator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonSaunders1990-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonSaunders1990_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonSaunders1990_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnsonSaunders1990">Johnson & Saunders 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessHarveySwartz2003-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBessHarveySwartz2003_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBessHarveySwartz2003">Bess, Harvey & Swartz 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyersQuenkKirby1995" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, Katherine D.; Quenk, Naomi L.; Kirby, Linda K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capt.org/jpt/pdfFiles/JPT_Vol_35.pdf">"The MBTI Comfort-Discomfort Dimension Is Not A Measure of NEO-PI Neuroticism: A Position Paper"</a> (PDF). Journal of Psychological Type. 35: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428010242/https://www.capt.org/jpt/pdfFiles/JPT_Vol_35.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-04-28 – via CAPT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychological+Type&rft.atitle=The+MBTI+Comfort-Discomfort+Dimension+Is+Not+A+Measure+of+NEO-PI+Neuroticism%3A+A+Position+Paper&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Katherine+D.&rft.au=Quenk%2C+Naomi+L.&rft.au=Kirby%2C+Linda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capt.org%2Fjpt%2FpdfFiles%2FJPT_Vol_35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariolesStrickertHammer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Marioles, Nancy S.; Strickert, Donald P. 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Journal of Psychological Type. 36: 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031703/https://www.capt.org/jpt/pdfFiles/Marioles_N_et_al_Vol_36_16_27.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-12 – via CAPT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychological+Type&rft.atitle=Attraction%2C+Satisfaction%2C+and+Psychological+Types+of+Couples&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Marioles&rft.aufirst=Nancy+S.&rft.au=Strickert%2C+Donald+P.+S&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Allen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capt.org%2Fjpt%2FpdfFiles%2FMarioles_N_et_al_Vol_36_16_27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_L._Oxford1996" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca L. Oxford (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7Ww2tooAs0C&pg=PA88">Language learning motivation: pathways to the new century</a>. Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaiì at Mānoa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824818494" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824818494"><bdi>978-0824818494</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326224448/http://books.google.com/books?id=v7Ww2tooAs0C&pg=PA88&lpg">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-26. 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Retrieved 2021-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Myers-Briggs+Company&rft.atitle=MBTI%C2%AE+Step+II%E2%84%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.themyersbriggs.com%2Fen%2Ftools%2FMBTI%2FMBTI-Step-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998119-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998119_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998">Myers et al. 1998</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998131-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998131_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998">Myers et al. 1998</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509154636/http://www.capt.org/research/mbti-step3.htm">"CAPT Step III"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capt.org/research/mbti-step3.htm">the original</a> on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-14. <q>What clients is it appropriate for? Anyone who would benefit from awareness of the ways they use perception and judgment and/or guidance in developing and making more effective use of perception and judgment so they can develop their type as fully as possible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CAPT+Step+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capt.org%2Fresearch%2Fmbti-step3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1971-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1971_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJung1971">Jung 1971</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Phillipson, Garry & Case, Peter. The Hidden language of modern Management Science: Astrology, Alchemy and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Culture and Cosmos 5(2) (Autumn/Winter 2001) pp.53-72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberKaufmannSteinmann201734-35-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuberKaufmannSteinmann201734-35_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuberKaufmannSteinmann2017">Huber, Kaufmann & Steinmann 2017</a>, p. 34-35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearmanAlbritton1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsimnotcrazyimjust00pearpagen13_xiii]-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearmanAlbritton1997[httpsarchiveorgdetailsimnotcrazyimjust00pearpagen13_xiii]_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPearmanAlbritton1997">Pearman & Albritton 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imnotcrazyimjust00pear/page/n13">xiii</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanSaccuzzo2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Robert Malcolm; Saccuzzo, Dennis P. (2009). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues. Wadsworth. p. 502. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50635-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50635-5"><bdi>978-0-495-50635-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Testing%3A+Principles%2C+Applications%2C+and+Issues&rft.pages=502&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50635-5&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert+Malcolm&rft.au=Saccuzzo%2C+Dennis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer19981-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer19981_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998">Myers et al. 1998</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199517-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199517_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEysenck" class="citation book cs1">Eysenck, H.J. Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (1995 ed.). p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genius%3A+The+Natural+History+of+Creativity&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=1995&rft.aulast=Eysenck&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJung1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJung1971[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJung1971">Jung 1971</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199521–22-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199521–22_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalhelp.net/psychological-testing/myers-briggs-type-indicator/">"Psychological Testing: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator"</a>. 19 March 2019. 