Data Science for Beginners - A Complete Guide

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" >  <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Data Structures,Algorithms,Python,Java,C,C++,JavaScript,Android Development,SQL,Data Science,Machine Learning,PHP,Web Development,System Design,Tutorial,Technical Blogs,Interview Experience,Interview Preparation,Programming,Competitive Programming,Jobs,Coding Contests,GATE CSE,HTML,CSS,React,NodeJS,Placement,Aptitude,Quiz,Computer Science,Programming Examples,GeeksforGeeks Courses,Puzzles,SSC,Banking,UPSC,Commerce,Finance,CBSE,School,k12,General Knowledge,News,Mathematics,Exams" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=0.5, maximum-scale=3.0"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/gfg_favicon.png" type="image/x-icon" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <meta name="theme-color" content="#308D46" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1' /> <meta name="image" property="og:image" content="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/gfg_200x200-min.png"> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="200"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="xo7t4ve2wn3ywfkjdvwbrk01pvdond" /> <script src="https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/synchronously_gfg_ads.min.js"></script> <script defer src="https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js"></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/require.js/2.1.14/require.min.js"></script>     <script> var IHPWT={}; //Initialize Namespace var pbjs = pbjs || {}; pbjs.que = pbjs.que || []; var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; var gptRan = false; </script> <script defer src="https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/pwt/162080/12331/pwt.js"></script> <script defer src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/prebid.js?ver=0.1"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg_ads.min.js?ver=0.1"></script>  <title>Data Science for Beginners - A Complete Guide</title> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="pingback" href="" />     <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "id": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-for-beginners/" }, "headline": "Data Science for Beginners", "datePublished": "2023-02-24 01:15:58", "dateModified": "2024-08-30 06:32:41", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230222183754/Data-Science-Fir-beginner.png", "width": "1000", "height": "470" }, "author": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "GeeksforGeeks", "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/logo-new-2.svg", "width": "301", "height": "40" } }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "GeeksforGeeks", "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/logo-new-2.svg", "width": "301", "height": "40" } }, "description": "Data Science is a domain that comprises many sub-domains such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, data visualization, and analytics as well as provides practical examples and exercises to help you apply these concepts in the real world. Over the past few years, there has been tremendous demand for data", "about": [ { "@type": "Thing", "name": "DataScience" }, { "@type": "Thing", "name": "AiMlDs" } ] }</script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/search/{search_term_string}/", "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" } }</script> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "GeeksforGeeks", "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/", "logo": "https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/20200817185016/gfg_complete_logo_2x-min.png", "description": "A computer science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions.", "founder": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sandeep Jain", "url": "https://in.linkedin.com/in/sandeep-jain-b3940815" } ], "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/geeksforgeeks.org/", "https://twitter.com/geeksforgeeks", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/1299009", "https://www.youtube.com/geeksforgeeksvideos/" ] }</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "FAQPage", "mainEntity": [ { "@type": "Question", "name": "Q1: What is data science?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Data science is a field that involves using techniques from statistics, mathematics, and computer science to analyze and draw insights from data." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Q2: What skills do I need to be a data scientist?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Data scientists typically need skills in statistics, machine learning, data visualization, and programming. Strong communication and critical thinking skills are also important." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Q3: What programming languages should I learn for data science?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Some popular programming languages for data science include Python, R, and SQL. It's also helpful to have some familiarity with other languages like Java and C++." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Q4: How long does it take to learn data science?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Learning data science is an ongoing process that can take several months to several years, depending on your background and level of experience." } }, { "@type": "Question", "name": "Q5: What kind of jobs can I get with a background in data science?", "acceptedAnswer": { "@type": "Answer", "text": "Some common job titles in data science include data analyst, data scientist, machine learning engineer, and business intelligence analyst." } } ] }</script> <script> var arrPostCat = new Array(); var arrPostCatName="AIMLDS"; arrPostCat.push('9172'); arrPostCat.push('6624'); var tIds = "9172,6624"; var termsNames = "AIMLDS,DataScience"; var tIdsInclusiveParents = "9172,6624" var domain = 1; var arrPost = new Array(); var post_id = "967044"; var post_type = "post"; var post_slug = window.location.href; var ip = "64.252.73.131"; var post_title = `Data Science for Beginners`; var post_status = "publish"; var practiceAPIURL="https://practiceapi.geeksforgeeks.org/"; var practiceURL="https://practice.geeksforgeeks.org/"; var post_date = "2023-02-24 01:15:58"; var commentSysUrl = "https://discuss.geeksforgeeks.org/commentEmbedV2.js"; //var postAdApiUrlString = ""; var link_on_code_run = ''; var link_search_modal_top = ''; var country_code_cf = "RU"; var postAdApiUrlString = '9172/9172/6624/'; </script>  <meta name="description" content="A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-for-beginners/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Data Science for Beginners - A Complete Guide" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A Computer Science portal for geeks. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-for-beginners/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="GeeksforGeeks" /> <meta property="article:section" content="AI-ML-DS" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-02-24T01:15:58+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-08-30T18:32:32+00:00" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-08-30T18:32:32+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230222183754/Data-Science-Fir-beginner.png" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230222183754/Data-Science-Fir-beginner.png" /> <script type='application/ld+json'>{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Organization","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/","sameAs":[],"@id":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/#organization","name":"GeeksforGeeks","logo":"http:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/gfg_200X200-1.png"}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.geeksforgeeks.org' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.w.org' /> <script type="text/javascript"> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/11\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=4.9.8"}}; !function(a,b,c){function d(a,b){var c=String.fromCharCode;l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,a),0,0);var d=k.toDataURL();l.clearRect(0,0,k.width,k.height),l.fillText(c.apply(this,b),0,0);var e=k.toDataURL();return d===e}function e(a){var b;if(!l||!l.fillText)return!1;switch(l.textBaseline="top",l.font="600 32px Arial",a){case"flag":return!(b=d([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819]))&&(b=d([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]),!b);case"emoji":return b=d([55358,56760,9792,65039],[55358,56760,8203,9792,65039]),!b}return!1}function f(a){var c=b.createElement("script");c.src=a,c.defer=c.type="text/javascript",b.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(c)}var g,h,i,j,k=b.createElement("canvas"),l=k.getContext&&k.getContext("2d");for(j=Array("flag","emoji"),c.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},i=0;i<j.length;i++)c.supports[j[i]]=e(j[i]),c.supports.everything=c.supports.everything&&c.supports[j[i]],"flag"!==j[i]&&(c.supports.everythingExceptFlag=c.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&c.supports[j[i]]);c.supports.everythingExceptFlag=c.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!c.supports.flag,c.DOMReady=!1,c.readyCallback=function(){c.DOMReady=!0},c.supports.everything||(h=function(){c.readyCallback()},b.addEventListener?(b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",h,!1),a.addEventListener("load",h,!1)):(a.attachEvent("onload",h),b.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===b.readyState&&c.readyCallback()})),g=c.source||{},g.concatemoji?f(g.concatemoji):g.wpemoji&&g.twemoji&&(f(g.twemoji),f(g.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style type="text/css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 .07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='custom-style-css' href='https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/themes/iconic-one/css/gfg.min.css?ver=11.71' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.7.1.min.js?ver=3.7.1'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.5.2.min.js?ver=3.5.2'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gfgObject = {"authUrl":"https:\/\/auth.geeksforgeeks.org\/","writeApiUrl":"https:\/\/apiwrite.geeksforgeeks.org\/","writeUrl":"https:\/\/write.geeksforgeeks.org\/","utilUrl":"https:\/\/util.geeksforgeeks.org\/","apiUrl":"https:\/\/api.geeksforgeeks.org\/","cfApiUrl":"https:\/\/gfgapi.geeksforgeeks.org\/","baseCompilerURL":"https:\/\/codejudge.geeksforgeeks.org\/","idePageBaseUrl":"https:\/\/ide.geeksforgeeks.org\/","gfgApiScriptUrl":"https:\/\/apiscript.geeksforgeeks.org\/","gfgSiteUrl":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/","curatedListId":"1","curatedListTitle":"SDE Sheet Problems","utilDjangoCfUrl":"https:\/\/utilapi.geeksforgeeks.org\/","premiumCheckoutSlug":"premium-plans-payment\/","premiumLandingSlug":"premium-plans\/","premiumCssUrl":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/themes\/iconic-one\/css\/gfgpremium.min.css?ver=1.6","premiumJsUrl":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/wp-content\/themes\/iconic-one\/js\/gfgpremium.min.js?ver=1.5","utilGoogleUrl":"https:\/\/ugprod.geeksforgeeks.org\/","communityApiUrl":"https:\/\/communityapi.geeksforgeeks.org\/","utilDjangoUrl":"https:\/\/gfgutil.geeksforgeeks.org\/","gfgPracticeUrl":"https:\/\/practiceapi.geeksforgeeks.org\/","gfgMediaUrl":"https:\/\/media.geeksforgeeks.org\/","authDjangoApiUrl":"https:\/\/authapi.geeksforgeeks.org\/","gfgMlApiUrl":"https:\/\/recommendations.geeksforgeeks.org\/","is_home":"","is_category":"","userlevelPremiumPlus":"2","practiceUrl":"https:\/\/practice.geeksforgeeks.org\/","gfgNotificationsApiUrl":"https:\/\/notificationsapi.geeksforgeeks.org\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript' async="async" src='https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/themes/iconic-one/js/gfg.min.js?ver=13.34'></script> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/?p=967044' /> <style> #wpadminbar{ background: #ff0000 !important; } </style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-background-css"> body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/gfg_200X200-100x100.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/gfg_200X200.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/gfg_200X200.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/gfg_200X200.png" />  <style> #internal-promo-section{ display: none !important; } @media screen and (max-width:1500px) and (min-width:1280px){ body.single .article-page_flex .leftBar { flex-basis: calc(100% - 605px); max-width: calc(100% - 605px); min-width: calc(100% - 605px); } .sidebar_wrapper{ max-width: 300px; min-width: 300px; } div#secondary { min-width: 300px; max-width: 300px; } .widget-area{ padding: 0px; } .article-page_flex .rightBar{ padding: 20px 0px 0px 0px; } .article--viewer_content .a-wrapper .content { padding: 0px 10px 55px 20px; } .oinLeftbar { height: calc(100vh - 350px) !important; } } .autoLeftBar_oin_child{ height: 100% !important; } .autoLeftBar_oin_non_sticky{ height: unset !important; } .sideBar--wrap.newLeftbar > div[id^='GFG_AD_Leftsidebar_']:nth-of-type(1){ padding-top: 20px; } .sideBar--wrap.newLeftbar > div[id^='GFG_AD_Leftsidebar_']{ padding: 5px 0; } @media (max-width:1043px) and (min-width:992px) { .hide-1043992 { display: none!important; } } .mobile-header-list-item{ padding-left:30px; padding-right:10px; margin-top:5px; } .mobile-header-list{ border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(158, 158, 158, 0.3) !important; } .mobile-header-list .dropdown-title{ border-bottom: none !important; font-size: 16px!important; padding: 0px!important; padding-left: 45px!important; font-weight: normal; } .mobile-header-list .upside::after{ transform: rotate(180deg); } </style>    </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-967044 single-format-standard custom-background custom-background-white"> <script> // Dark mode script const gfgThemeList = Object.freeze({ LIGHT: "gfgThemeLight", DARK: "gfgThemeDark" }) const getThemeFromCookie = () => { let gfg_def_theme = ""; let cookies = document.cookie; let cooks = cookies.split(";"); for (let i = 0; i < cooks.length; i++) { let icook = cooks[i].split("="); if (icook[0].trim() == "gfg_theme") { gfg_def_theme = icook[1].trim(); } } return gfg_def_theme } if(!(post_slug.includes('premium-plans-payment/') || post_slug.includes('premium-plans/'))){ var isDarkMode = getThemeFromCookie() == gfgThemeList.DARK ? true : false; document.querySelector("body").setAttribute("data-dark-mode", isDarkMode); } function setSearchBarFocus() { const myTimeout = setTimeout(searchBarFocus, 0); function searchBarFocus() { document.getElementById("gcse-search-input").focus(); } } </script>  <nav> <div class="header-main__wrapper"> <a class="gfg-stc" style="top:0" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/" aria-label="Logo" class="header-main__logo"> <div class="_logo">  <img class="gfg_logo_img" style="height: 30px; width: 80px; max-width: fit-content;" src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg-gg-logo.svg" alt="geeksforgeeks"> </div> </a> <div class="header-main__container">   <ul class="header-main__list"><li class="header-main__list-item Header_1" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Courses</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down gfg-icon_header"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_1"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/dsa-to-development-coding-guide?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">DSA to Development</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/data-science-live?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Machine Learning & Data Science</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/mastering-generative-ai-and-chat-gpt?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Generative AI & ChatGPT</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/search?query=AWS&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Become AWS Certified</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>DSA Courses</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/dsa-self-paced?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Data Structure & Algorithm(C++/JAVA)</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/Data-Structures-With-Python?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Data Structure & Algorithm(Python)</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/data-structures-and-algorithms-in-javascript?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Data Structure & Algorithm(JavaScript)</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Programming Languages</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/cpp-programming-basic-to-advanced?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">CPP</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/Java-Programming-basic-to-advanced?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Java</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/Python-Foundation?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">Python</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/javascript?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">JavaScript</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses/c-Programming-basic-to-advanced?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">C</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/courses?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header&itm_campaign=courses" target="_self">All Courses</a></li></ul></li><li class="header-main__list-item Header_2" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Tutorials</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down gfg-icon_header"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_1"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Python Tutorial</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/taking-input-in-python/?ref=outind" target="_self">Taking Input in Python</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-operators/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Operators</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-data-types/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Data Types</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Python Loops and Control Flow</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python3-if-if-else-nested-if-if-elif-statements/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Conditional Statements</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/loops-in-python/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Loops</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-functions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Functions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-oops-concepts/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python OOPS Concept</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-data-structures-and-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Data Structures</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-exception-handling/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Exception Handling</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/file-handling-python/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python File Handling</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-exercises-practice-questions-and-solutions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Exercises</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Java</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/?ref=outind" target="_self">Learn Java Programming Language</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/collections-in-java-2/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java Collections</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-8-features/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java 8 Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-programming-examples/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java Programs</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Java Interview Questions</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/core-java-interview-questions-for-freshers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Core Java Interview Questions-Freshers</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-20-java-multithreading-interview-questions-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java Multithreading Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/oops-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">OOPs Interview Questions and Answers</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-exercises/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java Exercises</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Java Quiz</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/quizzes/50-java-language-mcqs-with-answers-2/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java Quiz</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-multiple-choice-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Core Java MCQ</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java-projects/?ref=outind" target="_self">Java Projects</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Advance Java</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/spring/?ref=outind" target="_self">Spring Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/spring-boot/?ref=outind" target="_self">Spring Boot Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/spring-boot-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Spring Boot Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/spring-mvc/?ref=outind" target="_self">Spring MVC Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/spring-mvc-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Spring MVC Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/hibernate-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Hibernate Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/hibernate-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Hibernate Interview Questions</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Programming Languages</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/javascript/?ref=outind" target="_self">JavaScript</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-plus-plus/?ref=outind" target="_self">C++</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">R Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">SQL</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">PHP</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/csharp-programming-language/?ref=outind" target="_self">C#</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-programming-language/?ref=outind" target="_self">C</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/scala-programming-language/?ref=outind" target="_self">Scala</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/perl-programming-language/?ref=outind" target="_self">Perl</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/golang/?ref=outind" target="_self">Go Language</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kotlin-programming-language/?ref=outind" target="_self">Kotlin</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>System Design</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-design-tutorial/?ref=ghm" target="_self">System Design Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-design-patterns/?ref=outind" target="_self">Software Design Patterns</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/complete-roadmap-to-learn-system-design/?ref=outind" target="_self">System Design Roadmap</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-10-system-design-interview-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Top 10 System Design Interview Questions and Answers</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Interview Corner</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/company-preparation/?ref=outind" target="_self">Company Preparation</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/interview-preparation-for-software-developer/?ref=outind" target="_self">Top Topics</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://practice.geeksforgeeks.org/company-tags/?ref=outind" target="_self">Practice Company Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/company-interview-corner/?ref=outind" target="_self">Interview Experiences</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/experienced-interview-experiences-company-wise/?ref=outind" target="_self">Experienced Interviews</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internship-interview-experiences-company-wise/?ref=outind" target="_self">Internship Interviews</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/competitive-programming-a-complete-guide/?ref=outind" target="_self">Competitive Programming</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/quiz-corner-gq/?ref=outind" target="_self">Multiple Choice Quizzes</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aptitude-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Aptitude for Placements</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Computer Science Subjects</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-systems/?ref=outind" target="_self">Operating System</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dbms/?ref=outind" target="_self">DBMS</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-network-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Computer Networks</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/engineering-mathematics-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Engineering Mathematics</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-organization-and-architecture-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Computer Organization and Architecture</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/theory-of-computation-automata-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Theory of Computation</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/compiler-design-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Compiler Design</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/digital-electronics-logic-design-tutorials/#blg/?ref=outind" target="_self">Digital Logic</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering/?ref=outind" target="_self">Software Engineering</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>DevOps</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/git-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">GIT</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aws-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">AWS</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/docker-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Docker</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kubernetes-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Kubernetes</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/microsoft-azure/?ref=outind" target="_self">Microsoft Azure Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/google-cloud-platform-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Google Cloud Platform</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Linux</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-commands/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux Commands A-Z</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-commands-cheat-sheet/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux Commands Cheatsheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/permissions-in-linux/?ref=outind" target="_self">File Permission Commands</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/beginners-guide-to-linux-system-administration/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux System Administration</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-file-system/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux File System</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-linux-shell-shell-scripting/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux Shell Scripting</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-configuration-trouble-shooting-commands-linux/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux Networking</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linux Interview Questions</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Software Testing</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-testing-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Software Testing Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering/?ref=outind" target="_self">Software Engineering Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-testing-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Testing Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/jira-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Jira</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Databases</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dbms/?ref=outind" target="_self">DBMS Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">SQL Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/postgresql-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">PostgreSQL Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mongodb-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">MongoDB Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">SQL Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mysql-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">MySQL Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pl-sql-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">PL/SQL Interview Questions</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Android</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/android-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Android Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/android-studio-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Android Studio Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kotlin-android-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Kotlin For Android</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/android-projects-from-basic-to-advanced-level/?ref=outind" target="_self">Android Projects</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-50-android-interview-questions-answers-sde-i-to-sde-iii/?ref=outind" target="_self">Android Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/6-weeks-of-android-app-development-free-project-based-learning/?ref=outind" target="_self">6 Weeks of Android App Development</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Excel</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/excel-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">MS Excel Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-ms-excel/?ref=outind" target="_self">Introduction to MS Excel</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-analysis-in-excel/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Analysis in Excel</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basic-excel-formulas-and-functions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Basic Excel Formulas & Functions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/instant-data-analysis-in-advanced-excel/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Analysis in Advanced Excel</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/workbooks-in-microsoft-excel/?ref=outind" target="_self">Workbooks</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/statistical-functions-in-excel-with-examples/?ref=outind" target="_self">Statistical Functions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-in-excel/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Visualization in Excel</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pivot-tables-in-excel/?ref=outind" target="_self">Pivot Tables in Excel</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/working-with-excel-spreadsheets-in-python/?ref=outind" target="_self">Excel Spreadsheets in Python</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basic-excel-shortcuts/?ref=outind" target="_self">Basic Excel Shortcuts</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Mathematics</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/number-theory/?ref=outind" target="_self">Number System</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/algebra/?ref=outind" target="_self">Algebra</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linear-algebra/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linear Algebra</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/math-trigonometry/?ref=outind" target="_self">Trigonometry</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/set-theory/?ref=outind" target="_self">Set Theory</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/statistics/?ref=outind" target="_self">Statistics</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/probability-in-maths/?ref=outind" target="_self">Probability</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/geometry/?ref=outind" target="_self">Geometry</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mensuration/?ref=outind" target="_self">Mensuration</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/logarithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Logarithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/math-calculus/?ref=outind" target="_self">Calculus</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="header-main__list-item Header_3" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>DSA</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down gfg-icon_header"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_1"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Data Structures</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/array-data-structure-guide/?ref=outind" target="_self">Arrays</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/matrix/?ref=outind" target="_self">Matrix</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/string-data-structure/?ref=outind" target="_self">Strings</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-linked-list-data-structure/?ref=ghm" target="_self">Linked List</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/stack-data-structure/?ref=outind" target="_self">Stack</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/queue-data-structure/?ref=outind" target="_self">Queue</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-tree-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Tree</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/heap-data-structure/?ref=outind" target="_self">Heap</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/hashing-data-structure/?ref=outind" target="_self">Hashing</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/graph-data-structure-and-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Graph</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-set-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Set Data Structure</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-map-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Map Data Structure</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/advanced-data-structures/?ref=outind" target="_self">Advanced Data Structure</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-data-structures/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Structures Tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Algorithms</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Analysis of Algorithms</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/design-and-analysis-of-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Design and Analysis of Algorithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/asymptotic-notation-and-analysis-based-on-input-size-of-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Asymptotic Analysis</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-asymptotic-notations-in-complexity-analysis-of-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Asymptotic Notations</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/worst-average-and-best-case-analysis-of-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Worst, Average and Best Cases</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Searching Algorithms</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linear-search/?ref=outind" target="_self">Linear Search</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/binary-search/?ref=outind" target="_self">Binary Search</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/searching-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Searching Algorithms Tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Sorting Algorithms</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/selection-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Selection Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bubble-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Bubble Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/insertion-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Insertion Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/merge-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Merge Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/quick-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Quick Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/heap-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Heap Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/counting-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Counting Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/radix-sort/?ref=outind" target="_self">Radix Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bucket-sort-2/?ref=outind" target="_self">Bucket Sort</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-sorting-algorithm/?ref=outind" target="_self">Sorting Algorithms Tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-greedy-algorithm-data-structures-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Greedy Algorithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-dynamic-programming-data-structures-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Dynamic Programming</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-graphs-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Graph Algorithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-pattern-searching-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Pattern Searching</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-recursion-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Recursion</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-backtracking-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Backtracking</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-divide-and-conquer-algorithm-data-structure-and-algorithm-tutorials/?ref=outind" target="_self">Divide and Conquer</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mathematical-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Mathematical Algorithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/geometric-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Geometric Algorithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-bitwise-algorithms-data-structures-and-algorithms-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Bitwise Algorithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/randomized-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Randomized Algorithms</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-branch-and-bound-data-structures-and-algorithms-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Branch and Bound</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-algorithms/?ref=outind" target="_self">Algorithms Tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/learn-data-structures-and-algorithms-dsa-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">DSA Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Practice</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sortBy=submissions&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">All DSA Problems</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/problem-of-the-day?itm_source=geeksforgeeksitm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Problem of the Day</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Company Wise Coding Practice</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&company=Amazon&sortBy=submissions&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Amazon</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&company=Microsoft&sortBy=submissions&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Microsoft</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&company=Flipkart&sortBy=submissions&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Flipkart</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sortBy=submissions&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Explore All</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&curated[]=1&sortBy=submissions&curated_names[]=SDE Sheet?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">GfG SDE Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Practice Problems Difficulty Wise</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&difficulty=School&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">School</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&difficulty=Basic&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Basic</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&difficulty=Easy&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Easy</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&difficulty=Medium&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Medium</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&difficulty=Hard&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Hard</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Language Wise Coding Practice</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&category=CPP&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">CPP</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&category=Java&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Java</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?category=python&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Python</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Curated DSA Lists</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sprint=ca8ae412173dbd8346c26a0295d098fd&sortBy=submissions&sprint_name=Beginner's DSA Sheet&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Beginner's DSA Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sprint=50746f92a895c22a50504ac0c1fb9c84&sortBy=submissions&sprint_name=Top 50 Array Problems&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Top 50 Array Problems</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sprint=57184072610b884e5df3584cc534115d&sortBy=submissions&sprint_name=Top 50 String Problems&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Top 50 String Problems</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sprint=93d672753b74440c7427214c8ebf866d&sortBy=submissions&sprint_name=Top 50 DP Problems&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Top 50 DP Problems</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sprint=405e9db0f353691ad3b2d546b19145e9&sortBy=submissions&sprint_name=Top 50 Graph Problems&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Top 50 Graph Problems</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/explore?page=1&sprint=5f24de84b65bf7c4f4399c8111e26b81&sortBy=submissions&sprint_name=Top 50 Tree Problems&itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=main_header_outIndia&itm_campaign=DSA_Header" target="_self">Top 50 Tree Problems</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/competitive-programming-a-complete-guide/?ref=outind" target="_self">Competitive Programming</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Company Wise SDE Sheets</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/facebookmeta-sde-sheet-interview-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Facebook SDE Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/amazon-sde-sheet-interview-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Amazon SDE Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/apple-sde-sheet-interview-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Apple SDE Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/netflix-sde-sheet-interview-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Netflix SDE Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/google-sde-sheet-interview-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Google SDE Sheet</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>DSA Cheat Sheets</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sde-sheet-a-complete-guide-for-sde-preparation/?ref=outind" target="_self">SDE Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/most-asked-dsa-interview-problems-for-beginners/?ref=outind" target="_self">DSA Sheet for Beginners</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/must-do-coding-questions-for-companies-like-amazon-microsoft-adobe/?ref=outind" target="_self">FAANG Coding Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/must-do-coding-questions-for-product-based-companies/?ref=outind" target="_self">Product-Based Coding Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/must-coding-questions-company-wise/?ref=outind" target="_self">Company-Wise Preparation Sheet</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-100-data-structure-and-algorithms-dsa-interview-questions-topic-wise/?ref=outind" target="_self">Top Interview Questions</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Puzzles</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/puzzles/?ref=outind" target="_self">All Puzzles</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-100-puzzles-asked-in-interviews/?ref=outind" target="_self">Top 100 Puzzles Asked In