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United States: CPP Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60203-015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60203-015-2"><bdi>978-1-60203-015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Grip%3A+Our+Hidden+Personality&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=CPP+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-60203-015-2&rft.aulast=Quenk&rft.aufirst=Naomi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk14ft1agW2AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer19983-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer19983_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMcCaulleyQuenkHammer1998">Myers et al. 1998</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeisset2006" class="citation book cs1">Zeisset, Carolyn (2006). 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"Evolving the Eight-Function Model". Energies and Patterns in Psychological type. pp. 117–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315685946">10.4324/9781315685946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-68594-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-68594-6"><bdi>978-1-315-68594-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolving+the+Eight-Function+Model&rft.btitle=Energies+and+Patterns+in+Psychological+type&rft.pages=117-125&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315685946&rft.isbn=978-1-315-68594-6&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers19952-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers19952_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-61"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themyersbriggs.com/en-US/Products-and-Services/Myers-Briggs">"Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) | Official Myers Briggs Personality Test"</a>. www.themyersbriggs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826195327/https://www.themyersbriggs.com/en-US/Products-and-Services/Myers-Briggs">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2021-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.themyersbriggs.com&rft.atitle=Myers-Briggs+Type+Indicator%C2%AE+%28MBTI%C2%AE%29+%7C+Official+Myers+Briggs+Personality+Test&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themyersbriggs.com%2Fen-US%2FProducts-and-Services%2FMyers-Briggs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199584-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyersMyers199584_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyersMyers1995">Myers & Myers 1995</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/understanding-mbti-type-dynamics/the-dominant-function.htm">"The Myers & Briggs Foundation – The Dominant Function"</a>. www.myersbriggs.org. 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Retrieved 2010-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MBTI+Type+at+Work&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myersbriggs.org%2Ftype-use-for-everyday-life%2Fmbti-type-at-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/forer.html">"Forer effect from the Skeptic's Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017030347/http://www.skepdic.com/forer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forer+effect+from+the+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepdic.com%2Fforer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeirsey199814–15-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeirsey199814–15_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeirsey1998">Keirsey 1998</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeirsey199832–207-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeirsey199832–207_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeirsey1998">Keirsey 1998</a>, pp. 32–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sipps-1985-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Sipps-1985_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSippsAlexanderFriedt1985" class="citation journal cs1">Sipps, Gary J.; Alexander, Ralph A.; Friedt, Larry (December 1985). 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Educational and Psychological Measurement. 45 (4): 789–796. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013164485454009">10.1177/0013164485454009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+and+Psychological+Measurement&rft.atitle=Item+Analysis+of+the+Myers-Briggs+Type+Indicator&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=789-796&rft.date=1985-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0013164485454009&rft.aulast=Sipps&rft.aufirst=Gary+J.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+Ralph+A.&rft.au=Friedt%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEysenck1985" class="citation book cs1">Eysenck, Michael (1985). 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Retrieved September 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune+Magazine&rft.atitle=Have+we+all+been+duped+by+the+Myers-Briggs+test%3F&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=Krznaric&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2013%2F05%2F15%2Fhave-we-all-been-duped-by-the-myers-briggs-test%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1996" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, R J (1996). "Reliability and Validity". In Hammer, A.L. (ed.). MBTI Applications: A Decade of Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imnotcrazyimjust00pear">I'm Not Crazy, I'm Just Not You</a>. Davies-Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89106-096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89106-096-3"><bdi>978-0-89106-096-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%27m+Not+Crazy%2C+I%27m+Just+Not+You&rft.pub=Davies-Black&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89106-096-3&rft.aulast=Pearman&rft.aufirst=Roger+R.&rft.au=Albritton%2C+Sarah+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimnotcrazyimjust00pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittenger1993" class="citation journal cs1">Pittenger, David J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206025148/http://www.indiana.edu/~jobtalk/HRMWebsite/hrm/articles/develop/mbti.pdf">"Measuring the MBTI... And Coming Up Short"</a> (PDF). Journal of Career Planning and Employment. 54 (1): 48–52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~jobtalk/HRMWebsite/hrm/articles/develop/mbti.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2006-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Career+Planning+and+Employment&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+MBTI...