Interviews</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-20-puzzles-commonly-asked-during-sde-interviews/?ref=outind" target="_self">Top 20 Puzzles Commonly Asked During SDE Interviews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="header-main__list-item Header_4" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Data Science</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down gfg-icon_header"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_1"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">R Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning/?ref=outind" target="_self">Machine Learning</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-with-python-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Science using Python</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-programming-for-data-science/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Science using R</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Data Science Packages</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pandas-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Pandas Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/numpy-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">NumPy Tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Data Visualization</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-data-visualization-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Python Data Visualization Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-in-r/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Visualization with R</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Data Analysis</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-analysis-with-python/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Analysis with Python</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-analysis-using-r/?ref=outind" target="_self">Data Analysis with R</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/deep-learning-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Deep Learning</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/natural-language-processing-nlp-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">NLP Tutorial</a></li></ul></li><li class="header-main__list-item Header_5" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Web Tech</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-down gfg-icon_header"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_1"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/html-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">HTML Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/css-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">CSS Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/javascript/?ref=outind" target="_self">JavaScript Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">PHP Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/react-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">ReactJS Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/nodejs/?ref=outind" target="_self">NodeJS Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bootstrap/?ref=outind" target="_self">Bootstrap Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/typescript/?ref=outind" target="_self">Typescript</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Web Development Using Python</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Django</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/django-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Django Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-django-projects-for-beginners/?ref=outind" target="_self">Django Projects</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/django-interview-questions/?ref=outind" target="_self">Django Interview Questions</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Flask</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_3"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/flask-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Flask Tutorial</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/flask-projects/?ref=outind" target="_self">Flask Projects</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/flask-interview-questions-and-answers/?ref=outind" target="_self">Flask Interview Questions</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/postman-tutorial/?ref=outind" target="_self">Postman</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-github/?ref=outind" target="_self">Github</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-parent="false" aria-expanded="true" data-expandable="true"><span>Cheat Sheets</span><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right"></i><ul class="mega-dropdown Screen_2"><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/html-cheat-sheet-a-basic-guide-to-html/?ref=outind" target="_self">HTML Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/css-cheat-sheet-a-basic-guide-to-css/?ref=outind" target="_self">CSS Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/javascript-cheat-sheet-a-basic-guide-to-javascript/?ref=outind" target="_self">JavaScript Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/react-cheat-sheet/?ref=outind" target="_self">React Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/angular-cheat-sheet-a-basic-guide-to-angular/?ref=outind" target="_self">Angular Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/jquery-cheat-sheet-a-basic-guide-to-jquery/?ref=outind" target="_self">jQuery Cheat Sheet</a></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bootstrap-cheatsheet-a-basic-guide-to-bootstrap/?ref=outind" target="_self">Bootstrap Cheat Sheet</a></li></ul></li><li class="mega-dropdown__list-item" data-child="true" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-development/?ref=outind" target="_self">Learn Complete Web Development</a></li></ul></li></ul>  <ul class="header-main__left-list" data-nl="false"> <li class="header-main__left-list-item gcse-search_li p-relative" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false"> <div class="gcse-form-search-suggestion_wrapper"> <form id="gcse-form" class="gcse-form_class p-relative closeChatScreen" data-sm="false"> <span class="front-search-icon"><i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_search gfg-icon_white gcse-search__icon gcse-search-icon_grey"></i> </span> <input class="gcse-search-input__wrapper" id="gcse-search-input" aria-expanded="false" placeholder="Search..." autocomplete="off" /> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_times gfg-icon_white hide-search"></i> <button aria-label="search" type="submit" class="gcse-search__btn not-expanded"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_search gfg-icon_white gcse-search__icon"></i> </button> </form> <div class="gfg-search-suggestion_wrapper" style="display:none"></div> <div> </li> <li> <div class="darkMode-wrap" data-mode="Switch to Dark Mode"> <button aria-label="toggle theme" data-gfg-action="toggleGFGTheme"> <div id="darkMode-wrap-red-dot" style="height:12px;width:12px;background-color:#EB2222;border-radius:999999px;position:absolute;top:4px;right:0;display:none;"></div> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_dark-mode"></i> </button> <span id="darkModeTooltipText"></span> </div> </li> <li class="header-main__left-list-item google-translate-parent-element" aria-expanded="false" data-expanded="true"> <div class="translate" id="g_translater"> <div id="google_translate_element" data-show="false"></div> </div> <i class ="gfg-icon gfg-icon_translate googleTranslateToggle" data-gfg-action="google_translate_element"></i>   </li> <li id="userProfileId" class="header-main__left-list-item p-relative" aria-expanded="false" data-expandable="false">  </li> </ul> </div>   </div> </nav> <div class="header-main__slider"> <button aria-label="sub header slider previous" class="header-main__slider-arrow previous hideIt"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-left gicon-centered"></i> </button>  <ul id="hslider"> <li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ai-ml-ds/?ref=shm">AI ML DS</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-for-beginners/?ref=shm">Data Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-data-analysis/?ref=shm">Data Analysis</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-and-its-importance/?ref=shm">Data Visualization</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-machine-learning/?ref=shm">Machine Learning</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-deep-learning/?ref=shm">Deep Learning</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/natural-language-processing-overview/?ref=shm">NLP</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-vision-introduction/?ref=shm">Computer Vision</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/What-is-ai-artificial-intelligence/?ref=shm">Artificial Intelligence</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ai-ml-ds-interview/?ref=shm">AI ML DS Interview Series</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ai-ml-ds-projects/?ref=shm">AI ML DS Projects series</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-become-a-data-engineer/?ref=shm">Data Engineering</a></li><li><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-web-scraping/?ref=shm">Web Scrapping</a></li> </ul> <button aria-label="sub header slider next" class="header-main__slider-arrow next hideIt"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_arrow-right gicon-centered"></i> </button> </div> <button id="scrollTopBtn" title="Scroll to Top" type="button" class="btn btn-success">▲</button>  <div id="main" class="wrapper single-page"> <script> if(post_slug.includes('premium-plans-payment/') || post_slug.includes('premium-plans/')){ $(".header-main__slider").remove(); } //getting tags for the page type data let mobileView = false; let pageTags = JSON.parse('null'); let allTags = JSON.parse('["AIMLDS","DataScience"]'); </script> <script> window.have_dsa_term = false; // var practiceTab = ; </script> <style> .wrapper { flex-direction: column !important; } /* spinner css */ @keyframes spinner { to {transform: rotate(360deg);} } .spinner:before { content: ''; box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; width: 20px; height: 20px; margin-top: -10px; margin-left: -10px; border-radius: 50%; border: 2px solid #ccc; border-top-color: #000; animation: spinner .6s linear infinite; } .report-loader{ position: relative; } .report-loader.spinner{ margin-left: 16px; } .badges{ display: flex; align-items: center; position: relative; } .badges .gfg-badge-icon.md::after{ transform: scale(0.25); position:relative; top: 2px; left: -2px; } .sep{ margin: 0px 5px; font-size: 20px; color: var(--badge-name-color); } .pub-count{ font-size: 14px; font-family: var(--font-secondary); } .badge-details{ display:none; } .badges{ cursor: pointer; position: relative; /* width: 0px; height: 20px; top: -32px; */ } .badge-icon{ display: flex; align-items: center; } .badge-content{ margin-left: 9px; } .badge-name{ color: var(--badge-nam-color); font-weight: 600; font-size: 16px; text-transform: capitalize; } .badge-data{ color: #A5A4A4; font-size: 10px; } .badges:hover .badge-details{ display: block; background: var(--badge-bg); padding: 10px 18px 10px 18px; position: absolute; width: 175px; top: -10px; z-index: 10; left: 112%; box-shadow: rgb(100 100 111 / 20%) 0px 7px 29px 0px; border-radius: 5px; /* transform-origin: top right; */ } .badge-details::before { content: ""; position: absolute; transform: rotate(90deg); /* transform-origin: right; */ left: -6px; top: 50%; margin-left: -17px; border-width: 12px; border-style: solid; border-color: var(--badge-bg) transparent transparent transparent; margin-top: -12px; } .badge-icon .icon{ border: 1px solid var(--icon-border-color); padding: 4px 3px; border-radius: 4px; width: 22px; height: 24px; position: relative; } .b-icon-pos{ position: relative; top: -34px; left: -34px; } /* article viewer */ .article--viewer .a-wrapper{ margin-top: 0px !important; } .content{ padding-top: 10px !important; } .u-name{ font-size: 14px; } .article--viewer_content .a-wrapper .content{ padding-bottom: 10px !important; } .likeTooltipBottom{ font-size: 14px; } @media (max-width: 434px) { .article-buttons.show-bg{ margin-top: 56px !important; } } @media (max-width: 730px), ((min-width: 992px) and (max-width:1100px)) { .article--viewer .media{ position: relative; } .article--viewer .media{ margin-bottom: 0px !important; } .badges:hover .badge-details{ top: -56px; left: 62px; } .badge-details::before{ transform: rotate(0deg); left: 10%; top: 117%; } .article-buttons.show-bg{ margin-top: 22px; top: 0px !important; } } @media ((min-width:731px) and (max-width:1223px)) { .article-buttons.show-bg{ top: 18px; } } @media ((min-width:993px) and (max-width:1190px)) { .article--viewer .media{ position: relative; } .article--viewer .media{ margin-bottom: 25px !important; } } </style>  <script> function getCookie(name) { function escape(s) { return s.replace(/([.*+?\^$(){}|\[\]\/\\])/g, '\\$1'); } var match = document.cookie.match(RegExp('(?:^|;\\s*)' + escape(name) + '=([^;]*)')); return match ? match[1] : null; } </script>    <div id='openInApp-modal' class='openInApp'> <a href = 'https://geeksforgeeksapp.page.link/?link=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-for-beginners/?type%3Darticle%26id%3D967044&apn=free.programming.programming&isi=1641848816&ibi=org.geeksforgeeks.GeeksforGeeksDev&efr=1' class='openInAppLink'> <span style='color: #fff;'>Open In App</span> </a> </div> <script> var consentValue = localStorage.getItem("gfg_cc"); var isIOS = !!navigator.platform && /iPad|iPhone|iPod|MacIntel/.test(navigator.platform) && navigator.maxTouchPoints > 0; const isSafari = navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Safari") > -1; const isMozilla = navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Mozilla") > -1; if(consentValue){ if(window.innerHeight > window.innerWidth && navigator.maxTouchPoints > 1 && (isSafari || isMozilla || navigator.userAgentData.mobile)){ $('.openInApp').css({ display: "block" }); $('#scrollTopBtn').css({ bottom: "44px" }); //adding a new class to check stats for clicks on iOS and Android isIOS ? jQuery('.openInAppLink').addClass("oia-iOS") : $('.openInAppLink').addClass("oia-android"); //for openInApp Link } } </script> <style> .openInApp{ display: none; bottom: 0px; width: 100%; position: fixed; z-index: 1025; opacity: 0.93; } .openInAppLink{ height: 44px; background: var(--color-gfg); font-weight: bold; display: block; text-align: center; padding: 12px; font-size: large; } .openInAppLink, .openInAppLink:hover, .openInAppLink:active, .openInAppLink:visited, .openInAppLink:focus { text-decoration:none; } </style>  <script> companyTagsArray = JSON.parse('[]'); categoryTagsArray = JSON.parse('[]'); </script> <div class="container-fluid bg-light" id="home-page" style="position: relative; max-width:100%;"> <div class="article-page_flex"> <div class="sidebar_wrapper manual_leftbar "> <div class="sideBar " style="height: unset !important">  <div class="sideBar--wrap newLeftbar "> <div id="GFG_AD_Leftsidebar_300x250_chained_1"></div> <div id="GFG_AD_Leftsidebar_300x250_chained_2"></div> <div id="GFG_AD_Leftsidebar_300x250_chained_3"></div> <div id="GFG_AD_Leftsidebar_300x600_chained_1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_LeftSideBar_Docked_160x600" style="max-width:160px; max-height:600px"></div> </div> <div class="leftBar"> <div class="article--viewer"> <div class="article--viewer_content"> <div class="a-wrapper"> <div class="" style="z-index:9999 !important;position:relative;"> </div> <article class="content post-967044 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ai-ml-ds category-data-science" id="post-967044">  <div class="main_wrapper" style="display:flex;"> <div style="width: 100%;"> <div class="article-title"> <h1>Data Science for Beginners</h1> </div> <div class="last_updated_parent"> <div> <span class="strong">Last Updated : </span> <span>30 Aug, 2024</span> </div>  <div class="three_dot_dropdown"> <div style="display: flex;"> <div pid="967044" ptitle="Data Science for Beginners" class="top-summary-icon-div "> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div tooltip"> <span class="summary_tooltiptext">Summarize</span> <div class="summarize_header"> <i class= "summary_button" style="position: relative;"></i> </div> </div> </div> <div pid="967044" ptitle="Data Science for Beginners" class="article--viewer_comment tooltip top-comment-icon-div"> <span class="comment_tooltiptext">Comments</span> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div" data-gfg-action='loadComments'> <div class="comment_header"> <i class= "discussion_button" style="position: relative; transform: scale(0.9);"></i> </div> </div> </div> <div pid="967044" ptitle="Data Science for Beginners" class="article--viewer_improve tooltip"> <span class="improve_tooltiptext">Improve</span> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_improve" onclick="improveArticleCall()"> <div class="improve_wrapper_top"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon-pencil gfg-icon_edit" style="position: relative; z-index: 3;"></i> </div> </div>  </div>  <ul class="dropbtn icons btn-right showLeft" onclick="showDropdown()"> <li> </li> <li></li> <li></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="myDropdown" class="three_dot_dropdown_content"> <div class="article-buttons drop" onmouseleave="closeKebabMenu()">  <div pid="967044" ptitle="Data Science for Beginners" class="improve_article--viewer tooltip"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_improve" onclick="suggestionArticleCall()" style="margin-top: 1px;"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div improve_dot_dropdown_inner_div"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_suggest_changes gfg-icon_edit"></i> <span>Suggest changes</span> </div> </div> </div> <div pid="967044" class="article--viewer_like tooltip"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_likearticle" onmouseleave='toggleLikeElementVisibility("showLikesContainer", false)' onmouseenter='toggleLikeElementVisibility("showLikesContainer", true)'> <div class="showLikesContainer"> <span class="likeTooltip">Like Article</span> </div> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div" data-gfg-action="like-article" data-bookmark-value="0"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_thumbs"></i> <span>Like</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div pid="967044" class="article--viewer_bookmark tooltip"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_save"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div" data-gfg-action="bookmark-article" data-bookmark-value="0"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_bookmark"></i> <span>Save</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div pid="967044" class="article--viewer_share tooltip"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_share" onmouseleave="closeShareModal()" onmouseenter="openShareModal()"> <div style="display: flex;align-items: center;" class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div" data-gfg-action="share-article" data-bookmark-value="0"> <i class="gfg-share-icon"></i> <span>Share</span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article--viewer_report tooltip"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_div three_dot_dropdown_reportarticle"> <div class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div" data-gfg-action="report-article" onclick="report_article();"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_report"></i> <span>Report</span> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="article--viewer_Gnews tooltip"> <a class="three_dot_dropdown_inner_div Gnews_wrapper" href ='https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMLTrzwsw44bnAw?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN%3Aen' target="_blank"> <img class="gfg-icon_Gnews no-zoom-in-cursor" src=https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Google-news.svg loading="lazy" alt="News"></img> <span class='kebab_menu_news_text'>Follow</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text"> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong> Data Science </strong></b><span> is a domain that comprises many sub-domains such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, data visualization, and analytics as well as provides practical examples and exercises to help you apply these concepts in the real world. Over the past few years, there has been tremendous demand for data scientists. To improve business efficiency it becomes important to analyze the data. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> In this data science tutorial, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the core concepts, tools, and techniques used in the field of data science. </span></p><div id="GFG_AD_gfg_mobile_336x280" style="margin: 5px 0;"></div> <p dir="ltr"><span> Data Science is a field that involves extracting insights and knowledge from data using various techniques and tools. If you are a beginner in Data Science, here are some steps you can follow to get started: </span></p> <ol> <li value="1"><span> Learn Programming: Programming is a fundamental skill for Data Science. Python is the most commonly used programming language in Data Science, and it has several libraries that are useful for Data Science, such as NumPy, Pandas, and Scikit-learn. You can start by learning the basics of Python programming. </span></li> <li value="2"><span> Learn Statistics: Statistics is the foundation of Data Science. Understanding statistical concepts such as mean, median, variance, and standard deviation is crucial for working with data. You can start by learning the basics of statistics. </span></li> <li value="3"><span> Learn Data Visualization: Data visualization is an essential skill for Data Science. It helps to understand patterns and trends in data. There are several libraries in Python that are useful for Data Visualization, such as Matplotlib and Seaborn. </span></li> <li value="4"><span> Learn Machine Learning: Machine learning is the core of Data Science. It involves building models that can learn from data and make predictions. There are several types of machine learning algorithms, such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. You can start by learning the basics of machine learning. </span></li> <li value="5"><span> Practice with Projects: Practice is essential for learning Data Science. You can start by working on small projects such as data cleaning, data analysis, and machine learning models. Kaggle is a platform where you can find data science projects and competitions to practice your skills. </span></li> <li value="6"><span> Learn from the Community: The Data Science community is very active, and there are several resources available to learn from. You can join online communities such as Reddit, LinkedIn, or Twitter. You can also attend local Data Science meetups and events. </span></li> <li value="7"><span> Continuously Learn: Data Science is a rapidly evolving field, and new techniques and tools are constantly emerging. Therefore, it’s essential to keep learning and stay updated with the latest trends and developments in Data Science. </span></li> </ol> <div id="internal-promo-section"> <p dir="ltr"><span> To kickstart your journey into Data Science and gain hands-on experience, consider enrolling in the </span><a href="https://gfgcdn.com/tu/R90/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><b><strong> Data Science Live course </strong></b></a><span> . This course is designed for beginners, offering step-by-step guidance through the core concepts of Data Science, from data manipulation to machine learning. Learn from industry experts and build a strong foundation to excel in your data science career. </span></p> </div> <p dir="ltr"><span> In summary, learning Data Science involves programming, statistics, data visualization, machine learning, practice, learning from the community, and continuous learning. With dedication and consistent effort, you can become proficient in Data Science and start building solutions to real-world problems. </span></p> <p dir="ltr"><span> By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have a solid understanding of the key concepts and tools used in </span><b><strong> data science for beginners </strong></b><span> , and be well on your way to becoming proficient in the field. </span></p> <div style="width: 810px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230222183754/Data-Science-Fir-beginner.png" alt="Data Science Tutorial " width="1000" height="inherit"><p class="wp-caption-text">Data Science for Beginners</p></div> <h2><span> Need for Data Science </span></h2> <p dir="ltr"><span> There are 4 major reasons why there is a need for data science in the existing world today. </span></p><div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_InContent_ATF_336x280" style="text-align:center; max-height: 280px;"></div><div id="GFG_AD_gfg_mobile_336x280_1" style="margin: 5px 0;"></div> <ul> <li value="1"><b><strong> Businesses </strong></b><span> are running today based on customer insight and that’s where data science comes from. With the help of data science, companies use Data Mining and sorting techniques to understand the area of interest of their users. </span></li> <li value="2"><span> Today, data science is being actively used to trim unstructured and unorganized data that also consumes less time. </span></li> <li value="3"><span> It helps in identifying the objective of a business and helps in reaching the goal (meanwhile it also helps in predicting the futuristic data based on the behavioural pattern) </span></li> <li value="4"><span> It empowers your organization by allocating the best of the best people within your workforce. It helps in </span><b><strong> sorting and filtering </strong></b><span> out the candidates from different platforms and that proportionally saves a lot of time also the chances of hiring a good candidate become more powerful. </span></li> </ul> <h2><span> Careers in Data Science </span></h2> <p dir="ltr"><span> Data Science has been considered one of the most desirable jobs in the IT field today. The growth opportunities in data science jobs are comparatively high than in any other job. Companies are now focusing more on data science jobs to elevate their business goals which has also created a flood of data science jobs in the market. </span></p><div id="_GFG_ABP_Incontent_728x90" style="text-align:center;"></div> <p dir="ltr"><span> Some of the most notable jobs in data science are:- </span></p> <ul> <li value="1"><span> Data Scientist, </span></li> <li value="2"><span> Data Architect, </span></li> <li value="3"><span> Data Administrator, </span></li> <li value="4"><span> Data Analyst, </span></li> <li value="5"><span> Business Analyst. </span></li> </ul> <h2><span> Data Science Life Cycle </span></h2> <p dir="ltr"><span> It is a methodology followed to solve the data science problem. </span></p> <ul> <li value="1"><span> Business Understanding </span></li> <li value="2"><span> Data Understanding </span></li> <li value="3"><span> Preparation of Data </span></li> <li value="4"><span> Exploratory Data Analysis </span></li> <li value="5"><span> Data Modeling </span></li> <li value="6"><span> Model Evaluation </span></li> <li value="7"><span> Model Deployment </span></li> </ul> <h2><span> Applications of Data Science </span></h2> <p dir="ltr"><span> There are many applications of data science are as follows:- </span></p> <ul> <li value="1"><span> Search Engines, </span></li> <li value="2"><span> Transport, Finance, </span></li> <li value="3"><span> E-Commerce, </span></li> <li value="4"><span> Health Care, </span></li> <li value="5"><span> Image Recognition, </span></li> <li value="6"><span> Targeting recommendations, etc. </span></li> </ul> <h2><span> Prerequisites & Tools for Data Science </span></h2> <p dir="ltr"><span> To gain expertise in the field of data science. firstly, you need to have a strong foundation in various aspects of data science. which includes knowledge of query languages like:- SQL, programming languages like R and python, and as well as visualization tools like:- PowerBI, Quilsense, Quilview, and Tableau. Additionally, having a basic understanding of statistics for machine learning is crucial. To effectively apply machine learning algorithms, it is essential to practice and implement them with use cases relevant to your desired domain. </span></p> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 1: Python Basic </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-language-introduction/" rel="noopener"><span> Introduction of Python </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/taking-input-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Taking input in Python </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/#Variables" rel="noopener"><span> Variables </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/#Operators" rel="noopener"><span> Operators </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-data-types/" rel="noopener"><span> Data Types </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python3-if-if-else-nested-if-if-elif-statements/" rel="noopener"><span> Conditions </span></a></li> <li value="7"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/loops-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Loops </span></a></li> <li value="8"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-functions/" rel="noopener"><span> Functions </span></a></li> <li value="9"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-oops-concepts/#:~:text=In%20Python%2C%20object%2Doriented%20Programming,%2C%20polymorphisms%2C%20encapsulation%2C%20etc." rel="noopener"><span> Object-Oriented Programming </span></a></li> <li value="10"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/#Exception%20Handling" rel="noopener"><span> Exception Handling </span></a></li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 2: R Basic </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-r-programming-language/" rel="noopener"><span> Introduction to R Programming Language </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-operators/" rel="noopener"><span> Operators </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-keywords/" rel="noopener"><span> Keywords </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-data-types/" rel="noopener"><span> Data Types </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/decision-making-in-r-programming-if-if-else-if-else-if-ladder-nested-if-else-and-switch/" rel="noopener"><span> Decision Making – if, if-else, if-else-if ladder, nested if-else, and switch </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/loops-in-r-for-while-repeat/" rel="noopener"><span> Loops (for, while, repeat) </span></a></li> <li value="7"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Functions </span></a></li> <li value="8"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-object-oriented-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/classes-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Classes </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-objects/" rel="noopener"><span> Objects </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/encapsulation-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Encapsulation </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/polymorphism-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Polymorphism </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-inheritance/" rel="noopener"><span> Inheritance </span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 3: Data Analysis with Python </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-data-analysis/" rel="noopener"><span> What is Data Analysis </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-analysis-with-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Data Analysis using Python </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/six-steps-of-data-analysis-process/" rel="noopener"><span> Steps of Data Analysis Process </span></a></li> <li value="4"><span> Importing Data </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-import-an-excel-file-into-python-using-pandas/" rel="noopener"><span> Import Excel file with Pandas </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-read-text-files-with-pandas/" rel="noopener"><span> Import Text file with Pandas </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-read-json-files-with-pandas/" rel="noopener"><span> Read JSON Files with Pandas </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ml-understanding-data-processing/" rel="noopener"><span> Data processing </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-pandas-dataframe/" rel="noopener"><span> Pandas DataFrame </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-cleansing-introduction/" rel="noopener"><span> Overview of Data Cleaning </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/slicing-indexing-manipulating-and-cleaning-pandas-dataframe/" rel="noopener"><span> Slicing, Indexing, Manipulating and Cleaning Pandas Dataframe </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/working-with-missing-data-in-pandas/" rel="noopener"><span> Working with Missing Data in Pandas </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/working-with-missing-data-in-pandas/" rel="noopener"><span> Identify and Handle Missing Values </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-data-visualization-tutorial/" rel="noopener"><span> Data visualization </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-data-visualization-and-why-is-it-important/" rel="noopener"><span> Why is It Important? </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-using-matplotlib/" rel="noopener"><span> Data Visualization using Matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/style-plots-using-matplotlib/" rel="noopener"><span> Style Plots using Matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/line-chart-in-matplotlib-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Line chart in matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bar-plot-in-matplotlib/" rel="noopener"><span> Bar Plot in Matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/box-plot-in-python-using-matplotlib/" rel="noopener"><span> Box Plot in Python using matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="7"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/matplotlib-pyplot-scatter-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Scatter Plot in Matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="8"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-draw-2d-heatmap-using-matplotlib-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Heatmap in Matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="9"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/three-dimensional-plotting-in-python-using-matplotlib/" rel="noopener"><span> Three-dimensional Plotting using Matplotlib </span></a></li> <li value="10"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/seaborn-kdeplot-a-comprehensive-guide/" rel="noopener"><span> Seaborn Kdeplot </span></a></li> <li value="11"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-with-python-seaborn/" rel="noopener"><span> Data Visualization with Python Seaborn </span></a></li> <li value="12"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-with-python-seaborn/" rel="noopener"><span> Interactive Data Visualization with Bokeh </span></a></li> <li value="13"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/time-series-plot-or-line-plot-with-pandas/" rel="noopener"><span> Time Series Plot or Line plot with Pandas </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="7"><span> Exploratory Data Analysis </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/exploratory-data-analysis-in-python-set-1/" rel="noopener"><span> Set 1 </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/exploratory-data-analysis-in-python-set-2/" rel="noopener"><span> Set 2 </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/exploratory-data-analysis-on-iris-dataset/" rel="noopener"><span> Exploratory Data Analysis on Iris Dataset </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-titanic-data-eda-using-seaborn/" rel="noopener"><span> Exploratory Data Analysis on Titanic Dataset </span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 4: Data Analysis with R </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><span> Importing Data </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/importing-data-in-r-script/" rel="noopener"><span> Importing Data in R Script </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-import-data-from-a-file-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Import Data from a File in R </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-import-a-csv-file-into-r/" rel="noopener"><span> Import a CSV File into R </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="2"><span> Data processing using R </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-data-frames/" rel="noopener"><span> Data Frames in R </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-dataframe-manipulation/" rel="noopener"><span> DataFrame Manipulation </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-cleaning-in-r/" rel="noopener"><span> Data Cleaning in R </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/handling-missing-values-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Working with Missing Data in R </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-in-r/" rel="noopener"><span> Data visualization using R </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-visualization-with-r-and-ggplot2/" rel="noopener"><span> Data visualization with R and ggplot2 </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/scatter-plots-in-r-language/" rel="noopener"><span> Scatter plots in R Language </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/graph-plotting-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Graph Plotting in R Programming </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/visualizing-missing-data-with-barplot-in-r/" rel="noopener"><span> Visualizing Missing Data with Barplot in R </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/histograms-in-r-language/" rel="noopener"><span> Histograms in R language </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/boxplots-in-r-language/" rel="noopener"><span> Boxplots in R Language </span></a></li> <li value="7"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/time-series-visualization-with-ggplot2-in-r/" rel="noopener"><span> Time series visualization with ggplot2 in R </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/exploratory-data-analysis-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Exploratory Data Analysis in R </span></a></li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 5: Web Scraping </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-web-scraping/" rel="noopener"><span> Introduction to Web Scraping </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-web-scraping-and-how-to-use-it/" rel="noopener"><span> What is Web Scraping and How to Use It? </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-web-scraping-tutorial/" rel="noopener"><span> Web scraping with Python </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-scraping-from-wikipedia-using-python-a-complete-guide/" rel="noopener"><span> Web scraping from Wikipedia using Python </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/scraping-amazon-product-information-using-beautiful-soup/" rel="noopener"><span> Scraping Amazon Product Information using Beautiful Soup </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-scraping-amazon-customer-reviews/" rel="noopener"><span> Web Scraping – Amazon Customer Reviews </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/scrape-linkedin-using-selenium-and-beautiful-soup-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Scrape LinkedIn Using Selenium And Beautiful Soup in Python </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-scraping-using-r-language/" rel="noopener"><span> Web Scraping with R </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/extract-all-the-urls-from-the-webpage-using-r-language/" rel="noopener"><span> Extract all the URLs from the webpage Using R Language </span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 6: Basic Stat Mathematics </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mathematics-mean-variance-and-standard-deviation/" rel="noopener"><span> Mean, Standard Deviation and Variance </span></a><span> — </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/calculate-the-average-variance-and-standard-deviation-in-python-using-numpy/" rel="noopener"><span> Implementation </span></a></li> <li value="2"><span> Derivative and Function minimization </span></li> <li value="3"><span> Probability Distributions[ </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mathematics-probability-distributions-set-1/" rel="noopener"><span> Set 1 </span></a><span> , </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/probability-distributions-part-2-exponential-distribution/?ref=lbp" rel="noopener"><span> Set 2 </span></a><span> , </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mathematics-probability-distributions-set-3-normal-distribution/" rel="noopener"><span> Set 3 </span></a><span> ] </span></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/confidence-interval/" rel="noopener"><span> Confidence Intervals </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/mathematics-covariance-and-correlation/" rel="noopener"><span> Correlation and Covariance </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/random-variable/" rel="noopener"><span> Random Variables </span></a></li> <li value="7"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/understanding-hypothesis-testing/" rel="noopener"><span> Hypothesis Testing </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/t-test/" rel="noopener"><span> T-test </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/paired-t-test-a-detailed-overview/" rel="noopener"><span> Paired T-test </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/p-value-in-machine-learning/" rel="noopener"><span> p-value </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/f-test/" rel="noopener"><span> F-Test </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/z-test/" rel="noopener"><span> z-test </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="8"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chi-square-test-for-feature-selection-mathematical-explanation/" rel="noopener"><span> Chi-squared Test </span></a></li> <li value="9"><span> ANOVA Test </span> <ul> <li value="1"><span> ANOVA Test using Python[ </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-perform-a-one-way-anova-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> One-way </span></a><span> , </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-perform-a-two-way-anova-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Two-way </span></a><span> ] </span></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/anova-test-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> ANOVA Test using R </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="10"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/f-test/" rel="noopener"><span> F-Stats </span></a> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-perform-an-f-test-in-python/" rel="noopener"><span> F-Stats With Python </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/performing-f-test-in-r-programming-var-test-method/" rel="noopener"><span> F-Stats With R </span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 7: Machine Learning </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><span> Supervised Learning </span> <ul> <li value="1"><span> Regression </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ml-linear-regression/" rel="noopener"><span> Linear Regression </span></a></li> <li value="2"><span> Regression Trees </span></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/non-linear-regression-examples-ml/" rel="noopener"><span> Non-Linear Regression </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/implementation-of-bayesian-regression/" rel="noopener"><span> Bayesian Linear Regression </span></a></li> <li value="5"><span> Polynomial Regression[ </span><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-implementation-of-polynomial-regression/" rel="noopener"><span> Using Python, </span></a><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/polynomial-regression-in-r-programming/" rel="noopener"><span> Using R </span></a><span> ] </span></li> </ul> </li> <li value="2"><span> Classification </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/random-forest-classifier-using-scikit-learn/" rel="noopener"><span> Random Forest </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/decision-tree/" rel="noopener"><span> Decision Trees </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/understanding-logistic-regression/" rel="noopener"><span> Logistic Regression </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/support-vector-machine-algorithm/" rel="noopener"><span> Support Vector Machines </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/neural-networks-a-beginners-guide/" rel="noopener"><span> Neural Networks </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="2"><span> Unsupervised Learning </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/k-means-clustering-introduction/" rel="noopener"><span> K-means clustering </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dbscan-clustering-in-ml-density-based-clustering/" rel="noopener"><span> DBScan clustering </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/k-nearest-neighbours/" rel="noopener"><span> KNN (k-nearest neighbours) </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ml-hierarchical-clustering-agglomerative-and-divisive-clustering/" rel="noopener"><span> Hierarchal clustering </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning-for-anomaly-detection/" rel="noopener"><span> Anomaly detection </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ml-principal-component-analysispca/" rel="noopener"><span> Principle Component Analysis </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li value="3"><span> Decision Tree </span> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/decision-tree/" rel="noopener"><span> Decision Tree </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/decision-tree-implementation-python/" rel="noopener"><span> Implementing Decision tree </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-decision-tree-regression-using-sklearn/" rel="noopener"><span> Decision Tree Regression using sklearn </span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 8: Deep Learning </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-deep-learning/" rel="noopener"><span> Introduction to Deep Learning </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-artificial-neutral-networks/" rel="noopener"><span> Introduction to Artificial Neutral Networks </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convolutional-neural-network-cnn-in-machine-learning/" rel="noopener"><span> Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) </span></a></li> <li value="4"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-recurrent-neural-network/" rel="noopener"><span> Recurrent Neural Networks </span></a></li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/generative-adversarial-network-gan/" rel="noopener"><span> Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/radial-basis-function-kernel-machine-learning/" rel="noopener"><span> Radial Basis Function Networks (RBFNs) </span></a></li> <li value="7"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multi-layer-perceptron-learning-in-tensorflow/" rel="noopener"><span> Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs) </span></a></li> <li value="8"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/deep-learning-with-python-opencv/" rel="noopener"><span> Deep Learning with Python OpenCV </span></a></li> <li value="9"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pneumonia-detection-using-deep-learning/" rel="noopener"><span> Pneumonia Detection using Deep Learning </span></a></li> </ul> <blockquote> <h2><span> Section 9: Natural Language Processing </span></h2> </blockquote> <ul> <li value="1"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-natural-language-processing/" rel="noopener"><span> Introduction to Natural Language Processing </span></a></li> <li value="2"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/natural-language-processing-overview/" rel="noopener"><span> Natural Language Processing </span></a></li> <li value="3"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-7-applications-of-natural-language-processing/" rel="noopener"><span> Applications of NLP </span></a></li> <li value="4"><span> NLP Libraries </span> <ul> <li value="1"><span> Scikit-learn </span></li> <li value="2"><span> Natural language Toolkit (NLTK) </span></li> <li value="3"><span> Pattern </span></li> <li value="4"><span> TextBlob </span></li> <li value="5"><span> Query </span></li> </ul> </li> <li value="5"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/text-preprocessing-in-python-set-1/" rel="noopener"><span> Text Preprocessing in Python | Set – 1 </span></a></li> <li value="6"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/text-preprocessing-in-python-set-2/" rel="noopener"><span> Text Preprocessing in Python | Set 2 </span></a></li> <li value="7"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/syntax-tree-natural-language-processing/" rel="noopener"><span> Syntax Tree – Natural Language Processing </span></a></li> <li value="8"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/translation-and-natural-language-processing-using-google-cloud/" rel="noopener"><span> Translation and Natural Language Processing using Google </span></a></li> <li value="9"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-nlp-analysis-of-restaurant-reviews/" rel="noopener"><span> NLP analysis of Restaurant reviews </span></a></li> </ul> <h3><i><b><strong class="GFGEditorTheme__textItalic"> Some project Ideas for Beginner in Data Science – </strong></b></i><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-project-ideas-topics-beginners/" rel="noopener"><i><b><strong class="GFGEditorTheme__textItalic"> link </strong></b></i></a></h3> <h2><span> FAQs on Data Science Tutorials for Beginners </span></h2> <h3><span> Q1: What is data science? </span></h3> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong> Answer: </strong></b></p><div style="text-align:center;margin:20px 0; max-height: 280px;" id="GFG_AD_gfg_outstream_incontent"></div> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr"><span> Data science is a field that involves using techniques from statistics, mathematics, and computer science to analyze and draw insights from data. </span></p> </blockquote> <h3><span> Q2: What skills do I need to be a data scientist? </span></h3> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong> Answer: </strong></b></p> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr"><span> Data scientists typically need skills in statistics, machine learning, data visualization, and programming. Strong communication and critical thinking skills are also important. </span></p> </blockquote> <h3><span> Q3: What programming languages should I learn for data science? </span></h3> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong> Answer: </strong></b></p> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr"><span> Some popular programming languages for data science include Python, R, and SQL. It’s also helpful to have some familiarity with other languages like Java and C++. </span></p> </blockquote> <h3><span> Q4: How long does it take to learn data science? </span></h3> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong> Answer: </strong></b></p> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr"><span> Learning data science is an ongoing process that can take several months to several years, depending on your background and level of experience. </span></p> </blockquote> <h3><span> Q5: What kind of jobs can I get with a background in data science? </span></h3> <p dir="ltr"><b><strong> Answer: </strong></b></p> <blockquote> <p dir="ltr"><span> Some common job titles in data science include data analyst, data scientist, machine learning engineer, and business intelligence analyst. </span></p> </blockquote> <br/><div id="AP_G4GR_6"></div> <div class='article_bottom_text'></div><br> <div id="video-tab-content" class="video-tab-content"> <div style="text-align: center; margin: 20px 0px;" id="GFG_AD_InContent_Desktop_728x280"></div> </div> <div class="article-meta-author-details"> <div class="article-meta-author-details-block"> <div class="article-meta-author-details-profile-display"> <div class="article-meta-author-details-profile-display-icon"> <div class="image-wrap"> <img src= https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20200717172614/authPreLogo.png style="width:35px; height: 35px;border-radius: 25px;" class="avatarprofile_image restrict-popup-gfg" alt="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth/avatar.png"> </div> </div> <div class="article-meta-author-details-profile-display-name" > <div class="info" style="position: unset;"> <div class="name"> <span style="color:#22A779; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600">GeeksforGeeks</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article_bottom_suggestion_wrapper"> <div class="article_bottom_suggestion" data-title="Follow"> <a href='https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMLTrzwsw44bnAw?hl=en-IN&gl=IN&ceid=IN%3Aen' target="_blank"> <img class="gfg-icon_Gnews no-zoom-in-cursor" src=https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Google-news.svg loading="lazy" alt="News"></img> </a> </div> <div class='discussion_panel' data-title='Comments'> <i class='discussion_button' data-gfg-action='loadComments'> </i> </div> <div pid="967044" class="article--viewer_like tooltip tooltipBottom" data-title="Like Article">  <button id="likeButton" aria-label="like article" data-gfg-action="like-article" data-bookmark-value="0" data-liked="false" style="color: #5B5A5A !important; display: flex; align-items: center; background-color: unset; margin: 0px !important; padding: 5px 0px;"> <i class="author-badge-like-button"></i> <figure id="likeCount" style="margin-left: 3px; margin-top: 4px; color: var(--like-count-color); font-size: 14px; font-weight: 600;" class="favoriteText"></figure> </button> </div> <div class="article_bottom_suggestion" onclick="improveArticleCall()" data-title="Improve"> <span class="improveTooltipBottom">Improve</span> <i class="author-badge-improvement-button"></i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-row content-bw article-pgnavi v-divider-gfg"style="margin-top: 20px;"> <div class="article-pgnavi_prev"> </div> <div class="article-pgnavi_next"> <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-data-science/?ref=next_article" class="pg-head"> <span style="margin-right: 5px; margin-left: auto;">Next Article</span> <span class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_next"></span> </a>  <div class="pg-main"> <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-data-science/?ref=next_article">What is Data Science with example?</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="article--recommended article--recommended_wrapper" id="similar-reads"> <h3 class="new-top-bar top-bar-title">Similar Reads</h3> <div class="gfg-similar-reads-list"> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-degrees-vs-data-science-certificates/?ref=oin_asr1"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Science Degrees vs. Data Science Certificates</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The demand for skilled data scientists is rapidly growing in today's data-driven society. This pressure leads many aspiring professionals to seek academic programs, such as degrees and certificates in data science. Both options are valuable for gaining the necessary skills and knowledge, but they differ significantly in terms of time commitment, co</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ai-tools-for-data-science/?ref=oin_asr2"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Essential Tools for Data Science Beginners</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data, in this modern age, is the new oil. According to Clive Humby, it is of no use when it is unrefined. Analyzing data can reveal many new things about almost anything. It can be related to healthcare, technology, marketing, finance, or any industry. You name it and discover how data analysis is changing the game. Data science beginners learn how</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">10 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/100-days-of-gate-data-science-ai/?ref=oin_asr3"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">100 Days of GATE Data Science and AI – A Complete Guide For Beginners</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">This article is an ultimate guide, crafted by the GATE experts at GFG, to help you start your journey of learning for GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) Data Science and AI in 100 Days in a systematic manner. There are many overlaps when it comes to data science and artificial intelligence (AI). AI has many smaller subsets, like machine l</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a> <div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_BTF_336x280_3" style="margin : 0px auto 13px;"></div> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-project-ideas-for-beginners/?ref=oin_asr4"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Top 10 Data Science Project Ideas for Beginners in 2024</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data Science and its subfields can demoralize you at the initial stage if you're a beginner. The reason is that understanding the transitions in statistics, programming skills (like R and Python), and algorithms (whether supervised or unsupervised) are tough to remember as well as implement. Are you planning to leave this battle without fighting th</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">14 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-vs-computer-science-salary-key-difference/?ref=oin_asr5"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Science Vs Computer Science Salary: Key Difference</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In India's rapidly evolving technological landscape, both Data Science and Computer Science have emerged as pivotal fields driving innovation and economic growth. As the country continues its digital transformation, professionals in these domains are increasingly in demand across various sectors. For many aspiring tech enthusiasts and students in I</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dikw-pyramid-data-information-knowledge-and-wisdom-data-science-and-big-data-analytics/?ref=oin_asr6"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">DIKW Pyramid | Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom | Data Science and Big Data Analytics</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The term DIKW is derived from the field of "data science and big data analytics". The DIKW model is used for data enrichment. The DIKW model consists of four stages. The full form of every alphabet in the word DIKW has its own meaning. In DIKW, D stands for "Data", I stands for "Information", K stands for "Knowledge" and W stands for "Wisdom". The</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">2 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-data-science-and-data-visualization/?ref=oin_asr7"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Difference Between Data Science and Data Visualization</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data Science: Data science is study of data. It involves developing methods of recording, storing, and analyzing data to extract useful information. The goal of data science is to gain knowledge from any type of data both structured and unstructured. Data science is a term for set of fields that are focused on mining big data sets and discovering t</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">2 min read</span> </div> </a> <div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_BTF_336x280_4" style="margin : 0px auto 13px;"></div> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-unleashing-the-power-of-data-for-students-and-professionals/?ref=oin_asr8"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Science: Unleashing the Power of Data For Students and Professionals</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The capacity to organize and make sense of massive volumes of data has grown in value in today's data-driven society. Data science provides a plethora of information and possibilities, whether you're a student studying for a future career or a seasoned professional trying to stay competitive. This article examines the convincing arguments for why d</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ethics-in-data-science-and-proper-privacy-and-usage-of-data/?ref=oin_asr9"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Ethics in Data Science and Proper Privacy and Usage of Data</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">As we know, these days Data Science has become more popular and it is one of the emerging technologies. According to the latest estimation 328.77 million terabytes are generated every day so just think of how large the volume is. , this data may also consist of your data such as your Identity cards or your Banking information or it may be any other</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/why-is-data-visualization-so-important-in-data-science/?ref=oin_asr10"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Why is Data Visualization so Important in Data Science</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Would you prefer to view large data tables and then make sense of that data or view a data visualization that represents that data in an easy-to-understand visual format? Well, most of you would prefer data visualization! That is because data visualization is extremely useful in understanding the data and obtaining useful insights. It can allow you</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/role-of-data-science-in-big-data-analytics/?ref=oin_asr11"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Role of Data Science in Big Data Analytics</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In today's data-driven world, the role of data science in big data analytics is becoming increasingly vital. With the vast amounts of data being generated every day, organizations are turning to data science to make sense of it all and extract valuable insights. Data science involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting large volumes of data to</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/roles-of-data-engineering-and-data-science-in-modern-analytics/?ref=oin_asr12"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Roles of Data Engineering and Data Science in Modern Analytics</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In the rapidly evolving landscape of data analytics, two key players stand out: data engineering and data science. While distinct in their focus and responsibilities, these fields are deeply interconnected, forming the backbone of modern data-driven decision-making. In this article, we'll delve into the intricate relationship between data engineeri</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-big-data-and-data-science/?ref=oin_asr13"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Difference Between Big Data and Data Science</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The terms "Big Data" and "Data Science" often emerge as pivotal concepts driving innovation and decision-making. Despite their frequent interchangeability in casual conversation, Big Data and Data Science represent distinct but interrelated fields. Understanding their differences, applications, and how they complement each other is crucial for busi</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-vs-data-analytics/?ref=oin_asr14"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Science vs Data Analytics</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In this article, we will discuss the differences between the two most demanded fields in Artificial intelligence that is data science, and data analytics. What is Data Science Data Science is a field that deals with extracting meaningful information and insights by applying various algorithms preprocessing and scientific methods on structured and u</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/handling-large-data-in-data-science/?ref=oin_asr15"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Handling Large data in Data Science</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Large data workflows refer to the process of working with and analyzing large datasets using the Pandas library in Python. Pandas is a popular library commonly used for data analysis and modification. However, when dealing with large datasets, standard Pandas procedures can become resource-intensive and inefficient. In this guide, we'll explore str</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/is-it-mandatory-to-learn-r-programming-language-for-becoming-a-master-in-data-science-and-big-data/?ref=oin_asr16"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Is it Mandatory to Learn R Programming Language for Becoming a Master in Data Science and Big Data?</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">It is not mandatory to learn R programming to become a master in data science and big data, but it is highly beneficial. R is one of the leading languages for statistical analysis and has powerful tools for data visualization, which are crucial skills in data science. However, proficiency in other languages like Python can also provide a comprehens</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-blogathon/?ref=oin_asr17"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Science Blogathon 2024 - From Data to Intelligence</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Attention, data science enthusiasts, AI aspirants, and machine learning masterminds! Are you passionate about delving into the fascinating world of data science? Do you desire to showcase your expertise and contribute to a vibrant community? Then the GeeksforGeeks Data Science Blogathon is your perfect platform to shine! Final Result Live - Click H</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/15-data-analysis-examples-for-beginners-in-2024/?ref=oin_asr18"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">15 Data Analysis Examples for Beginners in 2024</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data analysis is a multifaceted process that involves inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to uncover valuable insights. It encompasses a wide array of techniques and methodologies, enabling organizations to interpret complex data structures and extract meaningful patterns. In this article, we will explore about 15 Data Analysis Ex</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">9 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/100-days-of-data-analytics/?ref=oin_asr19"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">100 Days of Data Analytics: A Complete Guide For Beginners</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">How to become Data Analyst? What is the salary of a Data Anlayst? What are the skills required to become Data Analyst? How many days will it take to become a Data Analyst? In order to answer all the above questions and give you a correct pathway, we are here with 100 Days of Data Analytics that will guide you day-by-day on how to become a Data Anal</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">8 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-data-science-skills-required/?ref=oin_asr20"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Introduction to Data Science : Skills Required</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data science is an interdisciplinary field of scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either structured or unstructured, similar to data mining. Big Data Analytics or Data Science is a very common term in the IT industry because everyone knows this is some fancy term that i</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-8-free-dataset-sources-to-use-for-data-science-projects/?ref=oin_asr21"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Top 8 Free Dataset Sources to Use for Data Science Projects</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Did you think data is only for big companies and corporations to analyze and obtain business insights? No, data is also fun! There is nothing more interesting than analyzing a data set to find the correlations between the data and obtain unique insights. It’s almost like a mystery game where the data is a puzzle you have to solve! And it is even mo</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multivariate-optimization-and-its-types-data-science/?ref=oin_asr22"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Multivariate