+And+Coming+Up+Short&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-52&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Pittenger&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~jobtalk%2FHRMWebsite%2Fhrm%2Farticles%2Fdevelop%2Fmbti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynierse2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reynierse, James H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capt.org/jpt/pdfFiles/JPT_(2009)_69.01.pdf">"The Case Against Type Dynamics"</a> (PDF). Journal of Psychological Type. 69 (1): 1–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114439/https://www.capt.org/jpt/pdfFiles/JPT_(2009)_69.01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2017-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychological+Type&rft.atitle=The+Case+Against+Type+Dynamics&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Reynierse&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capt.org%2Fjpt%2FpdfFiles%2FJPT_%282009%29_69.01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuwirth2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schuwirth, L (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC416604">"What the educators are saying"</a>. BMJ. 328 (7450): 1244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.328.7450.1244">10.1136/bmj.328.7450.1244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC416604">416604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=What+the+educators+are+saying&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=7450&rft.pages=1244&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC416604%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.328.7450.1244&rft.aulast=Schuwirth&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC416604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinSwan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Randy; Swan, Alexander B. (February 2019). "Evaluating the validity of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator theory: A teaching tool and window into intuitive psychology". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 13 (2): e12434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fspc3.12434">10.1111/spc3.12434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+and+Personality+Psychology+Compass&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+validity+of+Myers-Briggs+Type+Indicator+theory%3A+A+teaching+tool+and+window+into+intuitive+psychology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e12434&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fspc3.12434&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Swan%2C+Alexander+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThyerPignotti2015" class="citation book cs1">Thyer, Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica (2015). Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. Springer Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-7768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-7768-1"><bdi>978-0-8261-7768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Pseudoscience+in+Social+Work+Practice&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-7768-1&rft.aulast=Thyer&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rft.au=Pignotti%2C+Monica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (August 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4221">"Skeptoid #221: The Myers-Briggs Personality Test"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23221%3A+The+Myers-Briggs+Personality+Test&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Falt, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trytel.com/~jfalt/topics.html">Bibliography of MBTI/Temperament Books by Author</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011154144/http://www.trytel.com/~jfalt/topics.html">Archived</a> 2004-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2004.</li> <li>Georgia State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gsu.edu/~dschjb/wwwmbti.html">GSU Master Teacher Program: On Learning Styles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041120090310/http://www.gsu.edu/~dschjb/wwwmbti.html">Archived</a> 2004-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2004.</li> <li>Jung, Carl Gustav (1965). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>: New York, 1965. p. 207 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Krauskopf, Charles J. and Saunders, David R. (1994) Personality and Ability: The Personality Assessment System. Maryland: University Press of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-9282-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-9282-1">0-8191-9282-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1992" class="citation journal cs1">Long, Thomas G. (October 1992). "Myers-Briggs and Other Modern Astrologies". Theology Today. 49 (3): 291–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057369204900301">10.1177/004057369204900301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+Today&rft.atitle=Myers-Briggs+and+Other+Modern+Astrologies&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-295&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004057369204900301&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pearman, R.; Lombardo, M.; and Eichinger, R. (2005). YOU: Being More Effective In Your MBTI Type. Minn.:Lominger International, Inc.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickleinRojewski1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wicklein, Robert C; Rojewski, Jay W (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21061%2Fjte.v7i1.a.5">"The Relationship Between Psychological Type and Professional Orientation Among Technology Education Teachers"</a>. Journal of Technology Education. 7 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21061%2Fjte.v7i1.a.5">10.21061/jte.v7i1.a.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10919%2F8594">10919/8594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Technology+Education&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+Between+Psychological+Type+and+Professional+Orientation+Among+Technology+Education+Teachers&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10919%2F8594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21061%2Fjte.v7i1.a.5&rft.aulast=Wicklein&rft.aufirst=Robert+C&rft.au=Rojewski%2C+Jay+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.21061%252Fjte.v7i1.a.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Myers-Briggs_Type_Indicator" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Myers-Briggs Type Indicator">Myers-Briggs Type Indicator</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychological_Type" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychological Type">Psychological Type</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.lib.msu.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/155010">"Meet Yourself: How to Use the Personality Paint Box"</a>. findingaids.lib.msu.edu. December 22, 1926. Retrieved 2023-10-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=findingaids.lib.msu.edu&rft.atitle=Meet+Yourself%3A+How+to+Use+the+Personality+Paint+Box&rft.date=1926-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.lib.msu.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Farchival_objects%2F155010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyers%E2%80%93Briggs+Type+Indicator" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Patrick Vermeren, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0C5UQbWzwg8">The (uncomfortable) truth of HR and leadership development</a>, TEDxKMA</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Keirsey" title="David Keirsey">David Keirsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Briggs_Myers" title="Isabel Briggs Myers">Isabel Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cook_Briggs" title="Katharine Cook Briggs">Katharine Cook Briggs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_archetypes" title="Jungian archetypes">Archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">Personal unconscious</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myers–Briggs_Type_Indicator&oldid=1263632062">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myers–Briggs_Type_Indicator&oldid=1263632062</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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