Optimization and its Types - Data Science</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Wikipedia defines optimization as a problem where you maximize or minimize a real function by systematically choosing input values from an allowed set and computing the value of the function. That means when we talk about optimization we are always interested in finding the best solution. So, let say that one has some functional form(e.g in the for</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/5-best-books-to-learn-data-science-in-2020/?ref=oin_asr23"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">5 Best Books to Learn Data Science in 2020</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data Science is one of the in-demand technologies of 2020 and if we wish to learn and make a career out of it, then there is no great time than now. We are familiar with big data and how difficult is it to analyze and maintain the collected unstructured data. So every company will require data scientists to attain the maximum productivity out of th</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-apps-using-streamlit/?ref=oin_asr24"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Science Apps Using Streamlit</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data visualization is one of the most important steps of data analysis. It is the way to convey your research and findings of data (set) through interactive plots and charts. There are many libraries that are available for data visualization like matplotlib, seaborn, etc. which allows us to visualize a large variety of charts and plots but these li</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">7 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/smart-energy-water-interview-experience-for-fte-data-science-engineer-on-campus/?ref=oin_asr25"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Smart Energy Water Interview Experience for FTE Data Science Engineer (On-Campus)</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">The company visited for 3 profiles: Data Science EngineerSoftware EngineerBusiness Analyst All the profiles had a common procedure. Eligibility criteria were minimum of 6 CGPA students, appeared for the exam were 180 and the process consists of 2 rounds. Round 1 (Written Test): This round consists of two parts Part 1: around 30-40 MCQ questions rel</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">2 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/building-your-data-science-blog-with-pelican/?ref=oin_asr26"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Building your Data Science blog with pelican</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">First step in order to get a job in Data Science is building a solid profile. Aspiring Data Scientist often do research and study regarding this field, however fail to take the right steps in the right direction. But experts advises to aspiring Data Scientists to write a blog or make video tutorial in order to show their knowledge in data science f</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">3 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-lifecycle/?ref=oin_asr27"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Data Science Lifecycle</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data Science Lifecycle revolves around the use of machine learning and different analytical strategies to produce insights and predictions from information in order to acquire a commercial enterprise objective. The complete method includes a number of steps like data cleaning, preparation, modelling, model evaluation, etc. It is a lengthy procedure</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">6 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/4-key-pillars-of-data-science/?ref=oin_asr28"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">4 Key Pillars of Data Science</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">In the world of data space, the era of Big Data emerged when organizations are dealing with petabytes and exabytes of data. It became very tough for industries for the storage of data until 2010. Now when the popular frameworks like Hadoop and others solved the problem of storage, the focus is on processing the data. And here Data Science plays a b</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/whats-data-science-pipeline/?ref=oin_asr29"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">What's Data Science Pipeline?</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on extracting knowledge from data sets that are typically huge in amount. The field encompasses analysis, preparing data for analysis, and presenting findings to inform high-level decisions in an organization. As such, it incorporates skills from computer science, mathematics, statistics, info</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">4 min read</span> </div> </a> <a class="gfg-similar-read-item" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/why-do-we-need-data-science/?ref=oin_asr30"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-content"> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-heading">Why Do We Need Data Science?</div> <div class="gfg-similar-read-item-subheading">After knowing What is Data Science, the Key Pillars of Data Science, the Roles & Responsibilities of a Data Scientist one of the major questions that arise is Why do we need data science? But before jumping to the question let's discuss briefly Why do data science? This thing motivates you to learn more about data science. Why do Data science?S</div> </div> <div class="reading-time"> <i class="reading-time-icon" data-gfg-action="readingtime"></i> <span style="color: var(--recommendation-card-text-color);font-size: 14px;font-weight: 500;line-height: 17px;">5 min read</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="bottom-wrap" style="padding: 0px 20px;margin-bottom: 10px;"> <div class="improved"> <div class="t-head">Article Tags : </div> <ul> <li style="border-radius: 25px;" class=""> <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/category/ai-ml-ds/?ref=article_category">AI-ML-DS</a> </li> <li style="border-radius: 25px;" class=""> <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/category/ai-ml-ds/data-science/?ref=article_category">Data Science</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="vote-wrap"> <div style="display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:100%;"> <button aria-label="like" data-type="like" class="vote-this" style="margin-right: 0; margin-left:0 ;"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_like favoriteIcon"></i> <span class="favoriteLike">Like</span> <figure class="favoriteText"></figure> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-meta"> <div class="bottom-wrap"> <div id="GFG_AD_InContent_Desktop_BTF_650x250" style="text-align:center;max-height: 300px;"></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="report_modal_content" class="report_modal_content" style="display:hidden;"></div> <div class="onopen-discussion-panel"> <div class="discussion-tab"> <div class="discussion_heading"> <div></div> <i class="gfg-icon close-tab-icon"></i> </div> <div class="discussion_content"> <div style="height:100%"> <div style="height:100%" id="comment-system"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="rightBar" style="padding-right: 5px;"> <style> .article--container_content{ align-items: unset !important; } .sideBar { position: sticky !important; } .gfg-icon_switch::after { background-position: -40px -281px !important; } .gfg-icon_transaction::after { background-position: -40px -321px !important; } .header-main__profile.selected+.mega-dropdown{ width: 225px !important; } #courses-container .course-price{ display:none; } /* .side--container_wscard .card-content .content .meta:empty, .practiceBannerFromPlugin{ display:none !important; } */ .side--container_wscard .card-content .content .meta{ display:block !important; } .side--container_wscard .card-content .content .meta p{ background-color: rgba(254, 212, 91, 0.6); font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; display: inline-block; color: var(--color-black); margin-top: 15px; padding: 0px 5px; } #try-it{ display:initial !important; } #try-it .try-it-div{ line-height: 34px; } .gfg-icon_dark-mode::after { background-position: -40px -680px; } .side--container_wscard .head{ font-size: 14px !important; } .nineDot-menu, .gfg-icon_ndot{ display: none; } #text-15{ flex-direction: column; } .mtq_correct_marker, .mtq_wrong_marker{ display: none; } .sidebar_wrapper > :last-child{ margin: unset !important; margin-left: 5px !important; margin-top: 20px !important; top: 70px !important; } .darkMode-wrap{ bottom:1% !important; } #secondary .textwidget{ margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0; text-align: right; } #secondary .widget_text:last-child{ top: 70px !important; } @media(max-width:768px){ #scrollTopBtn{ display:none !important; } } .rightbar_loggedin_promo_cta{ display:flex; cursor:pointer; margin-bottom:20px; } </style> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area"> <div class='OINTechPromoRightBarBanner' id='rightBarSaleBanner' style='text-align:right; margin-bottom:5px;'><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/geeksforgeeks-premium-subscription?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=rightbar_oin&itm_campaign=premium><img src=https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/premium_oin_rbar_min.png alt='three90RightbarBannerImg' style='width:300px; height:250px;'></a></div>  <aside id="text-15" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"> <div id="_GFG_ABP_Desktop_RightSideBar_ATF_300x600_2"></div> <div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_RightSideBar_ATF_300x250_2" style="min-width: 300px;margin-bottom:10px;"></div> <div id='GFG_AD_Desktop_RightSideBar_ATF_300x600' style='min-width: 300px; min-height: 600px;margin-bottom:10px;'></div> </div> </aside>  <aside id="text-16" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"> <div id="_GFG_ABP_Desktop_RightSideBar_MTF_300x600"></div> <div id='GFG_AD_Desktop_RightSideBar_MTF_300x250' style='min-width: 300px;'></div> <div id="_GFG_ABP_Desktop_RightSideBar_BTF_300x600"></div> <div id="_GFG_ABP_Desktop_RightSideBar_BTF_300x600_3"></div> </div> </aside>  <style>.right-bar-explore-more{ visibility: hidden; min-height: 230px;text-align:left;min-width:300px;max-width:300px; padding-left: 19px; padding-right: 25px; margin-top: 20px;} .right-bar-explore-more .title{text-align:left;font-size:20px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 22px; color:var(--em-heading);padding:14px 0;font-family:var(--font-primary)} .right-bar-explore-more .rightbar-sticky-ul {list-style: disc outside; padding-left: 17px;} .right-bar-explore-more li{font-size: 14px !important;font-weight: 400;line-height: 18px !important;color: var(--em-text);margin: 14px 0;font-family:var(--font-primary);} .right-bar-explore-more li::marker{color: var(--em-text) !important;} .right-bar-explore-more .rightbar-sticky-ul a{text-align:left !important; color: var(--em-text); display: block !important;} .right-bar-explore-more .rightbar-sticky-ul a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:var(--em-link)!important;} .right-bar-explore-more hr {margin: 0;background-color: var(--tn-hr);} @media (max-width: 991px){ .right-bar-explore-more{ width: 85%; margin: auto; margin-top: 20px; max-width: unset; display: none !important; } #text-18 .textwidget{ width: 100%; } }</style> <script> var rightBarExploreMoreList = `<li style="color:var(--color-black)"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning/?ref=rightbar_explore" target="_blank" style="font-family:var(--font-primary)">Machine Learning Tutorial</a></li><li style="color:var(--color-black)"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/k-means-clustering-introduction/?ref=rightbar_explore" target="_blank" style="font-family:var(--font-primary)">K means Clustering - Introduction</a></li><li style="color:var(--color-black)"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/support-vector-machine-algorithm/?ref=rightbar_explore" target="_blank" style="font-family:var(--font-primary)">Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithm</a></li><li style="color:var(--color-black)"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/adding-new-column-to-existing-dataframe-in-pandas/?ref=rightbar_explore" target="_blank" style="font-family:var(--font-primary)">Adding New Column to Existing DataFrame in Pandas</a></li><li style="color:var(--color-black)"><a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/naive-bayes-classifiers/?ref=rightbar_explore" target="_blank" style="font-family:var(--font-primary)">Naive Bayes Classifiers</a></li>` </script>  <aside id="text-18" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"> <div class="right-bar-explore-more" style="display:none;visibility: unset;"> <div class="title">Explore More</div> <ul class="rightbar-sticky-ul"></ul> </div> <div id='GFG_AD_Desktop_RightSideBar_BTF_Sticky_300x250' style='min-width: 300px;margin-bottom:10px'></div> <div id='GFG_AD_Desktop_RightSideBar_Docked_160x600' style='min-width: 160px;'></div><div id='GFG_AD_Desktop_RightSideBar_BTFdocked_300x600' style='min-width: 300px;'></div> </aside>  <aside id="text-20" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget">  </div> </aside> </div> <div id="user-personal-note" style="display: none;"></div> </div> </div> <section class="disqus-section"> <div class="article-page_flex"> <div class="leftBar"> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="video-popup" style="display:none"></div> <link rel="stylesheet" href='https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/themes/iconic-one/css/articleList.min.css?ver=1.7'> <script> $(document).ready(function() { var isfollowingApiCall = false; if ($('.follow-btn').length) { var articleRecommendedTop = $(".article--recommended").offset().top; var articleRecommendedBottom = articleRecommendedTop + $(".article--recommended").outerHeight(); $(window).scroll(function() { var top_of_element = $(".article--recommended").offset().top; var bottom_of_element = $(".article--recommended").offset().top + $(".article--recommended").outerHeight(); var bottom_of_screen = $(window).scrollTop() + $(window).innerHeight(); var top_of_screen = $(window).scrollTop(); if ((bottom_of_screen > top_of_element && top_of_screen < bottom_of_element) || (bottom_of_screen > articleRecommendedTop && top_of_screen < articleRecommendedBottom) || (top_of_screen > articleRecommendedBottom)) { if (!isfollowingApiCall) { isfollowingApiCall = true; setTimeout(function(){ if (loginData && loginData.isLoggedIn) { if (loginData.userName !== $('#followAuthor').val()) { is_following(); } else { $('.profileCard-profile-picture').css('background-color', '#E7E7E7'); } } else { $('.follow-btn').removeClass('hideIt'); } }, 3000); } } }); } $(".accordion-header").click(function() { var arrowIcon = $(this).find('.bottom-arrow-icon'); arrowIcon.toggleClass('rotate180'); }); }); window.isReportArticle = false; function report_article(){ if (!loginData || !loginData.isLoggedIn) { const loginModalButton = $('.login-modal-btn') if (loginModalButton.length) { loginModalButton.click(); } return; } if(!window.isReportArticle){ //to add loader $('.report-loader').addClass('spinner'); jQuery('#report_modal_content').load(gfgSiteUrl+'wp-content/themes/iconic-one/report-modal.php', { PRACTICE_API_URL: practiceAPIURL, PRACTICE_URL:practiceURL },function(responseTxt, statusTxt, xhr){ if(statusTxt == "error"){ alert("Error: " + xhr.status + ": " + xhr.statusText); } }); }else{ window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); $("#report_modal_content").show(); } } function closeShareModal() { const shareOption = document.querySelector('[data-gfg-action="share-article"]'); shareOption.classList.remove("hover_share_menu"); let shareModal = document.querySelector(".hover__share-modal-container"); shareModal && shareModal.remove(); } function openShareModal() { closeShareModal(); // Remove existing modal if any let shareModal = document.querySelector(".three_dot_dropdown_share"); shareModal.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement("div"), { className: "hover__share-modal-container" })); document.querySelector(".hover__share-modal-container").append( Object.assign(document.createElement('div'), { className: "share__modal" }), ); document.querySelector(".share__modal").append(Object.assign(document.createElement('h1'), { className: "share__modal-heading" }, { textContent: "Share to" })); const socialOptions = ["LinkedIn", "WhatsApp", "Copy Link"]; socialOptions.forEach((socialOption) => { const socialContainer = Object.assign(document.createElement('div'), { className: "social__container" }); const icon = Object.assign(document.createElement("div"), { className: `share__icon share__${socialOption.split(" ").join("")}-icon` }); const socialText = Object.assign(document.createElement("span"), { className: "share__option-text" }, { textContent: `${socialOption}` }); const shareLink = (socialOption === "Copy Link") ? Object.assign(document.createElement('div'), { role: "button", className: "link-container CopyLink" }) : Object.assign(document.createElement('a'), { className: "link-container" }); if (socialOption === "LinkedIn") { shareLink.setAttribute('href', `https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${window.location.href}`); shareLink.setAttribute('target', '_blank'); } if (socialOption === "WhatsApp") { shareLink.setAttribute('href', `https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=${window.location.href}`); shareLink.setAttribute('target', "_blank"); } shareLink.append(icon, socialText); socialContainer.append(shareLink); document.querySelector(".share__modal").appendChild(socialContainer); //adding copy url functionality if(socialOption === "Copy Link") { shareLink.addEventListener("click", function() { var tempInput = document.createElement("input"); tempInput.value = window.location.href; document.body.appendChild(tempInput); tempInput.select(); tempInput.setSelectionRange(0, 99999); // For mobile devices document.execCommand('copy'); document.body.removeChild(tempInput); this.querySelector(".share__option-text").textContent = "Copied" }) } }); document.querySelector(".hover__share-modal-container").addEventListener("mouseover", () => document.querySelector('[data-gfg-action="share-article"]').classList.add("hover_share_menu")); } function toggleLikeElementVisibility(selector, show) { document.querySelector(`.${selector}`).style.display = show ? "block" : "none"; } function closeKebabMenu(){ document.getElementById("myDropdown").classList.toggle("show"); } </script>  <script> $(document).ready(function() { $("#showMoreTagsBtn").click(function() { $('.articles-hidden-tags').show(); $(this).hide(); }); $("#showMorePracticeTagsBtn").click(function() { $(".practice-tags li:nth-child(n+5)").show(); $(this).hide(); }); }); </script>  <style> .grecaptcha-badge { visibility: hidden !important; } .thank-you-message { height: 100%; display:flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; align-items: center; } .thank-you-message-content { margin-top: 17px; font: 400 20px var(--font-secondary); color: var(--improve-modal-text); line-height: 180%; text-align: center; } .thank-you-message-content h2{ font-family: var(--font-secondary); } .all-footer-information{ width: 100% !important;; } .footer-wrapper_links-list{ margin-block-start: 0em !important; width: 16% !important; padding-inline-start: 18px !important; } .link-head{ margin-bottom: 0px; } @media only screen and (max-width:1340px) { .footer-wrapper_links-list{ overflow-wrap: break-word; } } @media screen and (min-width: 991px) { .all-footer-information{ padding-left:15px; } } @media only screen and (max-width:980px) { .footer-wrapper_branding-address{ padding-top: 10px; } } @media (max-width: 750px) { .thank-you-message-content{ font-size: 14px; line-height: 170%; } } /* CSS variable meant to handle the dark and light mode icon for three 90 event in header courses dropdown */ :root{ --three90headericon : url('https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/three90daylogocompressed.svg'); --three90headericonposition : 0px -40px; --three90leftbarimggrid : url('https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/three90leftbarspritecompressed.svg'); --three90leftbarimgposition : -5px -55px; --three90leftbarbgcolour : #b3abd0; } body[data-dark-mode="true"]{ --three90leftbarimgposition : -6px 1px; --three90headericonposition : 0px 0px; --three90leftbarbgcolour: #8c82b9; } .three90leftbarimg{ margin-left: -5px; height: 30px; background-image: var(--three90leftbarimggrid); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: var(--three90leftbarimgposition); background-size: 212px; } .courseTabShimmer{ position: absolute; height: 110%; width: 0; opacity: .7; -webkit-animation: courseShimmer 2s cubic-bezier(0,0,.07,.61) infinite; animation: courseShimmer 2s cubic-bezier(0,0,.07,.61) infinite; box-shadow: 0 0 25px 5px #dddcdc; -webkit-transform: rotate(90deg); transform: rotate(90deg); padding:0px !important; border:unset !important; } @keyframes courseShimmer{ 0% { left: 0; } 55% { left: 100%; } 99% { left: 110%; } } </style> </div> <div id="displayModal" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog">  <div class="modal-content"> <div class="error-message"></div>  <div class="modal-body" id="dmBody"> <div id="modal-dm-content"></div> <div class="modal-overlay" aria-hidden=true> <span class="loader__animation"></span> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="displayModalBackdrop" class="backdrop"></div>  <footer class="gfg-footer" id="gfg-footer"> <div class="footer-wrapper"> <div class="footer-wrapper_branding"> <a class="footer-wrapper_branding-anchor" aria-label="GeeksforGeeks Logo" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/"> <img style="height: 32px; width: 230px; max-width: fit-content;" class="footer-wrapper_branding-nlogo" src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/gfgFooterLogo.png" alt="geeksforgeeks-footer-logo"/> </a> <div class="footer-wrapper_branding-address"> <div class="address_section"> <div class="address-icon-wrapper"> <i class="gfg-icon gfg-icon_pin"></i> <div class="address_div"> <div class="footer-address"> Corporate & Communications Address:- A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, Sector- 136, Noida, Uttar Pradesh (201305) | Registered Address:- K 061, Tower K, Gulshan Vivante Apartment, Sector 137, Noida, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201305 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrapper_branding-social"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/geeksforgeeks.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="GeeksforGeeks Facebook" target="_blank"> <div class="facebook"></div> </a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/geeks_for_geeks/" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="GeeksforGeeks Instagram" target="_blank"> <div class="instagram"></div> </a> <a href="https://in.linkedin.com/company/geeksforgeeks" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="GeeksforGeeks LinkedIn" target="_blank"> <div class="linkedin"></div> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/geeksforgeeks" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="GeeksforGeeks Twitter" target="_blank"> <div class="twitter"></div> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/geeksforgeeksvideos" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="GeeksforGeeks YouTube" target="_blank"> <div class="youtube"></div> </a> </div> <div class="footer-wrapper_branding-app"> <a aria-label="GeeksforGeeks App Link" href="https://geeksforgeeksapp.page.link/gfg-app" target="_blank" ><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/googleplay.png" alt="GFG App on Play Store" id="gplay" loading="lazy"></a> <a aria-label="GeeksforGeeks App Link" href="https://geeksforgeeksapp.page.link/gfg-app" target="_blank"><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/appstore.png" alt="GFG App on App Store" id="appstore" loading="lazy"></a> </div> </div> <div class="all-footer-information"> <div class="footer-wrapper_links" style="justify-content: space-between; text-align: -webkit-left;"><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li>Company</li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/about/?ref=outindfooter>About Us</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/legal/?ref=outindfooter>Legal</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/press-release/?ref=outindfooter>In Media</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/about/contact-us/?ref=outindfooter>Contact Us</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/advertise-with-us/?ref=outindfooter>Advertise with us</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/gfg-corporate-solution/?ref=outindfooter>GFG Corporate Solution</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/campus-training-program/?ref=outindfooter>Placement Training Program</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/community/?ref=outindfooter>GeeksforGeeks Community</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-programming-languages/?ref=outindfooter>Languages</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/?ref=outindfooter>Python</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/java/?ref=outindfooter>Java</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-plus-plus/?ref=outindfooter>C++</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-tutorials/?ref=outindfooter>PHP</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/golang/?ref=outindfooter>GoLang</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sql-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>SQL</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>R Language</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/android-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Android Tutorial</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/geeksforgeeks-online-tutorials-free/?ref=outindfooter>Tutorials Archive</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/learn-data-structures-and-algorithms-dsa-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>DSA</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-structures/?ref=outindfooter>Data Structures</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/fundamentals-of-algorithms/?ref=outindfooter>Algorithms</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/complete-guide-to-dsa-for-beginners/?ref=outindfooter>DSA for Beginners</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basic-coding-problems-in-dsa-for-beginners/?ref=outindfooter>Basic DSA Problems</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/complete-roadmap-to-learn-dsa-from-scratch/?ref=outindfooter>DSA Roadmap</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-100-data-structure-and-algorithms-dsa-interview-questions-topic-wise/?ref=outindfooter>Top 100 DSA Interview Problems</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dsa-roadmap-for-beginner-to-advanced-by-sandeep-jain/?ref=outindfooter>DSA Roadmap by Sandeep Jain</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/geeksforgeeks-master-sheet-list-of-all-cheat-sheets/?ref=outindfooter>All Cheat Sheets</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ai-ml-ds/?ref=outindfooter>Data Science & ML</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Data Science With Python</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/data-science-for-beginners/?ref=outindfooter>Data Science For Beginner</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning/?ref=outindfooter>Machine Learning</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/machine-learning-mathematics/?ref=outindfooter>ML Maths</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-data-visualization-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Data Visualisation</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pandas-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Pandas</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/numpy-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>NumPy</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/natural-language-processing-nlp-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>NLP</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/deep-learning-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Deep Learning</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-technology/?ref=outindfooter>Web Technologies</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/html/?ref=outindfooter>HTML</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/css/?ref=outindfooter>CSS</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/javascript/?ref=outindfooter>JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/typescript/?ref=outindfooter>TypeScript</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/learn-reactjs/?ref=outindfooter>ReactJS</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/nextjs/?ref=outindfooter>NextJS</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/bootstrap/?ref=outindfooter>Bootstrap</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/web-design/?ref=outindfooter>Web Design</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/?ref=outindfooter>Python Tutorial</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-examples/?ref=outindfooter>Python Programming Examples</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-projects-beginner-to-advanced/?ref=outindfooter>Python Projects</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-tkinter-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Python Tkinter</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-web-scraping-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Web Scraping</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/opencv-python-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>OpenCV Tutorial</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-interview-questions/?ref=outindfooter>Python Interview Question</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/django-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Django</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer-wrapper_links" style="justify-content: space-between; text-align: -webkit-left;"><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" style="margin-block-start: 0em; width:16%; padding-inline-start: 18px;"><li>Computer Science</li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/operating-systems/?ref=outindfooter>Operating Systems</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/computer-network-tutorials/?ref=outindfooter>Computer Network</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/dbms/?ref=outindfooter>Database Management System</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering/?ref=outindfooter>Software Engineering</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/digital-electronics-logic-design-tutorials/?ref=outindfooter>Digital Logic Design</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/engineering-mathematics-tutorials/?ref=outindfooter>Engineering Maths</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-development/?ref=outindfooter>Software Development</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-testing-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Software Testing</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/devops-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>DevOps</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/git-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Git</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linux-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Linux</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aws-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>AWS</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/docker-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Docker</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/kubernetes-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>Kubernetes</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/microsoft-azure/?ref=outindfooter>Azure</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/google-cloud-platform-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>GCP</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/devops-roadmap/?ref=outindfooter>DevOps Roadmap</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-design-tutorial/?ref=outindfooter>System Design</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-high-level-design-learn-system-design/?ref=outindfooter>High Level Design</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-low-level-design-or-lld-learn-system-design/?ref=outindfooter>Low Level Design</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/unified-modeling-language-uml-introduction/?ref=outindfooter>UML Diagrams</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-design-interview-guide/?ref=outindfooter>Interview Guide</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-design-patterns/?ref=outindfooter>Design Patterns</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/object-oriented-analysis-and-design/?ref=outindfooter>OOAD</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-design-interview-bootcamp-guide/?ref=outindfooter>System Design Bootcamp</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/most-commonly-asked-system-design-interview-problems-questions/?ref=outindfooter>Interview Questions</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/technical-interview-preparation/?ref=outindfooter>Inteview Preparation</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/competitive-programming-a-complete-guide/?ref=outindfooter>Competitive Programming</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/top-algorithms-and-data-structures-for-competitive-programming/?ref=outindfooter>Top DS or Algo for CP</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/company-wise-recruitment-process/?ref=outindfooter>Company-Wise Recruitment Process</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/company-preparation/?ref=outindfooter>Company-Wise Preparation</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/aptitude-questions-and-answers/?ref=outindfooter>Aptitude Preparation</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/puzzles/?ref=outindfooter>Puzzles</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li>School Subjects</li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maths/?ref=outindfooter>Mathematics</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/physics/?ref=outindfooter>Physics</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/chemistry/?ref=outindfooter>Chemistry</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/biology/?ref=outindfooter>Biology</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/social-science/?ref=outindfooter>Social Science</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/english-grammar/?ref=outindfooter>English Grammar</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/commerce/?ref=outindfooter>Commerce</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tag/world-general-knowledge/?ref=outindfooter>World GK</a></li></ul><ul class="footer-wrapper_links-list" ><li><a class="link-head" href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/?ref=outindfooter>GeeksforGeeks Videos</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/category/sde-sheet/?ref=outindfooter>DSA</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/category/python/?ref=outindfooter>Python</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/category/java-w6y5f4/?ref=outindfooter>Java</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/category/c/?ref=outindfooter>C++</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/category/web-development/?ref=outindfooter>Web Development</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/category/data-science/?ref=outindfooter>Data Science</a></li><li><a href=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/videos/category/cs-subjects/?ref=outindfooter>CS Subjects</a></li></ul></div> </div> </div>  <style> :root{ --home-jobs-section-jf-logo: url('https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/JobFair2024Logo.svg'); } body[data-dark-mode="true"] { --home-jobs-section-jf-logo: url('https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/JobFair2024LogoDark.svg'); } .hp_job_section_jf_logo, .job-a-thon-jf-sticky-header-logo{ background: var(--home-jobs-section-jf-logo); height: 50px; background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 105px; background-size: 100px; } @keyframes challenge { 0%{ transform: scale(1); } 50%{ transform: scale(1.03); } 100%{ transform: scale(1); } } .job-a-thon-jf-sticky-header-logo{ height: 45px; } </style>  <div class="footer-strip" > <div class="copyright"> <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">@GeeksforGeeks, Sanchhaya Education Private Limited</a><span>, <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/copyright-information/">All rights reserved</a></span> </div> <div class="social-links"> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js?ver=4.9.8'></script>  <div class="cookie-consent hide-consent"> <span class="cookie-text"> We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. By using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understood our <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cookie-policy/" target="_blank"><u>Cookie Policy</u></a> & <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/privacy-policy/" target="_blank"><u>Privacy Policy</u></a> </span> <button class="consent-btn"> Got It ! </button> </div>   <div class="lightbox-target"> <img id="lightbox-image" src="" alt="Lightbox"/> <span class="lightbox-close"></span> </div>   <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Nunito:wght@400;700&family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <script> if(post_slug.includes('premium-plans-payment/') || post_slug.includes('premium-plans/')){ $('.darkMode-wrap').remove(); $('.toggle-darkMode').remove(); } function setGoogleRecaptcha() { var captchaSiteKey = '6LdMFNUZAAAAAIuRtzg0piOT-qXCbDF-iQiUi9KY'; grecaptcha.ready(function() { grecaptcha.execute(captchaSiteKey).then(function(token) { document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response-suggestion-form').value = token; suggestionCall(); }); }); } </script> <div class="improve-modal--overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="improve-modal--improvement" status="locked"> <div class="improve-modal--improve-header"> <div class="improve-header-fst-child">Improvement</div> <div class="improve-header-sec-child"> <i class="gfg-icon improve-cross-icon"></i> </div> </div> <div class="locked-status--impove-modal"> <div class="improve-modal--improve-content error-message"></div> <div class="improve-modal--improve-bottom"> <button class="improve-bottom-btn" type="button">Suggest changes</button> </div> </div> <div class="unlocked-status--improve-modal-content"> <div class="suggest-change_wrapper"> <div class="suggest-change-content_wrapper"> <div class="suggest-change">Suggest Changes</div> <div class="suggest-changes-about">Help us improve. Share your suggestions to enhance the article. Contribute your expertise and make a difference in the GeeksforGeeks portal.</div> </div> <div class="suggest-change-icon_wrapper"> <img class="suggest-change-icon" src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/suggestChangeIcon.png" alt="geeksforgeeks-suggest-icon"/> </div> </div> <div class="create-improvement_wrapper"> <div class="create-improvement-content_wrapper"> <div class="create-improvement">Create Improvement</div> <div class="create-improvements-about">Enhance the article with your expertise. Contribute to the GeeksforGeeks community and help create better learning resources for all.</div> </div> <div class="create-improvement-icon_wrapper"> <img class="create-improvement-icon" src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/createImprovementIcon.png" alt="geeksforgeeks-improvement-icon"/> </div> </div> <div class="error-status"></div> </div> </div> <div class="improve-modal--suggestion" style="display: none;">  <div class="improve-modal--improve-header"> <div class="left-arrow-icon_suggest_wrapper"> <div class="left-arrow-icon_wrapper"> <i class="gfg-icon improve-left-arrow-icon"></i> </div> <div class="improve-header-fst-child">Suggest Changes</div> </div> <div class="improve-header-sec-child"> <i class="gfg-icon improve-cross-icon"></i> </div> </div> <div class="suggestion-modal-section"> <form> <label for="suggestion-section">min 4 words, max CharLimit:2000</label> <textarea id="suggestion-section-textarea" name="suggestion-section" placeholder="Write your suggestions here"></textarea> <input type="hidden" name="g-recaptcha-suggestion-response" id="g-recaptcha-response-suggestion-form"> </form> </div>  <div class="improve-modal--improve-bottom suggestion-btn"> <p><span id="suggestion-modal-alert" style="display: none;"></span></p> <button class="suggest-bottom-btn" type="button"></button> </div> </div> <a href="#" style="visibility:hidden" class="create-improvement-redirection-to-write" target="_blank"></a> </div> <script> var lockedCasesHtml = `<span class="improve-modal--improve-content-modified"></span><span>You can suggest the changes for now and it will be under 'My Suggestions' Tab on Write.</span><br><br><span>You will be notified via email once the article is available for improvement. Thank you for your valuable feedback!</span>`; var badgesRequiredHtml = `<span>It seems that you do not meet the eligibility criteria to create improvements for this article, as only users who have earned specific badges are permitted to do so.</span><br><br><span>However, you can still create improvements through the <a href="https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/pick-improvements/pick" target='_blank'>Pick for Improvement</a> section.</span>`; jQuery('.improve-header-sec-child').on('click', function(){ jQuery('.improve-modal--overlay').hide(); $('.improve-modal--suggestion').hide(); }); $('.suggest-change_wrapper, .locked-status--impove-modal .improve-bottom-btn').on('click',function(){ // when suggest changes option is clicked $('#suggestion-section-textarea').val(""); $('.suggest-bottom-btn').html("Suggest changes"); $('.improve-modal--improvement').hide(); $('.improve-modal--suggestion').show(); }); $('.create-improvement_wrapper').on('click',function(){ // when create improvement option clicked then improvement reason will be shown if(loginData && loginData.isLoggedIn) { $('body').append('<div class="spinner-loading-overlay"></div>'); $('.spinner-loading-overlay').show(); jQuery.ajax({ url: writeApiUrl + 'create-improvement-post/?v=1', type: "POST", contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8', dataType: 'json', xhrFields: { withCredentials: true }, data: JSON.stringify({ gfg_id: post_id }), success:function(result) { $('.spinner-loading-overlay:eq(0)').remove(); $('.improve-modal--overlay').hide(); $('.unlocked-status--improve-modal-content').css("display","none"); $('.create-improvement-redirection-to-write').attr('href',writeUrl + 'improve-post/' + `${result.id}` + '/', '_blank'); $('.create-improvement-redirection-to-write')[0].click(); }, error:function(e) { showErrorMessage(e.responseJSON,e.status) }, }); } else { if(loginData && !loginData.isLoggedIn) { $('.improve-modal--overlay').hide(); if ($('.header-main__wrapper').find('.header-main__signup.login-modal-btn').length) { $('.header-main__wrapper').find('.header-main__signup.login-modal-btn').click(); } return; } } }); $('.left-arrow-icon_wrapper').on('click',function(){ if($('.improve-modal--suggestion').is(":visible")) $('.improve-modal--suggestion').hide(); else{ } $('.improve-modal--improvement').show(); }); const showErrorMessage = (result,statusCode) => { if(!result) return; $('.spinner-loading-overlay:eq(0)').remove(); if(statusCode == 403) { $('.improve-modal--improve-content.error-message').html(result.message); jQuery('.improve-modal--overlay').show(); jQuery('.improve-modal--improvement').show(); $('.locked-status--impove-modal').css("display","block"); $('.unlocked-status--improve-modal-content').css("display","none"); $('.improve-modal--improvement').attr("status","locked"); return; } } function loadScript(src, callback) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = src; script.onload = callback; document.head.appendChild(script); } function suggestionCall() { var suggest_val = $.trim($("#suggestion-section-textarea").val()); var array_String= suggest_val.split(" ") var gCaptchaToken = $("#g-recaptcha-response-suggestion-form").val(); var error_msg = false; if(suggest_val != "" && array_String.length >=4){ if(suggest_val.length <= 2000){ var payload = { "gfg_post_id" : `${post_id}`, "suggestion" : `<p>${suggest_val}</p>`, } if(!loginData || !loginData.isLoggedIn) // User is not logged in payload["g-recaptcha-token"] = gCaptchaToken jQuery.ajax({ type:'post', url: "https://apiwrite.geeksforgeeks.org/suggestions/auth/create/", xhrFields: { withCredentials: true }, crossDomain: true, contentType:'application/json', data: JSON.stringify(payload), success:function(data) { jQuery('.spinner-loading-overlay:eq(0)').remove(); jQuery('#suggestion-section-textarea').val(""); jQuery('.suggest-bottom-btn').css("display","none"); // Update the modal content const modalSection = document.querySelector('.suggestion-modal-section'); modalSection.innerHTML = ` <div class="thank-you-message" style="text-align: center;"> <h2>Thank You!</h2> <div class="thank-you-message-content">Your suggestions are valuable to us.</div> </div> `; }, error:function(data) { jQuery('.spinner-loading-overlay:eq(0)').remove(); jQuery('#suggestion-modal-alert').html("Something went wrong."); jQuery('#suggestion-modal-alert').show(); error_msg = true; } }); } else{ jQuery('.spinner-loading-overlay:eq(0)').remove(); jQuery('#suggestion-modal-alert').html("Minimum 5 Words and Maximum Character limit is 2000."); jQuery('#suggestion-modal-alert').show(); jQuery('#suggestion-section-textarea').focus(); error_msg = true; } } else{ jQuery('.spinner-loading-overlay:eq(0)').remove(); jQuery('#suggestion-modal-alert').html("Enter atleast four words !"); jQuery('#suggestion-modal-alert').show(); jQuery('#suggestion-section-textarea').focus(); error_msg = true; } if(error_msg){ setTimeout(() => { jQuery('#suggestion-section-textarea').focus(); jQuery('#suggestion-modal-alert').hide(); }, 3000); } } document.querySelector('.suggest-bottom-btn').addEventListener('click', function(){ jQuery('body').append('<div class="spinner-loading-overlay"></div>'); jQuery('.spinner-loading-overlay').show(); if(loginData && loginData.isLoggedIn) { suggestionCall(); return; } // load the captcha script and set the token loadScript('https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LdMFNUZAAAAAIuRtzg0piOT-qXCbDF-iQiUi9KY',[], function() { setGoogleRecaptcha(); }); }); $('.improvement-bottom-btn.create-improvement-btn').click(function() { //create improvement button is clicked $('body').append('<div class="spinner-loading-overlay"></div>'); $('.spinner-loading-overlay').show(); // send this option via create-improvement-post api jQuery.ajax({ url: writeApiUrl + 'create-improvement-post/?v=1', type: "POST", contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8', dataType: 'json', xhrFields: { withCredentials: true }, data: JSON.stringify({ gfg_id: post_id }), success:function(result) { $('.spinner-loading-overlay:eq(0)').remove(); $('.improve-modal--overlay').hide(); $('.create-improvement-redirection-to-write').attr('href',writeUrl + 'improve-post/' + `${result.id}` + '/', '_blank'); $('.create-improvement-redirection-to-write')[0].click(); }, error:function(e) { showErrorMessage(e.responseJSON,e.status); }, }); }); </script> <script> var AdblockPlus = new function() { this.detect = function(px, callback) { var detected = false; var checksRemain = 2; var error1 = false; var error2 = false; if (typeof callback != "function") return; px += "?ch=*&rn=*"; function beforeCheck(callback, timeout) { if (checksRemain == 0 || timeout > 1E3) callback(checksRemain == 0 && detected); else setTimeout(function() { beforeCheck(callback, timeout * 2) }, timeout * 2) } function checkImages() { if (--checksRemain) return; detected = !error1 && error2 } var random = Math.random() * 11; var img1 = new Image; img1.onload = checkImages; img1.onerror = function() { error1 = true; checkImages() }; img1.src = px.replace(/\*/, 1).replace(/\*/, random); var img2 = new Image; img2.onload = checkImages; img2.onerror = function() { error2 = true; checkImages() }; img2.src = px.replace(/\*/, 2).replace(/\*/, random); beforeCheck(callback, 250) } }; /* AdblockPlus.detect("https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/res/px.gif", function(abp){ window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; window.abp=abp; var elms = [...document.querySelectorAll('div[id^=_GFG_ABP_]')]; const units=elms.map(elem=>elem.id) if(abp) { for(let curr_unit of units) { const iframe = document.createElement('iframe'); iframe.setAttribute('src',"https://aa.geeksforgeeks.org/iframe.html?code="+curr_unit.substr(1)) const elem = document.getElementById(curr_unit) const div = document.createElement('div'); div.setAttribute('id',curr_unit.substr(1)) let sizes = curr_unit.split("_"); sizes = sizes.filter(val => val.includes('x')); let [width, height] = sizes[0].split("x"); iframe.style.width = `${+width+20}px` iframe.style.height = `${+height+20}px` if(elem) { elem.appendChild(iframe); } } var gfgAdDivs = [...document.querySelectorAll('div[id^=GFG_AD_]')]; gfgAdDivs.forEach(gfgDiv => document.getElementById(gfgDiv.id).removeAttribute("style")); jQuery('#secondary .widget_text:last-child').css({"position": "unset"}); } });*/ AdblockPlus.detect("https://cdnads.geeksforgeeks.org/res/px.gif", function(abp){ window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; window.abp=abp; var elms = [...document.querySelectorAll('div[id^=_GFG_ABP_]')]; //const units=elms.map(elem=>elem.id) const units = elms .filter(elem => !(window.innerWidth < 1500 && elem.id === "_GFG_ABP_Incontent_728x90")) .map(elem => elem.id); if(abp) { isAdBlockerPresent = true; for(let curr_unit of units) { const iframe = document.createElement('iframe'); iframe.addEventListener("load", () => { iframe.contentWindow.postMessage(JSON.stringify({host: window.location.host,category: window.arrPostCatName,parentWidth: window.innerWidth}),'https://aa.geeksforgeeks.org'); }); iframe.setAttribute('src',"https://aa.geeksforgeeks.org/iframe.html?code="+curr_unit.substr(1)) const elem = document.getElementById(curr_unit) const div = document.createElement('div'); div.setAttribute('id',curr_unit.substr(1)) let sizes = curr_unit.split("_"); sizes = sizes.filter(val => val.includes('x')); let [width, height] = sizes[0].split("x"); iframe.style.width = `${+width+20}px` iframe.style.height = `${+height+20}px` if(elem) { elem.appendChild(iframe); } } var gfgAdDivs = [...document.querySelectorAll('div[id^=GFG_AD_]')]; gfgAdDivs.forEach(gfgDiv => document.getElementById(gfgDiv.id).removeAttribute("style")); jQuery('#secondary .widget_text:last-child').css({"position": "unset"}); } else{ try { var isAdblockEnabled = t => fetch( new Request('https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js', { method: 'HEAD', mode: 'no-cors' }) ).catch(t); isAdblockEnabled(() => { // here goes modal pop-up code isAdBlockerPresent = true; }); } catch (err) {console.log(err);} } }); function closeAdBlockPopupModal(){ const modal = document.getElementById("adBlockerModal"); $('body').removeClass('body-for-ad-blocker'); $('#adBlockerModal').remove() localStorage.setItem('gfgAdBlockPopup',new Date()) } function showAdblockerModal(){ let randomNumberForButtonText = Math.round(Math.random()); let currTime = new Date(); let lastTime = new Date(localStorage.getItem('gfgAdBlockPopup')); if(((currTime-lastTime)/(1000*60*60))<1) { return; } const adBlockerModal = `<div id="adBlockerModal" class="ad-blocker-modal"> <div id="ad-blocker-modal-overlay"> <div id="ad-blocker-outer-div"> <div id="ad-blocker-div"> <p id="ad-blocker-div-warning" style="margin-bottom: 30px;">It seems that you are using an ad blocker.<br><span style="font-size: 22px;font-weight: normal;">Please disable it to support us!</span></p> <div id="ad-blocker-div-btns"> <button id="ad-blocker-div-button1" onclick="handleAdBlockerClick('disabled')"> I disabled my ad blocker </button> <a href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/geeksforgeeks-premium-subscription${randomNumberForButtonText === 1 ? "/?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=adblocker&itm_campaign=premium1" : "/?itm_source=geeksforgeeks&itm_medium=adblocker&itm_campaign=premium2"}" target="_blank"> <button id="ad-blocker-div-button2" style=" background: linear-gradient(45deg, #f0bd36, #bf873f); border: 1px solid transparent; color: white; " > ${randomNumberForButtonText === 1 ? "Go Ad-Free with Premium" : "Upgrade for No Ads"} </button> </a> </div> <div id="ad-blocker-div-continue-premium-promo-text"> "For an ad-free experience and exclusive features, subscribe to our Premium Plan!"<br> </div> <div id="ad-blocker-div-continue-btn-div"> <a id="ad-blocker-div-continue-btn" href="#" onclick="closeAdBlockPopupModal()">Continue without supporting</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>`; $('body').append(adBlockerModal); $('body').addClass('body-for-ad-blocker'); const modal = document.getElementById("adBlockerModal"); modal.style.display = "block"; } function handleAdBlockerClick(type){ if(type == 'disabled'){ window.location.reload(); } else if(type == 'info'){ document.getElementById("ad-blocker-div").style.display = "none"; document.getElementById("ad-blocker-info-div").style.display = "flex"; handleAdBlockerIconClick(0); } } var lastSelected= null; //Mapping of name and video URL with the index. const adBlockerVideoMap = [ ['Ad Block Plus','https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/abp-blocker-min.mp4'], ['Ad Block','https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Ad-block-min.mp4'], ['uBlock Origin','https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/ub-blocke-min.mp4'], ['uBlock','https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/U-blocker-min.mp4'], ] function handleAdBlockerIconClick(currSelected){ const videocontainer = document.getElementById('ad-blocker-info-div-gif'); const videosource = document.getElementById('ad-blocker-info-div-gif-src'); if(lastSelected != null){ document.getElementById("ad-blocker-info-div-icons-"+lastSelected).style.backgroundColor = "white"; document.getElementById("ad-blocker-info-div-icons-"+lastSelected).style.borderColor = "#D6D6D6"; } document.getElementById("ad-blocker-info-div-icons-"+currSelected).style.backgroundColor = "#D9D9D9"; document.getElementById("ad-blocker-info-div-icons-"+currSelected).style.borderColor = "#848484"; document.getElementById('ad-blocker-info-div-name-span').innerHTML = adBlockerVideoMap[currSelected][0] videocontainer.pause(); videosource.setAttribute('src', adBlockerVideoMap[currSelected][1]); videocontainer.load(); videocontainer.play(); lastSelected = currSelected; } </script>  <style> /* Temporary CSS for Three90 pop up modal (START)*/ .three90popup__container { width: 100vw; height: 100vh; position: fixed; top:0px; background: var(--job-tab-faded-background); z-index: 1024; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .three90modal__wrapper{ background-color: white; max-width: 350px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden; } .three90modal__message-container { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; font-family: var(--font-primary); } .three90modal__subheading { margin-top: 20px; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 600; } .three90modal__text-message { margin-top: 20px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400; text-align: center; padding: 0 5px; } .three90__modal__button-wrapper { width: 100%; padding: 20px 0px; display: flex; justify-content: space-evenly; } .three90__modal__button-wrapper > button { width: 105px; height: 35px; border-radius: 13px; border:none; font-weight: 600; cursor: pointer; } #three90__modal-close-btn:hover { background-color: #cacbcd; } #three90__modal-explore-btn { background-color: #0a0727; color: white } @media screen and (max-width: 441px) { .three90modal__wrapper { max-width: 300px; } } /* Temporary CSS for Three90 pop up modal (END)*/ </style> <script type="text/javascript" > const coursePromotionCities = JSON.parse(`{"NCR":{"LOCATIONS":["Noida","Greater Noida","Ghaziabad","Faridabad","Delhi","New Delhi"],"COURSES":[{"name":"GATE CS 2025 Classroom Program","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/gate-cs-self-paced"},{"name":"MERN Full Stack Development","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/mern-full-stack-development-classroom"},{"name":"DSA For Interview Preparation","url":" https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/dsa-interview-preparation-classroom"},{"name":"JAVA Backend Development","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/complete-java-backend-development-program"},{"name":"Data Analytics Programme","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/complete-data-analytics-program"},{"name":"AWS Solutions Architect Certification","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/aws-solutions-architect-certification-classroom-training"},{"name":"Explore All","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/offline-courses"}]},"NON_NCR":{"Bengaluru":[{"name":"Data Science Classroom Program","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/data-science-classroom-program"},{"name":"System Design Classroom Program","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/system-design-classroom-program"},{"name":"MERN Full Stack Development","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/mern-full-stack-development-classroom"},{"name":"DSA For Interview Preparation","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/dsa-interview-preparation-classroom"},{"name":"JAVA Backend Development","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/complete-java-backend-development-program"},{"name":"Data Analytics Programme","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/complete-data-analytics-program"},{"name":"AWS Solutions Architect Certification","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/aws-solutions-architect-certification-classroom-training"},{"name":"Explore All","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/offline-courses"}],"Pune":[{"name":"MERN Full Stack Development","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/mern-full-stack-development-classroom"},{"name":"DSA For Interview Preparation","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/dsa-interview-preparation-classroom"},{"name":"Complete Data Analytics Program","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/complete-data-analytics-program"},{"name":"Explore All","url":"https:\/\/www.geeksforgeeks.org\/courses\/offline-courses"}]}}`); const offlineCourseTermMapper = JSON.parse(`{"ALL_TERMIDS":["2058","6263","2628","1745","1789","2601","2057","5037","2971","2023","2162","2795"],"COURSE_TERMID_MAP":{"JAVA":["2058"],"DATA_ANALYTICS":["1745","1789","2601","2057","5037","2971","2023","2162","2795"],"DSA":["6263"],"MERN":["2628"]}}`); </script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KDVRCT5');</script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DWCCJLKX3X"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); // gtag('config', 'AW-474915276'); gtag('config', 'G-DWCCJLKX3X'); gtag('config', 'AW-796001856'); </script>  <div id="GFG_AD_Desktop_Stickyunit_1x1"></div>   <style> :root { --com-extra-icons-mobile-image: url(https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/Com-Extra-Icons13.svg); --write-experience-card-1: #ECF5F5; --write-experience-card-icon-1: #21898C; --write-experience-card-2: #EAF2F7; --write-experience-card-icon-2: #3079AC; --write-experience-card-3: #FDEFE6; --write-experience-card-icon-3: #F5A572; --write-experience-card-4: #F1F8F5; --write-experience-card-icon-4: #91C4AD; --write-experience-card-5: #EEE7FF; --write-experience-card-icon-5: #8B72C9; --write-experience-card-6: #F2F8E6; --write-experience-card-icon-6: #78C57F; --editor-button-text-color: #6E6E73; --write-modal-background: #fefefe; --experience-sidebar: #000; --left-bar-background: #FFFFFF; --write-redirect-container:#EAF2F7; --write-redirect-container-hover:#d6e7f2; } /* Dark Mode */ body[data-dark-mode="true"] { --write-modal-background: #161c23; --experience-sidebar: #000; --left-bar-background: #F0F3F5; } .popup-main { padding: 20px 18px 20px 18px; border-radius: 8px; } .popup-main .popup-heading { display: flex; align-items: center; color: #E9E9EA; margin-bottom: 10px; justify-content: space-between; } .popup-main .close-icon { background-image: var(--com-extra-icons-mobile-image);background-position: -15px -1651px;height: 22px;width: 22px;transform: scale(1); margin-bottom: 12px; cursor: pointer; } .popup-main .experience-card { color: #000; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 16px; /* margin-bottom:10px; */ } .popup-main a:hover, .popup-main a:active, .popup-main a:visited { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; } .popup-main .exp-card1, .popup-main .exp-card2, .popup-main .exp-card3, .popup-main .exp-card4, .popup-main .exp-card5, .popup-main .exp-card6 { display: flex; align-items: center; border-radius: 10px; cursor: pointer; } .popup-main .exp-card1 .icon1, .popup-main .exp-card2 .icon2, .popup-main .exp-card3 .icon3, .popup-main .exp-card4 .icon4, .popup-main .exp-card5 .icon5, .popup-main .exp-card6 .icon6 { width: 80px; height: 80px; border-radius: 10px 0px 0px 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; background: var(--write-experience-card-icon-1); } .popup-main .exp-card1 .icon1, .popup-main .exp-card2 .icon2, .popup-main .exp-card3 .icon3, .popup-main .exp-card4 .icon4, .popup-main .exp-card5 .icon5, .popup-main .exp-card6 .icon6 { width: 80px; height: 80px; border-radius: 10px 0px 0px 10px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .popup-main .exp-card1 .icon1 { background: var(--write-experience-card-icon-1); } .popup-main .exp-card2 .icon2 { background: var(--write-experience-card-icon-2); } .popup-main .exp-card3 .icon3 { background: var(--write-experience-card-icon-3); } .popup-main .exp-card4 .icon4 { background: var(--write-experience-card-icon-4); } .popup-main .exp-card5 .icon5 { background: var(--write-experience-card-icon-5); } .popup-main .exp-card6 .icon6 { background: var(--write-experience-card-icon-6); } .popup-main .exp-card6 .icon6-image { background-image: url(https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/compass.svg); width: 46px; height: 30px; background-size: 30px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; } .popup-main .exp-card1 .icon1-image { background-image: var(--com-extra-icons-mobile-image); width: 46px; height: 28px; background-position: -4px -812px; } .popup-main .exp-card2 .icon2-image { background-image: var(--com-extra-icons-mobile-image); width: 46px; height: 28px; background-position: -4px -888px; } .popup-main .exp-card3 .icon3-image { background-image: var(--com-extra-icons-mobile-image); width: 46px; height: 28px; background-position: -4px -848px; } .popup-main .exp-card4 .icon4-image { background-image: url(https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/auth-dashboard-uploads/competitive.svg); width: 46px; height: 30px; background-size: 30px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; } .popup-main .exp-card5 .icon5-image { background-image: var(--com-extra-icons-mobile-image); width: 46px; height: 33px; background-position: -4px -1217px; } .popup-main .exp-card1 .exp-card1-text, .popup-main .exp-card2 .exp-card2-text, .popup-main .exp-card3 .exp-card3-text, .popup-main .exp-card4 .exp-card4-text, .popup-main .exp-card5 .exp-card5-text, .popup-main .exp-card6 .exp-card6-text { display: flex; align-items: center; border-radius: 0px 10px 10px 0px; height: 80px; width: calc(100% - 80px); } .popup-main .exp-card1 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-1); } .popup-main .exp-card2 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-2); } .popup-main .exp-card3 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-3); } .popup-main .exp-card4 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-4); } .popup-main .exp-card5 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-5); } .popup-main .exp-card6 { justify-content: flex-start; background: var(--write-experience-card-6); } .popup-main span { font-family: var(--font-primary); font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 500; line-height: normal; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; } #popup { display: none; background-color: var(--write-modal-background); padding: 20px; text-align: center; position: fixed; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); z-index: 1026; width: min(650px, calc(100% - 20px)); } .link-container-write{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; } .link-container-write > a { margin:7px 0px; } .phrase__container{ color:var(--color-gfg); border-radius: 6px; width: 100%; background-color:var(--write-redirect-container); padding: 15px; text-align: justify; font-size:14px; } .phrase__container:hover { color:var(--color-gfg) !important; background-color:var(--write-redirect-container-hover); } </style> <div class="popup-container"> <div id="popup" accesskey="" class="popup-main"> <div class="popup-heading"> <h2>What kind of Experience do you want to share?</h2> <div class="close-icon share-experience-modal-close"></div> </div>  <div class="experience-card"> <a class="exp-card5" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=e8fc46fe-75e7-4a4b-be3c-0c862d655ed0" target="_blank"> <div class="icon5"> <div class="icon5-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card5-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Interview Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card1" href="https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=82536bdb-84e6-4661-87c3-e77c3ac04ede" target="_blank"> <div class="icon1"> <div class="icon1-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card1-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Admission Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card6" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=5219b0b2-7671-40a0-9bda-503e28a61c31" target="_blank"> <div class="icon6"> <div class="icon6-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card6-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Career Journeys</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card2" href="https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=22ae3354-15b6-4dd4-a5b4-5c7a105b8a8f" target="_blank"> <div class="icon2"> <div class="icon2-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card2-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Work Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card3" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=c5e1ac90-9490-440a-a5fa-6180c87ab8ae" target="_blank"> <div class="icon3"> <div class="icon3-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card3-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Campus Experiences</span> </div> </a> <a class="exp-card4" href= "https://write.geeksforgeeks.org/posts-new?cid=5ebb8fe9-b980-4891-af07-f2d62a9735f2" target="_blank"> <div class="icon4"> <div class="icon4-image"></div> </div> <div class="exp-card4-text"> <span style="color: #000;">Competitive Exam Experiences</span> </div> </a> </div>  </div> <div id="overlay" onclick="toggleExperiencePopup()" style="display: block;min-height: 100vh;min-width: 100vw;position: fixed;top: 0;bottom: 0;right: 0;left: 0;display: none;justify-content: center;align-items: center;background: rgba(0,0,0,.702);z-index: 1025 !important;backdrop-filter: blur(4px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px);word-break: keep-all;"></div> </div> <script> $('.share-experience-modal').click(function(e){ e.preventDefault(); var link = $(this).attr('href'); toggleExperiencePopup(link); }); function toggleExperiencePopup(link) { var popup = document.getElementById("popup"); var overlay = document.getElementById("overlay"); if (window.innerWidth < 992) { window.location.href = link; } else { popup.style.display = (popup.style.display === "block") ? "none" : "block"; overlay.style.display = (overlay.style.display === "block") ? "none" : "block"; } } $('.share-experience-modal-close').click(function(e){ var popup = document.getElementById("popup"); popup.style.display = 'none'; var overlay = document.getElementById("overlay"); overlay.style.display = 'none'; }); </script> </div><script type="text/javascript"> $(window).on('load', function() { (function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){ c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)}; t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i; y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y); })(window, document, "clarity", "script", "ayc7ypwwuk"); }); </script>  </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Data Science for Beginners - A Complete Guide